Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Roman period"

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Humanities, Dept. of Ancient History, 2000.<br>Bibliography: p. 475-498.<br>PART I -- Thesis introduction -- Location, environment and routes of the Western Desert -- Cultural, historical and archaeological setting of Dakhleh Oasis -- Introduction to the vessel typology -- Introduction to the site catalogue -- Technology of pottery manufacture -- Fabrics and wares -- Conclusion -- PART II -- The vessel typology -- The site catalogue.<br>This thesis analyses a body of largely unpublished ceramic material from Dakhleh Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt. The material is primarily from the survey of Dakhleh Oasis and the testing of sites by members of the Dakhleh Oasis Project and, except for some Phase 4 material recovered from excavations at Ismant el-Kharab, is unstratified. It covers a thousand years of Egyptian pottery-making from the eighth century BC to the late second century AD. -- A comprehensive survey of published and unpublished material from other sites in Egypt and adjacent regions has been undertaken to acquire comparative material for the pottery from Dakhleh Oasis. In addition, a study of the technical characteristics of the vessels that have remained accessible has been undertaken to describe and explain ancient pottery practices and to build up a framework for comparative purposes. -- With this body of information, a vessel typology divided into two series, each of which are further divided into two phases, has been devised and the chronology of the vessels determined. This ceramic typology has been used to compare surveyed sites of different utilisation - cemetery, settlement and temple sites - and to establish a dating system for these sites. The resulting chronology will be a guide to the determination of future excavations in the oasis and will assist in the on-going study of the socio-economic development of the oasis. The typology also provides a corpus of pottery for the processing of material from future excavations in Dakhleh Oasis and information for other ceramicists working in Egypt and elsewhere. -- The comparative survey of ceramic material from other sites demonstrates that Dakhleh Oasis, although a remote region in the Western Desert of Egypt, maintained contact with the Nile Valley and more distant areas. It also shows that, while this interaction influenced local pottery styles, the oasis retained and developed its own pottery traditions. -- In addition, a preliminary analysis has been made of fabrics and clays for descriptive purposes and to increase knowledge of the ancient ceramics from the oasis. -- A database has also been built to store and manipulate the information on this extensive body of ceramic material from Dakhleh Oasis. The pottery drawings have been produced in a format readily accessible for electronic transfer to researchers in the field of Egyptian ceramics.<br>Mode of access: World Wide Web.<br>498, [199] p. ill. (some col.), maps

The economic development of frontier regions has been neglected in the study of the Roman economy. Traditional core/periphery models suggest that frontiers were marginal zones dependent on a wealthy Mediterranean core, and this view has dominated scholarship for more than thirty years. In light of recent work on the Roman economy, it is clear that many old models need to be reappraised; this thesis examines the economic development of frontiers through the case study of the Rhine River Basin. This region formed one of Rome’s northern frontiers for more than 400 years and has a rich tradition of detailed archaeological and historical research. Using data from the Rhine frontier, this thesis re-examines the nature of frontier economies, arguing that they were dynamic, versatile, and complex rather than subaltern and undeveloped. A new model, based in the analytic framework of economic geography, is suggested as a replacement in order to appreciate the realities and potential of frontier economies.

This thesis presents a study of the monetary integration of northwest continental Europe over the course of the Roman period (c. 50 BC - AD 410). 'Integration' is employed here to describe the relationship, as conveyed by the deposition of material culture, between heterogeneous regions and their inhabitants. In order to examine integration, the study combines an unprecedented amount of data from previous regional studies as well as numerous databases and catalogues to survey coin-finds within and beyond the Roman Empire. It places the coin-finds in the context of settlement development in order to understand the nature of the coin-finds. Several approaches are employed to ensure a foundational and extensive overview of coin-finds in the study-region. The period-based case studies consider the Roman provinces and their environs as a single complex geographical unit, rather than as two separate units as a result of a distinguishable (political) frontier between Rome and the 'other'. However, the case studies identify differences within the study-region and smaller regional variations. A chapter is exploring to highlighting the limitations of the main two coin-find types employed in the thesis. The conclusion builds on the necessary and established overall patterns of coin-finds to provide some examples of how coins may have been used by the inhabitants of the study-region. The final two chapters also tie together the results from the previous period case-studies and use Denmark as a comparative case-study to compare the various degrees of integration of barbaricum and the Roman Empire. This thesis provides a much needed and long awaited overview of the Roman coin-finds from the northwest and seeks to demonstrate its use to future research.

The basis of this research is the compilation of a gazetteer of sites and finds of the La Tène and early Gallo-Roman periods (c. 475 BC - c. 31 BC) in north-west France. Two aspects of the evidence thus collected are examined in detail: settlement and coinage. For the early La Tène period, burial evidence provides the only significant source of information, and at present it is not of sufficient quality or quantity to do more than shed light on a few specific aspects of regional development. Similarly, the settlement evidence from the later periods is also relatively scarce. However the introduction of coinage in the middle La Tène, probably via mercenaries returning from service in the Greek world, provides a much more substantial body of information on developments between the third and first centuries BC. Following a consideration of the theoretical aspects of coin use and function, all the major types of coinage in north-west France are examined in detail, and a number of problems of attribution and interpretation are discussed. It is apparent from the study of settlement and coinage that several traditional interpretations of aspects of the La Tène and early Gallo-Roman periods in north-west France need to be reassessed, in particular questions concerning the development of oppida, and the function of coinage. In the concluding chapter a model of the development of coinage in the region is suggested, illuminated where possible by the application of settlement evidence. The result demonstrates clearly the extraordinarily cohesive nature of this area, which has been termed "greater Armorica", throughout the later Iron Age and into the Gallo-Roman era.

Au cours des trois premiers siècles de notre ère, Rome connaît son apogée et la domination romaine continue de s'établir tout autour de la Méditerranée. Le contrôle de la Mare Nostrum et la connexion entre Rome et ses provinces sont assurés grâce aux réseaux de ports. À l’époque impériale, les ports jouent ainsi un rôle crucial puisqu’ils permettent de maintenir un rayonnement économique et commercial tout autour de l’Empire. Plus qu’une simple interface entre la mer et laterre, les ports font l’objet d’une attention particulière et forment un réel paysage urbain, constitué de bâtiments et de monuments organisés autour de l’espace portuaire de façon scénographique et programmée, que l’on peut qualifier de « portscape » (paysage portuaire). Cette notion théorique, que j’ai développée dans cette thèse, est dérivée du concept de «townscape » (paysage de la ville) introduit par P. Zanker dans sa publication sur l’urbanisme de Pompéi publiée en 19981. Elle consiste à analyser l’organisation spatiale des bâtiments et monuments, individuellement et dans l’ensemble de l’espace portuaire, ainsi que leurs fonctions respectives. Cette approche a également pour objectif d’étudier la relation entre la fabrication de cet espace urbain et la société. Cette réflexion holistique est combinée au concept de « maritimecultural landscape » (paysage culturel maritime), introduit par C. Westerdhal en 19922, qui permet d’aborder les aspects culturels de cet espace construit constituant le cadre de vie des sociétés portuaires et de leurs activités.Le développement disciplinaire de l’archéologie sous-marine et l’intérêt croissant pour les réseaux et le commerce maritime ont mené à la multiplication des études portant sur les infrastructures portuaires au cours des dernières décennies. Malgré cela, la réalité des infrastructures portuaires reste assez mal comprise car les vestiges ne sont généralement pas très bien conservés. Il est donc fondamental d’utiliser d’autres types de sources, comme l’iconographie,pour mieux appréhender les « portscapes » romains. Sous l’Empire, les ports apparaissent fréquemment dans les représentations artistiques. Au cours de cette recherche, j’ai rassemblé un corpus de 264 images portuaires sur des supports variés : lampes, monnaies, peintures, mosaïques, sculptures, verres incisés, pierres gravées etc. Sur ces documents figurent des vues générales de paysages maritimes, des éléments architecturaux isolés de ports (tels que des phares) et des activités portuaires suggérant les infrastructures portuaires (comme des scènes de pesée ou bien des scènes de chargement/déchargement de marchandises). Bien que l’essentiel du corpus date de l’époque impériale, l’intégration de documents appartenant aux périodes préromaines et à l’Antiquité tardive permet d’établir des comparaisons diachroniques.Cette recherche constitue la première tentative d’évaluation, à grande échelle, du potentiel documentaire des sources iconographiques pour comprendre l'aspect, la disposition et le design des ports romains. Considérer les images comme sources historiques est un concept assez récent puisque l'art, longtemps considéré comme étant simplement illustratif, n’occupait qu’une place marginale dans les études d’histoire ancienne. Les images peuvent apporter, en effet, unecontribution importante pour l'étude de l'aspect architectural et urbain des principaux ports de Méditerranée car elles montrent ce qui n'existe plus archéologiquement, telles que les élévations de bâtiments portuaires, souvent réduits aujourd’hui à leurs seuls niveaux de fondations. Ainsi, cette thèse de doctorat soulève les questions de recherche suivantes : - Quelle contribution l'iconographie peut-elle apporter à notre compréhension des paysagesportuaires de l’époque impériale ? Quelles sont les caractéristiques du portscape romain selon les sources iconographiques ? Quels sont les éléments réels et quels sont les éléments standardisés ? D’où viennent cesstandards ?<br>Under the Roman Empire, harbours played an important role for the image of the city. They were more than utilitarian constructions. The buildings and monuments were organised within the space of the port in a programmatic way that made up a genuine urban landscape that I have described as a “portscape”. This term, derived from Zanker’s townscape concept, is understood as the urban aspect, layout and design of Roman ports but also as the lived environment with its societies reflected by its cultural characteristics. Despite recent excavations conducted at Roman ports, our knowledge of portscapes under the Roman Empire is very unclear and the reality of port monuments remains poorly understood. Most known ancient Mediterranean ports are not well preserved, and often only preserved archaeologically at the level of their foundations. Whilearchaeologists are able to reconstruct a plan, understanding ports three dimensionally is at best a challenge. What did Roman ports really look like?Due to the lack of ancient sources relating to Roman ports, using iconography could be useful. This research aims to demonstrate that port depictions, quite abundant during the Imperial period and decorating various type of artistic media (coins, ceramics, mosaics, paintings, gemstones etc.), can make an important contribution for learning more about ports as they are the only source of information that allows us to understand volumetrically, the architecture of portsthat no longer survives archaeologically.Through this work, I will see how the pictorial genre of maritime landscape emerged during the Augustan period as well as the process of its diffusion, reception and standardisation in art during the Imperial period. I will also address the issue of the contexts in which port-themed decoration has been found. I will focus on the main characteristics of portscapes by means of a linguistic approach that distinguishes the different messages conveyed by images according to their contexts (domestic, funeral, politics, etc.).By means of three specific case studies, I will demonstrate how it is possible to deal with the iconographic and epigraphic evidence in order to better understand the components of Roman portscapes. Case-study 1 focuses on the weighing control systems (sacomaria). Case-study 2 studies the single monuments that decorated the portscape, such as freestanding column monuments and honorific arches. Case-study 3 aims to better understand cult spaces in portcontexts by using the example of the sanctuaries of Isis.Finally, I will focus on the urban syntax of the portscape through the case-study of the port of Leptis Magna. Enquiry will ascertain the extent to which the urban programme of its portscape corresponded to a standard design in reality and in iconography

This thesis investigates the role which Roman artefacts played within rural settlements in North Britain during the Romano-British period. The possibility that Roman artefacts were used by native Britons as markers of prestige is explored through the presence or absence of Roman artefact types. The more prestigious the occupants of the rural settlements were, the more likely they were to have access to a variety of exotic trade items. The methodology employed in this study has been adapted from previous studies on pottery types and settlement remains from Scotland. This thesis examines an area that centres on Hadrian's Wall, which at various times in its history acted as the frontier for the Roman Empire, as well as being a staging post for troops and a means of controlling the local population's movement. The study region includes land up to 50 kilometres either side of Hadrian's Wall, and examines rural settlements located within one or two days travel from the Wall. The excavation reports of rural settlements were examined, and include settlement types such as homesteads, hillforts and villas. From these sites, Roman artefact types were quantified and used to generate data for analysis. The results agree with the hypothesis that social hierarchy can be detected through the comparative presence or absence of Roman artefact types. It is also apparent that the settlements on either side of Hadrian's Wall, and either side of the Pennines mountain chain, were not part of a simple, homogenous culture. This thesis begins with an outline of the geographic and environmental nature of the region (Chapter 2), and an examination of settlement and society in North Britain during the preceding Bronze and Iron Ages (Chapter 3). An essay on Romano-British society and settlement is included (Chapter 4), and is followed by a brief discussion of post- Roman Britain (Chapter 5). Following an outline of the methodology used (Chapter 6), the results of analysis are presented in detail (Chapter 7). The Discussion chapter explores how the results of analysis meet existing theories of rural settlement and society, and compares North Britain with continental data from Germany and North Gaul (Chapter 8).