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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Roads - Environmental aspects - New South Wales"
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Pickett, J. W., e P. Bishop. "Aspects of landscape evolution in the Lapstone Monocline area, New South Wales". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, n. 1 (febbraio 1992): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099208727997.
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Burnley, Ian H. "Differential and spatial aspects of suicide mortality in New South Wales and Sydney, 1980 to 1990". Australian Journal of Public Health 18, n. 3 (12 febbraio 2010): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1994.tb00248.x.
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Lattimore, MAE. "Pastures in temperate rice rotations of south-eastern Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, n. 7 (1994): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940959.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Legume-based pastures have long been an integral part of rice growing in the southern New South Wales irrigation areas and still offer potential to improve the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of the temperate rice-cropping system.This paper reviews both historical and current aspects of pastures in temperate rice rotations in southern New South Wales and highlights the importance of pastures in sustaining this cropping system as environmental pressures increase. Topics discussed include pasture species and rotations, their role in improving soil fertility and sustainability, the value of pastures in weed control, and their management for maximum profitability.
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Black, J. A., S. E. Samuels, U. Vandebona, E. Masters, J. C. Trinder, B. Morrison e R. Tudge. "Road Traffic Noise Prediction Using Object-Oriented and Geographic Information System Technologies". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1601, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1601-12.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
It is now some 4 years since the New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) interim noise policy was released. The document sets out RTA policies on traffic noise along with guidelines relating to assessment and control. It is perhaps the most extensive document on the topic ever produced by an Australian road authority. The underlying philosophy of the policy is the importance of noise as an issue that must be addressed in all aspects of RTA road planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation programs. Some recent advances in the traffic noise arena are considered. A spatial decision support system is then outlined for road planning that has been developed as part of an Australian Research Council industry collaborative research grant involving RTA and the University of New South Wales. This is built on object-oriented programming and geographic information system technologies and involves a library containing models in eight domains amounting to 33,000 lines of code. The noise estimation procedure included in this system is described together with how it has been adapted and implemented in an object-oriented way. Speculation is made on how the prototype may be integrated into the emerging corporate responsibilities of RTA in the area of communication and consultation.
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Dikshit, Abhirup, Biswajeet Pradhan e Abdullah M. Alamri. "Temporal Hydrological Drought Index Forecasting for New South Wales, Australia Using Machine Learning Approaches". Atmosphere 11, n. 6 (3 giugno 2020): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060585.
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Droughts can cause significant damage to agriculture and water resources leading to severe economic losses. One of the most important aspects of drought management is to develop useful tools to forecast drought events, which could be helpful in mitigation strategies. The recent global trends in drought events reveal that climate change would be a dominant factor in influencing such events. The present study aims to understand this effect for the New South Wales (NSW) region of Australia, which has suffered from several droughts in recent decades. The understanding of the drought is usually carried out using a drought index, therefore the Standard Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPEI) was chosen as it uses both rainfall and temperature parameters in its calculation and has proven to better reflect drought. The drought index was calculated at various time scales (1, 3, 6, and 12 months) using a Climate Research Unit (CRU) dataset. The study focused on predicting the temporal aspect of the drought index using 13 different variables, of which eight were climatic drivers and sea surface temperature indices, and the remainder were various meteorological variables. The models used for forecasting were an artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR). The model was trained from 1901–2010 and tested for nine years (2011–2018), using three different performance metric scores (coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The results indicate that ANN was better than SVR in predicting temporal drought trends, with the highest R2 value of 0.86 for the former compared to 0.75 for the latter. The study also reveals that sea surface temperatures and the climatic index (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) do not have a significant effect on the temporal drought aspect. The present work can be considered as a first step, wherein we only study the temporal trends, towards the use of climatological variables and drought incidences for the NSW region.
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Davison, L., T. Headley e K. Pratt. "Aspects of design, structure, performance and operation of reed beds – eight years' experience in northeastern New South Wales, Australia". Water Science and Technology 51, n. 10 (1 maggio 2005): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0359.
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Reed beds (horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands) have been employed as secondary treatment devices in on-site and decentralised wastewater management systems in the northeast of the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) for over a decade. This paper summarises some of the practical and research findings that have come to light in that time. Experience with various aspects of reed bed structure is discussed. A study of the evaporative performance of four small beds planted with Phragmites australis yielded an annual crop factor of 2.6. A total of 28 studies on reed beds treating a variety of commonly encountered wastewater streams yielded the following mean pollutant removal efficiencies: total suspended solids (TSS) 83%, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 81%, total nitrogen (TN) 57%, total phosphorus (TP) 35% and faecal coliforms (FC) 1.9 logs. The reed bed is becoming the preferred on-site technology for removing TN and BOD and polishing TSS from primary settled domestic wastewater. Sizing beds for a residence time of approximately five days has become standard practice. A study of six reed beds found six different species of earthworm present, mainly Perionyx excavatus (Indian Blue). A mesocosm experiment subsequently showed that the worms were translocating clogging material from the substrate interstices to the surface of the bed thereby indicating a possible method for prolonging reed bed life.
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Cameron, Helen E., Frances T. Boreland, Jocelyn R. Morris, David M. Lyle, David A. Perkins, Parker J. Magin, Melanie J. Marshall e Nicholas A. Zwar. "New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory Researcher Development Program 2005–07: modest investment, considerable outcomes". Australian Journal of Primary Health 19, n. 1 (2013): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py11155.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This evaluation of the Researcher Development Program (RDP) in NSW and ACT aimed to determine whether the RDP was effective in assisting novice researchers to undertake primary health care research. In mid-2008, 47 participants of the NSW and ACT RDP during 2005–07 were invited to participate in a postal survey. The survey included questions regarding previous research training and experience, outcomes during and after participation in the program, and organisational aspects of the program. Follow-up interviews were conducted with selected participants. Interview questions covered time in the program, supervision, organisational support and placement outcomes. Thirty-seven participants responded to the survey and 23 (62%) participants took part in the semi-structured interviews. Seventy-eight per cent of survey respondents felt that the RDP helped them move from novice to a more experienced researcher with effective supervision identified by participants as a key element in determining the success of the program. Many felt that time allocation was inadequate and 20% thought their capacity to maintain their workload was adversely affected by participating. Outcomes were considerable given the modest nature of the program. Notable outcomes were that most participants published their research and presented their research at a conference. Furthermore, one-fifth of survey respondents had enrolled in higher degrees. Several interviewees reported that their research led to changes in practice. Most respondents found the RDP valuable and considered that undertaking the program increased their research knowledge.
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Holford, ICR, EJ Corbin, CL Mullen e J. Bradley. "Effects of rainfall variability on the efficacy of soil phosphate tests for wheat on semi-arid soils". Soil Research 26, n. 1 (1988): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9880201.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Yield response data from 92 phosphate/nitrogen field experiments were used to evaluate and calibrate eight soil phosphate tests (Bray1, Bray2, alkaline fluoride, Mehlich, Truog, lactate, Olsen and Colwell) on semi-arid wheat-growing soils of central New South Wales. The effects of some aspects of year-to-year variability in rainfall characteristics on the efficacy and critical values of soil tests were also investigated. The order of efficacy of the soil tests was similar to that on the central western slopes (57 experiments) and northern region (48 experiments) of New South Wales. Lactate was not only the most effective test, but it was the only test that had the same critical value (18 mg kg-1) for the three regions. The actual efficacy of most soil tests in this semi-arid region was lower; apparently because the year-to-year variability in the annual average rainfall was greater than in the other two regions. Some or all of the soil tests were significantly related to yield responsiveness in three of the five individual years (1966-70) of the experimental period. In the other two years, relationships were vitiated by either semi-drought conditions (1967) or late frosts (1969). In 1970, when rainfall conditions were most favourable to yield response, average response curvature was lower and soil test critical values were higher than in the other years.
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van Niel, T. G., e T. R. McVicar. "Assessing positional accuracy and its effects on rice crop area measurement: an application at Coleambally Irrigation Area". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, n. 4 (2001): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00140.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
If management decisions are based on geospatial data that have not been assessed for spatial accuracy, then debate about both the measurements and the decisions themselves can occur. This debate, in part, can be avoided by evaluating the spatial accuracy of geospatial data, leading to heightened confidence in both the data and the decisions made from the data. To increase the effectiveness of environmental compliance monitoring, the spatial accuracies of 2 Geographic Information System datasets were estimated at the Coleambally Irrigation Area, New South Wales. The first, high-resolution digital aerial photography acquired in January 2000, is the Geographic Information System baseline data for Coleambally Irrigation Area. The second, Digital Topographic Data Base roads data, although not a reference dataset at Coleambally Irrigation Area, is often used as a baseline dataset across Australia. Neither dataset met the National Mapping Council of Australia’s standard of map accuracy, so a new version of the digital aerial photography was created that did. The positional accuracy of the improved dataset was over 4 times more accurate than the Digital Topographic Data Base roads dataset and over 2.5 times more accurate than the original digital aerial photography. It was also found that the overall areal error of paddocks measured from the improved dataset decreased as more paddock areas were added together; a finding that has a direct impact on management decisions at Coleambally Irrigation Area. This study both provides a demonstration of how to assess and improve spatial accuracy and shows that this process is not unduly complicated.
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Towerton, Alison L., Rodney P. Kavanagh, Trent D. Penman e Christopher R. Dickman. "Ranging behaviour and movements of the red fox in remnant forest habitats". Wildlife Research 43, n. 6 (2016): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15203.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Context The Eurasian red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a widespread pest in mixed agricultural and remnant forest habitats in southern Australia, and is controlled most commonly with baits containing poison (1080) to protect both agricultural and ecological assets. An understanding of fox movements in such habitats should assist in the strategic placement of baits and increase bait encounters by foxes across the landscape, thus improving the success of control efforts. Aims We seek to understand the ranges, movements and habitat use of foxes to aid the development of effective management plans. The fate of tracked animals was examined during a control program. Methods We radio-tracked 10 foxes using VHF transmitters and three foxes using GPS receivers during control operations in a remnant forest area near Dubbo, New South Wales. We used VHF location fixes to estimate fox range areas and GPS fixes to describe temporal and spatial aspects of fox movements and range use, focal points of activity and potential bait encounters. Selection of forest versus cleared areas was assessed, as was the impact of control operations on collared foxes. Key results Range areas (mean ± s.e.; 95% minimum convex polygon) for VHF- and GPS-tracked foxes were 420 ha ± 74 and 4462 ha ± 1799 respectively. Only small parts of range areas were visited on a daily basis, with little overlap. Animals were often within 200 m of roads and crossed or travelled on roads more than expected. At least 75% of collared foxes were probably poisoned in the control program. Conclusions Foxes occupy large ranges and move long distances in the study region, with little daily overlap, so successful defence of range areas is unlikely. Control efforts successfully poisoned foxes but also limited data collection because of reduced tracking periods. Implications The large and variable areas occupied by foxes suggested that control efforts need to be on-going, coordinated across the landscape, and use a minimum bait density of 0.5 baits per 100 ha in remnant forest habitat to ensure that gaps are minimised. Control operations should target roads and forest edges for bait placement, and increase the time that baits are available, to increase fox encounters and maximise the success of control efforts.
Tesi sul tema "Roads - Environmental aspects - New South Wales"
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Lee, Enhua School of Biological Earth & Environmental Science UNSW. "The ecological effects of sealed roads in arid ecosystems". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26265.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The effects of roads on landscapes and wildlife and their ecological processes are substantial and represent a major anthropogenic disruption to the natural environment. Current understanding of the impacts of roads for their strategic management is hampered by a lack of information on 1) the influence of the ecosystems on road effects, 2) the effects of roads on higher-order ecosystem responses (populations and communities), and 3) the overall impacts of roads on ecosystems and their wildlife (on both abiotic and biotic ecosystem components). This study used the Silver City Highway in arid New South Wales, Australia, as a model for a typical road in an arid ecosystem to investigate the ecological effects of arid-zone roads and their management. The study examined the spatial variation of soil, vegetation, kangaroo and small mammal variables in relation to the road, explored the factors contributing to these respective spatial variations, investigated the effects of arid-zone road management on vegetation, assessed the fragmentation effect of the arid-zone road on small mammals, and determined the patterns, causes and effects of kangaroo-vehicle collisions. The study revealed that the arid-zone road influenced most of the variables measured, skewed the population demographics of two kangaroo species, and altered the community composition of small mammals, with two small mammal species listed as threatened in NSW and of national significance (Sminthopsis macroura and Leggadina forresti) negatively impacted by the road. Increases in the amount of water along the road edge drove many of the subsequent effects of the arid-zone road as arid-zone flora and fauna are adapted to exploiting limited and patchily distributed resources. However, current arid-zone road management also influenced vegetation quality, microclimates around the road influenced kangaroo densities and small mammal communities, and kangaroo flight behaviour and temporal variations in traffic volume affected roadkill frequency. Together, these results suggest that roads have a high overall ecological impact in arid ecosystems. Conservation managers need to first rank the impacts of arid-zone roads in order of their conservation importance and need for mitigation, and from there, devise relevant informed management frameworks to target these impacts.
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Taylor, Matthew David Biological Earth & Environmental Science UNSW. "Environmental impact of stocked Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) in New South Wales estuaries". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Biological Earth and Environmental Science, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24976.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Studies were undertaken for estuarine stocking of mulloway Argyrosomus japonicus to develop efficient marking techniques; to identify key habitats and migratory patterns of stocked fish; to evaluate the diet and growth of stocked fish and recruitment to commercial fisheries; and to develop a numerical model to estimate optimal stocking density from the predatory impact of stocked fish. The 10-step responsible approach to marine stock enhancement (Blankenship and Leber 1995) was reviewed for four Australian species, and Argyrosomus japonicus and Lates calcarifer were found to be the best candidates for stocking in Australia. Immersion of mulloway in an oxytetracycline-undiluted seawater solution produced poor quality marks, whilst oxytetracycline-diluted seawater solutions and alizarin complexone-seawater solutions produced high quality marks in otoliths and fin spines. These techniques were applied to produce double marks, and in batch mode at fish densities of 30 kg m-3. Key habitats for mulloway were identified as discrete holes or basins up to 20 m deep. Hatchery-reared fish initially had significantly greater movements (greater than 10 km in 3 d) when released in shallow water, compared to hatchery-reared fish released directly over deep holes. Such targeted release strategies could revolutionise stocking of depleted fisheries in estuarine and aquatic habitats, and even oceans. Stomach content analysis of mulloway captured from a coastal lagoon and riverine estuary revealed ontogenetic changes in major prey of mysid shrimp, prawns and forage fish. Comparison between benthic resources and dietary composition in these two estuaries revealed that mulloway consume prey resources in proportion to those in the environment, and do not actively select prey. Simulations of a novel Predatory Impact Model were run for part of the Georges River Recreational Fishing Haven, Sydney, to evaluate appropriate stocking density and associated predatory impact. The 15 km stretch of the Georges River contained c. 361,000 m2 of key mulloway habitat, and 10% of mysid shrimp production within this habitat was assigned to support stocked fish. Given these values, this section of river could support c. 4,000 stocked 8 cm mulloway. Over the 4 y during which mulloway are resident in the estuary, these fish will have a maximum yearly predatory impact of 6.7 t y-1 forage fish, 1.8 t y-1 school prawns and 2.2 t y-1 cephalopods, which represents 48%, 17% and 127% of former commercial fishery in the Georges River respectively.
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Smith, Euan. "Chemistry of arsenic in soils of north-east New South Wales /". Adelaide, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ASOP/09asops646.pdf.
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Scott, Jennifer (Jennifer E. )., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College e School of Environment and Agriculture. "Integrating sustainability provisions into contemporary decision making". THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Scott_J.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/500.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Sustainable development is a multi-faceted and complex proposition, investigating such a goal required a grounded study capable of analysing real world issues. Managing such a highly diverse region as Western Sydney with its multiple demands is complicated by the plethora of government administration agencies. Contemporary land use planning policies and decisions appear frequently at odds with community values and aspirations for the region. Evidence presented in this research suggests a declining natural resource base that manifests itself in an insidious cost impost to the public sector while the benefits accrue to the private sector.Eventual developments in the resolution and maintenance of the functional integrity of the natural systems in Western Sydney may demand a major paradigm shift in economic and social policy. This research suggests that a precautionary based approach to thresholds of harm in the Western Sydney region is long overdue. Tools developed in this study appear capable of clarifying the evident land use planning paradoxes and may assist in negotiating sustainable outcomes by fostering a collaborative learning process between decision makers, experts and the community.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Bell, Justin Robert William Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Cyclic deposition of salt-laden dusts as an explanation of salinisation in a groundwater recharge zone Coleambally irrigation area Riverine plain NSW". 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40549.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Salinisation of the shallow groundwater system has occurred coincident with the development of irrigation in the Coleambally Irrigation Area. Salinisation in irrigation areas has previously been attributed to the evaporative concentration of the water table; however, there are other sources of salt such as the accumulation of rainfall by vegetation and the dry deposition of salt-laden dusts. A significant store of crystalline gypsum, together with high concentrations of Na, Mg and Confidence limit, was found within the previously unsaturated zone of the Upper Shepparton Formation. The salt store was identified both within and outside of the groundwater mound; therefore evaporative concentration of the water table cannot be the source of salt. The transition from regional groundwater quality, as applied as irrigation to the ground surface, to shallow groundwater quality is simply explained by solubilisation of this salt store in the presence of soil CO2. Dating of basal palaeochannel sands indicates that the identified salt store, a profile of only 20 m, was accumulated during the last glacial cycle. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the peak in eluate salinity, at approximately 2 m below ground surface, is between 15,000 and 25,000 years old, coincident with the Last Glacial Maximum. The Last Glacial Maximum was a period of significantly enhanced aridity on the Australian continent. It was also found that the peak in eluate salinity coincided with a bi-modal particle size distribution. The bi-modal signature implies that these sediments were subject to the aeolian accession of dusts. It was found that the contribution of salt from dry deposition of dusts exceeded the contribution from rainfall by at least 1.9 to 11 times during the last glacial cycle. The results of this study imply that salt-laden dusts have, and continue to play an important role in the salinity and sodicity of soils in the Coleambally Irrigation Area and beyond.
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Fitzhardinge, Guy, University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science e School of Natural Sciences. "Attitudes, values and behaviour : pastoralists, land use and landscape art in western New South Wales". 2008. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/11678.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The proximate causes of many of the environmental issues facing residents of the Western Division are well known. Inappropriate land use practices (intensity, duration and timing of grazing), total grazing pressure, poor knowledge of ecosystem fragility and seasonal variation are some of the issues that contribute to an actual or perceived degradation of the landscape. Many of the current practices are seemingly at odds with the attitudes and values of the wider community and also those of the pastoralists who carry out these practices. This thesis seeks to explain this apparent contradiction. The thesis is composed of four elements. The first element reviews historical (mostly European) thinking about nature and the relationship between nature and society and traces how this thinking has changed through time. The second element is a review of the history of land settlement and land use in the division, and shows how the development of the division followed contemporary societal attitudes and values. The third element is an examination of the portrayal of landscape in a western visual art tradition and how this has the potential to be used to reflect contemporary social attitudes and values. The fourth element involves the use of three projects that used art and text as a basis for investigating the attitudes and values of people in the Western Division. The findings of the research indicate that visual landscape has the potential to become an aid in the identification of community attitudes and values about the landscape in which they live. Further, this technique allows for the emergence of other factors such as individual identity and its accommodation within the behavioural framework. In accommodating such factors as individual identity, individual and social attitudes and values toward the environment in any discussion of behaviour in relation to the landscape and its use, a better understanding of the motives underlying behaviour will be gained. In so doing better decisions can be made by both pastoralists and land administrators. Further research is needed to verify the usefulness of these findings in both opening up a positive dialogue with landholders and administrators and in aligning pastoralists’ behaviour towards a more sustainable land use ethic.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Seutloali, Khoboso. "The effects of unpaved access roads on runoff and associated water quality within the Seele Estate, New Hanover, South Africa". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8521.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Unpaved forestry roads can significantly affect surface runoff and sediment production, with consequential impacts for stream water quality. The potential impact of road runoff on stream water quality is mitigated by the redistribution of runoff into the forest compartments through road drains. The objective of this study was to assess runoff and the associated nutrient loads from unpaved forest access roads, and to evaluate the effectiveness of road runoff redistribution onto the forest compartments. Unpaved road segments in Mondi Forest Plantation in Seele Estate, New Hanover, South Africa were instrumented for runoff measurement in response to natural rainfall. Two road segment classes were investigated for water quality from unbounded runoff plots: steep sloped road segments of road gradients of 9.5° and 7.5°, and gentle sloped road segments of road gradients of 1.6° and 2.0°. Water quality was also assessed by monitoring road runoff, and stream water quality was analysed for water quality parameters including; pH, Nitrates, Nitrites, Phosphates, Total dissolved Oxygen, Oxygen consumption, Ammonium and temperature upstream and downstream of the Estate. The effectiveness of road runoff redistribution into the forest compartments was evaluated through relating water distribution to tree breast height diameter. Two sets of road drains corresponding to the plots of different road gradients were selected as for runoff, and sampled, and corresponding plots or allotments were established to determine tree breast height diameter measurements.
The results of the study revealed that, as might have been expected, runoff production increases with the increasing road gradient. The quality of road runoff water was lower than the stream water. There were no significant differences observed in nutrient levels upstream and downstream of the road stream crossings. The nutrient concentrations however, were higher upstream of the estate than downstream. Significant differences in tree breast height diameter were noted between plots of different road gradients. This suggested that the gradient determines the infiltration of redistributed runoff and hence the availability of the water that can be used by the trees within a compartment. The results of the study suggest that unpaved roads are important in the generation of nutrient loads. Much of the nutrient value is redistributed within the compartment itself rather than being transferred to the stream. This suggests that, provided that road runoff can be contained within the compartments, the potentially negative impact of road runoff can be mitigated and may enhance tree growth.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.
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Brennan, Michael J. (Michael Joseph) 1944. "Private and public economic impacts of coastal wetland preservation an ecological economic review of State Environmental Planning Policy No. 14 - New South Wales North Coast". 2001. http://mjbrennan@coffs.com.au.
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Kinsela, Andrew Stephen School of Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences UNSW. "Volatile sulfur compounds in coastal acid sulfate soils, northern N.S.W". 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40889.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The cycling of biogenic volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) within marine and terrestrial ecosystems has been shown to play an integral role in atmospheric chemistry; by influencing global climate change through the creation of cloud condensation nuclei and controlling acid-base chemistry; as well as influencing sediment chemistry including the interactions with trace metals, particularly regarding iron sulfide formation. Despite this, the examination of VSCs within Australian coastal acid sulfate soils (ASS) is an unexplored area of research. As ASS in Australia occupy an area in excess of 9 M ha, there is a clear need for a greater understanding of the cycling of these compounds within such systems. This thesis looks at the concentrations of several VSCs within agricultural and undisturbed ASS on the east coast of Australia. Initial measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were made using passive diffusion samplers, which were followed by two detailed field-based studies looking at the concentrations and fluxes of both SO2 and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) using flux-gradient micrometeorological techniques. These novel results indicated that this agricultural ASS was a substantial source of atmospheric H2S (0.036-0.056 gSm-2yr-1), and SO2 (0.095-0.31 gSm-2yr-1), with flux values equating to many other salt- and freshwater marshes and swamps. The flux data also suggested that the ASS could be a continual source of H2S which is photo-oxidised during the daytime to SO2. Measurements of both compounds showed separate, inverse correlations to temperature and moisture meteorological parameters indicating possible contributing and / or causal release factors. Further identification of these and other VSCs within ASS samplers was undertaken in the laboratory using gas chromatography in combination with solid-phase microextraction. Although SO2 and H2S were not discovered within the headspace samples, two other VSCs important in atmospheric sulfur cycling and trace metal geochemistry were quantified; dimethylsulfide (DMS; > 300??g/L) and ethanethiol (ESH > 4??g/L). The measurements of H2S, DMS and ESH are the first quantifications with Australian ASS, and they may be important for refining regional or local atmospheric sulfur budgets, as well as interpreting previous SO2 emissions from ASS. Ultimately this thesis further enhances our understanding of the cycling of VSCs within acid sulfate systems.
Libri sul tema "Roads - Environmental aspects - New South Wales"
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New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Transportation Committee. Committee meeting of Assembly Transportation Committee: Testimony concerning transportation issues affecting south Jersey : [March 27, 2003, Wildwood, New Jersey]. Trenton, N.J: The Unit, 2003.
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A History of New South Wales. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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Kingston, Beverley. A History of New South Wales. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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