Articoli di riviste: "Rural political profession"

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Mahmud, Md Sultan. "Political Attitudes of Rural People towards the Political System of Bangladesh: A Study on Rajshahi District". International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research 10, n. 1 (11 ottobre 2023): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/ijospervol10iss1pp54-67.

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Without assessing the attitudes of rural people, it is quite impossible to evaluate the existing politics of a country. An attempt is made in this study to explore the perceptions and attitudes of the rural people over the existing politics of Bangladesh. The research has been conducted in some selected villages of Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. A convenient sample of 225 respondents was collected from some selected villages with equal representation of both and a well-structured questionnaire was administered using a face-to-face data collection technique. Respondents have been taken from various categories i.e. age, profession, educational qualification. Random sampling method has been used to select the respondents of this research. In this research, it is found that there are many conscious people in rural area who admit that the existing politics of Bangladesh has been suffering from remarkable shortcomings. It is recommended in the study that the attitude of political parties should be improved so that the political environment of Bangladesh can be more participatory, positive and constructive.

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Gupta, Priyanshu, e Manish Thakur. "The Changing Rural-agrarian Dominance: A Conceptual Excursus". Sociological Bulletin 66, n. 1 (aprile 2017): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022916687062.

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Based on a review of extant literature, this article entreats for thorough-going empirical investigation of rural-agrarian dominance in the context of the fundamental transformation of the ‘village’ from the spatial habitat of the traditionally ‘dominant’ to the ‘waiting room’ for the aspiring and the despairing. 1 Against the backdrop of the cultural devaluation of agriculture as an unrewarding profession and the village as the dark underbelly of a shining India, it underlines the need to revisit the conventional political economy models of rural-agrarian dominance. We argue that the triad of caste, land and political power does not exhaust the emergent constituents of rural-agrarian dominance. The aspirational surge towards middle-classisation, even among the village dominants, has unleashed forces and processes whose ramifications have to be meticulously thought through. The three-class dominant social coalition model prevalent in the political economy literature largely fails to take into account the inherent dynamism of the village dominants and their deep-seated propensity for middle-classisation.

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Kerekes, Kinga, e Bernadett Pakucs. "Occupational Choices of Romanian Rural Youth". Eastern European Countryside 19, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2013): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eec-2013-0004.

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Abstract This paper tries to identify the main factors influencing the decisions related to occupational choices of rural youth from Cluj County, Romania, thus contributing to a better understanding of the problems and opportunities of Romanian rural communities. In order to achieve this, the results of two surveys are compared: the first one was carried out in 2007 and the second in 2011. The two surveys adopted the same methodology, thus allowing us to test the stability of the outcomes over a period of four years and highlight the main changes occurring in that period. In 2011 information was collected also regarding the current situation of young people belonging to the first generation, thus the cross-sectional analysis has been completed with a longitudinal analysis. Results show that the educational choices of rural youth from Cluj County were not essentially modified in the period 2007-2011, but there is a growing uncertainty regarding their future profession. Most of them want to work in the services sector, the preference for agriculture remaining low and there is a clear and persistent gender division among chosen professions. The main factors identified as having an influence on continuing education are: gender (more girls opting for continuing education than boys), school results and parents’ attitude towards education. Based on the conclusions of the analysis, some policy implications are also discussed.

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Twikirize, Janestic, e Helmut Spitzer. "Community Counts: Rural Social Work in East Africa". World 3, n. 4 (9 dicembre 2022): 1053–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/world3040060.

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The community plays a significant role in everyday life in rural African contexts, particularly in terms of coping and in times of crisis. In the East African region, rural communities are diverse and complex, yet most share similar vulnerabilities such as widespread poverty, lack of infrastructure and basic services, and exclusion from broader economic and political developments. They are also highly affected by processes of modernization, globalization, and rural-urban migration. Social work as a profession that deals with social problems is deemed suitable to support rural communities in their struggle for survival. In order to understand the link between community-based forms of problem solving and social work practice, a qualitative study was conducted in five countries (Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda). A total of 155 qualitative interviews and 55 focus group discussions with key informants were conducted. The research revealed a variety of indigenous knowledge systems and innovative coping mechanisms. For rural social work to be relevant and effective, such models should be thoroughly analyzed and integrated into its professional concepts and practice. In this article, some case examples are presented and critically discussed against the background of the African philosophical concept of ubuntu, which is regarded as the ethical backbone of communal life.

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Gross, Miriam. "Between Party, People, and Profession: The Many Faces of the ‘Doctor’ during the Cultural Revolution". Medical History 62, n. 3 (11 giugno 2018): 333–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2018.23.

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During the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Chairman Mao fundamentally reformed medicine so that rural people received medical care. His new medical model has been variously characterised as: revolutionary Maoist medicine, a revitalised form of Chinese medicine; and the final conquest by Western medicine. This paper finds that instead of Mao’s vision of a new ‘revolutionary medicine’, there was a new medical synthesis that drew from the Maoist ideal and Western and Chinese traditions, but fundamentally differed from all of them. Maoist medicine’s ultimate aim was doctors as peasant carers. However, rural people and local governments valued treatment expertise, causing divergence from this ideal. As a result, Western and elite Chinese medical doctors sent to the countryside for rehabilitation were preferable to barefoot doctors and received rural support. Initially Western-trained physicians belittled elite Chinese doctors, and both looked down on barefoot doctors and indigenous herbalists and acupuncturists. However, the levelling effect of terrible rural conditions made these diverse conceptions of the doctor closer during the Cultural Revolution. Thus, urban doctors and rural medical practitioners developed a symbiotic relationship: barefoot doctors provided political protection and local knowledge for urban doctors; urban doctors’ provided expertise and a medical apprenticeship for barefoot doctors; and both counted on the local medical knowledge of indigenous healers. This fragile conceptual nexus had fallen apart by the end of the Maoist era (1976), but the evidence of new medical syntheses shows the diverse range of alliances that become possible under the rubric of ‘revolutionary medicine’.

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Narang, Aditya, Dhruv Kumar e Garima Gupta. "Political, economical, social, technological and SWOT analysis of beekeeping as a successful enterprise in India: An overview". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, n. 1 (20 marzo 2022): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i1.3312.

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Agriculture provides food for more than half of India's population. Entrepreneurial development among rural people is becoming more widely acknowledged as a strategy for overall rural community development. Rural people's entrepreneurial growth is increasingly being recognised as a strategy for achieving total rural community development. Beekeeping is an example of a successful agricultural business. By becoming entrepreneurs, beekeepers can increase their earnings and social capital. By boosting the income of rural beekeepers, reducing poverty, and protecting biological systems through pollination, entrepreneurial behavior contributes to sustainable development. The current review focuses on the several aspects of beekeeping as a profession on the core ideas of beekeeping entrepreneurship, its history, the distribution of honey-producing regions, and the wishes for its entrepreneurship development in India, as well as the important reasons for encouraging entrepreneurship. The current situation of beekeeping entrepreneurship in India, as well as the problems and opportunities it brings, were examined. This study examines the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) and Political, Economical, Social, and Technical (PEST) analyses of beekeeping as a business. As a result, the user is able to extensively research the market before beginning any new business. The focus of the review is on the business elements of beekeeping. In addition, the study highlights the beekeeping industry's future possibilities as well as the regulations sought by the Indian government.

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Pisapia, Michael Callaghan. "The Authority of Women in the Political Development of American Public Education, 1860–1930". Studies in American Political Development 24, n. 1 (5 marzo 2010): 24–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x09990113.

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Through a comparative historical analysis of the American states, I show how public education was the original policy field through which white American women became empowered as voters and political officials. Women's changing status within the education profession and “school suffrage” rights are an important and overlooked aspect of women's political history, and the rural orientation of state governments and women's increasing administrative authority as county superintendents and rural supervisors of education was pivotal to women's political empowerment. Women's authority, however, varied across regions and across states, with women's authority especially strong in Western states. I find that women in the field of public education were most empowered where there was a history of school suffrage rights, where administrative offices were elective rather than appointed, and where the power of the state superintendent of public instruction was weak. These findings suggest that democratic institutions, more than economic development or state capacity, were fundamental to women's increasing authority in the policy domain that commanded the largest share of state and local resources at the time.

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Blažek, P., e M. Kubalek. "Comparison of agrarian political parties in selected Central European states after 1989". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 12 (1 marzo 2012): 544–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5366-agricecon.

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This study deals with the founding and development of agrarian political parties and movements in selected postcommunist states (with the emphasis put on the Czech party system in the early 1990‘s). The topic is discussed from the point of view of classic political science theories, namely the historical conflict approach of Stein Rokkan and Seymour Martin Lipset, complemented with Derek Urwin’s theory regarding emergence of agrarian parties as a means of defense of country against urbanization. The results of research into the urban – rural cleavage and its influence on the genesis of agrarian political parties in selected post-communist countries after 1989 seem to support the above mentioned theories (even though those were originally formulated for a much earlier period when the Western party systems were first coming into existence. These can be applied also to the Czech environment, where several profession-based political parties were established in the early 1990’s, some of which were concerned with the defense of peasants’ and farmers’ interests. The attempts to create profession-based parties in the Czech political system were destined to fail for several reasons. The first was a striking ideological profiling of the bipolar party spectrum, causing general parties to pick up the themes and voters concerned with economic recession, and radicalization of electorate. The second reason lied in the diminishing numbers of potential voters, a result of agriculture modernization and general urbanization of society, which caused that the city-country conflict was reflected in the election results only marginally. The result was similar to other post-Soviet states, with a specific exception of Poland: agrarian parties and movements lost their former influence.

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Salifu, Gamel Abdul-Nasser, e Kwabena Asomanin Anaman. "A Political Economy Analysis of Income Diversification Activities of Rural Households in the Northern Region of Ghana". Applied Economics and Finance 6, n. 5 (26 luglio 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v6i5.4405.

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This study analysed income diversification activities of 1,194 rural households in the Northern Region of Ghana using data from the sixth round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) undertaken by the Government of Ghana, through the Ghana Statistical Service. We found that 92% of rural households were engaged in farm activities affirming agriculture as the dominant profession of rural households in the region. The number of income-generating activities undertaken by these households was significantly related to the size of the household, previous apprenticeship training acquired by the household head, ownership of a motor bike/car, and ownership by the household of specific physical assets which also provide information, communication and entertainment services, namely mobile phone, radio and television sets. The share of wage-based income in the total household income was significantly related to the age of the household. The overall income diversification index was positively influenced by the level of remittances and the number of rooms in the house; the latter allowed for increased possibility of renting rooms in the house to workers. We also established that overall income diversification index was associated with decreasing total household consumption expenditures and reduced food security at relatively low levels. However, this index was linked to increasing household consumption expenditures and improved food security at relatively higher levels. Our findings suggest that income diversification could be an important poverty-reducing measure if well-designed Community and State support programmes for rural households are implemented in the region under conditions of peace and good security.

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Bryant, Lia, Bridget Garnham, Deirdre Tedmanson e Sophie Diamandi. "Tele-social work and mental health in rural and remote communities in Australia". International Social Work 61, n. 1 (27 novembre 2015): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872815606794.

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Rural and remote communities often have complex and diverse mental health needs and inadequate mental health services and infrastructure. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) provide an array of potentially innovative and cost-effective means for connecting rural and remote communities to specialist mental health practitioners, services, and supports, irrespective of physical location. However, despite this potential, a review of Australian and international literature reveals that ICT has not attained widespread uptake into social work practice or implementation in rural communities. This article reviews the social work literature on ICT, draws on research on tele-psychology and tele-education, and provides suggestions on how to enhance engagement with ICT by social workers to implement and provide mental health services and supports tailored to community values, needs, and preferences that are commensurate with the values of the social work profession.

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Bulaitis, John. "‘Le Syndicat libre dans la profession organisée’: Rural Social Catholicism during the Popular Front, 1936–38". Modern & Contemporary France 21, n. 4 (novembre 2013): 493–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09639489.2013.823390.

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Tesoriero, Frank, e Abel Rajaratnam. "Partnership in education". International Social Work 44, n. 1 (gennaio 2001): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087280104400104.

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A partnership intended to be of educational mutual benefit has been developed between the School of Social Work and Social Policy of the University of South Australia and the Rural Unit for Health and Social Affairs, Tamil Nadu, India. The challenge of developing a mutually beneficial partnership between north and south, given the inequality in wealth that exists between the two, is a critical component in an ethically based relationship, most especially when it includes a profession that espouses social justice as a central value.

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Cotoi, Calin. "Cholera, Health for All, Nation-Building, and Racial Degeneration in Nineteenth-Century Romania". East Central Europe 43, n. 1-2 (16 settembre 2016): 161–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-04302005.

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The emergence of social modernity in the Romanian principalities can be traced to the founding of quarantinist outposts against the last waves of plague and the first waves of cholera. The crisis of this sanitary arrangement opened the way for a series of failed but productive projects of modernization. The collective political body was imagined and created through the nationalization of the medical profession and the attempts to create a sanitary social body. The failure to connect urban and rural bodies inside a democratic all-embracing network opened up spaces for discourses questioning the identity of the collective body. Was there a “Romanian element”? What did that mean and was it degenerating? Demographic anti-Semitism and the first attempts to think of socioeconomic and sanitary failures in terms of racial degeneracy emerged from the fissures of the national sanitary system. Bacteriology was able to partially absorb these critiques and propose a larger interventionist project in the space opened by the old-style sanitary police.

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Rezwan, P. Sheikh Muhammad. "The Village Needs Attention: Collaborative and Participatory Design Studio Process in Teaching Rural Architecture". International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science VIII, n. VIII (2023): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2023.8811.

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Looking at the village through the lens of ‘romanticism’ often frames a village with thatch-roofed courtyard-centered houses, situated within a green-blue landscape. The people are not placed in this picturesque view, and their day-to-day life activities are ignored. The rural-to-urban migration, changing landscape and profession due to climate change, loss of agricultural land, etc. need careful attention. Because of the rapid growth of urbanization and associated infrastructure, every year Bangladesh loses 0.3% of its cultivated land, where the country is still mostly agrarian. Again, the short-sighted yet populist political statement- ‘Village will be the city’, looks for immediate ‘action’ leaving the ‘romanticism’. Frustratingly, rural planning and architecture are not well placed in the curriculum of Architecture. Professionals who will shape the future of the built environment, if unaware of a context, can’t act in an informed way. Four residential workshops were conducted in the Department of Architecture, DIU during the 2018-2021 time period, under an initiative titled ‘Grammo’, by the author. The residential workshop tried to look at the architecture of the village within a broad spectrum of socio-cultural and environmental events. Therefore, the participation of local stakeholders as well as the social hub was carefully included. The outcome of these workshops searched for need-based project ideas, which are then practiced either as class projects or documented digitally. These project proposals/ documents were displayed in those villages for user feedback. The paper aims at sharing the participatory process and outlining a participatory framework so that a new method of teaching rural architecture can be formulated in the design discipline.

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Hooker, Gillian, Dawn C. Allain, Adam H. Buchanan, Melanie Care, Laura Conway, Alessandra Cumming, Shannan Dixon, Kristin Paulyson-Nuñez, Sara Riordan e Janet Williams. "An analysis of growth in the genetic counseling profession 2009 to 2019." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, n. 15_suppl (20 maggio 2020): e13526-e13526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e13526.

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e13526 Background: Genetic counselors (GCs) are health care professionals who provide support to patients and physicians navigating the rapidly changing landscape of genetic testing and the genetic underpinnings of disease. Increased demand for genetic counseling services prompted an analysis of changes in the workforce over the last decade. Methods: To quantify the growth in the GC profession in the U.S and Canada in the last decade, we acquired data from the American Board of Genetic Counseling, National Society of Genetic Counselors, Canadian Association of Genetic Counselors, Accreditation Council for Genetic Counseling and Association of Genetic Counseling Program Directors. Results: Between 2009 and 2019, the workforce more than doubled, growing from 2,205 ABGC-certified GCs to 5,172. In Canada, the number of CAGC-certified GCs has grown from 211 in 2009 to 327 in 2019. Growth is striking in cancer genetic counseling; the proportion of GCs providing direct patient care in North America who report cancer as a primary specialty has increased from 25% in 2008 to 50% in 2019. Similar growth has been seen in training opportunities for GCs. The number of accredited graduate programs has increased from 33 in 2009 to 51 in 2019, with several more in development. Combined, these programs had 464 training slots in 2019, up from 223 in 2009. In 2019, 1569 applicants registered for the applicant match for training. Training opportunities and clinical genetic counselors are concentrated in large metropolitan areas, with over half of GCs working in 28 metro regions. GC services in rural areas are increasingly provided remotely via telemedicine, with 59% of GCs in direct patient care in 2018 reporting providing services by phone and 19% using web or video services to deliver care. In cancer genetics, about 50% of GCs nationwide reported in 2018 their 3rd next available appointment for new patients was within 14 days. Conclusions: The past decade has seen significant growth in the numbers of GCs and more patients have access to GCs than a decade ago. Reimbursement for services remains a significant barrier to access. Further research is warranted to understand additional political, administrative and logistical facilitators and barriers to providing care to all who need genetics services.

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Marks-Bielska, Renata. "Znaczenia ziemi rolniczej w kształtowaniu struktury społecznej polskiej wsi". Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, n. 122 (16 luglio 2018): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2018.122.12.

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The aim of the study was to identify the importance of the evolution of land resources in shaping the social structure. The analysis was based on selected references from the Polish literature on the subject. The time range covers the years 1944–2016. Land plays an important role in shaping the social structure of the Polish countryside. The size of a farm used to be the primary criterion for social status in the countryside and among farmers. Currently, a position in the social structure of the Polish rural communities is highly determined by the area of farmed land (owned or leased). The situation of agricultural land users is changing. These are not only people who identify themselves with the profession of a farmer. The social structure composition in the Polish countryside comprises more and more people who are farmers in the light of law (they have the required acreage of agricultural land) but they do not reside in the countryside. Another group consists of so-called absent owners, who are connected with a village by possessing in it some agricultural land, but it is often treated as an investment (an increase in land prices and the possibility of receiving subsidies from the European Union and from the national budget). As a result of Poland’s political transformation, the social structure of rural communities now also comprises leases and buyers of land acquired by the Agricultural Property of the Treasury from former state farms.

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Vukovic, Danilo. "Capturing resources: The role of professional communities and middle classes in fostering social reforms within Serbia". Sociologija 58, n. 2 (2016): 253–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1602253v.

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In this article, I analyze the role of professionals (as part of the middle classes) and their communities in fostering reforms within the fields of higher education and social protection, and working towards, and supporting, the development of civil society. The analysis is based on the series of studies that explored lawmaking and policy-making processes in the fields of law, employment, social protection, rural development, tax policies and civil society development. The analysis of the work of professional communities, and the course of changes in these fields, indicates that policy networks had a major impact on the public policymaking process. These networks bring together typical representatives of the middle class: professionals, government officials, professional associations, representatives of modern non-governmental organizations, etc. The interests, upon which these networks were based, can be classified into three groups: (1) control of conditions of reproduction of the profession, (2) control of public resources in a given system (which includes, but is not limited to, control of the funding channels) and (3) control of conditions of reproduction of a given system. All these interests have a clear redistributive character, are -in general - focused on the control of public resources and have created an alliance between the middle classes and the elite. Middle classes have participated in the process of making laws and public policies in a way that has deepened the political inequalities, and to phenomena which, by analogy with the process of state capture by the elite, can be recognized as the capture of resources by the middle classes. The analysis points to an important aspect of sluggish social reforms: the lack of enthusiasm among middle classes and professional elite in fostering deep social change which is due to their ideological and redistributive alliances and strategies of ?resources capturing.?

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Grišinaitė, Rūta. "Profesinis orientavimas sovietmečio Lietuvoje 1958–1984 m.: sisteminis, idėjinis ir praktinis įgyvendinimas". Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 2019/1 (1 settembre 2019): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/2019/1/6.

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Vocational guidance in the Soviet system of education was considered a high priority of institutional socialisation. Industrialisation and technical modernisation dictated and regulated changes in perception of labour training and vocational guidance and encouraged to promote economically required and favourable occupations in the public discourse. However, in reality, the attempt of the educational staff to direct pupils to vocational education facilities did not correspond with the expectations of parents and children regarding their future. Moreover, children’s choices for future occupations were far from accompanying socialist slogans. In order to reveal this complex phenomenon, the article analyses the systematic, theoretical, and practical implementations of vocational guidance in the educational environment of Soviet Lithuania. The research revealed that educational framework for vocational guidance in Soviet Lithuania was receptive to the changes introduced by educational reforms throughout the Soviet nion. It reflected the government’s economic, technical, and agricultural modernization as well as the increasing necessity of specialized manpower and blue–collar workers. The 1970s was the turning point for vocational guidance infrastructure in Lithuania – a huge institutional development took place. Moreover, state administration sectors responsible for economic welfare imposed their considerable influence on the educational system. The modernisation of the educational discourse in Soviet Lithuania in the 1960s–1970s changed the perception of vocational training in the educational system. Labour ducation and vocational guidance became the focus of the Soviet educational discourse and offered a child–oriented vocational guidance framework, which was based on the knowledge of the child, motivational, and interest related education. However, this sophisticated approach was used to manipulate children and to ensure adequate supply of professionals for various key industries, alongside with the implementation of ideological tasks. The actual practices of labour education and professional choices among children were influenced by family values, teachers’ approaches, and different socioeconomic conditions that surrounded children in the rural and urban environment. Due to the agricultural structure and collectivization in rural areas, children there were used to physical work. Therefore, their labour education included helping collective farm workers and their own parents during harvest periods. Meanwhile faster modernisation of urban educational spaces and more advanced technical possibilities determined that labour education of children from urban areas was less intense in terms of physical work. The development of the infrastructure of post-school activities in urban areas allowed children to get acquainted with different professions and activities. These circumstances were crucial when making a decision for future professional choices. Children’s future occupational decisions were also influenced by the concept of “prestige profession” (lawyer, doctor, engineer etc.) that circulated among parents and children during our research period. This concept was exceptionally strong among cultural and political elite families; therefore, their children most frequently went for higher education. Meanwhile childhood in rural areas based on physical work, determined the urge to escape these difficult conditions. nsequently, these pupils were considering non–manual occupations. However, their strong urge to help the family sometimes left them in an ambivalent position and their work choices were made in favour of the family. These contradictory practises led to the emergence of “vocational misguidance” when only unapt, ill-behaved or ideologically upstart pupils were guided to vocational training institutions.

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Lipke, Stephan. "Medicine as a profession in the writer’s self-determination: the example of A.P. Chekhov (1860-1904) and J. Rizal (1891-1896)". RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 28, n. 3 (15 dicembre 2023): 482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2023-28-3-482-489.

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The attitude of A.P. Chekhov, physician and writer, and of his contemporary Filipino colleague J. Rizal was compared, in order to find out how their artistic creativity is linked to their profession as doctors. Both writers demonstrate a high appreciation for progress in their works. Chekhov emphasizes the importance of hygiene and education, while Rizal believes that education is crucial. In his works, Chekhov often depicts the consequences of ignorance, negligence towards one’s health, and lack of hygiene. In particular, in the story “Peasants” he describes how poverty leads to drunkenness, filth, and ignorance. However, he is not willing to directly connect social and political statements with his art. Additionally, after his voyage to Skhalin, he firmly refuses to pass judgement on his characters, even if they are portrayed as dirty and ignorant. Nonetheless, in his social activism he cares for the sick, especially victims of epidemies, and establishes rural schools. Rizal became an ophthalmologist to cure his mother, who went blind after unjustly being imprisoned; similarly, he became a writer to heal the “social cancer” of his country - ignorance. Yet, he encounters the problem that Spanish authorities prohibit education for the people. So, even up to his exile and death, he has to confront the dilemma of which should take precedence, education or liberation. Therefore, for Chekhov, being a doctor, addressing social issues, and writing are separate spheres, while Rizal became a writer primarily to heal his country’s society. Nevertheless, both writers, in their short lives, combined medicine, creativity, and progressive social activism, thus embodying what Yu.M. Lotman calls “lifebuilding”.

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Leburu-Masigo, Goitseone Emelda, e Nathaniel Phuti Kgadima. "The Role of Gender Power Imbalances in the Spread of HIV among Women in Intimate Relationships: Guidelines for Social Work Practice". International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (5 novembre 2021): 1489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.170.

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Gender power imbalances and HIV are concerns that affect women globally. Social workers are ethically committed to help people affected with HIV and thereby promote gender equality. Although the literature has documented the nexus between gender imbalances and HIV, scant research explores these problems concurrently within the social work profession. Drawing on the resource theory and gender and power theory, this article undertook a qualitative exploratory to gain insights into women's perspectives on gender power imbalances as a risk factor for HIV transmission in rural communities of Ngaka Modiri Molema District, North West Province. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants while data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The findings demonstrate that unequal power relations between men and women in intimate relationships negatively affect women’s lives in diverse ways. This gendered impact of HIV infections for women remains intact due to the rooted gender norms that limit their ability to protect themselves against risky sexual behavior by their male partners. Disclosure of one's status remains a complex stigma attached to HIV. Social work empowerment interventions that seek to enhance equality in intimate relationships are recommended.

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Lindholm. "Land and Landscape; Linking Use, Experience and Property Development in Urban Areas". Land 8, n. 9 (12 settembre 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8090137.

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This article brings together the concepts of land and landscape, tightly linked in urban transformative situations, but rarely used for the purpose to strengthen strategic planning for sustainability. They are investigated as a combined base for land use deliberations, in early phases of planning processes, in practices of different scale, especially in a European context, drawing on planning and landscape policies generally agreed upon, as well as the UN Sustainable Development Goals. This article argues for taking into consideration the landscape as experienced human habitat, in relation to the understanding of land as both a common resource, and as pieces of property. This is motivated partly by the more or less global political trend and the turn from state interventions to individualistic capitalism (calling for new methods to solve common challenges), but also by a changing planning profession, increased collaborative planning processes, increased significance of public space as a scarce resource in densified cities, the need for holistic perspectives in sustainable urban development and the need for unifying concepts for urban and rural land at a local and regional scale. A new concept “around-scape” is suggested, in order to make visible the subjective binding between available perceived resources and spatial transformation.

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Brovina, Alexandra Alexandrovna, e Svetlana Lvovna Egorova. "«...Inextinguishable spark of love for science appeared in me during the anniversary of the Academy...» (The memories of P.V. Ivanov - young participant of the 200th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences)". Samara Journal of Science 7, n. 1 (1 marzo 2018): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201871211.

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The paper is devoted to one of the iconic pages in the history of academic science - the 200th anniversary of the USSR Academy of Sciences. A broad program of the science holiday on an international scale with the invitation of foreign scientists, pointed to the scientific and political significance of the event, both to raise the prestige of the Academy of Sciences, and to demonstrate to the international community the loyalty of the scientific elite to the new government. Researchers repeatedly turned to the analysis of this event and stressed its importance. However, on the eve of the next anniversary, it is interesting to show this event from an unofficial position, attracting sources of personal origin. The paper focuses on the unpublished memoirs of Pavel Vladimirovich Ivanov (1906-1990), scientist-teacher, doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, honored teacher of the Karelian ASSR. In 1925 he as a young local historian from the city of Soligalich of the Kostroma province became a participant of the academic celebrations. The impressions of this event predetermined his future destiny and choice of profession. P.V. Ivanov having traveled from a pupil of a rural school, keen on local lore studies, to a schoolteacher, and then a university professor, laid down in his students - future teachers - the idea to raise the pupils interest, love and desire for young naturalists, local lore, scientific and research work.

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Bhattacharyya, Sumedha. "The gender paradox: professionalisation of a form of traditional martial arts, Lathi Khela, in the sociocultural context of Bangladesh". Debats. Revista de cultura, poder i societat 136, n. 1 (24 maggio 2022): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.28939/iam.debats-136-1.4.

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In the midst of a COVID-19 pandemic-struck India, this paper was born as an autoethnographic and analytical inquiry; it presents qualitative and multimodal research into a martial arts dance tradition, Lathi Khela, conducted from 2017 to 2018. This practice developed as a martial art, with little or no patronage, during the colonial days of the still undivided Bengal. Indeed, it still lives on as a popular martial arts dance tradition in many districts and rural communities of Bengaluru, Bangladesh. Compared to other districts, the Lathi Khela group from the Narail district has continued this practice through innovative methods. The distinctive character of the district is governed by the multi-generational practitioners of Lathi Khela and their creative choreographies, as well as the knowledge it articulates and embodies. Moreover, in Narail, this previously male-dominated profession has also included women since 2008. The focus of this work was the role of gender in the continuity of the Lathi Khela tradition in this district. This was achieved through five semi-structured, demonstrative interviews intuitively applied in the field. The research also drew on an ongoing conversation on Facebook with Rahat, a veteran Lathi Khela practitioner, who took stock of the current cultural landscape in the context of COVID-19. On the one hand, the women of this district occupy a contested space when representing this male-dominated tradition, and on the other, they physically embody lives within the patrilineal boundaries of kinship and marriage. The performativity of gender is thus directly connected to the symbolic meaning of maan, that is, the prestige attributed to the female body within the sociocultural contexts of the Lathi Khela.

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Prykhodko, Iuliia, e Maryna Lukianenko. "THE DYNAMICS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLCHILDREN’S VALUE-MEANING ORIENTATION". PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL 7, n. 2 (28 febbraio 2021): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/1.2021.7.2.5.

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Modern economic, cultural, political and social-psychological changes in Ukrainian society, European integration and the national revival are evidence of transformational processes that cause changes in the hierarchy of values and influence young people’s value orientations. Thus, the study of modern primary schoolchildren’s value-meaning orientations is important for psychological science and pedagogical practice. The article purpose is to analyze the implemented empirical study on the hierarchy and dynamics of value-meaning orientations in the primary school age. The article describes the methodology for studying the value- meaning sphere and the essence of the concepts of “values” and “value orientations”. The value- meaning sphere is the core of a personality; it covers an individual’s value orientations and personal meanings. Value orientations are a form of inclusion of social values into an individual activities and behavior; they are formed on the basis of interiorization of the society values . The following methods were used in our empirical study: “Three desires” for first-year schoolchildren (L. Bozovic), “Flower - seven-colors” for second-year schoolchildren (I. Vitkovskaya) and “Unfinished sentences” for third-forth-year schoolchildren (J. Nuttin). The sample consisted of 217 primary schoolchildren in rural areas. Statistical analysis of the obtained ata was carried out using SPSS (v. 25.0). To compare the studied different classes, the Mann-Whitney U-test and the Kruskal-Wallis test (H-test) were used. The hierarchy and dynamics of value orientations at primary school were studied. The upper part in the Table of Value Ranks included: material, hedonistic, nature and altruistic values for first-year schoolchildren; material, family, hedonistic and altruistic values for second-year schoolchildren; altruistic, material, ego-values and values of learning for third-year schoolchildren; altruistic, affiliate and learning values for forth-year schoolchildren. The lower part in the Table of Value Ranks included: existential, affiliate, civic, aesthetic values for first-year schoolchildren; ego-, future profession, civic and aesthetic values for second-year schoolchildren; nature, profession, civic and aesthetic values for third-year schoolchildren; profession, nature, civil and aesthetic values for forth-year schoolchildren. The statistical criteria used in the study found that the value orientations changed depending on primary schoolchildren’s age. Values, which rank increased significantly with age, were: altruistic, existential, civic, affiliate, ego- and learning values. With age, ranks of such values as family, nature, profession, and hedonistic values decreases statistically. The rank of material values somewhat decreases with age, while the rank of aesthetic values remains unchanged throughout the primary school age. They occupy the lower part in the Table of Value Ranks, which, in our opinion, indirectly indicates insufficient attention to aesthetic education, both at school and in family. Thus, the results of our research allow us to assert that primary schoolchildren’s value-semantic orientations change as for their priority during primary school education. These changes are consistent with the patterns of mental development of children at this age and with the changes occurring with the approach of adolescence. Further studies on schoolchildren’s value-meaning sphere are seen in the study of the influence of the locus of control and gender characteristics on its formation, as well as the influence of family education and the media.

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Ptitsyn, A. N. "Rusins in the Institute of Slavic Scholars (1866–1882)". Rusin, n. 70 (2022): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/70/6.

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The mass resettlement of Rusins in the Russian Empire in the 19th century included a study migration. The largest influx of Rusin students happened in the second half of the 1860s – 1870s with the emergence of Slavic scholars. The gymnasium reform caused an urgent need for teachers of ancient languages, who were invited from the Habsburg monarchy. They were practicing teachers, graduates and university students, representatives of the Slavic peoples. After moving to Russia, they attended refresher courses and studied Russian in St. Petersburg as students of the Institute of Slavic Scholars (1866–1882). In total, about 160 Austro-Hungarian philologists attended the Institute. Of them, almost a third (45 people) were Rusins: Galicians (35 people) and Bukovinian and Ugric Rusins (5 persons each). They were mostly young people from the families of rural priests. Moving to Russia allowed them to get a teaching profession and find a job on more favorable terms than in their homeland. Subsequently, the overwhelming majority of Rusin scholars successfully adapted to the new conditions. Many of them worked in Russian educational institutions for many years; one in five eventually reached the post of director of a gymnasium. Thus, the Institute of Slavic Scholars can be considered a main channel for the emigration of the Rusin intelligentsia to the Russian Empire in the post-reform period.

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Nyazema, Norman Z. "The Zimbabwe Crisis and the Provision of Social Services". Journal of Developing Societies 26, n. 2 (giugno 2010): 233–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x1002600204.

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Historically, health care in Zimbabwe was provided primarily to cater to colonial administrators and the expatriate, with separate care or second-provision made for Africans. There was no need for legislation to guarantee its provision to the settler community. To address the inequities in health that had existed prior to 1980, at independence, Zimbabwe adopted the concept of Equity in Health and Primary Health Care. Initially, this resulted in the narrowing of the gap between health provision in rural areas and urban areas. Over the years, however, there have been clear indications of growing inequities in health provision and health care as a result of mainly Economic Structural Adjustment Policies (ESAP), 1991–1995, and health policy changes. Infant and child mortality have been worsened by the impact of HIV/AIDS and reduced access to affordable essential health care. For example, life expectancy at birth was 56 in the 1980s, increased to 60 in 1990 and is now about 43. Morbidity (diseases) and mortality (death rates) trends in Zimbabwe show that the population is still affected by the traditional preventable diseases and conditions that include nutritional deficiencies, communicable diseases, pregnancy and childbirth conditions and the conditions of the new born. The deterioration of the Zimbabwean health services sector has also partially been due to increasing shortages of qualified personnel. The public sector has been operating with only 19 per cent staff since 2000. Many qualified and competent health workers left the country because of the unfavourable political environment. The health system in Zimbabwe has been operating under a legal and policy framework that in essence does not recognize the right to health. Neither the pre-independence constitution nor the Lancaster House constitution, which is the current Constitution of Zimbabwe, made specific provisions for the right to health. Progress made in the 1980s characterized by adequate financing of the health system and decentralized health management and equity of health services between urban and rural areas, which saw dramatic increases in child survival rates and life expectancy, was, unfortunately, not consolidated. As of 2000 per capita health financing stood at USD 8.55 as compared to USD 23.6, which had been recommended by the Commission of Review into the Health Sector in 1997. At the beginning of 2008 it had been dramatically further eroded and stood at only USD 0.19 leading to the collapse of the health system. Similarly, education in Zimbabwe, in addition to the changes it has undergone during the different periods since attainment of independence, also went through many phases during the colonial period. From 1962 up until 1980, the Rhodesia Front government catered more for the European child. Luckily, some mission schools that had been established earlier kept on expanding taking in African children who could proceed with secondary education (high school education). Inequity in education existed when the ZANU-PF government came into power in 1980. It took aggressive and positive steps to redress the inequalities that existed in the past. Unfortunately, the government did not come up with an education policy or philosophy in spite of massive expansion and investment. The government had cut its expenditure on education because of economic and political instability. This has happened particularly in rural areas, where teachers have left the teaching profession.

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Harris, Joseph. "“Professional Movements” and the Expansion of Access to Healthcare in the Industrializing World". Sociology of Development 3, n. 3 (2017): 252–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2017.3.3.252.

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Explanations for the expansion of the welfare state have frequently centered on the importance of left-wing political parties and labor unions. Scholars have even pointed to the rare but growing significance of social democracy in the industrializing world. Yet, in the field of healthcare, labor unions frequently oppose sweeping universalistic reforms that threaten to erode members’ existing benefits, and those most in need of healthcare in rural areas and the informal sector are often the least organized politically. In the absence of mass demands, who then is responsible for universal healthcare programs in the industrializing world, and by what means do they successfully advocate for far-reaching reforms? This article explores the role that “professional movements” played in expanding access to healthcare in an industrializing nation that was engaged in processes of democratization. Mass movements are typically composed of lay people; by contrast, professional movements are made up of elites from esteemed professions who command knowledge, networks, and access to state resources that set them apart from ordinary citizens. The account illustrates how and why professional movements are able to play such a powerful role in health policymaking in the industrializing world, points to the need for more research on professional movements in other cases and policy domains, and discusses their relevance to social change in the industrializing world.

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Павлов, O. Pavlov, Павлова e E. Pavlova. "The development of rural tourism and the formation of a training system". Socio-Humanitarian Research and Technology 2, n. 3 (30 settembre 2013): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2110.

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Great changes in socio-cultural, political and economic fields require new understanding of professional education system in rural development. Development of professional education system in rural tourism is happened to be social demand of community: nowadays total requirements for graduates are been changing. There is a need in new understanding of professional education for rural tourism which can combine both requirement in versatility on high education level and its adequacy in order to satisfy needs of rural community.

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Olaleye, Abel. "Editorial for JARER Vol 6, Issue 2, 2021". Journal of African Real Estate Research 6, n. 2 (17 febbraio 2022): v—vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/jarer.v6i2.1145.

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Welcome to Volume 6 (2021), Issue 2 edition of the Journal of African Real Estate Research (JARER). JARER has provided valuable resources that support academics and professional researchers in Africa and those interested in the African continent. Our journal offers an exciting platform for disseminating scholarly and the different types of applied research engaged within the real estate sector in Africa. This issue is coming as the first regular issue of 2021. The journal's first issue gave way for the Special Issue published in June 2021. For this reason, we want to apologize to the authors whose papers were accepted earlier in the year for the delay in publication. To forestall this situation in the future, the JARER management team has decided to start publishing individual papers in digital format on our website once accepted and while waiting to be published with a full issue at the appointed time. Karen Gibler and Geci Karuri-Sebina's diligent and painstaking efforts in supporting the journal with the successful publication of the special issue titled: Women in African Real Estate and Urban Development Research are highly appreciated. Our gratitude also goes to the journal editorial board members and the anonymous reviewers, who have been supporting and inspiring the management team, making it possible for us to improve the rate of submissions. We appreciate the continued support of the African Real Estate Society board members. Similarly, we appreciate the constant support we receive from the team and colleagues at the Library Services for the University of Cape Town, South Africa. We like to put on record the assiduous efforts of our former managing editor - Mr Luke Boyle - whose diligence and teamwork we so much enjoyed, and as he heads on to other endeavours in his life, we wish him the best. The untiring efforts of our new managing editor - Ms Lesedi Kgaka - with a view to moving the journal's operation forward and onto the next level are highly appreciated. Our thanks go to Prof. Karl-Werner Schulte and his team from the IREBS at Regensburg University, the IRES, ERES, from whom JARER continues to receive strong support. The current issue contains seven papers focusing on a wide range of topics covering diverse areas of interest in gender differential in real estate entrepreneurship, integrated rural development, housing affordability, indoor environmental quality, tenure security, resource utilization and automation in valuation. The first paper's focus is on the potential of integrated rural development schemes for improving rural housing infrastructure. A case study of the Rural Development Programme (RUDEP) of Justice Development and Peace Makers' Centre (JDPMC), a non-governmental organization in Osun State, Nigeria, was conducted. The findings led to the conclusion that the RUDEP integrated scheme could be a viable policy option for improving the condition of rural housing in Nigeria. The second paper takes a holistic view of the housing affordability problem in Africa. It considered the multifaceted nature of the problem vis-à-vis the political, social, institutional, economic and financial milieu of Africa. The paper concluded that the enormity of the problem of housing affordability in Africa is a function of, among others, the vested interest of the power brokers who were profiting from it, the market, the unwitting application of western models to Africa, poverty, and the sheer neglect by the housing policymakers of Africa of the time-tested African means of affordable housing delivery. The apparent domination of the real estate business environment by the male gender and the entrepreneurial intentions of men and women in the real estate sector are the concerns of the third paper from Nigeria. The paper studied the intentions of real estate students at three Nigerian universities to understand better barriers and supporters that shape students' entrepreneurial intentions. In doing this, the paper showed how gendered differences might impact students' entrepreneurial aspirations. The conclusion suggests gender-based differences in the entrepreneurial aspirations of real estate students in Nigeria. The fourth paper evaluated the Nigerian Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) intervention projects and space utilization in Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic (NUBAPOLY), Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria. The results revealed that the construction of new buildings and laboratory equipment and furniture provided the main focus of TETFund intervention projects. At the same time, the overall space utilization for NUBAPOLY stood at 43.60%. The paper recommended that TETFund ensure adequate utilization of its intervention projects through supervision and inspection. At the same time, the management of Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic should make optimum utilization of TETFund intervention projects. The fifth paper examines property valuers' perceptions of the adoption of automated valuation models (AVM) in rating valuation against the use of traditional valuation methods in Malawi. The findings showed that the general perception of Malawi's valuers towards AVM was mixed. While one school of thought gave AVM the benefit of the doubt for future incorporation into the profession if modified to suit the local environment, the other hand considered AVM a threat to the valuation profession since anyone may be deemed qualified to carry out property valuation. The conclusion was that AVM could be adopted as a supplement to the traditional valuation methods but not a replacement. The problem of land tenure security with a view to promoting and motivating land-based investment has been the focus of many countries and development partners and calls for a continuous effort at addressing this critical issue. This is the focus of the sixth paper. The paper explored the factors affecting tenure security for legal landholders in Bahir Dar City in Ethiopia. The results suggest that the perception of landholders about land tenure security was low, with consequences of disinvestment and lack of confidence of ownership on the land and property held in the city and fear of expropriation or involuntary relocation. The seventh paper is a literature review of research methods that seek to establish the measurement of individual productivity and organizational performance in office buildings containing enhanced green building features and initiatives that specifically focus on indoor environmental quality (IEQ). The paper used the PRISMA framework and included thirty-nine academic papers from 2000 to 2020 to discuss different research instruments such as post-occupancy evaluations (POE), longitudinal surveys, and interviews. The key findings highlighted that previous research measured individual productivity via self-assessment. At the same time, no research had successfully measured organizational performance within the context of green building features and initiatives. Our sincere hope that you will find the papers in this issue of the Journal of African Real Estate Research interesting, thought-provoking, and informative. We appreciate and encourage feedback from readers on their views of this and previous issues of the journal. Prof. Abel Olaleye Editor-in-Chief

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Kaleta, Andrzej. "Polish Rural Sociology in the Period of Political and Social Transformation". European Countryside 12, n. 1 (1 marzo 2020): 138–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2020-0008.

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AbstractThe aim of the present study is to attempt to evaluate the Polish rural sociology of development during the period referred to as a political and social transformation (1989–2019). The time of this transformation had brought up new and difficult challenges for the rural sociology, urging it to examine the social effects of the transition process in the rural society, moving from a totalitarian system to a democratic one, from centrally managed economy to market economy. Theoretical and methodological orientations, which prevailed throughout the entire period of changes, have been analyzed here by taking into consideration the most important publications, which appeared in Poland after 1989 under the banner of social research on countryside and agriculture. Moreover, attention was given to problem areas particularly intensely penetrated through empirical research such as: transformations in the agriculture as well as within the social and professional group of farmers, standard of living of rural residents, changes of the local rural communities. In the final part of the article, our attention was focused on the outlook and possibilities to confront the challenges of the future with regard to rural areas in the situation of constant weakening of the institutional base of the Polish rural sociology.

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Sapkota, Mahendra. "Changing Nature of Power and Leadership: How do They Matter in Rural Nepal?" Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 14 (29 dicembre 2020): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.30545.

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Abstract (sommario):

Globally, power and leadership are considered as two unavoidable factors of social change and local development. In Nepal’s federal context, the nexus of power and leadership has been less addressed in academic research though most of the studies are focused on local governance. The present study attempts to analyze the nature of leadership and its power structure in the context of rural Nepal. It follows a critical ontological position of the development of power and leadership. Methodologically, a complete leadership of Dogana village in Suddhodhan Rural Municipality of Rupandehi district (Lumbini Province) was undertaken to assess the rural leadership. It is found that the most important factor for holding the rural leadership was ‘affiliation with the political party’, which was followed by ‘well-being ranking’ and ‘caste/ ethnic status’ of the leadership. The rural leaders used to change their policies and strategies to create and sustain power, such as doing multiple professions and building networks other than politics. The paper, therefore, concludes that a significant change occurred in leadership pattern and power structure of rural Nepal from informal to formal, and less inclusive to more inclusive and representative. Despite this, the changes are still elite-centric, politically vested, and economically favorable either to the upper-class people or middle-class mediators (bichauliyas). The study predicts that the contestations in leadership and power-sharing could be more critical in the days to come with the implementation of federalism in the rural context. The implication of this study largely relies on the context of local power structure and village politics in Nepal.

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Sapkota, Mahendra. "Changing Nature of Power and Leadership: How do They Matter in Rural Nepal?" Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 14 (29 dicembre 2020): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.30545.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

Globally, power and leadership are considered as two unavoidable factors of social change and local development. In Nepal’s federal context, the nexus of power and leadership has been less addressed in academic research though most of the studies are focused on local governance. The present study attempts to analyze the nature of leadership and its power structure in the context of rural Nepal. It follows a critical ontological position of the development of power and leadership. Methodologically, a complete leadership of Dogana village in Suddhodhan Rural Municipality of Rupandehi district (Lumbini Province) was undertaken to assess the rural leadership. It is found that the most important factor for holding the rural leadership was ‘affiliation with the political party’, which was followed by ‘well-being ranking’ and ‘caste/ ethnic status’ of the leadership. The rural leaders used to change their policies and strategies to create and sustain power, such as doing multiple professions and building networks other than politics. The paper, therefore, concludes that a significant change occurred in leadership pattern and power structure of rural Nepal from informal to formal, and less inclusive to more inclusive and representative. Despite this, the changes are still elite-centric, politically vested, and economically favorable either to the upper-class people or middle-class mediators (bichauliyas). The study predicts that the contestations in leadership and power-sharing could be more critical in the days to come with the implementation of federalism in the rural context. The implication of this study largely relies on the context of local power structure and village politics in Nepal.

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BLACKSELL, MARK, KIM ECONOMIDES e CHARLES WATKINS. "COUNTRY SOLICITORS: THEIR PROFESSIONAL ROLE IN RURAL BRITAIN". Sociologia Ruralis 27, n. 2-3 (agosto 1987): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1987.tb00999.x.

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Phipps, Alison M. "Risking Everything: Political Theatre for Mass Audiences in Rural Germany". New Theatre Quarterly 15, n. 2 (maggio 1999): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x0001280x.

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In the south-west German village of Hayingen, the playwright-director Martin Schleker presents large open-air productions of politically sensitive yet entertaining plays to mass audiences on an annual basis. This article explores the element of risk in Schleker's work: his use of purely amateur performers; his job-creation schemes for young people; and his left-wing and often anti-Catholic stance on issues such as racism and nuclear arms before often deeply conservative, culturally Catholic audiences. Schleker's work is situated in the wider context of the state-funded, civic theatres in Germany, and of the tradition of open-air ‘Naturtheater’ which is particularly strong in the Swabian region. Some assumptions surrounding such binary divides as amateur-professional and high art-entertainment are also explored. Data for this article was collected in the Hayingen ‘Naturtheater’ during a period of ethnographic research supported by the Leverhulme Trust. Having completed her doctorate at Sheffield University, Alison Phipps has been working as a lecturer in the Department of German – and in particular in the Centre for Intercultural Germanistics – at Glasgow University since October 1995. She has published in the areas of her research interests, which include contemporary German theatre and performance research, Ethnographic approaches to language education, and popular German culture and intercultural studies.

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Fang, Liu, Yingbin Su e Ye Yang. "Exploration of ecological fishery course teaching practice from the ideological and political perspective". International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation 5, n. 4 (2024): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54660/.ijmrge.2024.5.4.195-198.

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Ecological fishery is introduced in the fishery ecosystem between producers, consumers and decomposition of hierarchical energy conversion and material cycle, make the specific aquatic life and specific fishery waters environment, in order to achieve sustained, stable and efficient fishery production mode of a aquatic professional course, is for aquaculture, fishery development master courses of professional theory and practice. Ecological fishery can make full use of local fishery resources, recycle waste, save energy, improve comprehensive ecological benefits, and realize the sustainable development of fishery. Through the study of this course, students can master the basic theory of aquaculture ecology, the characteristics of water ecosystem and the theory of fish individual ecology, have the basic skills of fishery ecology research, establish the ideological concept of ecological civilization in the new era, and establish the values of "big country, agriculture, rural areas and farmers", "understand agriculture, love the countryside and love farmers". Ecological fishery is also an effective way to build resource-saving and environment-friendly fishery in the new era, an important part of the development of rural circular economy, and the development direction of modern fishery.

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Varetska, Olena. "The Development of Teacher’s Social Competence in Rural Mountain Elementary School". Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 1, n. 2-3 (22 dicembre 2014): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.1.2-3.249-254.

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Abstract (sommario):

This paper attempted to illuminate the importance of social competence for elementaryschool teacher in rural mountain environment. The author analyzes the essential features, socialand pedagogical challenges in rural schools, sensible changes characteristic of the modern village.Special attention is paid to the rural mountain school as a center of educational and socialactivities, its peculiarities and factors causing them, including the effect of mountain environment,climatic conditions, administration method, traditions, etc. It’s pointed out that teachers are alsoexposed to the effect of mountain environment. They work under tough weather conditions, oftenin a closed team, in the atmosphere of professional, social, economic and political informationscarcity, which leads to a rapid “aging”, gradual professional, social decline and social competencedevelopment recession. The author proves the need to consider the environmental impact in thedesign of modern school, the need for innovative processes while maintaining the national spiritand the environment; the development of social competence of elementary school teacher inconstantly changing social rural mountain environment is in the focus of attention.

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Zhang, Qi, e Mingxing Liu. "Local Political Elite, Partial Reform Symptoms, and the Business and Market Environment in Rural China". Business and Politics 12, n. 1 (aprile 2010): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1265.

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In this article we examine how Chinese local officials impact rural business environment and market development since the late 1990s. If their power is not effectively checked by village elections, local political elite are able to manipulate reform policies in a way to serve their economic and political interests at the cost of villagers' interests. In other words, local officials selectively implement reform policies not only to maximize economic rents available for extraction but also to minimize the risk that may challenge their rent-seeking capacity in the countryside. We draw on a survey data collected by the authors from rural China in 2003 and 2004 to test our hypothesis on the relationship between political control exercised by local officials over village elections and rural business environment & market development. Our analysis shows that if a local government can keep a village elections under its control, then local officials would charge more license application fees from self-employment business owners, put village land re-allocation process under government administrative control, restrict peasants from founding their own professional associations. Local officials' self-serving strategy inevitably deteriorates rural business & market environment and bodes an incomplete market-oriented reform for reformists in the central government.

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Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan. "Dead Beef and Live Soldiers: Lyndon Johnson, Keith Holyoake, and U.S.-New Zealand Relations in the 1960s". Agricultural History 78, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2004): 50–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-78.1.50.

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Abstract The focus of this article is the "friendship" between Lyndon Johnson, president of the United States, and Keith Holyoake, prime minister of New Zealand, and how it influenced the diplomatic relationship their two countries had with one another. Johnson and Holyoake were the masters of their political systems and dominated the political life of their countries in the 1960s. With similar rural backgrounds and professions, they understood one another and treated the foreign policy of their two countries as a series of political deals. Johnson’s most important concern was garnering support for the United States’ initiative in Vietnam, while Holyoake wanted to make sure that New Zealand had access to American markets for its agricultural exports.

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Rostás, Zoltán. "The Birth of the Myth of the Unaffiliated Sociologist". Belvedere Meridionale 33, n. 3 (2021): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2021.3.4.

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The aim of this paper is to focus on Professor Dimitrie Gusti’s position within the Peasantist government at the beginning of 1930s. The author tries to gather necessary arguments against the belief which emerged in the fifties under the communist regime, and still valid until present days, that Gusti was promoted in the government of the National Peasantry Party because he was a good specialist, and not because of his political affiliation to this party. Asides the significant antecedents which prove the permanent and powerful connection with the elite of the National Peasantry Party since the beginning of the 1920s, he also had an interest in studying and modernizing the rural areas. The Professor’s political behavior during his term might be described as loyalty and dedication towards fulfilling the governing programme of the party. More than that, even in 1934, when the National Peasantry Party was in opposition, Dimitrie Gusti, defended the accuracy of this party’s political programme and participated in the conception of its new programme. The clarification of the professor’s position within the Peasantry Party government is suitable especially for analyzing his ideological stance, which is a subject that still arises perfectly justifiable in current debates. This analysis is legitimate not only for clearing the Professor’s position, but also for shedding light on the activity of the National Peasantry Party.

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Zhao, Yixuan. "Research on Community Building in China, from the Perspective of Community Empowerment". Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 3, n. 2 (2 febbraio 2024): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v3i2.208.

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The official document of the 19th National Congress of the ruling party highly stresses the strategy of rural revitalization for the first time, calling for more attention to the crisis of rural communities. This provides a political agenda to promote rural planning lacking local extensive participation. While most research concerning the rural community involvement in governance and building is focused on the improvement of professional planning methods and techniques spatially, little attention is on the motivations and abilities to participate in the community. The empowerment theory, rooted in the American environment in the 1970s, provides a new perspective for inspiring the enthusiasm of vulnerable groups to participate in the community and improving their ability to participate. The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss how to improve community construction in China from the perspective of empowerment theory.

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Ortiz Díaz, Alberto. "Pathologizing the Jíbaro: Mental and Social Health in Puerto Rico's Oso Blanco (1930s to 1950s)". Americas 77, n. 3 (luglio 2020): 409–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2020.39.

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ABSTRACTThe jíbaro—the emblematic figure of Puerto Rico—has long been at the center of the archipelago's political and professional discussions. Building on the work of scholars who have traced the jíbaro's history, this article complicates the tension between the politically nationalistic definition of humble jíbaros working in the countryside and scientific observations of jíbaros within the confines of the criminal-legal system. By the mid twentieth century, mainstream understandings of jíbaros were increasingly fashioned by psychiatry, social science, and social work, all of which connected jíbaros to other rural identities. These projections of the jíbaro powerfully materialized in Puerto Rico's premier biosocial laboratory, the Insular Penitentiary at Río Piedras (popularly known as Oso Blanco). An analysis of the work of penitentiary psychiatrists and social health professionals with prison inmates reveals a more complex, troubling image of redeemable Puerto Rican men with rural roots and sensibilities than the idyllic representations of jíbaros circulating at the time suggest. Oso Blanco health practitioners pathologized the jíbaro to identify and mend his perceived psychosocial shortcomings, and to diminish any defiance he harbored. In so doing, they reinforced the notion that jíbaros were racialized living artifacts central to colonial-populist designs and constituency-building.

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Osborne, Geraint, e Shauna Wilton. "“Defenders of perversion”: Professing Same-Sex Marriage Rights in the Local Press". Engaged Scholar Journal: Community-Engaged Research, Teaching, and Learning 8, n. 3 (22 dicembre 2022): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15402/esj.v8i3.70358.

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This case study provides an important socio-historical snapshot of the same-sex marriage debate in a small city in central Alberta between December 2004 and August 2005. We explore the relationship between professors and small-town newspapers in fostering democratic dialogues on key social issues through an analysis of faculty columns and the responding Letters to the Editor in a local paper. In so doing, this research focuses on two social groups located in a particular social environment, each representing a particular frame: the professors working in the local university who maintained an op-ed column in the local paper and supported a equality frame; and the general public living in Camrose and the surrounding rural area who supported a morality frame. This article contributes to our understanding of scholarly engagement in the town-gown context, the democratic role of the press, and how a particularly contentious social and political issue—same-sex marriage—was experienced and framed by concerned citizens in a small conservative rural city that is also the home to a liberal arts and sciences university campus.

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Meissner, Andrzej. "Edukacja młodzieży chłopskiej w Galicji doby autonomicznej". Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, n. 23 (11 marzo 2019): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2007.23.2.

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The paper deals with the following questions: the conditions of education of peasant sons, the educational opportunities on an elementary, secondary and higher level as well as the results of this process. In Galicia, especially after it had gained autonomy, there opened real possibilities for learning for peasant children on all levels of education. The offered education was at a very good level, and what is most important in the Polish schools by Polish teachers. Most widespread was compulsory education in folk schools. The secondary school, which originally had an elite character, was becoming ever more democratic in the course of time, the fact demonstrated by a significant proportion of rural youth which in some gymnasiums reached 8-90%. Higher studies were also available for rural youth. In Galicia, when it enjoyed autonomy, 45,4% of pheasant sons studied in the Faculty of Law of the Jagiellonian University, in the Faculty of Philosophy 28,7%, in the Faculty of Theology 18,7% and in the Faculty of Medicine 7,5%. All in all, about 3800 persons of peasant origin completed their studies, which constituted 17,6% of all students. However, education was obtained at the price of many sufferings and with huge physical effort. The graduates of alician schools originating from rural environment were characterized by great diligence and an aspiration for professional success. In the second half of the 19th century, there began the process of formation of the Galician intelligentsia of peasant descent. The sons of peasants came to occupy high-ranking posts in various professions, they were prominent representatives of Polish science, actively participated in the educational, cultural, social and political life.

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EmmaJimo, EmmaJimo. "RETROSPECTIVE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF BARACK OBAMA’S AND OLUSEGUN OBASANJO’S POLITICAL COMMUNICATION FEATURES AND STYLES". Caleb International Journal of Development Studies 4, n. 2 (14 dicembre 2021): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26772/cijds-2021-04-02-09.

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Governments make calculated human capital commitment to political communication because of its indispensability and effectiveness as a veritable tool, which underlies and is underlined by massive government investment in public communication. Presidential communication is rooted in, influenced, and limited by, usually, certain written codes. This study examined why, when, and how two presidents said what they said, and why they did or not do as said. Thesis problem was unravelling how features and styles of two presidents facilitated their political communication and public policies. Study fitted into two models, using two political communication theories: mainly ‘Aristotelian Political Rhetoric;’ Walter Fisher’s ‘the Narrative Paradigm’ as theoretical guides. Using original communications of two presidents, this comparative and historical study bridged the sparse scholarship on comparative presidential political communication. Data were obtained from purposively selected sample population, collated, analysed and interpreted, deploying multiple instruments, majorly content and discourse analyses chosen for their effectiveness at measuring predetermined variables. Selected published presidential communications 178 and 158 each all totaling 336 obtained from secondary sources formed the sample population. Findings of study revealed both presidents were largely more dissimilar than otherwise. Their backgrounds reflected, not dominated their communications. As communicators, they were urban-romanticisers, but rural-jilters, promoting rural exclusion, and accessibility to selected urban congregations. Obama’s presidential communication was delivered using peculiar styles, like Olusegun Obasanjo’s, both relying on diverse notable features. Conclusively, presidential political communication should be additional statutory responsibility of presidents to legally guarantee accountability, and practical democracy. Presidential communication system must be deconstructed and reconstructed to promote professional speech-making, and polity-connected presidential political communication.

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Green, Rosemary. "Social work in rural areas: a personal and professional challenge". Australian Social Work 56, n. 3 (settembre 2003): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0312-407x.2003.00082.x.

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Fang, Xiaoping. "Bamboo Steamers and Red Flags: Building Discipline and Collegiality among China's Traditional Rural Midwives in the 1950s". China Quarterly 230 (11 maggio 2017): 420–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741017000625.

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AbstractThis paper explores how the new Communist government developed a political consciousness of discipline and collegiality among traditional rural midwives in Chinese villages during the 1950s. It argues that selected traditional rural midwives were taught to observe discipline by attending meetings and studying, and to develop collegiality with peers through criticism and self-criticism of their birth attendance techniques and personal characters in short training courses from 1951 onwards. A legitimized midwife identity gradually formed in rural communities, but with it came conflicts and rivalry. By keeping these midwives under institutional surveillance and creating a dynamic and constant moulding process, the new government intended to foster professional and political discipline and collegiality within the group based on a normativized notion of selflessness performed within a changing series of indoctrination schemes that demonstrated continuity and complementarity and which I have described as common, preliminary, institutionalized, and dynamic schemes. This article examines how the state attempted to retrain marginalized and derided midwives with appropriate class backgrounds in order to incorporate them into the modern medical world, then still dominated by doctors and nurses with suspect class backgrounds. Ironically, in creating “socialist new people” to intervene in traditional rural birthing practices and introducing fee-for-service professionalism, the CCP accidentally created a degree of petit-capitalist thinking among women whose traditional mode of work may have been more selfless, thus complicating the process of indoctrinating selfless dedication.

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Derkzen, Petra, e Bettina B. Bock. "The Construction of Professional Identity: Symbolic Power in Rural Partnerships in The Netherlands". Sociologia Ruralis 47, n. 3 (luglio 2007): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2007.00440.x.

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Tropina, Dar'ya Vladimirovna, e Dmitrii Gennad'evich Sergeev. "Problems of Legal Regulation of Rural Tourism in the Context of Sustainable Rural Development". Сельское хозяйство, n. 2 (febbraio 2022): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-8809.2022.2.39398.

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Rural tourism today is one of the new and actively developing types of tourism in Russia. Due to political and epidemiological factors, the approach to choosing a place of rest has changed and many modern tourists prefer to travel around Russia, getting acquainted with the geographical, agro-industrial, gastronomic, ethno-cultural characteristics of rural areas. The article analyzes the state of legal regulation of rural tourism at the present stage. Program documents, federal laws, by-laws containing norms regulating the provision of services in rural tourism are considered. The main provisions of the program for providing state support in the field of rural tourism – the "Agrotourism" grant - are revealed and the problems associated with the inability of some agricultural producers to become grant applicants due to non-compliance with the rules for registration of individual entrepreneurs engaged in agriculture are raised. Also, the article analyzes the requirements for accommodation facilities in agriculture and tourism adopted in November 2022, points out the shortcomings of the federal executive authority when adopting an order approving such requirements related to ignoring the specifics of providing services in rural areas, the performers of which are non-professional participants in the tourism industry. In conclusion, it describes the currently most effective way to promote services in rural tourism using online aggregators. The conclusion is made about the importance of support by state authorities and local self-government of agricultural producers wishing to develop rural tourism in parallel with the implementation of agricultural activities.

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López, Miriam, Adolfo Cazorla e Milagros Panta. "Rural Entrepreneurship Strategies: Empirical Experience in the Northern Sub-Plateau of Spain". Sustainability 11, n. 5 (26 febbraio 2019): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051243.

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Entrepreneurship initiatives that could have an impact in rural areas are embedded in broader agricultural, rural development or structural policies at the European Union level. Nevertheless, there is a prevailing lack of rural strategies focused on entrepreneurship, especially in aging and depopulated EU rural regions. In this context, the need to have real experiences as an empirical contribution to the academic, political and professional spheres is identified. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the current empirical research throughout a real experience and its capitalization. The paper portrays the design and implementation of a rural entrepreneurship strategy, in a very depopulated area, engaging civil society participation by adapting the ‘Working With People’ model to the idiosyncratic conditions of the context. The study then considers the main factors of this strategy by analyzing its application in a wider area in the province of Ávila, Spain. We find that rural entrepreneurship can be enriched by strategies designed and assessed by the beneficiaries from the early stages of formulation. This experience is supported by the ‘Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno’, a non-profit institution that manages its legacy to achieve social goals in youth training, scientific research and environmental fields.

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Wegren, Stephen K., Alexander Nikulin, Irina Trotsuk e Svetlana Golovina. "Gender inequality in Russia’s rural informal economy". Communist and Post-Communist Studies 50, n. 2 (8 maggio 2017): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2017.05.007.

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This article analyzes gender inequality in Russia’s rural informal economy. Continuation of unequal gendered roles in Russia’s rural informal economy suggests that tradition and custom remain strong. Gender differentials in time spent tending the household garden remain significant, as is the distribution of household tasks into gendered roles in ways that effect professional advancement for women. Land ownership is the domain of men, and women are not owners in Russia’s new economy. Moreover, men earn more from entrepreneurial activity, a function of how male and female services are valued and priced in society. Responsibility that is shared includes the marketing of household food. The conclusion is that institutional change is less impactful on gender inequality than persistence of culture and tradition.

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