Tesi: "Rotors" – Grafiati

1

Guirao, Victor Suman [UNESP]. "Mancais magnéticos ativos para atenuação de vibrações em eixos rotativos". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94526.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:55:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guirao_vs_me_ilha.pdf: 3586237 bytes, checksum: 945e594528c1e4e71d8ddb43d3bc1001 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Este trabalho trata do controle de vibrações em rotores utilizando mancais magnéticos ativos. Foram apresentadas simulações numéricas para o posicionamento ótimo de um atuador magnético utilizado para atenuar vibrações em rotor apoiado por mancais convencionais. O posicionamento ótimo do atuador foi implementado utilizando como função objetivo as normas H2 e H∞. Para modelar o rotor foi utilizado o método de elementos finitos (MEF) e a técnica de redução pseudo-modal para diminuir o esforço computacional durante o controle. As simulações mostraram que um bom posicionamento do atuador aliado ao controle LQR proporcionam grandes reduções dos níveis de vibração no rotor, quando comparado aos níveis de vibração do rotor original. Para a bancada de testes foram realizadas simulações adicionais, tendo em vista que o rotor experimental utiliza dois mancais magnéticos para levitar e controlar as vibrações. Foram apresentados os resultados de simulações de dois controladores LQR projetados com os dados da bancada de testes utilizada nos experimentos. O primeiro controlador considera modelo de rotor flexível modelado pelo método de elementos finitos e reduzido com a técnica de redução pseudo-modal. O segundo controlador foi modelado considerando o rotor como sendo um corpo rígido. Os resultados experimentais foram confrontados com os resultados de simulação e com os resultados obtidos do controlador do fabricante que forneceu a bancada
This paper deals with vibration control of rotors using active magnetic bearings. Numerical simulations were presented for the optimal positioning of a magnetic actuator used to attenuate vibrations in rotor supported by conventional bearings. The optimal positioning of the actuator was implemented using as objective function the norm H2 e H∞. To model the rotor was used finite element method (FEM) and the pseudo-modal reduction technique to reduce computational effort during the control. The simulations showed that a good positioning actuator combined to the control LQR provide great reductions in the levels of vibration in the rotor, compared the vibration of the original rotor. For the test rig were realized adittional simulations, in view of the rotor experimental uses two magnetic bearings for levitating and control the vibrations. Were present the results of two simulations designed LQR controllers with data from the test rig used in the experiments. The first controller model considers flexible rotor modeled by finite element method and reduced with the pseudo-modal reduction technique. The second controller is modeled considering the rotor as a rigid body. The experimental results were compared with simulation results and the results obtained from the controller manufacturer who supplied the test rig

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2

Sino, Rim. "Comportement dynamique et stabilité des rotors : application aux rotors composites". Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0067/these.pdf.

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Ce travail a pour objet l'étude de la stabilité des ensembles tournants lorsque des termes d'amortissement interne (dus aux matériaux) et d'amortissement externe (paliers) sont introduits dans le modèle. La majorité des études identifiées dans la littérature sont fondées sur des développements numériques. La principale difficulté réside dans l'évaluation des paramètres physiques de l'amortissement interne qui permettent une prédiction des instabilités potentielles avec une précision suffisante. Afin de considérer des propriétés mécaniques réelles en terme d'amortissement interne, un modèle rhéologique de solide viscoélastique associé à une approche générale éléments finis de type poutre est développée, incluant les effets de cisaillement transverse. Après une description théorique (choix du modèle d'amortissement interne et équations du mouvement), une première application valide la méthode proposée. L'influence de l'amortissement sur les fréquences et les seuils d'instabilité est analysée via une étude paramétrique. Les résultats sont comparés à ceux obtenus à partir d'une approche analytique et à partir des expérimentations en rotation. Une seconde application s'intéresse à la stabilité dynamique d'un rotor composite avec prise en compte de l'amortissement avec prise en compte de l'amortissement interne et du cisaillement transverse. Une théorie simplifiée d'homogénéisation de poutre (SHBT : Simplified Homogenized Beam Theory), associée à une formulation éléments finis est introduite et utilisée pour évaluer les fréquences naturelles et les seuils d'instabilité. Cette théorie est comparée avec d'autres théories issues de la littérature (EMBT : Equivalent Modulus Beam Theory), EMBT modifié et (LBT : Layerwise Beam Theory). Une étude qualitative montre l'influence de différents paramètres (orientations, séquences d'empilement, etc. . . ) ainsi que les effets du cisaillement transverse lorsque ce dernier est introduit dans le modèle. Les effets associés sont traduits directement en terme de fréquences et de seuils d'instabilité de la structure tournante lorsque des empilements symétriques aussi bien qu'asymétriques sont considérés
This work deals with the study of dynamic instabilities within rotating assemblies due to internal damping effects. In order to consider realistic mechanical properties, in terms of internal damping, a rheological model is associated to a general finite element beam approach, including transversal shear. After a description of the theoretical background (choice of internal damping model and equations of motion), a first application illustrates the ability of the proposed model. The influence of damping on frequencies and on instability thresholds is investigated using a parametric study. Results are compared to those obtained from an analytical approach as well as from experiments. A second application is concerned with the dynamic instability of an internally damped rotating composite shaft. A Simplified Homogenized Beam Theory (SHBT), which takes into account internal damping, is introduced and then used to evaluate natural frequencies and instability thresholds. The results are compared to those obtained by using an Equivalent Modulus Beam Theory (EMBT) widely used in the literature, a Modified Equivalent Modulus Beam Theory and a Layerwise Beam Theory (LBT). The influence of laminate parameters: stacking sequences, fiber orientation and transversal shear effect on natural frequencies and instability thresholds of the shaft is studied via a parametrical study. This parametric study shows that shaft instability thresholds can be very sensitive to all these parameters

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Sino, Rim Jacquet-Richardet Georges. "Comportement dynamique et stabilité des rotors application aux rotors composites /". Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2007. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=sino.

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4

Jarroux, Clément. "Nonlinear transient dynamics of on-board rotors supported by Active Magnetic Bearings". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI069/document.

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De manière générale, les turbomachines sont des machines tournantes permettant la conversion des différents types d’énergie. Ces dernières sont composées d’une partie mécanique en rotation, appelée rotor, interagissant avec un fluide. La rotation a donc un rôle clé pour ces machines et la liaison entre les parties fixes et les parties tournantes, appelée palier, est primordiale pour un fonctionnement fiable et optimal. Les turbomachines supportées par des paliers magnétiques actifs (PMAs) sont de plus en plus utilisées par les industriels notamment grâce à l’absence de contact direct entre parties fixes et parties tournantes, permettant un gain d’énergie et une réduction des émissions de CO2. La plupart du temps, ces machines sont « embarquées » et reposent sur des supports mobiles. Les mouvements générés par ces supports doivent être considérés dans la prévision du comportement dynamique des turbomachines afin d’améliorer les designs en conséquence. Cette thèse est une contribution à l’étude des turbomachines supportées par des PMAs sujettes à de fortes sollicitations extérieures. L’approche est numérique et expérimentale. L’utilisation d’un banc d’essais académique composé d’un système rotor-PMA, aux propriétés d’une turbomachine industrielle, a permis de tester les modèles développés pour des cas de sollicitations extérieures de type séisme et choc, générées grâce à l'excitateur 6-axes de l'equipex PHARE. Il est montré que le modèle permet la bonne prévision du comportement réel de la machine. Cet outil pourra donc être utilisé pour des designs de type industriel
Turbomachines are rotating machines enabling the conversion of the different types of energy. The latter are composed of a rotating mechanical part, called rotor, interacting with a fluid. Therefore, rotation play a key role in these machines and the mechanical link between the fixed and the rotating parts, called bearing, is essential for reliable and optimal operations. Turbomachines supported by active magnetic bearings (AMBs) are increasingly used by industrial companies, especially thanks to the absence of direct contact between fixed and rotating parts, enabling energy savings and reduction of CO2 emissions. Most of the time, these machines are "on-board" and are fixed on mobile supports. The motions generated by these supports must be considered in the prediction of the dynamic behaviour of turbomachinery in order to improve the designs accordingly. This PhD is a contribution to the study of turbomachines supported by AMBs subjected to strong external base motions. The approach is numerical and experimental. The use of an academic scale test rig comprising a rotor-AMB system, with the properties of an industrial turbomachine, allowed to test the developed models for cases of external solicitations such as earthquake and shock, thanks to the 6-axis shaker of the equipex PHARE. It is shown that the model provides good predictions of the behaviour of the machine for the tested cases. This tool can therefore be used for industrial designs

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5

Matos, Catherine Anne Moseley. "Download reduction on a wing-rotor configuation". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12058.

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6

Rigsby, James Michael. "Stability and control issues associated with lightly loaded rotors autorotating in high advance ratio flight". Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26536.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: J.V.R. Prasad; Committee Member: Daniel P. Schrage; Committee Member: David A. Peters; Committee Member: Dewey H. Hodges; Committee Member: Lakshmi N Sankar. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

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Akin, Hakki E. "A computer code for rapid calculation of bending frequencies of rotor blades". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02sep%5FAkin.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2002.
Thesis advisor(s): E. Roberts Wood, Mark A. Couch. Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-196). Also available online.

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Atkinson, G. T. "Wind rotors in yaw". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384765.

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9

Xie, Lihan. "Suivi numérique des bifurcations pour l'analyse paramétrique de la dynamique non-linéaire des rotors". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI018/document.

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Au cœur des moyens de transport, de transformation d'énergie, et de biens d'équipements, les machines tournantes peuvent avoir des comportements dynamiques complexes dus à de multiples sources de non linéarités liées aux paliers hydrodynamiques, à la présence de fissures, aux touches rotor-stator, ... Des phénomènes comme les décalages fréquentiels et donc de vitesses critiques, les cycles d'hystérésis avec sauts d'amplitudes, le changement brutal du contenu fréquentiel des réponses, sont des expressions de ces comportements. Résoudre les équations du mouvement induites par des modélisations avec des éléments finis de type poutre ou volumique, pour calculer les réponses à des sollicitations diverses (comme le balourd ou le poids propre), est réalisable avec des méthodes d'intégration pas à pas dans le temps mais au prix de temps de calcul prohibitifs. Cela devient particulièrement préjudiciable au stade du pré-dimensionnement où il est nécessaire de réaliser rapidement des études paramétriques. Aussi une alternative intéressante est de mettre en {\oe}uvre une méthode numérique, à la fois générale et efficace pour analyser la réponse non linéaire des rotors en régime stationnaire. La démarche proposée combine, dans un premier temps, la méthode de la balance harmonique (HBM) et la technique de bascule Temps-Fréquence (AFT) afin d'obtenir rapidement dans le domaine fréquentiel les réponses périodiques des rotors à grand nombre de degrés de liberté apportés par les éléments finis volumiques. Puis, l'association à la méthode de continuation par pseudo-longueur d'arc aboutit à établir continûment l'ensemble des solutions d'équilibre dynamique sur la plage de vitesse de rotation. Enfin la stabilité dynamique locale de la solution périodique est analysée grâce à des indicateurs de bifurcation basés sur l'évolution des exposants de Floquet. Ainsi sont détectées les bifurcations de branches de solutions périodiques de type point limite, point de branchement et notamment Neimark-Sacker. Leur localisation est déterminée précisément en résolvant un système augmenté constitué de l'équation du mouvement et d'une équation supplémentaire caractérisant le type de bifurcation considéré. En déclarant un paramètre du système (coefficient de frottement, jeu rotor/stator, amplitude de l'excitation,...) comme nouvelle variable, l'utilisation de la technique de continuation conjointement avec le système augmenté détermine directement le cheminement des bifurcations en fonction de ce paramètre sur la nappe des réponses non linéaires. Les suivis de bifurcations délimitent les zones de fonctionnement spécifiques, extraient efficacement l'essentiel du comportement dynamique et offrent ainsi une nouvelle approche pour dimensionner de façon efficace les systèmes notamment en rotation. Nombre des développements réalisés sont implantés dans le code de calcul Cast3M
Generally speaking, the rotating systems utilized in the energy production have a small rotor-stator gap, are able to run during long periods, and are mounted on hydrodynamic bearings. Rotor-stator interactions in case of blade loss, crack propagation due to fatigue, and a variable stiffness due to the nonlinear restoring forces of the bearings can make the rotordynamics nonlinear and the responses complicated: significant amplitude and frequency shifts are introduced, sub- and super-harmonics appear, and hysteresis occurs. It is of great importance to understand, predict and control this complicated dynamics. Due to the large number of DOFs and the broad range of study frequency, the computation time for solving the equations of motion by a temporal integration method can be quite prohibitive. It becomes particularly disadvantageous at the design stage where a parametrical study need to be quickly performed. An alternative numerical method, which is general and effective at the same time, is proposed in order to analyse the nonlinear response of the rotors at steady state. Firstly, the periodic responses of nonlinear rotors are calculated in the frequency domain by combining harmonic balance method (HBM) and alternating frequency-time (AFT). With the help of continuation method, all dynamic equilibrium solutions of nonlinear systems are determined for the range of study frequency. Then, Floquet exponents which are the eigenvalues of Jacobian are sought for stability analysis of periodic solutions. Then the local stability of the periodic solution is analysed through the bifurcation indicators which are based on the evolution of Floquet exponents. The bifurcations of periodic solution branch, such as limit point, branch point, and Neimark-Sacker bifurcation, are thus detected. By declaring a system parameter (friction coefficient, rotor / stator gap, excitation amplitude, ...) as a new variable, applying once again the continuation method to the augmented system determines directly the bifurcation's evolution as a function of this parameter. Thus, parametric analysis of the nonlinear dynamic behaviour is achieved, the stability boundary or the regime change boundary is directly determined. Numerous developments are implemented in the calculation code Cast3M

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Viana, Serra Villa Cristiano. "Dynamique non linéaire des rotors : Applications numériques et expérimentales à un rotor flexible". Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2005. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/cvilla.pdf.

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Cette thèse s'intéresse au comportement dynamique des machines tournantes comportant des organes tels que des roulements dont le fonctionnement est décrit par des lois non linéaires. Le premier objectif de ces travaux de recherche est de mettre en oeuvre des méthodes d'analyse non linéaire afin de résoudre les équations du mouvement de tels systèmes tournants. Le second objectif consiste à effectuer des études expérimentales sur un rotor flexible et d'effectuer des corrélations avec les modèles numériques associés. La modélisation des parties linéaires du système tournante est faite par la méthode des éléments finis. Concernant les roulements, nous présentons trois modèles permettant de prendre en compte leurs non-linéarités intrinsèques telles que le jeu radial et le contact de Hertz. Nous nous intéressons alors plus particulièrement à une modélisation où la cinématique des éléments roulants est considérée. Le type de solution non-linéaire recherchée est le régime permanent
This thesis deals with the dynamic behavior of rotating machinery containing the parts whose behavior is described by non linear laws. The first goal of this research is to implement methods of non linear analysis in order to solve the equations of motion of the system. Secondly, experimental studies are made with a test rig and the results are used to update a numeric model. The rotor is represented by a finite element model. To model the bearings, three models with different levels of complexity are presented, and a model where the kinematics of the rolling elements is adopted. The type of motion of interest is the steady state vibration, and to obtain this kind of solution it is advisable to use a frequential method like the Harmonic Balance Method Alternating Frequency Time (HBM AFT). This method can be implemented with an exact condensation strategy to reduce the computational time. The HBM AFT method is validated by comparing with a direct integration of a non linear Jeffcott rotor

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Viana, Serra Villa Cristiano Thouverez Fabrice. "Dynamique non linéaire des rotors Applications numériques et expérimentales à un rotor flexible /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/cvilla.pdf.

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Velkova, Cvetelina Vladimirova. "Modélisation du comportement dynamique des rotors d’hélicoptères". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENAM0055/document.

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Modélisation du comportement dynamique des rotors d'hélicoptèresL'objectif de la thèse est l'étude et la modélisation du comportement dynamique et aérodynamique du rotor de l'hélicoptère en considérant à la fois les forces d'inertie et les forces aérodynamiques et en tenant compte des déformations élastiques des pales. L'algorithme de couplage proposé permet d'effectuer le calcul transitoire avec échange de données entre les solveurs fluide et structure à chaque pas de temps.La particularité de cette étude est l'utilisation du modèle aérodynamique de la ligne active, qui représente les forces de pale appliquées au fluide par des termes sources. Ces termes sources sont répartis dans les cellules de maillage à l'emplacement de la pale. Ainsi, la rotation, la torsion et le battement de la pale peuvent être représentés sans aucune déformation du maillage. Un avantage de la ligne active est que la simulation utilise un nombre réduit de nœuds, car des conditions aux limites «lois des parois» ne doivent pas être modélisées.Le cas d'un petit rotor expérimental d'hélicoptère est étudié en vol d'avancement. Les solveurs de fluide et de structure sont couplés pour calculer le comportement aérodynamique et dynamique du rotor. Pour ce faire, un algorithme de couplage faible en série décalé est appliqué. Les calculs itératifs sont contrôlés par un code spécialement conçu. Au début de chaque itération, le code calcule et répartit les termes sources dans le domaine fluide. A la fin du pas de temps, le code exécute le solveur de calcul de structure pour calculer un seul pas de temps. Ce solveur calcule le déplacement de la pale sous l'effet des forces aérodynamiques, élastiques et d'inertie et renvoi les résultats au solveur fluide. Les déplacements de la pale calculés servent de référence pour le solveur fluide au pas de temps suivant, pour distribuer les termes sources. Le calcul s'arrête lorsque le critère de convergence est vérifié.Afin de valider le cas simulé, des expérimentations sont réalisées en soufflerie. La puissance et la poussée aérodynamique du rotor sont mesurées. La Vélocimétrie par images de particules (PIV) est utilisée pour obtenir le champ de vitesse autour du rotor. Les mesures PIV à phase bloqué dans des plans azimutaux ont permis de reconstituer le champ d'écoulement 3D. La comparaison entre les résultats numériques et les expériences montre un bon accord et permet de valider la méthode de couplage proposée
MODELING THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF HELICOPTER ROTORThe aim of the thesis is the investigation and modeling of dynamic and aerodynamic behavior of helicopter rotor considering both inertial and aerodynamic forces and taking into account the elastic deformation of the blades. The proposed coupling algorithm allows the transient calculations with data exchange between the fluid and structure solvers at each time step.The particularity of this research is the use of an actuator line aerodynamic model, which represents the blade forces applied to the fluid as source terms. These source terms are distributed in the grid cells where the blade is located. Thus the rotation, flapping and torsion of the blade can be represented without any grid deformation. An advantage of the actuator line is that the simulation uses a reduced number of nodes, because the “wall” boundary conditions do not need to be modeled.The case of small experimental helicopter rotor is studied in forward flight. The fluid and structure solvers are coupled to calculate aerodynamic and dynamic behavior of the rotor. For this purpose, a loosely coupling serial staggered algorithm is applied. The iterative calculations are controlled by specially developed code. At the beginning of each iteration, this code calculates and distributes the source terms in the fluid domain. At the end of the time step, the code runs the structural solver to execute a single time step. This solver calculates the blade displacement under aerodynamic, elastic and inertial forces, and the results are returned to the fluid solver. The calculated blade displacements serve as reference in the next fluid step to distribute the source terms. The calculation stops when the convergence criteria are met.In order to validate the simulated case, measurements are carried on in the wind tunnel. The power and aerodynamic thrust of the rotor are measured. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to obtain the velocity field around the rotor. Phase locked measurement in azimuth planes enabled to reconstruct 3D flow field. The comparison between numerical results and experiments shows good agreement and permits to validate the proposed coupling method

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Ozbay, Serkan. "Extension-Twist Coupling Optimization in Composite Rotor Blades". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10422.

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For optimal rotor performance in a tiltrotor aircraft the difference in the inflow and the rotor speeds between the hover and cruise flight modes suggests different blade twist and chord distributions. The blade twist rates in current tiltrotor applications are defined based upon a compromise between the figure of merit in hover and propeller efficiency in airplane mode. However, when each operation mode is considered separately the optimum blade distributions are found to be considerably different. Passive blade twist control, which uses the inherent variation in centrifugal forces on a rotor blade to achieve optimum blade twist distributions in each flight mode through the use of extension-twist coupled composite rotor blades, has been considered for performance improvement of tiltrotor aircraft over the last two decades. The challenge for this concept is to achieve the desired twisting deformations in the rotor blade without altering the aeroelastic characteristics of the vehicle. A concept referred to as the sliding mass concept is proposed in this work in order to increase the twist change with rotor speed for a closed-cell composite rotor blade cross-section to practical levels for performance improvement in a tiltrotor aircraft. The concept is based on load path changes for the centrifugal forces by utilizing non-structural masses readily available on a conventional blade, such as the leading edge balancing mass. A multilevel optimization technique based on the simulated annealing method is applied to improve the performance of the XV15 tiltrotor aircraft. A cross-sectional analysis tool, VABS together with a multibody dynamics code, DYMORE are integrated into the optimization process. The optimization results revealed significant improvements in the power requirement in hover while preserving cruise efficiency. It is also shown that about 21% of the improvement is provided through the sliding mass concept pointing to the additional flexibility the concept provides for tailoring of the structure without any additional weight penalty on the system.

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Trchalik, Josef. "Aeroelastic modelling of gyroplane rotors". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1232/.

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The gyroplane represents the first successful rotorcraft design and it paved the way for the development of the helicopter during the 1940s. Gyroplane rotors are not powered in flight and work in autorotative regime and hence the characteristics of a helicopter rotor during powered flight and a rotor in autorotation differ significantly. Gyroplanes in the UK have been involved in number of fatal accidents during the last two decades. Despite several research projects focused on gyroplane flight dynamics, the cause of some of gyroplane accidents still remains unclear. The aeroelastic behaviour of autorotating rotors is a relatively unexplored problem and it has not yet been investigated as possible cause of the accidents. A mathematical model was created to simulate aeroelastic behaviour of rotors in autorotation. The model can investigate couplings between blade teeter, bending, torsion and rotor speed using a finite element model combined with a blade element method and a dynamic inflow model. A set of 'McCutcheon' rotor blades was subjected to a series of experiments, yielding baseline input parameters for the model. The model was validated against published results of modal analysis of helicopter rotor blades, experimental flight measurements and other data published in open literature. Effect of selected rotor design parameters on performance and stability of autorotating rotors was analyzed. Results of the model suggest that steady autorotative flight is not possible for excessive values of blade fixed incidence angle or geometric twist of the blade, leading to an aeromechanical instability. Negative values of these parameters lead to rotor over-speed, loss of rotor thrust and increase in vehicle speed of descent. The simulations have shown that moderate values of blade geometric twist applied to the inboard region of the blade together with blade tip mass can improve stability of a rotor in autorotation. A significant part of the research was focused on investigation of the effect of different values of torsional and flexural stiffness, and the relative chord-wise positions of blade elastic axis and centre of mass on rotor stability during autorotation. The results obtained from the model demonstrate an interesting and unique characteristic of the autorotative regime. Coupled flap-twist-rotor speed oscillations of the rotor occur if the torsional stiffness of the blade is lower than a critical value and if the blade centre of mass is aft of the blade elastic axis. The new type of aeroelastic instability is specific to autorotating rotors and differs from both helicopter rotor flutter and fixed-wing flutter. An extra degree of freedom in rotor speed does not alter flutter onset point significantly and hence this instability can be classified as pitch-flap flutter, with the stability boundary of a hyperbolic shape. However, variation of rotor speed in response to coupled flexural and torsional dynamics of the rotor blades changes behaviour of the rotor during the instability. The coupling of rotor teeter, blade torsion and rotor speed with vehicle speed of descent results in a combined flutter and divergence instability. The investigation aeroelastic behaviour of rotors in autorotation has shown that although autorotation has strong autostabilizing character, catastrophic aeroelastic instability can occur. Aeroelastic instability of this type has not been previously described in open literature. The instability can be initiated by incorrect mass balance of the rotor blades together with their insufficient torsional stiffness. Alternatively, unsuitable rotor geometry causing excessive blade incidence can prevent the rotor from entering steady autorotation. Hence a rotor in autorotation with unsuitable design of rotor blades can encounter an aeroelastic instability even if it is correctly mass balanced.

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Redmond, Irvin. "Vibration reduction of flexible rotors". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21476.

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A novel method of flexible-rotor vibration control, using an active contactless angular electromagnetic actuator is presented. A theoretical comparison of radial and angular damping is performed. Three different performance indices are defined and used to determine controller optimum damping/location data for different shaft systems. The controller settings are determined for two main cases: i) such that only one damping value is allowed throughout the entire shaft speed range (passive or fixed-gain active control), ii) the damping value is controlled as a function of rotor speed (adaptive control). The parameter optimisation, made possible by the creation of a simple but efficient numerical technique employed in conjunction with the transfer matrix method, is restricted to considering a speed range covering the first three rigid-bearing critical speeds for a uniform shaft supported by a variety of bearings. However, the approach is sufficiently general to allow the study of any required speed range. It is shown that for both the radial and angular dampers when mounted at the bearings, there is a definite support stiffness value above which the angular damper is the more efficient, but below which the opposite is true. When the conditions for 'fixed-points' are satisfied, then a simple on-off control strategy can be used effectively employing either type of controller. Angular damping is shown also to be an effective means of suppressing 'oil-whirl' type instability. The theoretical work is supported by experimental investigations on a laboratory rig which is representative of a general flexible rotor system. An electromagnetic controller is mounted at one bearing and the reduction of shaft unbalance response and bearing forces recorded for various conditions. Significant reductions in system synchronous response are observed at running speeds close to the first critical speed when electromagnetic stiffness and/or damping is employed. When electromagnetic damping is introduced, non-synchronous vibration components, resulting from shaft asymmetries, are also eliminated. The combined theoretical and experimental studies show angular control to be a viable alternative means of reducing flexible rotor vibrations.

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16

TOBON, BERNAL ROSENDO. "Equilibrage modal de rotors flexibles". Paris, ENSAM, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ENAM0014.

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Les rotors des machines tournantes presentent d'inevitables petits defauts d'excentricite dus aux imperfections de fabrication et a celles qui se produisent en cours d'exploitation. Ces defauts se traduisent par des forces tournantes qui peuvent causer des vibrations importantes, notamment aux vitesses critiques. L'equilibrage consiste a disposer sur certains plans du rotor des masses correctives, telles que les amplitudes de vibration de flexion soient reduites. Dans l'industrie, on utilise la methode des coefficients d'influence. Les coefficients d'influence se determinent experimentalement; lorsque (n) balourds correcteurs sont utilises, (n+1) arrets sont necessaires. Pour un groupe-turbo-alternateur de grande puissance le cout afferent a ces arrets est important. L'objectif est donc de definir une methode qui permet de ramener le nombre d'arrets de (n+1) a 2. Les phases principales de l'etude sont les suivants: 1) identification des valeurs et des vecteurs propres en deca de la vitesse maximale; 2) calcul des vecteurs propres a partir d'un modele obtenu par discretisation en elements finis; 3) ajustement des vecteurs propres calcules et determination de la fonction de transfert; 4) evaluation de la matrice des coefficients d'influence pour les vitesses d'equilibrage choisis. L'etude est effectuee en utilisant une machine tournante dont le rotor est flexible et guide par 6 paliers; la longueur de son rotor est egale a 1681 mm; 5 vitesses critiques se manifestent en deca de la vitesse maximale qui est de 420 tr/min. La methode converge pour le calcul des coefficients d'influence associes aux deux premieres vitesses critiques et pour certains capteurs. Des problemes specifiques sont etudies: 1) influence des defauts de forme et triboelectrique des pistes de mesurage; 2) influence des fleches initiales; 3) repetabilite et linearite des comportements

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17

Mendes, Ricardo Ugliara 1987. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema de atuação magnética para excitação de sistemas rotativos". [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264158.

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Orientadores: Kátia Lucchesi Cavalca Dedini, Luiz Otávio Saraiva Ferreira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Máquinas rotativas apresentam um vasto campo de aplicação como aeronaves, fábricas, laboratórios e usinas de energia. Estas aplicações contêm eixos girando a altas velocidades que devem ter alto nível de confiabilidade. Assim, a análise do comportamento dinâmico destas bombas e turbinas é necessária para estabelecer padrões de funcionamento do equipamento. Ultimamente, com projetos feitos com auxílio de computador, modelos de elementos finitos de eixos incluindo mancais, discos, selos e acoplamentos têm sido desenvolvidos. Através destes modelos, o comportamento das máquinas pode ser previsto, permitindo projetos otimizados baseados nos cálculos de velocidades críticas e simulações de instabilidades do filme de óleo. Estas informações fornecem a base para o desenvolvimento de controladores para reduzir vibrações durante a partida de máquinas, assim como aceleração ou desaceleração através das velocidades críticas, ou ainda para controlar instabilidades do filme de óleo. Uma das técnicas aplicadas na identificação de parâmetros de máquinas e estruturas é a análise modal, a qual consiste em aplicar uma força de perturbação no sistema e, então, medir sua resposta. Entretanto, há uma dificuldade que traz limitações à excitação de sistemas com eixos rotativos, quando utilizando martelos de impacto ou shakers, uma vez que, devido ao atrito, forças tangenciais e ruídos indesejados podem ser aplicados ao sistema. Portanto, o estudo de uma técnica de excitação externa sem contato se torna de grande interesse. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho trata do estudo e desenvolvimento de um modelo em elementos finitos de máquinas rotativas integrado ao modelo de um atuador magnético como fonte de excitação externa, focando na resposta do modelo e sua interação com o atuador. Também é apresentada uma comparação entre simulações numéricas e testes práticos obtidos de uma bancada experimental
Abstract: Rotating machines have a wide range of application such as airplanes, factories, laboratories and power plants. These applications contain shafts rotating at high speeds that must have high trust levels. Thus, the dynamic behavior analysis of these pumps and turbines is required to establish operational patterns of the equipment. Lately, with computer aid design, shafts finite element models including bearings, discs, seals and couplings have been developed. Through these models the machines behavior can be predicted, allowing optimized design based on the critical speeds calculus and oil instabilities simulations. These informations provide the basis for controller development in order to reduce vibrations during the machines start-up and acceleration or deceleration through the critical speeds, or even to control oil instabilities. One of the technique es applied in parameters identification of machines and structures is the modalanalysis, which con sists of applying a perturbation force into the system and then to measure its response. However, there is a difficulty that brings limitations to the excitation of systems with rotating shafts when using impact hammers or shakers, due to friction, undesired tangential forces and noise that can be applied to the system. Therefore, the study of a non-contact technique of external excitation becomes of high interest. In this sense, the present work deals with the study and development of a finite element model for rotating machines using a magnetic actuator as source of external excitation, focusing on the model response and its interaction with the actuator. It is also presented a comparison between the numerical simulations and practical tests obtained from a rotor test rig
Mestrado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

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18

Medeiros, Everton Coelho de. "Projeto e avaliação do comportamento dinâmico de um conjunto de mancais hidrodinâmicos aplicados a um rotor Jeffcott /". Guaratinguetá, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151475.

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Orientador: Mauro Hugo Mathias
Coorientador: Willy Roger de Paula Mendonça
Banca: José Elias Toamzini
Banca: Everaldo de Barros
Resumo: Os estudos relacionados a máquinas rotativas são muito importantes no apoio e manutenção da operação de máquinas de grande porte, tais como turbo compressores ou turbinas. Modelos analíticos e numéricos têm sido aplicados por anos, entretanto, eles nem sempre apresentam as condições reais dessas máquinas. Por isso, o uso de procedimentos experimentais para a avaliação e validação de resultados de máquinas rotativas é importante para a etapa de projeto mecânico. O uso de modelos em escala, por exemplo, turbinas hidráulicas ou turbinas a vapor, tem sido comum nesta área. Um rotor é dividido em várias partes, sendo uma delas os elementos de suporte, mais especificamente os mancais. Os mancais podem ser divididos em vários tipos, os mais utilizados são os do tipo rolamento e tipo hidrodinâmico. Devido este último ser o mais encontrado em máquinas pesadas, seu estudo é muito importante. Este trabalho objetiva apresentar o projeto de um protótipo de um mancal hidrodinâmico e sua avaliação experimental. O mancal desenvolvido consiste de uma bucha de bronze montada sobre uma casa de mancal de alumínio e sistemas de vedação para o óleo lubrificante. As geometrias das buchas e as propriedades dos fluidos foram analisadas pela medição do comportamento dinâmico de um rotor apoiados por esses mancais. Esta avaliação foi baseada na medição de uma bancada do tipo Jeffcott apoiada em um par de mancais hidrodinâmicos em condições diversas, incluindo combinações entre mancais do tipo rolamento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Studies related to rotary machines are very important to support and keep the operation of large machines such as turbochargers or turbines. Analytical and numerical models have been applied for years, however, they do not always present the real condition of these machines. Therefore, the use of experimental procedures for the evaluation and validation of rotating machine results is important for mechanical design step. The use of scale models, for example, hydraulic turbines or steam turbines, has been very common in this area. A rotor is divided into several parts, one of which is the support elements, more specifically the bearings. The bearings can be divided into several types, the most common are the ball/roller bearing and the hydrodynamic bearing. Due to the latter be the most applied in heavy machinery, his study is very important. This work aims to show the design of a prototype of a hydrodynamic bearing and its experimental evaluation. The developed bearing consists of a bronze bushing mounted on an aluminum bearing housing and sealing systems for lubricating oil. The bushing geometries and the properties of the fluids are analyzed by measuring the dynamic behavior of a rotor supported by these bearings. This evaluation was based on the measurement of a Jeffcott rotor test bench supported by hydrodynamic bearings under a variety of conditions, including combinations of rolling and hydrodynamic type bearings,variation of the internal geometry of the bronze bushing ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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19

He, Chengjian. "Development and application of a generalized dynamic wake theory for lifting rotors". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12389.

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20

Bitzer, Michael. "Identification of an improved body aerodynamics model for the BO 105". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13832.

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21

Atilgan, Ali Rana. "Towards a unified analysis methodology for composite rotor blades". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15403.

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22

Soykasap, Omer. "Aeroelastic optimization of a composite tilt rotor". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11823.

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23

Gündüz, Mustafa Emre. "Software integration for automated stability analysis and design optimization of a bearingless rotor blade". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33916.

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The concept of applying several disciplines to the design and optimization processes may not be new, but it does not currently seem to be widely accepted in industry. The reason for this might be the lack of well-known tools for realizing a complete multidisciplinary design and analysis of a product. This study aims to propose a method that enables engineers in some design disciplines to perform a fairly detailed analysis and optimization of a design using commercially available software as well as codes developed at Georgia Tech. The ultimate goal is when the system is set up properly, the CAD model of the design, including all subsystems, will be automatically updated as soon as a new part or assembly is added to the design; or it will be updated when an analysis and/or an optimization is performed and the geometry needs to be modified. Such a design process takes dramatically less time to complete; therefore, it should reduce development time and costs. The optimization method is demonstrated on an existing helicopter rotor originally designed in the 1960's. The rotor is already an effective design with novel features. However, application of the optimization principles together with high-speed computing resulted in an even better design. The objective function to be minimized is related to the vibrations of the rotor system under gusty wind conditions. The design parameters are all continuous variables. Optimization is performed in a number of steps. First, the most crucial design variables of the objective function are identified. With these variables, Latin Hypercube Sampling method is used to probe the design space of several local minima and maxima. After analysis of numerous samples, an optimum configuration of the design that is more stable than that of the initial design is reached. The process requires several software tools: CATIA as the CAD tool, ANSYS as the FEA tool, VABS for obtaining the cross-sectional structural properties, and DYMORE for the frequency and dynamic analysis of the rotor. MATLAB codes are also employed to generate input files and read output files of DYMORE. All these tools are connected using ModelCenter.

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24

Dakel, Zaki. "Stabilité et dynamique non linéaire de rotors embarqués". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0087/document.

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Les rotors sont excités non seulement par le balourd tournant mais aussi par les différents mouvements de leur support : turbocompresseurs de véhicules, turbomoteurs aéronautiques, pompes à vide portées en sont des exemples industriels. Ainsi la conception de rotors robustes capables de bien fonctionner sous de telles conditions (excitations extrêmes) est nécessaire pour éviter des instabilités, source de défaillance catastrophique. Le présent travail a pour objectif de prévoir le comportement dynamique d’un rotor embarqué monté sur des paliers rigides ou élastiques hydrodynamiques et soumis à des excitations du support rigide. Les énergies cinétiques et de déformation ainsi que le travail virtuel des composants d’un rotor flexible tournant sont calculés. Le modèle proposé de rotor embarqué est basé sur les éléments finis de poutre de TIMOSHENKO. Il contient les effets relatifs à l’inertie de rotation des sections droites, à l’inertie gyroscopique, à la déformation de cisaillement d’arbre et à la dissymétrie géométrique de l’arbre et/ou du disque rigide et considère six types de mouvements déterministes (rotations et translations) du support. Suivant le type d’analyse utilisé pour le palier, les forces de rappel hydrodynamiques agissant sur l’arbre et calculées avec l’équation de REYNOLDS sont linéaires/non linéaires. L’utilisation des équations de LAGRANGE fournit les équations différentielles linéaires/non linéaires du mouvement du rotor embarqué en flexion par rapport au support mobile supposé rigide, qui représente un système de coordonnées non inertiel. Les équations du mouvement contiennent des termes paramétriques périodiques en raison de la dissymétrie géométrique du rotor et des termes paramétrique variables dans le temps en raison des rotations du support. Ces termes paramétriques sont considérés comme des sources d’excitation intérieure et conduisent à une instabilité dynamique latérale. Dans les applications numériques proposées, trois configurations de rotor embarqué sont analysées. Tout d’abord, un rotor symétrique monté sur des paliers rigides est soumis à un balourd combiné avec des mouvements de rotation constante et de translation sinusoïdale du support. Ensuite, un rotor avec une dissymétrie géométrique du disque monté sur des paliers rigides est excité par l’effet de balourd et par des mouvements combinés de rotation constante et de translation sinusoïdale du support. Enfin, un rotor symétrique monté sur des paliers hydrodynamiques est soumis au balourd et aux excitations sinusoïdales de rotation ou de translation du support
Rotors are excited not only by the rotating mass unbalance but also by the different motions of their support: vehicle turbochargers, aircraft turbo-engines, carried vacuum pumps, are different industrial applications. Thus the design of robust rotors able to run well under such conditions (extreme excitations) and to avoid catastrophic failure is required. The present work aims to predict the dynamic behavior of an on-board rotor mounted on rigid or elastic hydrodynamic journal bearings and subjected to rigid support excitations. The kinetic and strain energies as well as the virtual work of the rotating flexible rotor components are computed. The proposed on-board rotor model is based on TIMOSHENKO beam finite elements. It includes the effects relative to the rotating inertia, the gyroscopic inertia, the shear deformation of shaft as well as the geometric asymmetry of shaft and/or rigid disk and considers six types of deterministic motions (rotations and translations) of the support. Depending on the type of analysis used for the bearing, the restoring fluid film forces acting on the shaft and computed with the REYNOLDS equation are linear/non-linear. The use of LAGRANGE’s equations yields the linear/non-linear differential equations of vibratory motion of the on-board rotor in bending with respect to the moving rigid support which represents a non-inertial reference frame. The equations of motion contain periodic parametric coefficients because of the geometric asymmetry of the rotor and time-varying parametric coefficients because of the support rotations. These parametric coefficients are considered as sources of internal excitation and can lead to lateral dynamic instability. In the proposed numerical application examples, three rotor configurations are studied. Firstly, a symmetric rotor mounted on rigid bearings is subjected to rotating mass unbalance combined with constant rotation and sinusoidal translation of the support. Secondly, a rotor with geometric asymmetry due to the disk mounted on rigid bearings is excited by the mass unbalance effect and by the combination of a constant rotation and a sinusoidal translation of the support. Thirdly, a symmetric rotor mounted on linearized/non-linear hydrodynamic bearings is subjected to the excitation due to the mass unbalance and to the sinusoidal rotational or translational excitations of the support

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25

Taylor, Dana J. "A method for the efficient calculation of elastic rotor blade dynamic response in forward flight". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12396.

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26

Lacroix, Jacques. "Comportement dynamique d'un rotor au passage des vitesses critiques". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37614859d.

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27

Camargo, Fabio Assis de [UNESP]. "Análise experimental e computacional de um ventilador centrífugo". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151783.

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Este trabalho objetivou um estudo do comportamento dinâmico de rotores em balanço, operando acima da primeira velocidade crítica, suportados em mancais de rolamento. Um caso particular de rotor em balanço, que consiste em um ventilador centrífugo de forno de reaquecimento de uma forjaria, foi selecionado para esse estudo. O rotor analisado encontra-se apoiado em mancais de rolamento, que estão montados em base metálica instalada em fundação de concreto. Alguns aspectos relevantes do comportamento dinâmico desse tipo de rotor foram estudados utilizando-se procedimentos experimentais e procedimentos computacionais. O estudo experimental foi desenvolvido sobre um rotor de ventilador centrífugo utilizado para alimentação de ar de combustão em forno industrial, que possui rotação nominal de 3550 rpm, vazão de 5,11 m3/s, pressão de operação de 1150 mm c.a. sendo acionado por motor de potência de 150 cv, de alto rendimento, com partida direta, montado sobre base rígida. Testes de batida (“ensaio estático de ressonância”) e medições de vibração em velocidade constante foram realizados sobre esse rotor em diferentes condições de operação, permitindo a obtenção dos espectros de frequência da resposta vibratória do sistema rotativo. Um procedimento computacional baseado no método de elementos finitos também foi desenvolvido para a determinação das frequências naturais do rotor suportado em mancais elásticos.
This work was focused on a study of the dynamic behavior of in-balance rotors operating above the first critical speed, supported on rolling bearings. A particular case of in-balance rotor, which consists of a centrifugal fan reheating forging furnace was selected for this study. The analyzed rotor is supported by ball bearings, which are mounted on metal base installed in concrete foundation. Some relevant aspects of the dynamic behavior of this rotor type were studied, using experimental procedures and computational procedures. The experimental study was carried on a rotor centrifugal fan used to supply combustion air in the kiln, which has a rated speed of 3550 rpm , flow 5.11 m3 / s operating pressure of 1150 mm WG being motor-driven power of 150 hp , high performance , direct starting , mounted on a rigid base. Hit Testing ("Bump Test") and constant speed vibration tests were performed on this rotor in different operating conditions, allowing to obtain the frequency spectra for the vibrational response of the rotating system. A computational procedure based on the finite element method was also developed to determine the natural frequencies of the rotor supported in elastic bearings.

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Robison, Rosalyn Aruna Venner. "Turbulence ingestion noise of open rotors". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/243244.

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Renewed interest in open rotor aeroengines, due to their fuel efficiency, has driven renewed interest in all aspects of the noise they generate. Noise due to the ingestion of distorted atmospheric turbulence, known as Unsteady Distortion Noise (UDN), is likely to be higher for open rotors than for conventional turbofan engines since the rotors are fully exposed to oncoming turbulence and lack ducting to attenuate the radiated sound. However, UDN has received less attention to date, particularly in wind-tunnel and flight testing programmes. In this thesis a new prediction scheme for UDN is described, which allows inclusion of many key features of real open rotors which have not previously been investigated theoretically. Detailed features of the mean flow induced by the rotor, the form of atmospheric turbulence, asymmetries due to installation features, and the effect of rotor incidence are all considered. Parameter studies are conducted in each of these cases to investigate their effect upon UDN in typical static testing and flight conditions. A thorough review of the technological issues of most relevance and previous theoretical work on all types of turbulence-blade interaction noise is first undertaken. The prediction scheme is then developed for the case in which the mean flow into the rotor is axisymmetric. This shows excellent qualitative agreement with previous findings, with increased streamtube contraction resulting in a more tonal noise spectrum. The theoretical framework involves using Rapid Distortion Theory to calculate the distortion of an isotropic turbulence field (such as given by the von Karman spectrum) by the mean flow induced by the rotor (such as given by actuator disk theory), leading to an expression for the velocity incident upon the leading edge of the rotor blades. Strip theory is then used to calculate the pressure jumps across the blades, input as the forcing term in the far-field wave equation. Models are derived for open rotor-induced flow which account for the variation of blade circulation with radius, and the presence of the rotor hub and rear blade row. An investigation of appropriate turbulence models and realistic turbulence parameters is also undertaken. A key finding is that the heights of the tonal peaks are determined by the overall magnitude of the induced streamtube contraction (dependent on the total thrust generated) whereas the precise form of distortion (affected by the detailed components of the mean flow and the form of atmospheric turbulence present) alters the resulting broadband level. The prediction scheme is formulated in such a way as to facilitate extension to the asymmetric case, which is also fully derived. The model is applied in the first instance to the case of two adjacent rotors and then to the case of a single rotor at incidence. Under flight conditions, when distortion is reduced but UDN can still contribute a significant broadband component to overall noise levels, asymmetry is found to increase broadband levels around 1 Blade Passing Frequency but reduce levels elsewhere.

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29

Gersh, Danielle. "Single slot models for cage rotors". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361677.

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30

Zulu, Ackim. "Flux switching machines using segmental rotors". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1070.

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Flux switching machines (FSM) employing a segmental rotor have field and armature systems on the stator and a presentation of an unexcited rotor with isolated segments. The single-tooth winding arrangement on the stator provides a potential for material and energy savings. The principle for producing bipolar flux in the armature stator teeth relies on the natural switching of the armature tooth flux, accomplished by the moving segments of the rotor. Three phase configurations have been studied, from conception and design to construction and testing, with field excitation provided by either a field winding or permanent magnets (PM). Flux switching machines have shown characteristics that are peculiar when employing a segmental rotor, significantly affecting the symmetry of the induced armature EMF waveform and parity of magnitudes of the positive and negative torques. For three phase operation, six topologies are feasible when employing a 12-tooth stator and two other topologies may be produced on a 24-tooth stator. An optimum topology on the 12/8-configuration and another proof-of-principle topology on the 12/5-configuration, using field-windings and permanent-magnets, have been designed and constructed, while applying modern practices and considerations for manufacture. The characteristics of FSMs employing a segmental rotor, initially predicted by finiteelement (FE) modelling, have been verified by measurements. The FSM employing a field-winding is found to have a specific torque output which is similar to the conventional switched reluctance motor and still substantially higher than that of the synchronous reluctance motor. Although the PM adaptation of the FSM produces specific torque output which is nearly twice that of the wound-field FSM and about 64% that of an equivalent permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with surface or insert magnets, accounting for the usage of the magnets reflects its specific torque output to be about 1.48 times higher than the PMSM. Although the FSM is operated as an AC machine with sinusoidal three-phase currents, its dq-equivalent representation shows significant differences from that of the conventional AC machine. In the prediction of the performance, it is found, in both the wound-field and PM configurations, that the dq model is more dependable if the coupling dq inductance is taken into account.

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31

Smith, Victoria Helen. "Orographic generation of convection and rotors". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535127.

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32

Mitchell, K. C. "Weld repair of steam turbine rotors". Thesis, Swansea University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638208.

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Turbine rotors are among the most critical and highly stressed components in steam power plants. Although relatively few instances of catastrophic rotor bursts have occurred, they have resulted in lengthy forced outages and severe economic penalties to the affected utilities. To forestall the possibility of a catastrophic burst, utilities will retire the rotors affected, generally to the original equipment manufacturer's (OEM's) recommendations. The criteria and methodology for determining which rotors should be retired are proprietary and vary among manufacturers. If utilities could extend the life of these rotors by 10-20 years, then substantial savings would be made. The principal method for extending their life is weld repair and over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial increase in the number of repairs combined with the complexity of repair adopted. This project was designed to evaluate the relationship between microstructure and properties of welds on ex-service steam turbine rotor steels, after applying appropriate welding parameters and weld bead deposition sequence to minimise heat input and produce acceptable microstructures. From the project work, it is clear that the LP, IP and HP ex-service rotor forgings selected were representative of UK manufactured rotor forgings. Although never intended for weld repair, NP have demonstrated their ability to repair these steels successfully and produce weldments with acceptable microstructures and mechanical properties.

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33

Tjahjono, Benny Wahjudi. "Dynamic performance of magnetically levitated rotors". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36052.

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34

Read, Simon John. "Noise reduction technologies for open rotors". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608127.

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35

Janse, van Rensburg Petrus J. "Energy storage in composite flywheel rotors". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17864.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the push continues for increased use of renewables on the electricity grid, the problem of energy storage is becoming more urgent than ever. Flywheels with wound, composite rotors represent an efficient and environmentally friendly option for energy storage. They have already been applied successfully for voltage control on electrical rail networks and for bridging power in backup UPS systems, but lately they have also proven useful for grid-scale frequency regulation. For flywheels to be deployed on a wider scale, the high cost associated with the technology will have to be addressed. An important driver of cost is the density at which energy can be stored. Currently, flywheel designs do not consistently achieve high energy density, and this study investigates the reasons for this. A critical analysis is made of the design methodologies that have been proposed in the available literature, and some improvements are suggested. Most notably it is shown that significant improvements in energy density may be possible if the design optimization problem is formulated carefully. In addition, the problem of material selection is discussed, because material properties have a significant influence on energy density. Some guidance is given for flywheel designers on how to choose an optimal set of materials without invoking undue computational effort. It is hoped that these suggestions may be carried forward as a topic of further research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Namate die aanvraag vir hernubare energie op die elektrisiteit netwerk vergroot, word die probleem van energie berging van kardinale belang. Vliegwiele met silindriese rotors van samegestelde materiale bied ’n effektiewe en omgewingsvriendelike opsie vir energieberging. Hierdie tipe vliegwiele is reeds suksesvol aangewend vir spanningsbeheer op elektriese spoornetwerke en om oorbruggingskrag te voorsien aan rugsteun sisteme. Meer onlangs is hulle ook nuttig bewys vir die regulasie van frekwensie op die elektrisiteit netwerk. Grootskaalse aanwending van vliegwiele kan egter slegs oorweeg word indien die hoë koste van die tegnologie aangespreek word. Een van die onderliggende redes vir die hoë koste van vliegwiele is die relatiewe lae digtheid waarby energie geberg kan word, en hierdie studie ondersoek die redes hiervoor. Die ontwerpmetodiek wat in die beskikbare literatuur voorgestel is, word krities geanaliseer en ’n paar verbeteringe word aanbeveel. Mees noemenswaardig is die opmerklike verbeteringe in energie-digtheid wat soms moontlik is indien die optimerings-probleem deurdag geformuleer word. Omdat materiaaleienskappe ’n bepalende invloed op energie digtheid uitoefen word die probleem van materiaalseleksie ook verder bespreek. ’n Paar riglyne vir die seleksie van ’n optimale stel materiale sonder om oordrewe berekenings-inspanning te veroorsaak, word aan vliegwielontwerpers gegee. Hierdie voorstelle kan hopelik in die toekoms verder deurgetrap word as onderwerp vir verdere studies.

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36

Alnaqi, Abdulwahab Ali. "Characterisation of coated lightweight brake rotors". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7265/.

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Numerical and experimental studies were undertaken using lightweight brake rotors to reduce vehicle weight and thereby improve fuel efficiency and vehicle emissions. Abaqus finite element and Matlab software were used to construct one dimensional (1D), two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) thermal models to investigate the general thermal performance of disc brakes to develop a valid method of reduced scale testing. Five small scale solid brake rotors were investigated experimentally: grey cast iron, wrought aluminium alloy (6082), the same 6082 alloy with an alumina surface layer applied by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), cast aluminium MMC (AMC640XA) and the same MMC with a PEO alumina surface layer. The disc and pad temperatures, brake pressure, coefficient of friction and brake torque were monitored during the tests for each material. Surface morphology, microstructure and micro hardness of the coatings and substrate were evaluated before and after the tests. Numerical simulations confirmed the equivalence between the full and small scale disc thermal performance using the proposed scaling methodology and also provide a good agreement with the experimental results. The coated 6082 alloy rotor was shown to give good thermal and friction performance up to relatively high rubbing surface temperatures of around 500oC. This rotor failed at a surface temperature of about 550oC due to brittle fracture of the wrought aluminium substrate. The proposed scaling methodology was shown to be a valid method of investigating a rotor design concept in the laboratory at low cost and reduced operating time. The PEO coating on aluminium alloy was denser and more uniform compared to the PEO coating on aluminium MMC. In addition, the PEO coating improved the hardness and thermal resistance of both the aluminium alloy and aluminium MMC. A sensitivity analysis based on the Taguchi approach was carried out on the PEO coated aluminium alloy rotor to investigate the effect of various parameters on thermal performance. Optimisation of the structure was carried out using a genetic algorithm to design coated aluminium alloy discs that are potentially technically viable on small-medium passenger cars.

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37

Bennetts, Alexander. "Aerodynamic interactions of non-planar rotors". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/aerodynamic-interactions-of-nonplanar-rotors(ede657de-a7d8-43d2-a659-453f31c086c1).html.

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The aim of this thesis is to improve understanding of the effects of rotor-rotor interference on small scale rotor systems used on Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs). Previous research on rotor-rotor interactions has focused primarily on planar co-axial and tandem rotors of large scale rotorcraft. The work presented is distinct from prior research not only in its consideration of non-planar rotor systems, but also because of the lower Reynolds numbers and the use of fixed-pitch variable-speed propulsion systems. A design for a novel adjustable rotor interaction test-rig is presented along with a methodology for acquiring accurate and repeatable steady state performance data for two interacting rotor systems. Two six-axis force balances are used to acquire instantaneous and time averaged force and torque data and PIV is used to derive instantaneous and time-averaged flow field data for single and interacting rotor cases. The resulting performance and flow field data represents a unique dataset that can be used in the analysis of small scale rotor interactions, and in the validation of CFD investigations. Results show that for disc angles of between 180 degrees and 90 degrees interactions between rotors are negligible. As the disc angle is reduced from the orthogonal case to the coaxial case interactions significantly effect thrust, pitching moment, and efficiency. It is recommended that in the design of non-planar multirotor vehicles disc angles greater than 75 degrees are utilised to avoid the strong rotor-rotor interactions seen at lower disc angles. A review of existing and future non-planar multirotor concepts shows that the majority avoid significant rotor interactions by virtue of large disc angles.

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38

GIRARDELLO, DETONI JOAQUIM. "Developments on Electrodynamic Levitation of Rotors". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2497116.

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Magnetic bearings are systems capable of supporting rotors in absence of mechanical contact. Among many advantages with respect to ball and roller bearings are the possibilities of operating at extremely high rotational speeds and free of maintenance. Nevertheless, classical active magnetic bearings (AMB) are costly systems and may suffer from reliability problems. The most common types of passive magnetic bearings (PMB) based on the use of permanent magnet and reluctance forces are robust and relatively cheap but are affected by an intrinsic stability problem related to negative stiffness. The alternative of superconducting bearings has to deal with the difficulties for guaranteeing low temperatures for the superconducting materials to work; this represents a barrier for this technology. In the last decades an alternative for obtaining stable passive magnetic levitation has been searched, leading to the development of electrodynamic bearings. These systems, capable of realizing electrodynamic suspension for rotors using regular materials at room temperature, may be an alternative for the suspension of high rotational speed machines in the near future. The technological solutions proposed are still unable of devising a system capable of demonstrating the feasibility of this concept. Introduced in this context, this doctoral dissertation aims at developing models and design procedures to bring electrodynamic levitation of rotors closer to industrial applications. To this end, a large portion of the work is devoted to develop a unified model for representing the electromechanical interaction between rotor and stator generated by electrodynamic bearings of different types, namely homopolar and heteropolar configurations. The electromechanical model is developed taking advantage of the complex coordinate representation, typical in rotordynamics, in order to enable easy integration of the bearing's model with different rotordynamic models. An experimental validation of the model is carried out for homopolar configurations. The study of the dynamics of rotors on electrodynamic bearings is probably one of the most important aspects that must be dealt with before the bearings can reach the technological development needed to become industrially available. Bearing this in mind, the dynamics of a Jeffcott rotor and that of a four degree of freedom rotor are studied devoting special attention to the study of stability demonstrating the presence of unstable cylindrical and conical modes. The unbalance and frequency responses of the rotor on electrodynamic bearings are used to evidence the advantages and drawbacks between homopolar and heteropolar configurations. The studies are conduced using the state space formalism to obtain easy to manipulate system models. The modelling of the suspension evidences the strong coupling between the subsystems, showing that the influence of each subsystem on the rotordynamic stability is not obvious, thus complicating the design of the whole suspension. Considering an iterative design approach, the design of a test rig is presented. It is designed to test the validity of the models and the feasibility of radial electrodynamic suspension. A the mechanical layout of the test rig is developed to deal with the stability aspects introduced by the use of electrodynamic bearings.

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39

El, Hafidi Ali. "Analyse et identification du comportement dynamique de rotors". Besançon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BESA2026.

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L'analyse prévisionnelle et l'optimisation du comportement dynamique des machines tournantes, souvent régies par des opérateurs dissipatifs et non auto-adjoints, passent généralement par des simulations effectuées sur le modèle mathématique associe. Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, on développe deux méthodes permettant d'identifier les caractéristiques dynamiques de paliers fluides. La première utilise des solutions propres identifiées et la seconde exploite des réponses forcées dues aux balourds. L’amélioration et l'identifiable des caractéristiques des paliers est obtenue par le choix optimal des balourds introduits. Dans le but de choisir le modèle mathématique pour l'identification modale, la seconde partie est consacrée 0 l'analyse des phénomènes de rapprochement des fréquences propres dans le diagramme de Campbell. L’étude est basée sur l'utilisation du sous-espace des modes propres quasi multiples. Dans la troisième partie, on développe une méthode de calcul du comportement de rotors de grandes dimensions dont les phases de lancement ou de ralentissement sont particulièrement longues. La méthode utilise la technique des échelles multiples

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40

Galera, Larissa 1990. "Análise da influência das características geométricas de selos de fluxo aplicados a rotores". [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263035.

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Orientador: Katia Lucchesi Cavalca Dedini
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T00:13:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galera_Larissa_M.pdf: 7841610 bytes, checksum: b4caff2b3c8de6cf54d4ef086fd47585 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: A análise dinâmica de rotores visa prever o comportamento e identificar desvios caracterizados por meio das respostas dinâmicas do conjunto, fornecendo indicadores de mau funcionamento ou diagnóstico de falhas, e minimizando os riscos de paradas imprevistas no sistema. O estudo dinâmico de máquinas rotativas deve ser realizado considerando a interação entre os componentes envolvidos na sua construção, como por exemplo, rotores, eixos, mancais, selos de fluxo e estruturas de suporte. Os selos de fluxo causam forças de reação que podem ser representadas por coeficientes dinâmicos. Este componente é o principal responsável por diferenças entre um modelo usando apenas eixo-mancal e a vibração real do sistema, como por exemplo, em bombas centrífugas. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho tem por objetivo a determinação dos coeficientes dinâmicos de três tipos de selos planos, sendo eles: cilíndrico, cônico e escalonado, os quais serão integrados ao modelo global de sistemas rotativos, de modo a tornar a análise do conjunto girante mais completa. A análise dos selos de fluxo será realizada utilizando o método de volumes finitos para determinar a distribuição de velocidade circunferencial e de pressão ao longo do selo, que caracterizam as forças de reação. Estas, por sua vez, podem ser representadas em coeficientes de rigidez, amortecimento e inércia. Além disso, será verificada a influência de diversos parâmetros geométricos e operacionais nestes coeficientes. A inserção dos coeficientes dinâmicos dos selos planos e a análise do conjunto girante, a partir do pacote computacional Rotortest®, permitirá verificar a influência desses tipos de selos no sistema rotativo, analisando como este elemento modifica as características do conjunto e como acopla o eixo à fundação
Abstract: The dynamic analysis of rotors aims to predict its behavior and identify deviations characterized by the dynamic response of the set, providing malfunction indications or failure diagnosis, and minimizing the risk of having unexpected halts on the system. The dynamic study of rotating machines must be conducted by taking in account the interactions between the components involved in its construction, such as rotors, shafts, bearings, fluid seals, and support structures. The fluid seals cause reaction-forces, which can be represented for dynamic coefficients. This component is mainly responsible for the differences between a model using only a rotor-bearing and the actual vibration of the set, for example in centrifugal pumps. In this context, this work aims the determination of the dynamic coefficients of three types of plain seals, namely: straight, tapered, and stepped seals, which will be integrated with the global model of rotating systems, in order to make the analysis of the rotating set more complete. The fluid seals analysis will be accomplished through the finite volume method in order to determine the circumferential velocity and pressure distribution along the seal, which characterizes the reaction forces. Those can be, in turn, represented by stiffness, damping, and inertia coefficients. Besides, it will be verified the influence of several geometric and operational parameters on these coefficients. The insertion of the dynamic coefficients of plain seals and the analysis of the rotating set in the computational package Rotortest®, will verify the influence of these seals on the rotating system, analyzing how this element modify the set's characteristics and the coupling of the shaft to the foundation
Mestrado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestra em Engenharia Mecânica

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41

Gill, Jason W. "The design of a rotor blade test facility". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4203.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 93 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-81).

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42

Rawal, Dharamendra Niranjan. "Study of the effect of sensor position on the forced response characteristics of rotors with active magnetic bearings". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41604.

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The need for better performance of turbomachinery with active magnetic bearings has necessitated a study of such systems for accurate prediction of their vibrational characteristics. This research presents a modification of existing transfer matrix methods for rotor analysis, to predict the response of rotor systems with active magnetic bearings. The position of the magnetic bearing sensors is taken into account and the effect of changing sensor position on the vibrational characteristics of rotor systems is studied. The modified algorithm is validated using a simpler modified Jeffcott model. The effect of changing from a rotating unbalance excitation to a constant excitation in a single plane is also studied. An eight-stage centrifugal compressor rotor is analyzed using the modified transfer matrix code. The results for a two-mass Jeffcott model are presented as plots of critical frequency vs. sensor position and amplitude at critical frequency vs. sensor position. Plots of amplitude vs. frequency and phase angle vs. frequency for different cases of sensor location are also presented. The results obtained by analyzing this two-mass model with the modified transfer matrix method have been compared with the results of the modified Jeffcott analysis for the purpose of verification. Also included are plots of amplitude vs. frequency and phase angle vs. frequency for the eight-stage centrifugal compressor rotor. These plots will demonstrate the significant influence that sensor location has on the critical frequencies and the amplitudes at the critical frequencies of the rotor system.
Master of Science

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43

Collins, Kyle Brian. "A multi-fidelity framework for physics based rotor blade simulation and optimization". Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26481.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Co-Chair: Dr. Dimitri Mavris; Committee Co-Chair: Dr. Lakshmi N. Sankar; Committee Member: Dr. Daniel P. Schrage; Committee Member: Dr. Kenneth S. Brentner; Committee Member: Dr. Mark Costello. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

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44

Riley, Troy M. "Aeroacoustics and Fluid Dynamics Investigation of Open and Ducted Rotors". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1627667464605408.

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45

Akers, Walter John. "Flourescent molecular rotors as mechanosensors in biofluids". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4114.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on October 19, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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46

Gustavsson, Rolf. "Modelling and analysis of hydropower generator rotors /". Luleå, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2005/62.

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47

Velkova, Cvetelina Vladimirova. "Modélisation du comportement dynamique des rotors d'hélicoptères". Phd thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers - ENSAM, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00997268.

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Modélisation du comportement dynamique des rotors d'hélicoptèresL'objectif de la thèse est l'étude et la modélisation du comportement dynamique et aérodynamique du rotor de l'hélicoptère en considérant à la fois les forces d'inertie et les forces aérodynamiques et en tenant compte des déformations élastiques des pales. L'algorithme de couplage proposé permet d'effectuer le calcul transitoire avec échange de données entre les solveurs fluide et structure à chaque pas de temps.La particularité de cette étude est l'utilisation du modèle aérodynamique de la ligne active, qui représente les forces de pale appliquées au fluide par des termes sources. Ces termes sources sont répartis dans les cellules de maillage à l'emplacement de la pale. Ainsi, la rotation, la torsion et le battement de la pale peuvent être représentés sans aucune déformation du maillage. Un avantage de la ligne active est que la simulation utilise un nombre réduit de nœuds, car des conditions aux limites "lois des parois" ne doivent pas être modélisées.Le cas d'un petit rotor expérimental d'hélicoptère est étudié en vol d'avancement. Les solveurs de fluide et de structure sont couplés pour calculer le comportement aérodynamique et dynamique du rotor. Pour ce faire, un algorithme de couplage faible en série décalé est appliqué. Les calculs itératifs sont contrôlés par un code spécialement conçu. Au début de chaque itération, le code calcule et répartit les termes sources dans le domaine fluide. A la fin du pas de temps, le code exécute le solveur de calcul de structure pour calculer un seul pas de temps. Ce solveur calcule le déplacement de la pale sous l'effet des forces aérodynamiques, élastiques et d'inertie et renvoi les résultats au solveur fluide. Les déplacements de la pale calculés servent de référence pour le solveur fluide au pas de temps suivant, pour distribuer les termes sources. Le calcul s'arrête lorsque le critère de convergence est vérifié.Afin de valider le cas simulé, des expérimentations sont réalisées en soufflerie. La puissance et la poussée aérodynamique du rotor sont mesurées. La Vélocimétrie par images de particules (PIV) est utilisée pour obtenir le champ de vitesse autour du rotor. Les mesures PIV à phase bloqué dans des plans azimutaux ont permis de reconstituer le champ d'écoulement 3D. La comparaison entre les résultats numériques et les expériences montre un bon accord et permet de valider la méthode de couplage proposée.

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48

Daneshmandi, Mohsen. "Self-induced flow circulation by enclosed rotors". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261555.

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49

El-Shafei, Aly. "Dynamics of rotors incorporating squeeze film dampers". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87804.

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50

Adibnejad, Mohammad. "Rotors moléculaires fluorescents : synthèse, étude photophysique, applications". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL053N.

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L’objectif de l'étude développée est d'élargir les potentialités de la fluorescence comme méthode d'investigation de la structure de milieux complexes et microhétérogènes (systèmes moléculaires organisés, polymères, milieux biologiques, etc. ), en utilisant plus particulièrement des rotors moléculaires comme sondes fluorescentes. Le travail effectué concerne trois aspects qui sont: 1) la synthèse chimique de nouveaux rotors moléculaires fluorescents, dont des rotors comportant des motifs glucidiques, qui leur confèrent des propriétés amphiphiles et orientent spécifiquement leur site de fixation dans des milieux hétérogènes (membranes biologiques modèles), 2) l'étude photophysique des rotors moléculaires fluorescents dans des solvants, pour déterminer leurs caractéristiques d'absorption UV-visible et d'émission de fluorescence (excitation continue et pulsée), en étudiant d'une part l'influence de la structure du rotor (nature des substituants, présence de conjugaison) et d'autre part l'influence de divers paramètres d'environnement (nature du solvant, polarité, viscosité), 3) les applications des rotors fluorescents en considérant cinq domaines: (i) les micelles: détecter l'agrégation de tensioactifs (CMC, polarité, cohésion) ; (ii) les liposomes: détecter la phase de transition de lipides ; (iii) les composés intervenant dans la coagulation sanguine: suivre le processus de la fibrinoformation ; (iv) les polymères à caractère amphiphile: détecter la formation de microdomaines hydrophobes ; (v) les composés intervenant dans la polymérisation: suivre la polymérisation en masse du MMA en PMMA et déterminer des paramètres cinétiques. Dans plusieurs études, le pyrène comme sonde fluorescente a aussi été utilisé, soit pour valider les informations relatives aux rotors, soit pour compléter ces informations

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