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1
Mardedi, Lalu Zazuli Azhar, e Khairan Marzuki. "Network Rancang Bangun Jaringan Komputer LAN Berdasarkan Perbandingan Kinerja Routing Protokol EIGRP dan Routing Protokol OSPF". MATRIK : Jurnal Manajemen, Teknik Informatika dan Rekayasa Komputer 18, n. 2 (29 maggio 2019): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30812/matrik.v18i2.372.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Nowadays computer networks are growing rapidly and internet usage is increasing everyday. The need to design an internet network cannot be separated from the routing protocol which functions to integrate all computers with the highest flexibility. Routing is one part that provides effective performance in the network. In comparing the performance of EIGRP and OSPF routing protocols, the implementation of EIGRP and OSPF must be implemented when building a network, so administrators easily know the difference in the performance values of the two routing protocols. The discussion in this study is to compare the performance of the EIGRP routing protocol and OSPF routing protocol that is on the network using the hybird topology. Overcoming problems with high-scale network access, we will analyze and compare performance between EIGRP routing protocol and OSPF routing protocol. In obtaining the value and to verify the results of the implementation, the simulation software uses a Packet Tracer simulator.
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Wahid, Ishtiaq, Sadaf Tanvir, Abdul Hameed e Masood Ahmad. "Software-Defined Networks and Named Data Networks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Routing: Comparative Study and Future Directions". Security and Communication Networks 2022 (18 giugno 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1270180.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Routing protocols are an essential component of vehicular ad hoc networks. Software-defined networks and name data networks are new aspects of routing that are coming to the fore as Vehicular Ad Hoc Network technology evolves. Data Network-based VANET routing protocols and Software Defined Network-based VANET routing protocols have been developed in recent research. These newly developed protocols must be part of VANET routing protocol surveys. The taxonomy of traditional routing protocols must take these innovations into account. To the best of our knowledge, no such taxonomy exists at the moment. We present a new taxonomy of routing protocols based on the additional routing aspects of Software-Defined Networks and Named Data Networks. All traditional routing protocols are kept in a single category. This research work aims to update the existing taxonomy of routing protocols with the newly adopted aspects of research in routing. Advanced routing schemes are selected for the survey from each category to evaluate new research results in VANET routing. This article also describes future directions for VANET/ITS routing research.
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Punia, Divya, e Rajender Kumar. "A Kalman Filter Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for Efficient Vehicle Connectivity and Traffic Management". Transport and Telecommunication Journal 23, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2022): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2022-0003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The geographic routing protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are contemplated as most efficacious protocols. Though, such types of protocols communicate a huge quantity of data that influence the network connectivity negatively. Also, out of bound issue is the second major disadvantage of geographic routing protocols. To provide a solution to these impediments, a novel K-PGRP (Kalman filter-Predictive Geographic Routing Protocol) routing protocol is proposed in this paper. K-PGRP is an improvement to PGRP (Predictive Geographic Routing Protocol) routing protocol and wields Kalman filter as a prediction module in PGRP routing protocol in order to anticipate the neighbor location and to select the propitious neighbor for advancing packets in both urban and highway framework which leads to efficient connectivity in the network and improves road safety. K-PGRP is then compared with PGRP, GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing) and GPCR (Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing) routing protocols in terms of throughput and packet delivery ratio metrics and outperformed all the simulation cases. The simulations were performed on MATLAB R2018a along with traffic simulator SUMO.
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T, Padmapriya, e Manikanthan S.V. "Investigation of Video Streaming over MANETS Routing Protocols". International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 16, n. 12 (21 giugno 2022): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i12.30805.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For industrial and academic researchers from all around the world, the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a specific focus. A MANET was created as a result of the fast growth of wireless gadgets. Mobile Ad hoc network is a self-organizing network with no framework. MANET’s device has the ability to travel in any direction in order to transmit and receive data with other devices or network nodes. An administrator node which is capable of controlling other nodes is absent in MANET. All nodes in MANET act as its own router and host and arrange its own network. The most important element of MANET is Routing protocol. For routing in MANET, various routing protocol is responsible. Providing a video streaming service using mobile ad-hoc networks is a hard task. The network topology is immensely unstable and its instability causes data to be lost. The performance of MANET routing protocols for video applications has been examined in this paper. There are many routing protocols, however the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocols are explored here. In this work, a comparison of these two effective routing protocols for supporting video streaming applications is offered.
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Jain, Neha, Ashish Payal e Aarti Jain. "Effect of data packet size on the performance of RIP and OSPF routing protocols in hybrid networks". International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications 17, n. 4 (10 settembre 2021): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpcc-02-2021-0036.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose The purpose of this study is to calculate the effect of different packet sizes 256, 512, 1,024 and 2,048 bytes on a large-scale hybrid network and analysis and identifies which routing protocol is best for application throughput, application delay and network link parameters for different packet sizes. As the routing protocol is used to select the optimal path to transfer data packets from source to destination. It is always important to consider the performance of the routing protocol before the final network configuration. From the literature, it has been observed that RIP (Routing Information Protocol) and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) are the most popular routing protocols, and it has always been a challenge to select between these routing protocols, especially for hybrid networks. The efficiency of routing protocol mainly depends on resulting throughput and delay. Also, it has been observed that data packet size also plays an essential role in determining the efficiency of routing protocol. Design/methodology/approach To analyse the effect of different packet sizes using two routing protocols, routing information protocol (RIP) and open shortest path first (OSPF) on the hybrid network, require detailed planning. Designing the network for simulate and then finally analysing the results requires proper study. Each stage needs to be understood well for work accomplishment. Thus, the network’s simulation and evaluation require implementing the proposed work step by step, saving time and cost. Here, the proposed work methodology is defined in six steps or stages. Findings The simulation results show that both routing protocols – RIP and OSPF are equally good in terms of network throughput for all different packet sizes. However, OSPF performs better in terms of network delay than RIP routing protocol in different packet size scenarios. Research limitations/implications In this paper, a fixed network of 125 objects and only RIP and OSPF routing protocol have been used for analysis. Therefore, in the future, a comparison of different network sizes can be considered by increasing or decreasing the number of objects in the proposed network. Furthermore, the other routing protocols can be used for performance evaluation on the same proposed network. Originality/value The analysis can be conducted by simulation of the network, enabling us to develop a network environment without restricting the selection of parameters as it minimizes cost, network deployment overhead, human resources, etc. The results are analysed, calculated and compared for each packet size on different routing protocol networks individually and the conclusion is made.
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Alazzawi, L., e A. Elkateeb. "Performance Evaluation of the WSN Routing Protocols Scalability". Journal of Computer Systems, Networks, and Communications 2008 (2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/481046.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Scalability is an important factor in designing an efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A good routing protocol has to be scalable and adaptive to the changes in the network topology. Thus scalable protocol should perform well as the network grows larger or as the workload increases. In this paper, routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are simulated and their performances are evaluated to determine their capability for supporting network scalability.
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Kaur, Arshdeep, Sandeep Kumar Arora e Mahedi Masud. "Comparative Analysis of Clustering using AODV DSDV and CBRP". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n. 3.8 (7 luglio 2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.8.16847.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In a network whether wireless or wired, a set of protocols which are used to distribute the information through various routes between the nodes are said to be the routing protocols which serves as a majorly vital part of the computer networks. They specify the particular and specific path of information exchange by the sending and receiving of packets. Vehicular ad- hoc networks are quite emerging technologies of today’s era presenting the provision of seamless and uninterrupted communication in the network of mobile nodes in dynamic environment. Routing itself proves to be quite a considerable and crucial challenge where the routing protocol named AODV performs its best by proving itself considerably more efficient. The stated paper focuses on the Performance comparison of the conventional protocols AODV and DSDV where AODV outperforms DSDV and offers better QoS but such conventional protocol proves to be inauspicious in VANET. This paper gives verification of better QoS of cluster based routing protocol CBR over the conventional routing protocols. The Simulation and comparison results have been carried out in Network Simulator NS-2 to briefly elaborate the impact of AODV DSDV and CBR routing protocols on the bases of Throughput, Normalized Routing Load, Control overheads, delay, Jitter and Packet drop ratio as performance metrics.
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Majid, Nuur Wachid Abdul, e Syifaul Fuada. "RIP VS. OSPF ROUTING PROTOCOLS: WHICH ONE IS THE BEST FOR A REAL-TIME COMPUTER NETWORK?" Simetris: Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Elektro dan Ilmu Komputer 11, n. 1 (30 aprile 2020): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/simet.v11i1.3796.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The development of modern computer networks for internet access makes routing protocols needed, and it has an essential role in a real-time system. Therefore, the best and most effective routes can be reached. In this short article, we discuss the comparison of two popular routing protocols, i.e., Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) using two network simulators, i.e., Graphical Network Simulator-3 (GNS3) and Enterprise Network Simulation Platform (ENSP). Both of OSPF and RIP routing protocols can be used in the same topology and have differences in the connection time required to connect communication between routers. Thru GNS3 and ENSP, we obtained the comparison result at ideal condition; we found that the OSPF routing protocol (83 ms) has a faster time or efficient in connection than RIP (177 ms). Besides, we found that compared to GNS3 network simulators (329 ms), the ENSP has a relatively more rapid average time (94 ms). This work suggests that a Huawei router with ENSP is faster than a Cisco router which is used by GNS3. Hopefully, this information can be refereed by internet network administrators to build real-time computer networks.
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Garg, Puneet, Ashutosh Dixit, Preeti Sethi e Plácido Rogerio Pinheiro. "Impact of Node Density on the QoS Parameters of Routing Protocols in Opportunistic Networks for Smart Spaces". Mobile Information Systems 2020 (1 agosto 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8868842.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The need and importance of Smart Spaces have been potentially realized by the researchers due to its applicability in the current lifestyle. Opportunistic network, a successor of mobile ad hoc networks and a budding technology of network, is a best-suited technology for implementing Smart Spaces due to its wide range of applications in real-life scenarios ranging from building smart cities to interplanetary communication. There are numerous routing protocols which are available in opportunistic network, each having their pros and cons; however, no research till the time of listing has been done which can quantitatively demonstrate the maximum performance of these protocols and standardize the comparison of opportunistic routing protocols which has been a major cause of ambiguous performance evaluation studies. The work here presents a categorical view of the opportunistic routing protocol family and thereby compares and contrasts the various simulators suited for their simulation. Thereafter, the most popular protocols (selecting at least one protocol from each category) are compared based on node density on as many as 8 standard performance metrics using ONE simulator to observe their scalability, realism, and comparability. The work concludes by presenting the merits and demerits of each of the protocols discussed as well as specifying the best routing protocol among all the available protocols for Smart Spaces with maximum output. It is believed that the results achieved by the implemented methodology will help future researchers to choose appropriate routing protocol to delve into their research under different scenarios.
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Shende, Dipali K., Sonavane S.S e Yogesh Angal. "A Comprehensive Survey of the Routing Schemes for IoT applications". Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 21, n. 2 (27 giugno 2020): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v21i2.1667.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Internet of Things (IoT) is with a perception of ‘anything’, ‘anywhere’ and provides the interconnection among devices with a remarkable scale and speed. The prevalent intention of IoT is the datatransmission through the internet without the mediation of humans. An efficient routing protocol must be included in the IoT network for the accomplishment of its objectives and securing data transmission. Accordingly, the survey presents various routing protocols for secure data communication in IoT for providing a clear vision as the major issue in the IoT networks is energy consumption. Therefore, there is a need for devising an effective routing scheme to provide superior performance over the other existing schemes in terms of energy consumption. Thus, this review article provides a detailed review of 52 research papers presenting the suggested routing protocols based on the contentbased, clustering-based, fuzzy-based, Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks, tree-based and so on. Also, a detailed analysis and discussion are made by concerning the parameters, simulation tool, and year of publication, network size, evaluation metrics, and utilized protocols. Finally, the research gaps and issues of various conventional routing protocols are presented for extending the researchers towards a better contribution of routing protocol for the secure IoT routing.
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Tsochev, Georgi, Kristina Popova e Ivan Stankov. "A Comparative Study by Simulation of OSPF and EIGRP Routing Protocols". Informatics and Automation 21, n. 6 (24 novembre 2022): 1240–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/ia.21.6.6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Computer networks are based on technology that provides the technical infrastructure where routing protocols are used to transmit packets over the Internet. Routing protocols define how routers communicate with each other by distributing information. They are used to describe how routers communicate with each other, learn available routes, build routing tables, make routing decisions, and share information between neighbors. The main purpose of routing protocols is to determine the best route from source to destination. A particular case of a routing protocol operating within an autonomous system is called an internal routing protocol (IGP – Interior Gateway Protocol). The article analyzes the problem of correctly choosing a routing protocol. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) are considered leading routing protocols for real-time applications. For this they are chosen to be studied. The main objective of the study is to compare the proposed routing protocols and to evaluate them based on different performance indicators. This assessment is carried out theoretically – by analyzing their characteristics and action, and practically – through simulation experiments. After the study of the literature, the simulation scenarios and quantitative indicators by which the performance of the protocols is compared are defined. First, a network model with OSPF is designed and simulated using the OPNET Modeler simulator. Second, EIGRP is implemented in the same network scenario and a new simulation is done. The implementation of the scenarios shall collect the necessary results and analyze the operation of the two protocols. The data shall be derived and an assessment and conclusion shall be made against the defined quantitative indicators.
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Kadhim, Dheyaa Jasim, e Ali Abdulwahhab Mohammed. "Proposed emerged and enhanced routing protocols for wireless networks". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 24, n. 2 (1 novembre 2021): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i2.pp871-879.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The problem motivation of this work deals with how to control the network overhead and reduce the network latency that may cause many unwanted loops resulting from using standard routing. This work proposes three different wireless routing protocols which they are originally using some advantages for famous wireless ad-hoc routing protocols such as dynamic source routing (DSR), optimized link state routing (OLSR), destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV) and zone routing protocol (ZRP). The first proposed routing protocol is presented an enhanced destination sequenced distance vector (E-DSDV) routing protocol, while the second proposed routing protocol is designed based on using the advantages of DSDV and ZRP and we named it as DS-ZRP routing protocol. The third proposed routing protocol is designed based on using the advantaged of multipoint relays in OSLR protocol with the advantages of route cashing in DSR protocol, and we named it as OLS-DSR routing protocol. Then, some experimental tests are doing by demonstration case studies and the experimental results proved that our proposed routing protocols outperformed than current wireless routing protocols in terms of important network performance metrics such as periodical broadcast, network control overhead, bandwidth overhead, energy consumed and latency.
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Jaffri, Zain ul Abidin, Muhammad Asif, Wali Ullah Khan, Zeeshan Ahmad, Zain ul Abiden Akhtar, Kalim Ullah e Md Sadek Ali. "TEZEM: A new energy-efficient routing protocol for next-generation wireless sensor networks". International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 18, n. 6 (giugno 2022): 155013292211072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501329221107246.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The design and implementation of energy-efficient routing protocols for next-generation wireless sensor networks is always a challenge due to limited power resource capabilities. Hierarchical (clustering) routing protocols appeared to be a remarkable solution for extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks, particularly in application-aware (threshold-sensitive) and heterogeneity-aware cluster-based routing protocols. In this article, we propose a protocol, namely, Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol. It is a heterogeneity-aware and threshold-based protocol that provides a better solution to existing problems in next-generation wireless sensor networks. During execution, the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol splits the entire network area into several zones to manage network traffic efficiently. In the first step, Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol is designed for a homogeneous network where the initial energy of all the nodes is the same. Thereafter, we bring in heterogeneity in the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol execution environment to optimize its energy consumption. By investigating the performance of the various numbers of divisions, it is proved that the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol with 9 zonal divisions has higher stability and throughput. The performance of the proposed Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol is compared with those of Stable Election Protocol, Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, Modified Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, and Gateway-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol through computer simulations. Simulation results verify the improved performance of the proposed Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol in terms of network stability, lifetime, and throughput.
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Narula, Mr Rajneesh, e Mr Kaushal Gandhi. "Performance Analysis and Evaluation of Hybrid Network using different Integrated Routing Protocols". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 11, n. 10 (5 dicembre 2013): 3090–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v11i10.2978.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The increasing demand of computer communication networks are growing rapidly day by day. With the growing need to distribute applications across multiple networks and the availability of high capacity, high-performance intermediate switching nodes, and networks, an efficient routing mechanism has become the core requirement. This research primarily focuses on the design and performance of Hybrid Network incorporating different intra-domain routing algorithms. The performance evaluation of different routing algorithms for the transmission of video- and voice-data streams over Hybrid network is demonstrated in this work.. This allows multiple Ethernet point-to-point links to be bundled into one logical full-duplex channel for Fast Ethernet (10BaseT, 100BaseT, or 1000BaseX). These applications require some QoS support such as guaranteed bandwidth, less delay, less jittering effect and low error rate. The QoS relies on a number of factors along with a suite of robust routing protocols that help to accomplish the task of moving datagram from source to destination with high bandwidth and low delay rate. An effective intra-domain network routing protocol may make distributed applications more efficient across multiple networks with the availability of high capacity and high-performance. A variety of intra-domain routing protocols such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open Shortest First Protocol (OSPF), Interior Gateway Protocol (IGRP) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol (EIGRP) are available and widely used in designing such high capacity and high performance networks with optimum QoS. We evaluate the performance of these intra-domain routing protocols with IS-IS to recommend the optimum routing protocol to use to provide optimum QoS by means of OPNET Simulator TM. In this thesis work, the following objectives are considered and demonstrated.
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Wheeb, Ali Hussein. "Flying Ad hoc Networks (FANET): Performance Evaluation of Topology Based Routing Protocols". International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 16, n. 04 (28 febbraio 2022): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i04.28235.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Flying Ad hoc Networks (FANETs) has developed as an innovative technology for access places without permanent infrastructure. This emerging form of networking is construct of flying nodes known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that fly at a fast rate of speed, causing frequent changes in the network topology and connection failures. As a result, there is no dedicated FANET routing protocol that enables effective communication between these devices. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the category of topology-based routing protocols in the FANET. In a surveillance system involving video traffic, four routing protocols with varying routing mechanisms were examined. Additionally, simulation experiments conducted to determine the influence of flying altitude. The results indicate that hybrid routing protocols outperform other types of protocols in terms of average throughput. Proactive protocols, on the other hand, have the least jitter.
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Jabbar, Ali H., e Imad S. Alshawi. "Spider monkey optimization routing protocol for wireless sensor networks". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, n. 3 (1 giugno 2021): 2432. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2432-2442.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Uneven energy consumption (UEC) is latent trouble in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that feature a multiple motion pattern and a multi-hop routing. UEC often splits the network, reduces network life, and leads to performance degradation. Sometimes, improving energy consumption is more complicated because it does not reduce energy consumption only, but it also extends network life. This makes energy consumption balancing critical to WSN design calling for energy-efficient routing protocols that increase network life. Some energy-saving protocols have been applied to make the energy consumption among all nodes inside the network equilibrate in the expectancy and end power in almost all nodes simultaneously. This work has suggested a protocol of energy-saving routing named spider monkey optimization routing protocol (SMORP), which aims to probe the issue of network life in WSNs. The proposed protocol reduces excessive routing messages that may lead to the wastage of significant energy by recycling frequent information from the source node into the sink. This routing protocol can choose the optimal routing path. That is the preferable node can be chosen from nodes of the candidate in the sending ways by preferring the energy of maximum residual, the minimum traffic load, and the least distance to the sink. Simulation results have proved the effectiveness of the proposed protocol in terms of decreasing end-to-end delay, reducing energy consumption compared to well-known routing protocols.
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Wahid, Ishtiaq, Ata Ul Aziz Ikram, Masood Ahmad e Fasee Ullah. "An improved supervisory protocol for automatic selection of routing protocols in environment-aware vehicular ad hoc networks". International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, n. 11 (novembre 2018): 155014771881505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718815051.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With resource constraint’s distributed architecture and dynamic topology, network issues such as congestion, latency, power awareness, mobility, and other quality of service issues need to be addressed by optimizing the routing protocols. As a result, a number of routing protocols have been proposed. Routing protocols have trade-offs in performance parameters and their performance varies with the underlying mobility model. For designing an improved vehicular ad hoc network, three components of the network are to be focused: routing protocols, mobility models, and performance metrics. This article describes the relationship of these components, trade-offs in performance, and proposes a supervisory protocol, which monitors the scenario and detects the realistic mobility model through analysis of the microscopic features of the mobility model. An analytical model is used to determine the best protocol for a particular mobility model. The supervisory protocol then selects the best routing protocol for the mobility model of the current operational environment. For this, EstiNet 8.1 Simulator is used to validate the proposed scheme and compare its performance with existing schemes. Simulation results of the proposed scheme show the consistency in the performance of network throughout its operation.
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Ateya, Abdelhamied A., Ammar Muthanna, Irina Gudkova, Yuliya Gaidamaka e Abeer D. Algarni. "Latency and energy-efficient multi-hop routing protocol for unmanned aerial vehicle networks". International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, n. 8 (agosto 2019): 155014771986639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719866392.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Unmanned aerial vehicle is one of the main announced use cases of 5G/IMT2020, which is expected to have various applications in many fields. These devices have limited capabilities in terms of energy and processing. Due to the complex structure of unmanned aerial vehicle networks and the high mobility constraints, design of efficient routing protocol, for supporting such network, is a challenge. Thus, efficient routing of data among unmanned aerial vehicles between source and destination is an important issue in designing unmanned aerial vehicle networks. Proactive routing protocols are one of the main categories of routing protocols developed for mobile ad hoc networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. Optimized link state routing protocol is one of the most common proactive routing protocols that has been modified to support unmanned aerial vehicle networks, considering high mobility feature of the network. In this work, we propose a latency and energy-efficient proactive routing protocol for dense unmanned aerial vehicle networks, with high-density devices, based on optimized link state routing protocol algorithm, referred to as multi-objective optimized link state routing protocol. The proposed routing protocol is topology aware and can be used for low-latency and high-mobility applications. The proposed multi-objective optimized link state routing protocol routing algorithm considers all modified versions of optimized link state routing protocol and introduces a novel method for selecting multipoint relay nodes that considers the traffic load on the communication channel and the load on each unmanned aerial vehicle node. Moreover, the proposed algorithm considers the communication link stability and the energy constraints. The system is simulated over a reliable environment for various scenarios, and it is compared to the original optimized link state routing protocol and its modified versions. Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol achieves higher efficiency in terms of latency, energy, and reliability.
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Tahir, Sabeen, Ghadah Abdullah Aldabbagh, Sheikh Tahir Bakhsh e Abass Md Said. "Hybrid Congestion Sharing and Route Repairing Protocol for Bluetooth Networks". WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 20 (27 aprile 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bluetooth is a widespread wireless technology standard for limited wireless networks that permits Bluetooth devices to create a one-hop (piconet) or multi-hop (scatternet) network. During data transmission, a large number of links passing through a single master or bridge device may create congestion problems in a Bluetooth network. Therefore, routing in a multi-hop dynamic Bluetooth network, where a number of routing masters and routing bridges exist, sometimes create technical problems in a scatternet. Mobility and failure of routing devices disconnects the routing links and link reconstruction process consumes more resources that eventually decrease the performance. In this paper, Hybrid Congestion Sharing and Route Repairing protocol for Bluetooth networks” (HCSRR) is proposed. The objective of this paper is to provide an efficient technique for scatternet congestion avoidance and route maintenance. The proposed protocol is implemented and compared with most relevant protocols. From simulation results, it is observed that the HCSRR outperforms the existing protocols.
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Goyal, Reema, Nitin Mittal, Lipika Gupta e Amit Surana. "Routing Protocols in Wireless Body Area Networks: Architecture, Challenges, and Classification". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2023 (17 gennaio 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9229297.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The wireless body area network (WBAN) is a branch of the wireless sensor network (WSN) intended for tracking essential patients’ physiological signals and transferring this knowledge to the coordinator. During the routing of data, WBANs encounter critical routing problems like WSNs. Moreover, the particular constraints of WBANs make it more challenging that they need to be addressed. This survey article categorizes and briefly analyzes a range of current routing methods utilized in WBANs. The routing protocol is essential to the creation of any efficient and reliable wireless body area network due to a limited size of battery in the body sensor nodes. A comparison study of numerous routing protocols has been made in this paper, which is helpful in selecting the optimal routing protocol for the application being targeted. The article describes the WBAN architecture and addresses numerous challenges in the context of successful WBAN routing. In this paper, several existing WBAN routing methods are presented which are influenced by network structure, energy, quality of service (QoS), node temperature, human position, node transmission range, and other factors. The protocols, including cross-layered, cluster-based, QoS-aware, postural movement-based, temperature-aware, postural movement-based, and routing protocols, are given in an expressive taxonomy. Different routing protocols that have already been developed for WBANs are compared with more advanced protocols. The pros and cons of each protocol are looked at based on factors like delay, packet delivery ratio, and energy use. The researchers can utilize this survey paper as a reference for studying various routing protocols particularly in the medical and healthcare systems.
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Liang, Xiurong, e You Qian. "Energy Balance Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Fuzzy Control Strategy". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (27 maggio 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4597992.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The existing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks were not reasonable in design, which limited their application. Most of the existing studies did not take into account the energy consumption of the network and the balanced use of the energy of sensor nodes, which led to the unsatisfactory application effect of wireless sensor networks in some fields. Therefore, from the perspective of energy balance in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposed a construction method of an energy balance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks based on a fuzzy control strategy. Firstly, based on the analysis of the basic composition of wireless sensor networks and the structure of sensor nodes, this paper expounded the basic process of wireless data transmission and summarized the classification and characteristics of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks from different angles. Secondly, according to the node data transmission characteristics of wireless sensor networks, the energy balance use model of sensor nodes was established, and the design method of the energy balance routing protocol based on fuzzy control strategy was proposed, and the data transmission link was optimized. Finally, through experimental comparative analysis, the results showed that the energy balanced routing protocol proposed in this paper can effectively realize the energy balanced use of the network data transmission process. Compared with other common routing protocols, the wireless sensor network routing protocol proposed in this paper can not only improve the data transmission efficiency and reduce the data redundancy but also save energy consumption and prolong the network running time. The design method of routing protocol proposed in this paper will be conducive to the optimization and application of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and provide a theoretical basis for the related research of wireless sensor networks.
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ZHANG, YING, e MARKUS FROMHERZ. "A ROBUST AND EFFICIENT FLOODING-BASED ROUTING FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS". Journal of Interconnection Networks 07, n. 04 (dicembre 2006): 549–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265906001855.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Flooding protocols for wireless networks in general have been shown to be very inefficient and therefore are mainly used in network initialization or route discovery and maintenance. In this paper, we propose a framework of constrained flooding protocols. The framework incorporates a reinforcement learning kernel, a differential delay mechanism, and a constrained and probabilistic retransmission policy. This type of protocol takes the advantages of robustness from flooding, but maintains energy efficiency by constraining retransmissions. Without the use of any control packets, such a protocol adapts to the specific routing requirements of the task and the dynamic changes of the network. We analyze this framework in simulation using some real-world applications in sensor networks.
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Wheeb, Ali H., e Marwa T. Naser. "Simulation based comparison of routing protocols in wireless multihop adhoc networks". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, n. 4 (1 agosto 2021): 3186. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3186-3192.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Routing protocols are responsible for providing reliable communication between the source and destination nodes. The performance of these protocols in the ad hoc network family is influenced by several factors such as mobility model, traffic load, transmission range, and the number of mobile nodes which represents a great issue. Several simulation studies have explored routing protocol with performance parameters, but few relate to various protocols concerning routing and Quality of Service (QoS) metrics. This paper presents a simulation-based comparison of proactive, reactive, and multipath routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Specifically, the performance of AODV, DSDV, and AOMDV protocols are evaluated and analyzed in the presence of varying the number of mobile nodes, pause time, and traffic connection numbers. Moreover, Routing and QoS performance metrics such as normalized routing load, routing packet, packet delivery ratio, packet drop, end-to-end delay, and throughput are measured to conduct a performance comparison between three routing protocols. Simulation results indicate that AODV outperforms the DSDV and AOMDV protocols in most of the metrics. AOMDV is better than DSDV in terms of end-to-end delay. DSDV provides lower throughput performance results. Network topology parameters have a slight impact on AODV Performance.
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Pulujkar, Mosami, Sunil Kumar, Vivek Deshpande e Dattatray Waghole. "Evaluation of various MAC Protocols for Node Density in Wireless Sensor Networks based on QoS". International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 10, n. 1s (10 dicembre 2022): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v10i1s.5825.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A wireless sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes that communicate with one another to gather data and send it to a base station. The quality of service provided by sensor networks determines their efficiency and lifetime. Energy, channel capacity, packet transmission, packet drop, and latency are all factors in QoS. In WSNs, routing protocols are designed to discover the shortest route to a network's destination, whereas MAC protocols are designed to transmit data through a communication channel. To increase the network's life span, the best routing and MAC protocols are required for communication. In this research, we examined the performance of different MAC protocols for a variety of QoS measures as node density increased. Future researchers will benefit from this research in establishing the best hybrid protocols for wireless sensor networks. The results demonstrate that CSMA is the best communication protocol among the others.
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Mutalemwa, Lilian C., e Seokjoo Shin. "Secure Routing Protocols for Source Node Privacy Protection in Multi-Hop Communication Wireless Networks". Energies 13, n. 2 (7 gennaio 2020): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020292.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Traffic analysis attacks are common in monitoring wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In the attacks, adversaries analyze the traffic pattern to obtain critical information such as the location information of a source node. Fake source packet routing protocols are often used to ensure source location privacy (SLP) protection. The protocols rely on broadcasting fake packets from fake sources concurrently with the transmission of real packets from the real source nodes to obfuscate the adversaries. However, fake source packet routing protocols have demonstrated some performance limitations including high energy consumption, low packet delivery ratio (PDR), and long end-to-end delay (EED). In this study, two existing fake source packet routing protocols are considered. Then two new phantom-based SLP routing protocols are proposed to address the limitations. Each proposed protocol introduces a two-level phantom routing strategy to ensure two adversary confusion phases. When the adversaries perform traffic analysis attacks on the packet routes, they encounter two levels of obfuscation. Simulation results establish that the proposed protocols have superior performance features. The protocols guarantee strong SLP protection throughout the WSN domain with controlled energy consumption, PDR, and EED. Furthermore, the proposed protocols achieve more practical results under varied network configurations.
26
ZUO, JING, XUEFEN CHI, LIN GUAN, HONGXIA LI e IRFAN AWAN. "DESIGN OF FUZZY BASED MULTI-CONSTRAINED ROUTING PROTOCOL AND THE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION". Journal of Interconnection Networks 09, n. 04 (dicembre 2008): 369–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265908002333.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Single-constrained QoS routing protocols have inherent defects when applied into wireless ad hoc networks. Due to a single constraint parameter is only considered, they can't always cope with the problems caused by the uncertainty of ad hoc networks well. They are not robust enough. In order to overcome the drawbacks of single-constrained QoS routing protocols and improve the Quality of Service (QoS) of ad hoc networks, this paper proposed a multi-constrained QoS routing protocol based on fuzzy logic. It is developed from Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). The proposed protocol is service-aware in the sense that it considers the QoS required by different types of services and takes different network state parameters as the constraint conditions for fuzzy based routing system. New route discovery procedure and novel route maintenance mechanism are designed to support corresponding QoS requirements. Speed of packets sending is also adjusted adaptively referring to the outputs of the proposed fuzzy system. Performance of the fuzzy based DSR protocol is measured and evaluated under different conditions. Simulation results show that the improved protocol has better QoS guarantee capabilities compared to single-constrained QoS routing protocols for large-scale networks in terms of lower delay, smoother delay variation and lower packet loss rate.
27
Han, Hui, Hong De Zhang e Yang Wang. "A Routing Protocol for Emergency Communication Based on Load Balancing". Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (gennaio 2015): 744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.744.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ad-hoc communications is a mobile communication networks and computer networks combine with no infrastructure support, and network survivability and flexibility is strong, especially suitable for emergency communication. As the existing mobile ad hoc network routing protocols lack of network load balancing capabilities, this paper proposed a routing protocol based on load balancing LBBR (Load Balancing Based Routing). Simulation results shows that, LBBR can improve the success rate of packet transmission, reducing the average end to end delay, thus effectively improving network performance.
28
Abbas, Noor Alhuda F., Jaber H. Majeed, Waleed Khalid Al-Azzawi e Adnan Hussein Ali. "Investigation of energy efficient protocols based on stable clustering for enhancing lifetime in heterogeneous WSNs". Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, n. 5 (1 ottobre 2021): 2643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i5.3049.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
There are certain challenges faced with wireless sensor networks (WSNs) performances, consumption can be seen amongst all these challenges as a serious area of research. Data from sensor nodes are transmitted by most WSN energy either among many nodes or to the base station (BS), and due this connection, several routing protocols were developed for supporting in data transmission in the WSNs. Extending network lifetime in an operational environment is the major objective of the wireless sensor network. Charging or exchanging sensor node batteries is almost impossible. Energy balancing and energy efficiency are significant research scopes as per designing of routing protocols aimed at self-organized WSNs. A heterogeneous WSN is one where every node has different amount of energy linked to it before it is deployed in a network. Therefore, different energy efficient routing protocols have been proposed which enables lesser consumption of energy, longer stability period which leads to the network lifetime increasing. In this study, the average energy of a WSN is computed after every logical round of operation for our protocol-HPEEA and compare it with two well-known heterogeneous protocols namely-SEP and CCS. At the end of the considered number of logical operations, MATLAB with simulation results confirm that HPEEA protocol have a reduction in the energy consumption compared to other protocols.
29
Al-Aboody, Nadia, e Muhsin Al-Amery. "Performance study of reactive routing protocol in wildfire detection using mobile ad-hoc network". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, n. 2 (1 novembre 2022): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i2.pp859-866.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The routing protocols play an important role in creating routes and sending packets between sensor nodes. There are many methods in the literature that presented and applied several protocols in various domains. However, there is a lack of using routing protocols in the detection of wildfire. Moreover, most methods have used a single number of sensor nodes, where there is a need to investigate the routing protocol based on different simulation parameters such as the number of sensor nodes. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a type of reactive routing protocol that is named Location Aided Routing (LAR). The simulation of LAR protocol has been conducted based on a various number of sensor nodes in order to deeply study and investigate the LAR protocol in the detection of wildfire. In addition, different performance metrics are used for evaluating the performance of the LAR protocol. In the simulation, the performance of LAR protocol shows promising results in the wildfire detection.
30
Sixu, Lu, Wu Muqing e Zhao Min. "Particle swarm optimization and artificial bee colony algorithm for clustering and mobile based software-defined wireless sensor networks". Wireless Networks 28, n. 4 (15 marzo 2022): 1671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-022-02925-x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractWith the development of the internet of things, people pay more and more attention to wireless sensor networks. Designing the energy efficient routing is an essential objective for wireless sensor networks. Cluster routing is one of the most popular routing protocols to enhance the network lifetime. However, hotspot problem always exists in cluster-based routing protocol. The task of this study is designing a cluster routing protocol with mobile base station which aims at balancing the energy consumption and prolonging the network lifetime. In this article, we design a particle swarm optimization and artificial bee colony algorithm for clustering and mobile based software-defined wireless sensor networks. The software defined network architecture is used to reduce the energy overhead and computation overhead in sensor nodes. Particle swarm optimization-based cluster routing algorithm is used to calculate the cluster heads and the sojourn locations of base station. Artificial bee colony algorithm-based traversal path algorithm is used to design the move path of the base station. Comparing with relevant protocols, the proposed protocol reduces the energy consumption, enhances the network lifetime and reduces the control overhead.
31
Obi, Elvis, Zoubir Mammeri e Okechukwu E. Ochia. "A Centralized Routing for Lifetime and Energy Optimization in WSNs Using Genetic Algorithm and Least-Square Policy Iteration". Computers 12, n. 2 (18 gennaio 2023): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers12020022.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Q-learning has been primarily used as one of the reinforcement learning (RL) techniques to find the optimal routing path in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, for the centralized RL-based routing protocols with a large state space and action space, the baseline Q-learning used to implement these protocols suffers from degradation in the convergence speed, network lifetime, and network energy consumption due to the large number of learning episodes required to learn the optimal routing path. To overcome these limitations, an efficient model-free RL-based technique called Least-Square Policy Iteration (LSPI) is proposed to optimize the network lifetime and energy consumption in WSNs. The resulting designed protocol is a Centralized Routing Protocol for Lifetime and Energy Optimization with a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and LSPI (CRPLEOGALSPI). Simulation results show that the CRPLEOGALSPI has improved performance in network lifetime and energy consumption compared to an existing Centralized Routing Protocol for Lifetime Optimization with GA and Q-learning (CRPLOGARL). This is because the CRPLEOGALSPI chooses a routing path in a given state considering all the possible routing paths, and it is not sensitive to the learning rate. Moreover, while the CRPLOGARL evaluates the optimal policy from the Q-values, the CRPLEOGALSPI updates the Q-values based on the most updated information regarding the network dynamics using weighted functions.
32
K, Sathish, Ravikumar CV, Rajesh A e Giovanni Pau. "Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Performance Analysis Using Diverse Routing Protocols". Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 11, n. 4 (9 ottobre 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan11040064.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The planet is the most water-rich place because the oceans cover more than 75% of its land area. Because of the unique activities that occur in the depths, we know very little about oceans. Underwater wireless sensors are tools that can continuously transmit data to one of the source sensors while monitoring and recording their surroundings’ physical and environmental parameters. An Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is the name given to the network created by collecting these underwater wireless sensors. This particular technology has a random path loss model due to the time-varying nature of channel parameters. Data transmission between underwater wireless sensor nodes requires a careful selection of routing protocols. By changing the number of nodes in the model and the maximum speed of each node, performance parameters, such as average transmission delay, average jitter, percentage of utilization, and power used in transmit and receive modes, are explored. This paper focuses on UWSN performance analysis, comparing various routing protocols. A network path using the source-tree adaptive routing-least overhead routing approach (STAR-LORA) Protocol exhibits 85.3% lower jitter than conventional routing protocols. Interestingly, the fisheye routing protocol achieves a 91.4% higher utilization percentage than its counterparts. The results obtained using the QualNet 7.1 simulator suggest the suitability of routing protocols in UWSN.
33
Khan, Shafiullah, Muhammad Muneer Umar, Chunhua Jin, Shaozhang Xiao, Zeeshan Iqbal e Noha Alnazzawi. "Game-Theory-Based Multimode Routing Protocol for Internet of Things". Electronics 11, n. 24 (12 dicembre 2022): 4134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244134.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Various routing protocols have been proposed for ad hoc networks such as the Internet of Things (IoT). Most of the routing protocols introduced for IoT are specific to applications and networks. In the current literature, it is essential to configure all the network nodes with a single proposed protocol. Moreover, it is also possible for a single IoT network to consist of different kinds of nodes. Two or more IoT networks can also be connected to create a bigger heterogeneous network. Such networks may need various routing protocols with some gateway nodes installed. The role of gateway nodes should not be limited to the interconnection of different nodes. In this paper, a multi-mode hybrid routing mechanism is proposed that can be installed on all or a limited number of nodes in a heterogenous IoT network. The nodes configured with the proposed protocols are termed smart nodes. These nodes can be used to connect multiple IoT networks into one. Furthermore, a game-theory-based model is proposed that is used for intercommunication among the smart nodes to gain optimal efficiency. Various performance matrices are assessed under different network scenarios. The simulation results show that the proposed mechanism outperforms in broader heterogeneous IoT networks with diverse nodes.
34
Alameri, Ibrahim Ahmed, e Jitka Komarkova. "Network Routing Issues in Global Geographic Information System". SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219204001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Research background: A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based information system that gathers, manages, and disseminates different geographic (related to earth) information to provide intelligent analytics necessary for prompt decisions and actions. A GIS can aggregate data from several different streams and turn it into a smart dashboard for different users to enhance productivity. The use of intelligent technologies, remote sensing, and ad-hoc wireless networks has significantly improved GIS. In GIS, utilization of sensed data from different sources depends upon the use of efficient sensing equipment, smart mobile nodes, and network gateways and relays that can efficiently route traffic towards the sink or base station. GIS achieve attention in emergency response scenarios for their capability to collect, analyze, and process spatial-referred. Purpose of the article: Article is focused on studying and identifying suitable routing issues of wireless mobile nodes, which are the main transponders for smooth and errorless data transmission. Methods: We performed a simulation-based comparative study of three different routing protocols used in ad-hoc wireless networks, namely is to identify suitable routing protocols that can aid the GIS to improve its overall performance. We calculated and compared our results with different routing protocols. We were able, with the Random mobility model, to estimate the performance of various network parameters. Findings & Value added: We proposed a study in this work that includes geo-information services overall of routing protocols to support a team in stressful situations. The study shows that the AODV routing protocol performed better than the other two routing protocols (OLSR & TORA) under the given topology.
35
Lansky, Jan, Saqib Ali, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Mohammad Sadegh Yousefpoor, Efat Yousefpoor, Faheem Khan e Mehdi Hosseinzadeh. "Reinforcement Learning-Based Routing Protocols in Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANET): A Review". Mathematics 10, n. 16 (22 agosto 2022): 3017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10163017.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent years, flying ad hoc networks have attracted the attention of many researchers in industry and universities due to easy deployment, proper operational costs, and diverse applications. Designing an efficient routing protocol is challenging due to unique characteristics of these networks such as very fast motion of nodes, frequent changes of topology, and low density. Routing protocols determine how to provide communications between drones in a wireless ad hoc network. Today, reinforcement learning (RL) provides powerful solutions to solve the existing problems in the routing protocols, and designs autonomous, adaptive, and self-learning routing protocols. The main purpose of these routing protocols is to ensure a stable routing solution with low delay and minimum energy consumption. In this paper, the reinforcement learning-based routing methods in FANET are surveyed and studied. Initially, reinforcement learning, the Markov decision process (MDP), and reinforcement learning algorithms are briefly described. Then, flying ad hoc networks, various types of drones, and their applications, are introduced. Furthermore, the routing process and its challenges are briefly explained in FANET. Then, a classification of reinforcement learning-based routing protocols is suggested for the flying ad hoc networks. This classification categorizes routing protocols based on the learning algorithm, the routing algorithm, and the data dissemination process. Finally, we present the existing opportunities and challenges in this field to provide a detailed and accurate view for researchers to be aware of the future research directions in order to improve the existing reinforcement learning-based routing algorithms.
36
Javaid, N., Z. A. Khan, U. Qasim, M. Jamil, M. Ishfaq e T. A. Alghamdi. "Modeling Routing Overhead of Reactive Protocols at Link Layer and Network Layer in Wireless Multihop Networks". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/105245.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To keep information recent between two nodes, two types of link sensing feed-back mechanisms are used: link layer (LL) and network layer (NL). In this paper, we model and evaluate these link sensing mechanisms in three widely used reactive routing protocols: ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and dynamic MANET on-demand (DYMO). Total cost paid by a routing protocol is the sum of cost paid in the form of energy consumed (in terms of packet reception/transmission) and time spent (in terms of processing route information). Routing operations are divided into two phases: route discovery (RD) and route maintenance (RM). These protocols majorly focus on broadcast cost optimization performed by expanding ring search (ERS) algorithm to control blind flooding. Hence, our model relates link sensing mechanisms in RD and RM for the selected routing protocols to compute consumed energy and processing time. The proposed framework is evaluated via NS-2, where the selected protocols are tested with different nodes' mobilities and densities.
37
Javaid, N., Z. A. Khan, U. Qasim, M. Jamil, M. Ishfaq e T. A. Alghamdi. "Modeling Routing Overhead of Reactive Protocols at Link Layer and Network Layer in Wireless Multihop Networks". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/105245.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To keep information recent between two nodes, two types of link sensing feed-back mechanisms are used: link layer (LL) and network layer (NL). In this paper, we model and evaluate these link sensing mechanisms in three widely used reactive routing protocols: ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and dynamic MANET on-demand (DYMO). Total cost paid by a routing protocol is the sum of cost paid in the form of energy consumed (in terms of packet reception/transmission) and time spent (in terms of processing route information). Routing operations are divided into two phases: route discovery (RD) and route maintenance (RM). These protocols majorly focus on broadcast cost optimization performed by expanding ring search (ERS) algorithm to control blind flooding. Hence, our model relates link sensing mechanisms in RD and RM for the selected routing protocols to compute consumed energy and processing time. The proposed framework is evaluated via NS-2, where the selected protocols are tested with different nodes' mobilities and densities.
38
Trofimova, Yelena, e Pavel Tvrdík. "Enhancing Reactive Ad Hoc Routing Protocols with Trust". Future Internet 14, n. 1 (15 gennaio 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14010028.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In wireless ad hoc networks, security and communication challenges are frequently addressed by deploying a trust mechanism. A number of approaches for evaluating trust of ad hoc network nodes have been proposed, including the one that uses neural networks. We proposed to use packet delivery ratios as input to the neural network. In this article, we present a new method, called TARA (Trust-Aware Reactive Ad Hoc routing), to incorporate node trusts into reactive ad hoc routing protocols. The novelty of the TARA method is that it does not require changes to the routing protocol itself. Instead, it influences the routing choice from outside by delaying the route request messages of untrusted nodes. The performance of the method was evaluated on the use case of sensor nodes sending data to a sink node. The experiments showed that the method improves the packet delivery ratio in the network by about 70%. Performance analysis of the TARA method provided recommendations for its application in a particular ad hoc network.
39
Han, Guangzhi, Haifeng Jiang, Liansheng Lu, Shanshan Ma e Shuo Xiao. "Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol for coal mine hybrid wireless mesh networks". International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, n. 2 (febbraio 2018): 155014771875921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718759217.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Hybrid wireless mesh networks are suitable for complex environment communication in coal mine. Mesh clients with application service and routing function in hybrid wireless mesh networks can form a highly robust hybrid network with mesh routers. The processes of nutrient flux transfer and path choice in Physarum network are similar to data transmission and routing selection in hybrid wireless mesh networks. In this article, we use Physarum-inspired autonomic optimization model to design a Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol to improve the service quality of coal mine hybrid wireless mesh networks. Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol has achieved distributed routing decision by drawing the hybrid wireless mesh network parameters into Poisson’s equation of Physarum-inspired autonomic optimization model to measure the quality of link and implements two adjustment strategies to make the protocol more adaptive. The resource-dependent adjustment, which considers the irreversible energy consumption and recoverable buffer occupation, makes the energy consumption problem prominent when there is a lack of energy. The position-dependent adjustment makes routing decision efficient according to the load of different positions, which is caused by many-to-one data transmission model in coal mine. Based on NS2, simulation experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol, and the results are compared with those of ad hoc on-demand distance vector, HOPNET, ANT-DSR, and Physarum-inspired routing protocols. The experimental results show that the route path selected by Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol is better than those selected by the other four protocols in the performance of average end-to-end delay and delivery ratio. The balance of energy consumption and network load is achieved and the network lifetime is effectively prolonged when using Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol.
40
Kallitsis, Georgios, Vasileios Karyotis e Symeon Papavassiliou. "On the Potential of Enhancing Delay-Tolerant Routing Protocols via Age of Information". Future Internet 14, n. 8 (17 agosto 2022): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14080242.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this paper, we study the potential of using the metric of Age of Information (AoI) for enhancing delay-tolerant routing protocols. The latter have been proposed for alleviating the impact of long roundtrip time in networks operating in harsh environments, e.g., in distributed applications deployed in a desert/sparsely populated area without infrastructure, a space network, etc. Delay-tolerant routing protocols can prevent excessive packet timer expiration, but do not provide any packet delivery time guarantee. Thus, they are unsuitable for time-sensitive applications that are more intensely desired nowadays in the next generation networking applications. By incorporating AoI into the operation of delay-tolerant routing protocols, we aim at devising routing protocols that can cope with both long propagation times and challenges related to time-sensitivity in packet delivery. More specifically, in this work, we modify the operation of a well-known delay-tolerant routing protocol, namely FRESH, to make AoI-based packet forwarding decisions, aiming at achieving specific delay guarantees regarding the end-to-end delivery time. We investigate the advantages and disadvantages of such an approach compared to the traditional FRESH protocol. This work serves as a cornerstone for successfully demonstrating the potential of exploiting AoI in delay-tolerant routing and its applications.
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Kang, Min Wook, e Yun Won Chung. "An Efficient Routing Protocol with Overload Control for Group Mobility in Delay-Tolerant Networking". Electronics 10, n. 4 (23 febbraio 2021): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040521.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In delay-tolerant networking (DTN), messages are delivered to destination nodes by using opportunistic contacts between contact nodes, even if stable routing paths from source nodes to destination nodes do not exist. In some DTN network environments, such as military networks, nodes movement follows a group movement model, and an efficient DTN routing protocol is required to use the characteristics of group mobility. In this paper, we consider a network environment, where both intra- and intergroup routing are carried out by using DTN protocols. Then, we propose an efficient routing protocol with overload control for group mobility, where delivery predictability for group mobility is defined and proactive overload control is applied. Performance evaluation results show that the proposed protocol had better delivery ratios and overhead ratios than compared protocols, although the delivery latency was increased.
42
Kousar, Rukhsana, Majed Alhaisoni, Shahbaz Abid Akhtar, Nadir Shah, Aamir Qamar e Ahmad Karim. "A Secure Data Dissemination in a DHT-Based Routing Paradigm for Wireless Ad Hoc Network". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (24 agosto 2020): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2740654.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Over the past decade, distributed hash table- (DHT-) based routing protocols have been adopted in wireless ad hoc networks (WANETs) to achieve scalability in the route discovery phase by avoiding the flooding mechanism. The security aspects of the routing protocols based on the DHT mechanism are crucial to address and have not been discussed in the existing literature. Therefore, addressing the security issues in DHT-based routing protocols would prevent the service disruption, decrease the traffic overhead, and reduce the packet loss in the network. In this paper, several security issues are identified and elaborated through an example scenario. Moreover, a novel DHT-based routing protocol is proposed that uses a digital signature and the user’s trust in order to swap securely the logical identifiers (LIDs). Trust between nodes is established by the user’s acquaintance and the first visual contact. The proposed protocol vindicates its effectiveness via simulation results in terms of computation time, normalized overhead, percent improvement, and packet delivery ratio.
43
Permatasari, Ulfa Septilia, e Indrastanti Ratna Widiasari. "Analisis Routing Protokol Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) Pada Raspberry Pi". AITI 16, n. 2 (17 giugno 2020): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/aiti.v16i2.151-164.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)is one of the two standard for mesh networks. OLSR is a link state routing protocol, which use hallo message and topology control (TC) to determine the link state information across the mobile ad-hoc network. OLSR is widely used in the wireless mesh network. Raspberry Pi is a mini computer which can be used as a node router to replace the function of a router in a wireless mesh network. In this research, Raspberry Pi is used as a router nodes to determine the performance of routing protocol OLSR. The parameters used to measure its performance is self-configure time, self-healing and bandwidth usage. The test results showed that the use of routing protocols OLSR on the Raspberry Pi in a wireless mesh network proved able to repair itself if there is a problem on the network since it has ability to self-configure and self-healing.
44
Khan, Farrukh Aslam, Wang-Cheol Song e Khi-Jung Ahn. "Performance Analysis of Location-Aware Grid-Based Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (1 novembre 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1583205.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this paper, the performance analysis of a hierarchical routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) called Location-aware Grid-based Hierarchical Routing (LGHR) is performed. In LGHR, the network comprises nonoverlapping zones and each zone is further partitioned into smaller grids. Although LGHR is a location-aware routing protocol, the routing mechanism is similar to the link-state routing. The protocol overcomes some of the weaknesses of other existing location-based routing protocols such as Zone-based Hierarchical Link State (ZHLS) and GRID. A detailed analysis of the LGHR routing protocol is performed and its performance is compared with both the above-mentioned protocols. The comparison shows that LGHR works better than ZHLS in terms of storage overhead as well as communication overhead, whereas LGHR is more stable than GRID especially in scenarios where wireless nodes are moving with very high velocities.
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Al-Shehri, Salman, e Pavel Loskot. "Enhancing Reliability of Tactical MANETs by Improving Routing Decisions". Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 8, n. 4 (28 novembre 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8040049.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) have been primarily designed to enhance tactical communications in a battlefield. They provide dynamic connectivity without requiring any pre-existing infrastructure. Their multi-hop capabilities can improve radio coverage significantly. The nature of tactical MANET operations requires more specialized routing protocols compared to the ones which are used in commercial MANET. Routing decisions in MANETs are usually conditioned on signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) measurements. In order to improve routing decisions for use in highly dynamic tactical MANETs, this paper proposes to combine two different metrics to achieve reliable multicast in multi-hop ad hoc networks. The resulting protocol combining received signal strength (RSS) with SINR to make routing decisions is referred to as Link Quality Aware Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (LQA-AODV) routing. The proposed routing protocol can quickly adapt to dynamic changes in network topology and link quality variations often encountered in tactical field operations. Using computer simulations, the performance of proposed protocol is shown to outperform other widely used reactive routing protocols assuming several performance metrics.
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Ri, Man Gun, Ye Song Han e Jin Pak. "A distributed energy-efficient opportunistic routing accompanied by timeslot allocation in wireless sensor networks". International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 18, n. 5 (maggio 2022): 155014772110499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501477211049917.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Sensed data can be forwarded only in one direction to the base station in one-dimensional queue wireless sensor networks different from mesh structure, so the network lifetime will be shortened if some continuous neighboring nodes have run out of their energy. So designing routing protocols for balancing energy consumption is a challenging problem. However, traditional and existing opportunistic routing protocols for one-dimensional queue wireless sensor network proposed so far have not yet addressed this problem to prolong the network lifetime by introducing sleep mode. In this article, we propose a distributed energy-efficient opportunistic routing algorithm accompanied by timeslot allocation by using specific network topology of one-dimensional queue wireless sensor network. In our new algorithm, clustering and routing tree construction is performed while introducing the optimal relay transmission distance achieved by using opportunistic routing principle, and at the same time, interference-free wake up time is scheduled, which may optimize energy consumption and decrease the number of various control messages as possible to prolong the network lifetime. Furthermore, this improves energy efficiency by introducing the operation mode giving up cluster head role. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol can significantly improve the network performance such as energy consumption and network connectivity, when compared with other existing protocols.
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Quy, Vu Khanh, Pham Minh Chuan e Le Anh Ngoc. "An improved performance routing protocol based on delay for MANETs in smart cities". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2022): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp418-424.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is a set of mobile devices that can self-configuration, self-established parameters to transmission in-network. Although limited inability, MANETs have been applied in many domains to serve humanity in recent years, such as disaster recovery, forest fire, military, intelligent traffic, or IoT ecosystems. Because of the movement of network devices, the system performance is low. In order to MANETs could more contribution in the future of the Internet, the routing is a significant problem to enhance the performance of MANETs. In this work, we proposed a new delay-based protocol aim enhance the system performance, called performance routing protocol based on delay (PRPD). In order to analyze the efficiency of the proposed solution, we compared the proposed protocol with traditional protocols. Experiment results showed that the PRPD protocol improved packet delivery ratio, throughput, and delay compared to the traditional protocols.
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Alameri, Ibrahim Ahmed, e Jitka Komarkova. "Performance and statistical analysis of ant colony route in mobile ad-hoc networks". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, n. 3 (1 giugno 2022): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2818-2828.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
<div class="WordSection1"><p>Research on mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is increasing in popularity due to its rapid, budget-friendly, and easily altered implementation, and relevance to emergencies such as forest firefighting and health care provisioning. The main concerns that ad-hoc networks face is dynamic topology, energy usage, packet drop rate, and throughput. Routing protocol selection is a critical point to surmount alterations in topology and maintain quality in MANET networks. The effectiveness of any network can be vastly enhanced with a well-designed routing protocol. In recent decades, standard MANET protocols have not been able to keep pace with growing demands for MANET applications. The current study investigates and contrasts ant colony optimization (ACO) with various routing protocols. This paper compares ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV), dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), and AntHocNet protocols regarding the quality of service (QoS) and statistical analysis. The current research aims to study the behavior of the state-of-the-art MANET protocols with the ACO technique. The ACO technique is a hybrid technique, integrating a reactive route maintaining technique with a proactive method. The reason and motivation for including the ACO algorithm in the current study is to improve by using optimization algorithms proved in other domains. The ACO algorithm appears to have substantial use in large-scale MANET simulation.</p></div>
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Kandali, Khalid, e Hamid Bennis. "An Efficient Routing Protocol Using an Improved Distance-Based Broadcasting and Fuzzy Logic System for VANET". International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems 13, n. 6 (31 dicembre 2020): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22266/ijies2020.1231.08.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The high mobility and frequent changes in the network topology remain a great divergence between Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) and Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). This makes existing routing protocols for MANET imperfect for a VANET environment. In order to ensure good data transmission between vehicles, it is mandatory to improve these protocols to this new environment. Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the most proposed reactive protocols in the literature for MANET, but its direct application in VANET returns poor performance results. In this paper, we propose an Efficient Routing Protocol using an improved Distance-Based Broadcasting and Fuzzy Logic System (ERPFL), which is an extension of the AODV routing protocol. In the first, the proposed scheme uses an improved Distance-Based Broadcasting method in route discovery process. Each vehicle selects the most suitable neighbours to send a route request, using different mobility parameters such as distance, velocity and direction. Then, the destination vehicle selects the best route from the most reliable routes received, using the Fuzzy Logic System. Link Expiration Time and Link Reliability Model are considered input metrics for this system. The simulation results show that ERPFL saves network bandwidth resources which contributes to a higher data transmission ratio. In addition, our proposed protocol efficiently distributes data packets, decreases the hop count and reduces network routing time.
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Saleem, Madyen M., e Salah Abdulghani Alabady. "Performance Analysis and Evaluation of a Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks". ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 20, n. 3 (15 ottobre 2022): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2022203.247515.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Researchers in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are constantly interested in designing and developing energy-efficient routing protocols. Numerous clustering routing protocols have been developed in recent years to overcome the limitation of consuming less energy and prolong the lifetime of sensor nodes in homogeneous and heterogeneous WMSNs. Existing approaches depend on single-hope communication, in which sensor nodes consume more energy and die faster. Inter-communication nodes can play an important role in reducing energy by transmitting data in a multi-hope fashion to the sink. An energy-efficient multi-path clustering with load balancing routing protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks (EEMCL) is proposed in this study. In this protocol, the main cluster heads (MCHs) are preselected in each network cluster and filled with more energy than normal sensor nodes. The two secondary cluster heads (SCHs) with the highest energy nodes will be selected by the main cluster head algorithm. Moreover, inter-cluster multi-hop routing with the help of MCHs can enhance the network lifetime when the sink is located at the corner of the sensing field. The simulation results verify that the proposed multi-hop technique provides better performance than existing LEACH, LEACH-C, SEEN, and IEE-LEACH routing protocols in scenario 1 and when compared with CPMA in scenario 2. The last node dead (LND) for the proposed protocol is at round 5721, 2225 for LEACH, 2300 for LEACH-C, 2900 for SEEN, and 3160 for IEE−LEACH in scenario 1, while in scenario 2, the LND for the proposed protocol is at round 3820 and 435 for the CPMA routing protocol.