Tesi: "Roads" – Grafiati

1

Ng, Wing-suen Sammuel. "Electronic road pricing in Singapore : lessons for Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21213185.

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2

Walls, Liam D. "Quantifying road surface quality for underground haul roads /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19802.pdf.

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3

Breytenbach, I. J. "The relationship between index testing and California Bearing Ratio values for natural road construction materials in South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12152009-144255.

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4

Tangpithakkul, Rawee. "Study of permeability of pavement base matrials." Ohio : Ohio University, 1997. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1184344573.

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5

Ng, Wing-suen Sammuel, and 伍永璇. "Electronic road pricing in Singapore: lessonsfor Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31952288.

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6

Berdica, Katja. "TraVIS for Roads - Examples of Road Transport Vulnerability Impact Studies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Infrastructure, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3438.

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7

Mahavier, Kendall Caitlin Alexandra. "Patterns in Road Maintenance: An Analysis of San Diego Roads." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1526393989343466.

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8

Ayala, Reneé Danielle Turochy Rod E. "A benefit/cost analysis of paved shoulder installation on high priority road segments on two-lane rural highways in Alabama." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Civil_Engineering/Thesis/Ayala_Renee_48.pdf.

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9

Chang, Yuet-mei Marky. "Policy formulation process : a case study of the Electronic Road Pricing Scheme of Hong Kong in the 1980s /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18595637.

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10

Richards, Samuel L. 1982. "Suite of Roads." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10735.

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Abstract (sommario):

1 score (viii, 52 p.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. Suite of Roads is an orchestral suite comprising of two contrasting movements. This work explores and develops my original musical ideas in regard to the nature of roads and their role in connecting individuals and societies. Each movement follows the musical narrative of a hypothetical road, the first being titled "To" and the second being titled "From." All of my musical ideas evolve out the lucid imagined experience of traveling along one of these roads-away from a musical "home" to an imagined destination, then making a return trip along a very different yet equally vivid route. The musical ideas in the first movement are vast, spacious, and wandering, whereas the second movement is quick and vigorous. True to the concept of departure and return, the musical material presented at the beginning of the first movement briefly reappears at the end of the second movement, thus signaling the end of the musical journey and the final return home. Committee in Charge: Dr. Robert Kyr, Chair; Dr. David Crumb; Christian Cherry

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11

Hu, Liuqing. "Calibrating Smartphones for Monitoring Road Condition on Paved and Unpaved Roads." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28859.

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Transportation agencies report the localization of roadway anomalies that could cause serious hazards to the traveling public. However, the high cost and limitations of present technical prevent scaling the road monitoring to all roadways. Especially the unpaved road, because of the complexity of unpaved road. Using smartphone application as road condition data collection tool offer an attractive alternative because of its potential to monitor all roadways in real time and its low cost. However, the sensor sensitivity and sampling frequency of different smartphones may vary significantly, which challenge the confidence of using smartphones for actual pavement condition assessment applications. This study tends to solve this challenge by calibrating different smartphones using two different calibrating methods including calibrating towards reference or average road roughness.

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12

Wilkin, Kelly R. "Cost estimation performances of Nevada highway infrastructure construction projects." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1436025.

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13

Karskens, Grace. ""The grandest improvement in the country" an historical and archaeological study of the Great North Road, N.S.W., 1825-1836 /." Connect to full text, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/403.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Sydney, 1986. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts to the Dept. of History, Faculty of Arts. Degree awarded 1986; thesis submitted 1985. Includes tables. Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 15, 2008). Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.

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14

De, Beer M. "Aspects of the design and behaviour of road structures incorporating lightly cementitious layers." Pretoria :[s.n.], 1990. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07282008-125449.

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15

Mahendran, Ashok Kumar. "Application of nontraditional interchange treatments to improve quality of service and preserve the service life of narrow over-and underpass roadways a thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School, Tennessee Technological University /." Click to access online, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=4&sid=3&srchmode=1&vinst=PROD&fmt=6&startpage=-1&clientid=28564&vname=PQD&RQT=309&did=1759989181&scaling=FULL&ts=1250263533&vtype=PQD&rqt=309&TS=1250263634&clientId=28564.

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16

Berry, Christopher M. "Application of nontraditional u-turn based treatments at narrow-bridged diamond interchanges a thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School, Tennessee Technological University /." Click to access online, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1759989171&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1268926903&clientId=28564.

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17

Shrestha, Joseph. "Let's Talk About Roads." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5476.

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Dr. Joseph Shrestha, Assistant Professor, ETSU Department of Engineering Technology shares that U.S. roads received a D-grade in the latest report card from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). His presentation will discuss various aspects of U.S. roads; including funding sources, cost estimation, cost overruns, speed limits, and crash statistics.

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18

Kwok, Shi-chung Colin. "The role of electronic road pricing in tackling traffic congestion in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21128832.

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19

Du, Preez Emile. "Empirical investigation of life cycle cost of road studs on national roads." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97394.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study involved a detail empirical investigation into the different road studs in use on South Africa’s national road network and how they performed on the network under different road conditions in order to establish which road stud, under what conditions, offers best value for money in terms of life-cycle cost for the South African National Roads Agency Limited. These main questions were asked: What is the most cost-effective/value-for-money stud option for SANRAL to choose for each of the specified road categories? Under which conditions do the studs perform differently and what is the most likely mode of failure of specific studs linked to a specific road condition and road category? The South African and Australian road stud standards were reviewed to gain understanding of which criteria one has to consider when evaluating road studs and what information would be needed for the research. Similar studies on road studs were reviewed to compare the criteria that were looked at, namely Guidelines for the use of Raised Pavement Markers, developed by the Department of Transport in the United States, and Feasibility of using accelerated pavement testing to evaluate the long term performance of raised pavement markers, a research paper by the Florida Department of Transport. This research made use of a standardised questionnaire containing questions on various elements found to be key to the road stud performance. The study was done on approximately 4 659 km of roads in SANRAL’s Western region, consisting of the Western Cape and Northern Cape. From the literature review, it was identified that there is a need for the SABS standards to be updated to include the testing of structural properties of studs. SANRAL should look at the lack in specification requirements when asking for the installation of road studs. From the data available it was observed that the preferred studs were the Ferro Lynx followed by the STA+52 stud. They are predominantly used on the roads that were included in the survey. They perform well on the national roads. The data suggests that these two studs and the Rhino stud are the best-performing studs with the least dislodgement and loss in reflectivity. The STA+52 and Rhino stud, however, are fairly new on the market and more data for theirs full life cycle should be obtained for further monitoring The regression analysis indicated that 36 per cent of the variation in the reflectivity of the Ferro Lynx stud can be explained by the surface width of the road, the traffic volume measured as ELVS and the period installed. All the coefficients were significant with a 5 per cent significance. The prediction tables on the weighted data set, indicated that one should always consider width of road when choosing a road stud and that the reflectivity of studs deteriorates most on the narrower roads.

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20

Caviedes, Cómbita Àlvaro Alfonso. "Exploring the Determinants of Vulnerable Road Users' Crash Severity in State Roads." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4062.

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Pedestrians and bicyclists are the most vulnerable road users and suffer the most severe consequences when crashes take place. An extensive literature is available for crash severity in terms of driver safety, but fewer studies have explored non-motorized users' crash severity. Furthermore, most research efforts have examined pedestrian and bicyclist crash severity in urban areas. This study focuses on state roads (mostly outside major urban areas) and aims to identify contributing risk factors of fatal and severe crashes involving pedestrians and bicyclists in state roads. Two ordinal regression models were developed (one for pedestrian and the other for bicyclist crashes) to examine crash severity risk factors. Additional models were developed to investigate road and traffic characteristics that could increase the likelihood of fatal crashes. In the model for pedestrian crash severity risk factors such as age, vehicle type and movement, light conditions, road classification, traffic control device, posted speed limit, location of the pedestrian and wet road surface during clear weather conditions are statistically significant. The bicyclist crash severity model indicates that age, crash location, vehicle movement and alcohol intoxication during dark conditions are statistically significant. In terms of road characteristics and traffic conditions, the models suggested risk factors such as arterials, light conditions, posted speed limit, roadways, and high heavy vehicle volume, increased the odds of a crash being fatal. The results seem to suggest that besides improvements in roadway characteristics, additional countermeasures to reduce crash severity for vulnerable users should include separation of vulnerable users from traffic, educational campaigns, more strict control of alcohol intoxicated drivers, and protection strategies of senior pedestrians.

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21

Smith, John A. R. "From isolation to integration : the development of roads in the northern highlands of Scotland 1800-1850." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2001. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=59732.

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22

Renzella, Brian N. "Remote sensing of corridor landscapes a case study of the National Road Wheeling, West Virginia /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3956.

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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2005. Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 62 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-62).

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23

Lysbakken, Kai Rune. "Salting of Winter Roads : The Quantity of Salt on Road Surfaces after Application." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23314.

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Chemical application forms an important part of winter maintenance activities with the aim of upholding a high level of accessibility, regularity and safety of roads during winter time. The quantity of chemical on the road surface is crucial for the road surface conditions and will determine whether ice formation or snow compaction occurs. For decision makers it is therefore essential to ensure that there is a sufficient quantity of salt on the road surface according to the prevailing road and weather conditions. At the same time adverse environmental effects are well documented. Therefore, there is a need to use as little chemical as possible while still ensuring safe driving conditions. An optimized chemical usage requires that decision-makers have sufficient knowledge of the quantity of chemicals on the road surface at any time. The scope of this study is to acquire knowledge of how the quantity of salt on the road surface changes after application under different conditions and thereby to learn about the durability of salting actions. Further, it is to identify the physical processes that control the changes in the quantity of salt after application and important factors behind these processes. To study the questions addressed, field observations have been conducted. The field observations have been carried out on an ordinary road, open for traffic. The method has been to document the salt quantity before and after application. During the observations the salt and water quantity on the road surface was measured along with weather parameters, traffic data and data from the maintenance trucks. The salt quantity has been measured with the Sobo 20 instrument. Sobo 20 is a portable instrument that allows measurements on several locations and in different positions in the cross profile of the road. The unique feature of Sobo 20 is that the instrument itself adds measuring fluid onto the road surface during the measuring procedure and thereby is able to calculate the salt quantity on the road surface in terms of quantity per unit area. To document the accuracy and limitations of the instrument, some tests have been conducted. The conclusion is that Sobo 20 accurately measures the quantity of salt as brine, on both smooth surfaces and asphalt pavements. However, it only detects between 5 and 6% of dry salt particles. Re-crystallized salt, made of finer grains, is detected at 58 % on smooth surface and 49% on asphalt pavement. When using the Sobo 20 for the measurement of dry or pre-wetted salt, the displayed value must be interpreted only as the quantity of dissolved salt on the road surface, and not the total salt quantity. The field observations clearly show that there are large spatial variations in salt quantity after application due to the effect of traffic. There is large variation in the cross-section profile of the road. Not surprisingly, higher quantities are measured at road edges, between wheel tracks and at the centre of the road compared to inside wheel tracks. This is explained by salt gathering because of the traffic effect and the fact that there are higher quantities of water in these areas that allow more salt to dissolve. For the further examination of the changes in salt quantity as a function of time or traffic, it has been chosen to focus mainly on the salt quantity in wheel tracks. The results show significant differences in the quantity of salt after application between the various observations, and some of these differences can clearly be explained by the quantity of water on the road surface. The quantity of water on the road surface determines the quantity of salt after application. Wet road surfaces both dissolve and loose salt more rapidly than moist road surfaces. The data also show that there is a surprisingly rapid loss of salt, especially on wet road surfaces. After 200 to 400 passing vehicles, the quantity of salt equals that before application. Further, it is also clear that the measured salt quantity after application cannot be described by a simple linear or exponential decrease in salt quantity. Shortly after application there is an increase in the measured salt quantity, thereafter followed by a decrease in salt quantity. Based on the results from the field observations, three different physical processes that control the changes in salt quantity after application are identified. They are initial loss, dissolution of salt, and loss of salt. The initial loss of salt occurs at the time of spreading. The dissolution process is the process whereby solid salt dissolves in the water or brine present on the road surface. The process is mainly time-dependent and is relevant when spreading dry or prewetted salt. The loss of salt after application is time and traffic dependent and three distinct mechanisms have been identified that remove salt from the road surface: blow-off, spray-off and run-off. Blow-off is described as solid salt that is blown off the road surface by traffic, spray-off is dissolved salt sprayed off the road surface by traffic, while run-off is drainage of dissolved salt from the road surface. From the identification of the processes that control the salt quantity after application, a physically based model for the salt quantity is proposed. The model is certainly based on several simplifications and assumptions. The most important are that the dissolution and loss processes are independent, that there are linear relationship between time and traffic and that there is no run-off. The model is adapted to the empirical data from the field observations. The analyses show that the model produces a satisfactory fit with the data from the field observations, and it therefore seems reasonable to conclude that these processes and the model developed can explain the changes in salt quantity after application. Although the model seems to fit the data for salt measurements, it is realized that it makes some assumptions and simplifications that may be incorrect. To achieve a more precise model, further development is needed, for example the introduction of a function describing run-off and the incorporation of the effect of different vehicle types. In addition to a more complex model, data of higher quality are needed. The main results of this study are in the identification of the physical processes and in the principle of building a physically based model for the salt quantity on road surfaces. The attempt to understand the physical processes is essential to achieve a more thorough understanding of the phenomena of salt quantity on road surfaces after application.

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24

Andersson, Ottilia. "Commanding the Swedish roads : Non-verbal performatives in the grammar of road signs." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-433508.

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Road signs form a non-verbal semiotic system – by many encountered on a daily basis – that dictates the actions of the users of the road, in order to create a safe and efficient traffic environment. It is clear that road signs are not just ‘saying’ things but ‘doing’ something. This study examines the commanding and performative aspects of a set of Swedish road signs. The first part of the analysis is a detailed investigation of (the ‘grammar’ of) the warning sign, drawing on a theoretical framework of semiotics and Grice’s cooperative principle. The second part investigates the speech act status of warning signs, priority signs and prohibitory signs, by applying Searle’s taxonomy of illocutionary acts. Results show that the warning triangle is not arbitrary but iconically motivated, both in color and in form, and that the silhouettes vary on a number of parameters, including the perspective of their mapping, the degree of iconicity and the degree of ‘danger reality’. Warning signs, just like verbal warnings, are best categorized as directives, whereas priority and prohibitory signs, unlike verbal prohibitions, emerge as declarations. Ultimately, this raises questions regarding the limits of and the ‘translatability’ between verbal and non-verbal language.

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25

Lee, Jinsun. "Econometric analysis of the effect of roadway geometric and roadside features on run-off-roadway accident frequencies and severities /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10130.

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26

Li, Yiu-man. "MPA dissertation : an analysis of the policy on the control of road-opening works in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17508083.

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27

Krohn, Erik Allyn Varadarajan Kasturi. "Surveilling roads and protecting art." [Iowa City, Iowa] : University of Iowa, 2009. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/390.

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28

Lundberg, Adina, and Fredrik Gunnarsson. "Faunapassager : How animals cross roads." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Civil Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1254.

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Abstract (sommario):

A fauna passage is a way for animals to cross roads separated from the traffic. In Sweden, there are an unknown number of passages with different functions and appearances. These passages would, with the question “Which fauna passages can be found in Sweden, and how well do they work?” as a base, be compiled in a comparable way. This would be done with a number of questions asked to the different regions of Vägverket. The essay was delimited to only include ecoducts, animal bridges, landscape bridges, animal gates, tunnels for small animals, shore passages and fence openings.Most of Vägverkets regions had poor documentation of their passages and lacked the time to improve it. Most questions could only be answered for the region in general, and not for every passage, which forced us to change our way of account. In the end, most of the questions were answered by every region, even though it had not seemed possible earlier. Almost all regions also accounted for all their pas-sages in tables and with selected pictures to illustrate the passages.The compiled result showed that there were no ecoducts in the country and the passages directed to otter was clearly dominating. There were only a few passages constructed for larger animals, such as deer and elk, but those existing were better documented and followed up, than the smaller passages. It is likely that a lot of animals use regular road bridges and tunnels, but there is no documentation of this.The smaller passages are often planned in a simplified way, sometimes only through discussion in field. This often gave a fully sufficient and functional result, but there are examples of passages which did not function alright due to simplify-ing and inadequate planning.The passages varied in shape in the different regions, which all seemed to prefer certain kinds. It was not clear from the basic data if this depended on climate dif-ferences between the regions, or if it simply was a question of taste.

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29

Alzubaidi, Hossein. "On rating of gravel roads." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Infrastructure and Planning, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3252.

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30

Haräng, Johanna, and Pernilla Lindgren. "Compensation for individual roads– Outsidezoning." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-123604.

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A driveway is needed to get to and from a property. Sometimes there are no opportunities to locate the driveway on the own property. One possibility is to use someone else´s land for locating a driveway in exchange for compensation. The purpose of this study was to examine how the compensation is determined for both long and short driveways outside zoning by doing a case study and compare the result with the various reimbursement rules. The work also addresses the different methods of profit distribution and how they are applied in practice. The conclusion from the case study is that the average value principle is used the most because it is expected to be similar to the case in “normal voluntary agreement”, which is the purpose with the reimbursement rules. To make the reimbursement correspond with the value decrease of the waiver property, adjustments are made on the average value in different ways. The cadastral files to the case study did not match the purpose completely. Therefore, the result can be questioned, but another conclusion drawn from the case study is that in the cadastral files no one discusses about the size of the driveway. It may be that the size of the road is not considered to be a problem or that there is a well-tested method to solve this problem. För att ta sig till och från en fastighet behövs en utfart. Det är dock inte alltid möjligt att placera utfarten på egen fastighet. Då finns möjligheten att mot ersättning nyttja annans mark för utfart. Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur ersättningen bestäms för både långa och korta utfarter utanför detaljplan genom att göra en fallstudie och jämföra resultatet med de olika ersättningsreglerna som finns. Uppsatsen berör också de olika vinstfördelningsmetoderna och hur dessa tillämpas i praktiken. Slutsatsen av fallstudien är att den vinstfördelningsmetod som används mest är genomsnittsvärdeprincipen för att den förväntas likna fallet vid ”normal frivillig överenskommelse”, som också är syftet med ersättningsreglerna. För att ersättningen ska stämma överens med marknadsvärdeminskningen på den upplåtande fastigheten justeras genomsnittsvärdet på olika sätt. Förrättningsakterna som användes till fallstudien stämde inte överens med syftet helt. Därför kan resultatet ifrågasättas, men ännu en slutsats som dragits utifrån fallstudien är att i förrättningarna är det ingen som diskuterar storleken av utfarten. Det kan vara för att vägens storlek inte anses vara ett problem eller för att det finns en väl beprövad metod för att lösa detta problem.

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31

Glass, Darlene M. "Dark Roads Always Lead Home." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu152372472959343.

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32

Division, Johnson City GIS. "Washington County, Tennessee Roads - 1996." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1996. https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/68.

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General highway map for Washington County, Tennessee created May 13, 1996 by Johnson City GIS. Schools and place names are located along the right edge. A transportation key denoting types of highways and railroads can be found on the lower portion of the map. Jonesborough inset is also included. A county and Jonesborough road index is included along the bottom edge. Scale - 1" = 1 mile https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1067/thumbnail.jpg

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33

Krohn, Erik Allyn. "Surveilling roads and protecting art." Diss., University of Iowa, 2009. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/390.

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Abstract (sommario):

Placing security cameras in buildings, finding good locations for cameras to enforce speed limits or placing guards to defend a border are some of the problems we face everyday. A nation that wishes to defend its border with armed guards wants to be sure the entire border is secure. However, hiring more guards than necessary can be costly. A start-up company moving into a new building wants to be sure every room in the building is seen by some security camera. Cameras are expensive and the company wants to install the smallest number of cameras; at the same time the company wants to be sure the building is secure. These problems, and many other visibility type problems, are not easy to solve in general. In some specific cases, optimal solutions can be obtained quickly. In general, finding an optimal solution may take a very long time. The original results of this thesis address some of these problems. We show some positive results for solving some of these visibility problems. We also give some negative results for some of these problems. These negative results are useful because they tell us that we are unlikely to find a fast algorithm to solve a particular problem optimally.

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34

Underhill, Jackie E. "Roads and wildlife: a study of the effects of roads on mammals in roadside habitats." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/80/.

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There is increasing concern about the adverse effects of the road network on wildlife. The impacts of roads in the ecological landscape include habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and habitat degradation. These interrupt and modify natural processes, altering community structures and population dynamics. The large number of animal fatalities from road traffic accidents is also of concern. Only limited work has been carried out to investigate the intensity of these effects in the UK landscape. This study investigates the effects of roads on both small and large mammals and reviews mitigation measures that have been installed to ameliorate some of these effects. Roads of all sizes present a significant barrier to animal movement and they affect it in specific ways. Movement of small mammals is inhibited by lack of cover and the hostile road surface, whilst fragmentation of the road-verge by highway-related structures, impedes dispersal and compromises the benefits of connectivity often ascribed to such areas. Large animals, which use roads to travel through their territory, are more likely to be struck by traffic and are therefore, more directly affected by traffic-intensity. There is room for further mitigation to reduce the worst of the road-related impacts.

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35

Clements, Harold William. "An analysis of stress absorbing membrane interlayers used to inhibit tensile fatigue reflective cracking." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342402.

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36

Peyton, Billy Joe. ""To make the crooked ways straight and the rough ways smooth" the federal government's role in laying out and building the Cumberland Road /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=724.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999. Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 234 p. : ill., map Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 226-233).

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37

Lang, Albert Joseph. "Soil Erosion from Forest Haul Roads at Stream Crossings as Influenced by Road Attributes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71707.

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Forest roads and stream crossings can be important sources of sediment in forested watersheds. The purpose of this research was to compare trapped sediment and forestry best management practice (BMP) effectiveness from haul road stream crossing approaches and ditches. The three studies in this dissertation provide a quantitative assessment of sediment production and potential sediment delivery from forest haul roads in the Virginia Piedmont and Ridge and Valley regions. Sediment production rates were measured and modeled to evaluate and compare road and ditch segments near stream crossings with various ranges of road attributes, BMPs, and management objectives. Sediment mass delivered to traps from 37 haul road stream crossing approaches ranged from <0.1 to 2.7 Mg for the one year collection. Collectively, five approaches accounted for 82% of the total sediment mass trapped. Approaches were categorized into Low, Standard, and High road quality rankings according to road attributes. Seventy-one percent (5 of 7) of Low ranked approaches delivered sediment to traps at rates greater than 11.2 Mg ha-1 yr-1. Nearly 90% of Standard or High road quality approaches generated less than 0.1 Mg of sediment over one year. Among approaches with less than 0.1 Mg of trapped sediment, road gradients ranged from 1% to 13%, bare soil ranged from 2% to 94%, and distances to nearest water control structures ranged from 8.2 to 427.0 m. Such a wide spectrum of road attributes with relatively low levels of trapped sediment indicate that contemporary BMPs can mitigate problematic road attributes and reduce erosion and sediment delivery. Three erosion models, USLE-forest, RUSLE2, and WEPP were compared to trapped sediment data from the 37 forest haul road stream crossing approaches in the first study. The second study assessed model performance from five variations of the three erosion models that have been used in previous forest operations research, USLE-roadway, USLE-soil survey, RUSLE2, WEPP-default, and WEPP-modified. The results suggest that these soil erosion models could estimate erosion and sediment delivery within 5 Mg ha-1 yr-1 for most approaches with erosion rates less than 11.2 Mg ha-1 yr-1, while model estimates varied widely for approaches that eroded above 11.2 Mg ha-1 yr-1. Based on the results from the 12 evaluations of model performance, the modified version of WEPP consistently performed better compared to all other model variations tested. However, results from the study suggest that additional field evaluations and improvement of soil erosion models are needed for stream crossings. The soil erosion models evaluated are not an adequate surrogate for informing policy decisions. The third study evaluated sediment control effectiveness of four commonly recommended ditch BMPs on forest haul road stream crossing approaches. Sixty ditch segments near stream crossings were reconstructed and four ditch BMP treatments were tested. Ditch treatments were bare (Bare), grass seed with lime fertilizer (Seed), grass seed with lime fertilizer and erosion control mat (Mat), rock check dams (Dam), and completely rocked (Rock). Mat treatments had significantly lower erosion rates than Bare and Dam, while Rock and Seed produced intermediate levels. Findings of this study suggest Mat, Seed, and Rock ditch BMPs were effective at reducing erosion, but Mat was most effective directly following construction because Mat provided immediate soil protection measures. Any BMPs that reduce bare soil can provide reduction in erosion and even natural site condition, including litterfall and invasive vegetation can provide erosion control. However, ditch BMPs cannot mitigate inadequate water control structures. Overall, forest roads and stream crossings have the potential to be major contributors of sediment in forested watersheds when roads are not designed well or when BMPs are not properly implemented. Forestry BMPs reduce stormwater runoff velocity and volume from forest roads, but can have varying levels of effectiveness due to site-specific conditions. Operational field studies provide valuable information regarding erosion and sediment delivery rates, which helps guide BMP recommendations and subsequently enhances water quality protection. Ph. D.

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38

Chang, Yuet-mei Marky, and 張月薇. "Policy formulation process: a case study of the Electronic Road Pricing Scheme of Hong Kong in the 1980s." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965143.

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39

Sultana, Masuda. "Assessment and Modelling Deterioration of Flood Affected Pavements." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367367.

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The efficiency of the road management system is increasingly challenged due to the frequent occurrences of extreme weather events, such as intense heavy rainfall, cyclones and flooding. The unpredictable events such as Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the USA (2005), extreme flooding in January 2011 in South-East Queensland, Cyclones Oswald (2013) and Marcia (2015) in Queensland had severe impacts upon the road infrastructure. These roads are now subject to a wider range of climatic conditions over their service life than was originally anticipated during their design. To date, no deterioration model can accurately predict the impact of floods on pavements. To understand the impact of January 2011 flood on the structural performance of flood affected pavements, Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) deflection data and surface condition data (rutting and roughness), on flood-affected roads managed by Brisbane City Council, Department of Transport and Main Roads (TMR), Queensland and Roads and Maritime Services, New South Wales (RMS, NSW), Australia, were collected and examined. Thesis (PhD Doctorate) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Griffith School of Engineering Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology Full Text

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40

Oscarsson, Karin. "Dust suppressants for Nordic gravel roads." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Byggvetenskap, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4356.

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41

Brito, Lelio. "Design methods for low volume roads." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12081/.

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This thesis is concerned with producing a simple method to design low volume roads (LVR) by means of a rationale which accounts for permanent deformation development in granular layers. Rutting is regarded as the main distress mode in unsealed and thinly sealed pavements. Hence, it is desirable that it be analytically approached rather than empirically, as in most design methods. The overall aim of this PhD thesis was to look into the behaviour of in-service roads and from a newly developed process, to advance, in a systematic manner, the elements required to produce a simple mechanistic design procedure. The study took as its basis an assessment of the proximity of the stress distribution in the pavement to the material’s failure envelope. After a literature review on unbound granular materials mechanical behaviour and on low volume roads pavement design methods, Chapters 4 and 5 discuss full scale trials carried out in Scotland on typical forest roads. The overall goal of the trials carried out within the Roads Under Timber Transport project was to establish the effect of weather and seasonal effects on the rutting of forest roads and to improve their performance while enabling the roads to be economically constructed and maintained. It appears that most of the rutting occurring in the sites surveyed came shortly after their construction/resurfacing, leading to the assumption that workmanship may be a highly important variable. Lack of compaction of the layer could be one of the likely reasons for the high initial rutting rates. Establishing the effect of weather on rutting further to the existing knowledge was, however, difficult to achieve; this was mainly due to the difficulties faced in monitoring traffic conditions. A newly developed method was needed to quantify permanent deformation development due to wandering traffic on a non-level pavement; this was achieved by the use of wheel path areas, and seemed to be a way forward in the analysis of rutting in unsealed roads. Accelerated pavement trials are reported that aimed to evaluate the performance of aggregate under soaked conditions and the relative pavement deformation caused by different timber haulage vehicles. A road segment simulating a standard forest road section was constructed in a purpose-built facility located at the Ringour Quarry facility. Ten different trials were carried out combining three different aggregate materials and five types of vehicles. Tyre fitment, axle configuration and tyre pressure were assessed and demonstrated to play an important role on the study of rutting development. Conclusions drawn from the results suggest that management of the tyre inflation pressure and axle overload may be one of the most economic means of managing pavement deterioration in the forest road network. A mechanistic analysis of a variety of unsealed pavements was carried out in Chapter 6; and the newly proposed methodology is described in Chapter 7. With changing loading conditions – e.g. as a consequence of the introduction of Tyre Pressure Control Systems and super single tyres – more detailed analyses are required, so that their effect can be analytically assessed. Then an analytical method is introduced for evaluating the stress-strain condition in thinly surfaced or unsurfaced pavements as typically used in LVR structures. It aims to improve the understanding of the effect of tyre pressure and contact area in regard to permanent deformation. To achieve this, several scenarios were modelled using Kenlayer software varying aggregate material, thickness, stiffness, tyre pressure & arrangement. The results usually show a fairly well defined locus of maximum stresses. By comparing this stress envelope with failure envelope, conclusions could be established about the more damaging effect of super singles over twin tyres and, likewise, the greater damage inflicted by high tyre pressures compared to that incurred by lower tyre pressures. Finally, the framework of the proposed method contributes to LVR pavement design procedures mainly due to its simplicity. It still treats the pavement analytically, permitting a more fundamental description of the behaviour of granular layers than in simple linear elastic analysis, but by simplifying the elasto-plastic analysis for routine use it thereby reduces demands of material characterization and computational skills, thus increasing its utility in practical application.

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42

Bergenholm, Emma. "Private co-financing of national roads." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147643.

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This paper presents the phenomenon of private co-financing of national roads. The theory section show that there is currently no statutory regulation of private co-financing. However a regulation is proposed in a supplement to existing planning and building law (2010:900). The case studies present examples of how private co-financing of national roads works in practice. In these cases, private co-financing is regulated by the development agreement. The analysis points out that problems can arise when the parties in a development agreement are not equal. I denna uppsats presenteras fenomenet privat medfinansiering av statliga vägar. I teoriavsnittet visas att det idag inte finns någon lagreglering av privat medfinansiering. En reglering föreslås dock i ett tillägg till gällande plan- och bygglag (2010:900). I fallstudier presenteras exempel på hur privat medfinansiering av statliga vägar går till i praktiken. Där framkommer att privat medfinansiering regleras i exploateringsavtal. Analysen visar bland annat på att vissa problem kan uppstå då parter i ett exploateringsavtal inte är jämbördiga.

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43

Alfelor, Roemer Matubis. "Optimal maintenance frequencies for unpaved roads." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118818.

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44

Ulman, Peggy Lyn 1966. "Determining soil erodibility of forest roads." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291641.

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Soil loss was measured on selected unsurfaced forest roads in Idaho and Colorado, using a rainfall simulator. From the data collected, both flow-induced and raindrop-induced interrill erodibility parameters were determined. Each forest road site consisted of one 5 m² and on 1 m² plot which simultaneously received artificial rainfall. Soil loss from the small plots was attributed solely to detachment by raindrops. The larger 5 m² plots may include some flow-induced soil loss. A method was developed to apportion the erosion from the 5 m² plots between flow-induced and raindrop-induced soil loss. Four different models of raindrop-induced erodibility and three different models of flow-induced erodibility were compared. Those considered most applicable to forest road conditions were suggested for further use in an erosion model for disturbed forestlands. This study serves an an important contribution in developing such a model by providing initial estimates of interrill erodibility parameters for forest road conditions.

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45

Långström, Stina, and Emilia Fridsäll. "Optimizing traffic flow on congested roads." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254936.

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Traffic congestion is a common problem in larger cities. Time consuming queues affects both the humans and the environment. This report investigate show to improve the traffic flow in a future scenario where only autonomous vehicles are present. The methodology was to construct traffic networks on routes where congestion is a problem. This was done with three different Stockholm routes. The networks were transformed into graphs and then the maximal flow was calculated by Edmond Karp’s flow algorithm. The result proves that this type of route planning is a concept that can be used in future studies to decrease congestion. This is due to the fact that the flow increase was much larger than both the increase in travelled distance and time. Trafikstockning är ett vanligt förekommande problem i större städer. Tidskrävande köer påverkar både människan och miljön. I denna rapport studeras hur man kan förbättra trafikflödet i ett framtida scenario där endast automatiserade fordon är tillgängliga. Metoden var att konstruera ett nätverk utav vägar där trängsel är ett problem. Detta gjordes för tre olika rutter i Stockholm. Nätverken transformerades sedan till grafer och det maximala flödet beräknades med hjälp av Edmond Karps flödesalgoritm. Resultatet visar på att denna typ av ruttoptimering skulle kunna användas i framtida studier för att minska trafikstockning i och med att flödesökningen var betydligt större än både ökningen i avstånd och tid.

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Akula, Mohan Kumar. "Guidelines for safety and design improvements at rural expressway median crossovers /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1417999.

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47

Bouchedid, Michel. "Permeability of Base Material for Maine Roads." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/BouchedidM2004.pdf.

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48

Nashed, Rose-Marie. "Electric roads as future road transport : A study of Electric Road System (ERS) to facilitate sustainable road transport for passenger cars." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-250892.

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Sweden is a geographically large and sparsely populated country, with a need for road transport for individuals as well as for logistics. Domestic road transport largely contributes to air pollutions, where passenger cars account for the largest share. Looking ahead, the present rate of reduction of emissions is not enough to reach the climate targets of a fossil free transport sector. Electric road system (ERS) has emerged to deal with drawbacks of electric vehicles. Several solutions are being evaluated at demonstration projects. Until now, ERS is mainly associated with heavy vehicles and the relation to passenger cars is not as clear, where this study explores the social advantages of ERS and passenger cars. A case study is conducted, where an ERS implementation between Helsingborg and Malmö as part of the European route E6 in Sweden is modelled. The NPV with an economic lifespan of 20 years and an interest rate of 3.5 percent amounts to 350 MSEK, considered as high profitable. The CO2 emissions of the studied system would be reduced by 102 000 tonnes CO2, corresponding to a decrease of about 60 percent. Looking at the studied system, heavy trucks are contributing to the most impact. Nevertheless, there is great potential for passenger cars utilising ERS to decrease their emissions and fuel costs. Several semi-structured interviews have been conducted to highlight the prevailing views of ERS and passenger cars and the impact of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for decision-making of transport investments. Several diverse views of ERS and passenger cars exist. ERS is a large investment, where the main need is among heavy vehicles. However, the profitability would increase as the amount of vehicles utilising ERS increases. In a future road transport system, it is possible that several technologies such as ERS, fast chargers and autonomous vehicles could be utilised simultaneous, and complete each other rather than being substitutes. It is conceivable that ERS is planned out of the needs of heavy vehicles, where passenger cars might benefit of the system as well. More passenger cars would likely utilise ERS as it is implemented to a greater extent. Further, CBA could provide a perception of the investment. However, it does not ensure that the projects are performed or chosen out of highest NPV, since several aspects besides the profitability are considered. Available information of ERS for CBA is yet limited and more data, such as effect relations is needed to facilitate well-founded decisions. In the future, it is likely that CBA of transport investments would become more complex, where several technologies would be considered. The transport sector will most likely alter, and existing assessment methods will presumably be adjusted in line with this. Sverige är ett geografiskt stort och glesbefolkat land med ett stort behov av vägtransporter för såväl privatpersoner som för logistik. Inrikes vägtransport bidrar i stor utsträckning till luftföroreningar, där personbilar står för den största andelen av utsläppen. Den nuvarande minskningstakten av utsläpp är inte tillräcklig för att nå klimatmålen om en fossilfri transportsektor. Elvägar (ERS) har utvecklats för att hantera utmaningar med elfordon. Flera lösningar av teknologin testas vid demonstrationsprojekt och hittills är ERS främst förknippat med tunga fordon. Dock är relationen till personbilar inte lika tydlig, där denna studie undersöker de samhälleliga fördelarna med ERS relaterat till personbilar. En fallstudie har genomförts, där en installation av ERS mellan Helsingborg och Malmö som en del av E6 i Sverige modelleras. Nettonuvärdet med en ekonomisk livslängd på 20 år och en internränta om 3,5 procent uppgår till 350 MSEK, vilket betraktas som hög lönsam. Koldioxidutsläppen från det studerade systemet skulle minskas med 102 000 ton CO2, vilket motsvarar en minskning med drygt 60 procent. Utifrån det studerade systemet bidrar tunga lastbilar till den största inverkan. Likväl finns stor potential för personbilar att nyttja den installerade elvägen för att minska sina utsläpp och bränslekostnader. Flera semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts för att lyfta fram de rådande synsätten på ERS och personbilar och effekterna av samhällsekonomiska analyser (CBA) vid beslutsfattande av transportinvesteringar. Det finns flera olika synsätt på ERS relaterat till personbilar. ERS är en stor investering, där det största behovet finns bland tunga fordon. Emellertid ökar lönsamheten med antalet fordon som använder systemet. I ett framtida vägtransportsystem är det möjligt att flera teknologier såsom ERS, snabbladdning av elbilar och autonoma fordon utnyttjas samtidigt och används som komplement istället för att ersätta varandra. Det är tänkbart att ERS planeras och installeras utifrån behoven hos tunga fordon, där även personbilar kan dra fördel av systemet. Dessutom är det sannolikt att fler personbilar skulle utnyttja ERS allteftersom det installeras i större utsträckning. Vidare kan CBA ge en uppfattning om investeringen. Det säkerställer dock inte att projekten genomförs eller väljs utifrån högsta nettonuvärde, eftersom flera aspekter utöver lönsamheten beaktas. Tillgänglig information om ERS för CBA är ännu begränsad och mer data såsom effektsamband behövs för att säkerställa välgrundade beslut. I framtiden är det troligt att CBA av transportinvesteringar blir mer komplexa, där flera tekniker behöver beaktas. Transportsektorn kommer sannolikt att förändras, och befintliga bedömningsmetoder kommer förmodligen att anpassas i linje med detta.

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Chan, Kwok-wong. "The study of utilization of pulverized fuel ash in road construction in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1339244X.

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50

Löfsjögård, Malin. "Functional properties of concrete roads : development of an optimisation model and studies on road lighting design and joint performance." Stockholm [Sweden] : Royal Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Structural Engineering, 2003. http://www.lib.kth.se/Sammanfattningar/lofsjogard031212.pdf.

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Tesi sul tema "Roads"

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