Tesi sul tema "Risque élevé de psychose"
Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili
Vedi i top-33 saggi (tesi di laurea o di dottorato) per l'attività di ricerca sul tema "Risque élevé de psychose".
Accanto a ogni fonte nell'elenco di riferimenti c'è un pulsante "Aggiungi alla bibliografia". Premilo e genereremo automaticamente la citazione bibliografica dell'opera scelta nello stile citazionale di cui hai bisogno: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver ecc.
Puoi anche scaricare il testo completo della pubblicazione scientifica nel formato .pdf e leggere online l'abstract (il sommario) dell'opera se è presente nei metadati.
Vedi le tesi di molte aree scientifiche e compila una bibliografia corretta.
Lucarini, Valeria. "The autism-schizophrenia continuum : prosodic and conversational patterns as new endophenotypes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UNIP5197.
Testo completoThis thesis investigates the linguistic features that characterize communication in individuals with schizophrenia, with first episode of psychosis, at high risk for psychosis and with autism spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia, a complex and heterogeneous psychotic disorder, arises from interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Notably, there is a significant overlap between risk factors for schizophrenia and those for other neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly those on the autism spectrum. These conditions also share several clinical traits, including disorganized thought patterns, impaired social cognition, and communication deficits. Despite progress, further research is needed to understand the pathophysiology and longitudinal course of schizophrenia, with specific emphasis on: (i) improving the identification of early signs in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis, and (ii) refining the clinical phenotyping in schizophrenia. Communication difficulties, spanning multiple linguistic domains, are central to schizophrenia, and early, subtle linguistic atypicalities in high-risk for psycosis individuals may be predictive of clinical outcomes. Prosody, which refers to the intonation, rhythm, and stress of speech (as manifested through fundamental frequency, duration, and intensity), plays a crucial role in communication. However, it remains underexplored in both schizophrenia and high-risk for psychosis populations. Similarly, little is known about dyadic conversational management in these groups. The limited studies conducted on conversation analysis in schizophrenia have yielded inconclusive findings. In parallel, prosodic and turn-taking deficits have also been identified in autism, though the results are often inconsistent and incomplete. Our interdisciplinary study integrates experimental linguistics with clinical research to explore prosodic acoustic features and conversational patterns in schizophrenia, first episode of psychosis and high-risk for psychosis states, and autism spectrum disorders. Initially, we analyze prosodic and turn-taking cues in Italian-speaking individuals with and without schizophrenia, using an ecologically valid, semi-spontaneous speech task. The linguistic cues are objectively quantified via an automated processing pipeline. Expanding this analysis across diagnostic boundaries, we apply the same technique to French-speaking individuals experiencing a first episode of psychosis, those at high risk for psychosis, autistic individuals, and healthy control participants. Furthermore, we examine the relationships between the extracted linguistic markers and psychopathology, employing both classical and fine-grained clinical assessment tools. Finally, we propose a theoretical framework linking language patterns, subtle motor developmental signs, and psychopathology in schizophrenia. This work contributes with novel insights into the acoustic profiles and interpersonal dialogical behaviors of individuals with schizophrenia, high-risk for psychosis states, and autism. Overall, this research advances our understanding of the complex clinical phenotypes of psychosis and autism spectrum disorders. It identifies potential linguistic markers for the prediction, early detection, and treatment of these conditions, paving the way for improved diagnostic and preventive strategies
Lecarpentier, Julie. "Étude des facteurs modificateurs du risque de cancer du sein des femmes à risque génétique élevé". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00910388.
Testo completoPresme, Nathalie. "La depression maternelle est-elle un facteur de risque des psychoses infantiles precoces ?" Reims, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990REIMM077.
Testo completoCôté, Mylène. "L'expérience maternelle d'une hospitalisation prolongée avec alitement lors d'une grossesse à risque élevé". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27085.
Testo completoThe aim of this qualitative study was to describe the hospitalization experience of women with a high risk pregnancy on prolonged bedrest and their views of the prenatal care received. The research done on these two specific concepts is quite scarce as of today. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with eight French pregnant women who were placed on bedrest for an average of 30 days in a Quebec hospital. A phenomenological design (Giorgi 1997, 2009) was used for data analysis, from which 24 subthemes, seven themes, and two descriptive statements were obtained. The results of this study revealed the evolutionary and complex reality of mothers, who experience: 1) Going from an emotional state of shock to boredom, from chaos to reorganization and from a lack of knowledge to understanding; 2) Having to adapt to a new life with multiple restrictions, difficulties and fears; 3) Dealing with negative thoughts and emotions; 4) To continuously think of the future while living day-to-day. Women perceived their prenatal care as being fundamentally technical in nature. The care received was seen as being mostly technical, very routine and easy to accomplish according to the participants. They also point out patient requests occasionally forgotten and the absence of educational prenatal classes. The inconsistency in assigning the same nursing staff to the same hospitalized mothers is reported. Despite these unfortunate events or lacks in care, participants emphasize the presence of humanism, kindness and competency demonstrated by their caregivers. This qualitative study contributes to a deeper understanding of eight mother’s hospitalization experience and enhances the knowledge and awareness of caregivers caring for these women such as registered nurses. These clinical implications will help to humanize and improve the prenatal care of women on prolonged bedrest in a hospital setting.
BOUHASSIRA, ZYLBERMAN MYRIAM. "Depression maternelle et consequences sur la psychopathologie infantile : la depression puerperale comme facteur de risque des psychoses infantiles". Reims, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REIMM045.
Testo completoMam-Lam-Fook, Célia. "Mémoire autobiographique et Soi chez des sujets présentant un état mental à risque de psychose". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB222.
Testo completoAutobiographical memory is delineated as a set of personal information and experiences to build a sense of identity. It develops gradually and appears very sensitive to neurodevelopmental disorders. Autobiographical memory is intimately linked to the self, enabling it to encode and retrieve all its representations and experiences. Thus, the self is constituted of explicit aspects including autobiographical memory but also by more implicit aspects relating to the subject's body. Implicit and explicit self-aspects alterations may account for certain psychotic symptoms and adaptation difficulties in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that begins at the end of adolescence but which could emerge in much earlier stages. The first psychotic episode that signs the beginning of the active phase of schizophrenia is usually preceded by a "prodromal phase" during which clinical signs are present at a sub-threshold level. Individuals experiencing these signs are considering as Ultra High Risk of psychosis (UHR). Self-disorders are well documented in schizophrenia, however very little is known regarding UHR subjects. The aim of this thesis is multiple: (i) to measure the impact of neurodevelopmental anomalies on autobiographical memory, (ii) to objectify autobiographical memory deficits in the prodromal phase, (iii) to evaluate all the self-components in order to investigate their interactions and the impact of developmental anomalies. We have conducted three studies. Our first study investigated the relationship between neurodevelopmental anomalies and autobiographical memory by comparing two neurodevelopmental disorders, one with late onset: schizophrenia and the other with early onset: autism spectrum disorders. Results revealed a pattern of similar performances between the two populations although the mechanisms responsible for autobiographical memory impairment do not appear the same. In our second study, we compared the autobiographical performances of patients with schizophrenia compared to those of UHR subjects. Our results highlighted a deficit of autobiographical memory as severe in UHR subjects as in patients with schizophrenia, thus revealing an impairment of this function upstream of the first psychotic episode. In line with these results, we conducted a third study. The aim was to situate the autobiographical memory in a wider context, the multi-componential Self, while integrating a developmental component. We developed and proposed a battery investigating different self-components, combined with the assessment of neurodevelopmental anomalies. This battery was administered in UHR subjects compared to patients with schizophrenia. Finally, our results reveal an impact of neurodevelopmental abnormalities on the different self-aspects, the relevance of investigating these different self-aspects within the same protocol and the presence of self-abnormalities already present in the UHR subjects, constituting potentially predictive marker of psychotic transition and improving the early detection of these subjects and the development of healthcare and reinsertion programs
Magaud, Emilie. "Intérêts des marqueurs cognitifs dans la détection précoce des sujets à Ultra Haut Risque de psychose". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066633.
Testo completoBonny, Pierre. "Les prises de risque sexuel liées au VIH-sida chez les gays : pari inconscient et logique fétichiste du désir". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00731618.
Testo completoIngrand, Isabelle. "Prévention du cancer colo-rectal chez le sujet à risque élevé : de la recherche observationnelle à la recherche interventionnelle". Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT1401/document.
Testo completoThe aim of this work was to develop and evaluate a public health intervention to increase participation in targeted screening colonoscopy for high-risk population of colorectal cancer (CRC) because of family history using a methodology based on three successive stages:1- an observational study to identify the determinants associated with the achievement of colonoscopy among siblings of a patient with CRC before age 60. (3 publications)2- a controlled experiment to test the effectiveness of a personalized intervention by a preventive nurse on the participation in screening of siblings of a patient with CRC or adenoma before age 60. The personalized intervention that included not only siblings but also the index case, specialists and general practitioners has demonstrated efficiency never achieved previously in earlier studies in the USA, which targeted only siblings. This epidemiological analysis was enriched by crossed linguistic and sociological analyses to better understand the impact of telephone interventions. (1 publication)3- However, the constraints on the conduct of a randomized interventional trial, if they guarantee a high level of evidence of the benefit of the intervention, also have the effect of an experimental nature that cannot be generalized. An original research study on population health intervention has been developed and submitted to the 2016 INCa call for projects
Zein, Salam. "Evaluation de l'implication d'un statut martial élevé durant la gestation sur le risque de stress oxydant et de diabète gestationnel". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENS014/document.
Testo completoThe overall goal of this study was to establish the role of ferritin as a predictor for gestational diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress in non-anemic and non-iron supplemented Lebanese women. We observed that high ferritin level during the first-trimester of pregnancy was a predictor for impaired glucose tolerance, whereas high hemoglobin values yielded no significant relationship, suggesting that the iron reserve was the main indicator to be considered as a risk factor rather than the functional iron. Thus, the serum ferritin level could be used as a biological marker to assess for the risk of glucose intolerance in pregnant women. Based on the new World Health Organization criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis, it is predicted that gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence in our population could be increased by four-fold. Since gestational diabetes mellitus has deleterious effects on the perinatal and maternal health outcomes, the implementation of these new criteria will allow for better management of blood glucose in pregnant women at risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus. Although the new criteria adopted lower cut-off blood glucose value, hyperglycemia is still a factor that highly associated with increase oxidative stress, ultimately leading to DNA damage. Previously, we have shown that high iron status was associated with elevated oxidative stress. Furthermore, we have established that high ferritin during early-term pregnancy affected the association between oxidative stress and insulin resistance with glucose intolerance. Due to the lack of good experimental model to study gestational diabetes mellitus, we have utilized fructose-supplemented diet fed pregnant dam as an experimental animal model for our gestational diabetes studies. Data obtained in a preliminary study indicated that, this experimental animal model had identical metabolic modifications found in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Moreover, we have showed that iron-enriched diet significantly increased the redox status of the brain and the liver of the fructose-supplemented dams. Therefore, we believed that this experimental model is good model for future studies to evaluate the signaling pathways involved in iron, oxidative stress and gestational diabetes and to assess the impact of increased oxidative damage during pregnancy on the fetus, immediately after birth and later during the developmental stages via various behavioral tests. Finally, an epigenetic study using this experimental model may allow us to understand the genetic alterations that affected the likelihood of developing insulin resistance, diabetes, or cognitive decline in pups born to the mothers with gestational diabetes. Based on the findings from our studies on the interaction between ferritin, glucose impairment, and oxidative stress, as well as the iron-supplemented diet in the dams with gestational diabetes mellitus, a caution must be exercised when supplementing a pregnant woman with iron. The use of iron-supplementation during pregnancy should be re-evaluated
Fournet, Odile. "Antécédents familiaux, obstétricaux et infantiles dans la schizophrénie et le trouble bipolaire : étude de 59 premières hospitalisations pour trouble psychotique". Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR23059.
Testo completoGariépy, Marie-Anne. "Mémoire de source, propension à halluciner et psychose : identification de marqueurs cognitifs et cliniques chez une population à haut risque génétique". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26816.
Testo completoCognitive deficits are at the core of psychosis and are observed before the onset of the disease. Episodic memory deficits are frequently reported to be among the most severe impairments, both in patients and in at risk populations. In psychotic patients, a refined analysis of episodic memory within a neuropsychological framework allowed for a better understanding of the specific altered processes. Previous studies of psychotic patients showed dysfunctions of source memory processes, which are responsible for the attribution of memories to their specific origin, that were associated with psychotic positive symptoms, especially hallucinations. However, source memory processes and subclinical hallucinatory-like experiences have never been studied before the onset of psychosis in offspring at genetic high risk of psychosis (GHR). It is still unknown if source memory alterations and subclinical symptoms appear at the onset of psychosis or if they precede it, therefore being an early marker of risk. To address this issue, three main objectives were pursued in the present thesis: 1) to examine if an alteration of source memory precede the onset of psychosis by characterizing source memory functioning in GHR, 2) to assess if subclinical hallucinatory-like experiences are present in this at-risk population and 3) to evaluate if source memory and hallucinatory experiences are associated in a GHR population, as seen in patients. Findings of the thesis showed that GHR have impaired source memory functioning, specifically in the retrieving of the temporal context of souvenirs, and present memory distortions as showed by an alteration in the binding of memories and in metacognition processes. It was also observed that GHR experience hallucinatory-like experiences more frequently than controls. Associations were found between hallucination proneness and distortions in source memory. Those results contribute to the identification of new cognitive and clinical markers of psychosis and suggest a specific association between the attribution of internal-external source of information and the development of psychosis. Empirical, theoretical, methodological and clinical contributions of this thesis are discussed.
Remy, Irving. "Les fonctions visuelles rétiniennes et corticales dans les troubles du spectre de la schizophrénie et les situations à risque de psychose". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ030.
Testo completoPsychotic disorders are characterized by severe functional consequences, with emerging evidence of impairment in low-level visual functions. Most notably, the anatomical and functional link between the retina and the visual cortex led to hypotheses concerning the association between alterations in both visual stages. We investigated retinal and cortical visual electrophysiological measurements in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and situations at risk of psychosis, of which regular cannabis use and early phases of psychosis are an integral part. The results highlighted alterations in most retinal cells and deficits in the primary visual cortex, with a potential link between both measures in schizophrenia. The relevance of electrophysiological biomarkers also lies in the link described with psychotic symptoms, motivating them to be used more widely in clinical practice to improve diagnosis
Guénard, Frédéric. "Évaluation de la contribution de gènes de susceptibilité et de gènes candidats du cancer du sein chez des familles canadiennes françaises à risque élevé". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26857/26857.pdf.
Testo completoPoliquin, France. "Le réponse familiale au maintien à domicile d'une femme présentant une grossesse à risque élevé, une expérience temporelle où la famille vit l'attente réinventant le quotidien". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0004/MQ44939.pdf.
Testo completoMoisan, Anne-Marie. "Contribution des mutations dans les gènes BRCA1 et BRCA2 chez les canadiennes-françaises à risque élevé de développer un cancer du sein et/ou de l'ovaire". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24412/24412.pdf.
Testo completoGilmer, Catherine. "Etude des différents facteurs intervenant sur les récidives des troubles bipolaires". Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR23025.
Testo completoJoly, Beauparlant Charles. "Analyse des variants de séquence et d'épissage du gène FANCC chez les familles canadiennes-françaises à risque élevé pour le cancer du sein et/ou de l'ovaire". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27736/27736.pdf.
Testo completoChopart, Jean-Louis. "Relations entre état physique du sol, systèmes racinaires et fonctionnement hydrique du peuplement végétal : outils d'analyse in situ et exemples d'études en milieu tropical à risque climatique élevé". Grenoble 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10163.
Testo completoLacoste, Nicolas. "Continuité "normal-pathologique" des symptômes psychotiques : étude à propos de 139 sujets contrôles et psychiatriques". Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23049.
Testo completoTortelli, Andrea. "Incidence, prévalence et facteurs de risque sociaux de psychose chez la population migrante en France L’importance de la recherche épidémiologique psychiatrique sur les populations migrantes en France Capital social, santé mentale et immigration". Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC0031.
Testo completoMigrant status and ethnic minority position have been associated to an increased risk of psychosis in many European countries in the last decades. A variation of this risk is observed in migrants and their descendants, across countries and different ethnic groups. Findings suggest a modulation of this risk by cumulative individual and environmental psycho-social adversity experienced during the migration process and in the host country, such as trauma, discrimination, isolation, inequalities in the access to the welfare and health system, employment, housing and regular status. France is the European country where migration is the most important (11% of general population) and the most ancient, as the result of many waves of migration from different countries since the 19th century. However, epidemiological studies on mental health problems in migrant populations are very recent in comparison to other European countries, and data are still lacking.This work will focus on the study of the incidence and the prevalence of psychosis among migrants and their descendants in France, and associated environmental risk factors
Ferland, Alexandra. "Caractérisation des variants de séquence du gène encodant la 17béta-hydroxystéroïde déshydrogénase de type 5 chez les femmes canadiennes-françaises atteintes d'un cancer du sein et provenant de familles à risque élevé". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26015/26015.pdf.
Testo completoFerland, Alexandra. "Caractérisation des variants de séquence du gène encodant la 17β-hydroxystéroïde déshydrogénase de type 5 ches les femmes canadiennes-françaises atteintes d'un cancer du sein et provenant de familles à risque élevé". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20515.
Testo completoChaumette, Boris. "Identification de facteurs biologiques de la transition psychotique". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB046/document.
Testo completoPsychosis is a progressive mental disorder which normally occurs during adolescence in at-risk subjects following a dynamic process termed “psychotic transition”. These at-risk subjects are clinically identifiable but biological data are still insufficient in explaining the onset of psychosis. Throughout this thesis, we aim to identify biological factors implicated in this pathophysiological process. Current hypotheses explaining the psychotic transition favor the interaction between genes and the environment mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. We conducted studies examining methylomic and transcriptomic changes during psychotic transition using molecular biology and bioinformatics techniques at a whole genome scale. Our results suggest that psychotic transition may be linked to methylomic and transcriptomic changes in genes implicated in axon guidance or oxidative stress. These longitudinal changes could be related to environmental factors. Some of these factors could deregulate the hormonal stress response at the earliest phases of psychosis. Indeed, our results show that secretion of basal cortisol is increased in prodromal individuals. Moreover, it is likely that genes and processes regulating epigenetic modifications are also implicated in the individual response to the environment. We have shown the importance of the one-carbon metabolism for at least one sub-group of patients affected by psychosis. Our results should be replicated using other paradigms in order to definitively validate the implication of these various actors in the psychotic transition. If confirmed, knowledge of these biological mechanisms could lead to the development of targeted therapeutics to prevent psychosis in at-risk individuals
Mayoussier, Amélie. "La protection européenne des droits fondamentaux en matière environnementale : contribution à l'étude des rapports entre le droit et la science". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCF005.
Testo completoThe prevention and sanction aspects of the protection against the pollution is manifested in Europe by the combination and complementarity of two matters (environment and fundamental rights) and two legal orders (European Union and Council of Europe). They consist of the protection of the environment that a person can expect to obtain in the context of the protection of these rights. They allow the management of "new risks" and the assimilation of pollution to a violation of a fundamental right under conditions including scientific knowledge. Protection against PSINE raises the question of the place given to scientific demonstration in jurisdictional work and of the presence of tools available to european judges to perform their functions
Lavallée, Émilie. "L'hospitalisation de la femme en raison d'une grossesse à risque élevé : l'expérience de couples". Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10449.
Testo completoPlanning to have a child is most of the time a joyful event for a couple. However, the same event might becomes a real nightmare when the woman is hospitalized because of an at high risk pregnancy. To date, researches exploring this abrupt event have suggested that it may conduct to numerous impacts on future parents. Even though, the subject has only been explored using a maternal or paternal perspective, without considering the systemic aspect of the situation. This qualitative multiple case study suggests to explore the couples’ experience regarding the hospitalization of the woman because of an at high risk pregnancy, in a systemic and constructivist approach. Semi-directed interviews have been conducted with seven couples with a woman hospitalized because of an at high risk pregnancy, at the moment of the interview. Qualitative data analysis was inspired of thematization and took into account the theoretical and epistemological approach, respectively the Wright and Leahey (2013) family approach and constructivism. Results suggest the hospitalization is touched by intense emotions, such as feeling almost all the time worries, uncertainties and loneliness. It is however interesting to note that even the couple himself is touched by changes resulting of the hospitalization. According to that, this event requires a huge reorganization, which implies loads of systems gravitating around the couple’s system. Lastly, in order to face the intensity and the unpredictability of the situation, couples are asking for external support, while using their own internal resources. Concerning the theoretical and epistemological approach chosen to realize this study, results confirm the necessity of adopting a systemic and contextual vision in order to develop nursing cares appropriate with couples’ experience. Besides, it becomes essential to duplicate this type of study to perfection the actual comprehension of the event. However, nursing interventions relating to the external reorganization and the couple relation reorganization are proposed, in order to reinforce nurses’ consideration of the couple’s experience. Only then, it is suggested that nurses can influence couples’ capacity to face the consequences of the antenatal hospitalization.
Wan, Sai Cheong Robert. "Comparaison phénotypique de familles à risque élevé et à risque faible de décès précoce parmi des familles du Saguenay Lac St-Jean atteintes de dyslipidémie et d'hypertension essentielle". Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17097.
Testo completoMathieu, Ghislaine. "Approbation, mise en marché et surveillance après mise en marché des dispositifs médicaux à risque élevé : examen des enjeux socio-éthiques". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11896.
Testo completoSocio-ethical and regulatory issues about drug development have received substantial coverage in the scientific literature over the years; this has not been the case of medical devices (MD). This latter sector comprises a vast array of products with a multitude of applications: diagnostics, treatment, symptom management for severe physical and psychiatric conditions, restoring physical functioning, surgery, etc. There is a mistaken view that MD are regulated in the same manner as pharmaceutical drugs, whether this be requirements regarding premarket assessment or post-market surveillance. Not only has the extensive use of MD in clinical practice and the resulting impact on healthcare expenditures raised concerns in the scientific and medical communities, but so too have the many recalls for high risk devices in recent years. Regulatory authorities have been challenged to exercise greater vigilance in both the premarket assessment and post-market surveillance of new high risk MD. A more rigorous evaluation strategy for new MD would permit better monitoring of the risks associated with their use, better understanding of the significance of the various socio-ethical issues arising from the use of MD, and thus preserve public confidence. From the outset, it should be noted that national authorities do not have a mandate to assess the significance of socio-ethical issues or the costs associated with the MD that are the subject of an application for marketing approval. This assessment is based primarily on risk-benefit analysis reports generated following the use of MD for a given indication. Evaluation of socioethical impact and cost-benefit analysis are the remit of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) agencies. But research shows that the MD are not only infrequently assessed by HTA agencies, but the consideration of socio-ethical issues is often incomplete; the recommendations of HTA reports are based mostly on a calculation of cost-benefit. However, the high risk MD sector is particularly problematic; many carry risks not only for patients, but their extended use has significant impact on healthcare systems. I argue that Principlism, associated to biomedical ethics, as much to research ethics and clinical ethics, could be adapted to facilitate the recognition and evaluation by HTA agencies of socio-ethical issues involved in high risk MD. The Precautionary Principle could also serve as a tool to help regulatory agencies to enforce understanding, recognition, analysis and management of the risks associated with the use of MD, especially high risk devices. Principlism and the Precautionary Principle could serve as benchmarks to 1) define necessary steps to eliminate gaps observed in the regulatory process, and 2) better understand and document the socio-ethical issues specific to high risk MD.
Couture, Sophie. "La détermination d’un sous-groupe de contrevenants de la conduite avec capacités affaiblies à risque élevé de récidive : l’utilité de l’axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8543.
Testo completoAmong driving while impaired (DWI) offenders, the risk of recidivism varies greatly. In order to overcome the heterogeneity among this population, the present thesis proposed a renewed conceptualization of DWI. More specifically, a model integrating disinhibitory personality traits and high-risk behaviours associated with DWI recidivism and the categorization of a high-risk subgroup of offenders based on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity has been proposed. Three manuscripts aimed to answer these general objectives using salivary cortisol, that is, the stress hormone. In the first manuscript, the current HPA axis literature of DWI offenders and other high-risk populations have been merged into a comprehensive theoretical model. Previous studies have demonstrated an inverse correlation between DWI convictions frequency and cortisol reactivity to stress. Among recidivists, cortisol reactivity was partially explained by experience seeking, a sensation seeking dimension. Beyond this disinhibitory personality trait, low HPA axis activity has been linked to various traits (e.g., impulsivity and antisocial tendencies) and high-risk behaviours (e.g., traffic infractions, criminal arrests, and psychoactive drugs). By incorporating cortisol reactivity, this model stimulates a thorough conceptualization of several DWI offenders’ characteristics and as such, explains hypothetically repetition of high-risk behaviours. The following manuscripts are less theoretical and more empirical. The detection of a high-risk recidivism subgroup delineated with HPA axis activity has been investigated among two DWI offender populations. More specifically, the second manuscript hypothesized that among DWI recidivists (n = 30), low cortisol responders have more characteristics linked to recidivism such as disinhibitory personality traits and high-risk behaviours than high cortisol responders (as defined by the area under the curve sensitive to total hormonal release and to response to stimulation). This hypothesis was not supported. On the contrary, low cortisol DWI recidivists have less traffic infractions and criminal arrests than high cortisol recidivists. Finally, the third manuscript investigated a similar hypothesis but this time, among first-time DWI offenders (n = 139). Results demonstrated that low cortisol offenders have more attentional impulsiveness, non-planning impulsiveness, criminal arrests and cigarettes consumed per day than high cortisol offenders (as defined by post-stress minus pre-test episode). An exploratory analysis showed a more prevalent variety of disinhibitory personality trait and high-risk behaviours among low cortisol offenders compared to a non-DWI comparator group (n = 31). These results reinforce the potentially higher recidivism risk of this first-time DWI offenders subgroup. Neurobiological mechanism usefulness in modelling disinhibitory personality trait and high-risk behaviours of DWI offenders has been investigated in the present thesis. Additionally, detection of a high-risk recidivism subgroup seems more relevant among heterogeneous first-time DWI offenders. Instead, HPA axis activity is not as useful in detecting a problematic subgroup among the most severe offenders, namely recidivists.
Forcillo, Jessica. "La thérapie valvulaire aortique par cathéter pour une population de patients considérés à risque chirurgical plus élevé : critères déterminants de la sélection, du risque et de l'amélioration des résultats et de l'accès au cours des années". Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25548.
Testo completoObjective: Transcatheter aortic valve intervention (TAVI) has emerged as an alternative to conventional surgical replacement of the aortic valve (SAVR) in high-risk patients (STS score ≥3%) with symptomatic aortic stenosis. Nevertheless, the selection of suitable candidates remains challenging, in part due to a paucity of data regarding performance metrics. The objectives of this thesis were: 1) to assess the rate of hospital readmission (an important performance metric) following TAVI and identify associated predictors; 2) to evaluate the performance of four commonly used frailty markers as predictors of early and late outcomes among patients undergoing TAVI and identify optimal cutoff values for risk stratification; and 3) to assess the clinical results over time of patients with aortic stenosis with a procedural indication who were discussed by a «Heart Team» in order to evaluate if TAVI and conventional surgical outcomes improve over different time periods and what are the reasons. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess the value of baseline comorbidities and procedural complications in predicting early and late hospital readmissions following TAVI. The Fine and Gray extension of Cox regression models was used to account for competing risks. Four frailty variables (i.e., serum albumin, 5-meter walk test, grip strength, and Katz index of independence) were assessed in a second cohort study. Associations between frailty indicators and a composite endpoint of major adverse events were assessed in logistic regression models, with optimal cutoff values for each frailty indicator identified using receiver-operating characteristics curves. Finally, 30-day mortality and post-procedural complications were examined in patients triaged in majority by a «Heart Team» between 2012 and 2019. A propensity-matched analysis was performed. Results: We identified baseline comorbidities and procedural complications that were directly associated with early and late readmissions following TAVI. Anemia and post-operative stroke were associated with increased mortality. Among high-risk patients undergoing TAVI, serum albumin, activities of daily living, and 5 meters walk test independently predicted the 30-day composite endpoints. A new frailty model (four frailty indicators, age, and sex) was proposed and found to provide superior discrimination compared to The Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk model. Individual frailty variable cutoff values were identified. Finally, improvement in both TAVI and conventional surgical outcomes were observed over time, with a reduction in 30-day mortality (4,0% to 0,4%), stroke (2,5% to 0,9%), renal failure (3,5% to 1,5%), pneumonia (10,0% to 1,5%), and length of stay (7 to 2 days). The two interventions (TAVI and AVR) were associated with different complications and we will discuss about the possible explanations for the improvement in outcomes. Conclusion: This thesis identified simple metrics that could assist the «Heart Team» in selecting appropriate candidates with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis for TAVI, and refined cut-off values for common frailty indicators. Finally, an increased use of TAVI over the years with broadening indications resulted in a decrease in complications and mortality in patients who received a TAVI, but also patients who received a standard AVR.
Duquette, Julie R. "Évaluation de l’impact des services en téléobstétrique du RUIS McGill offerts à une population de femmes inuites avec grossesse à risque élevé habitant sur la côte de la baie d’Hudson au Nunavik". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16285.
Testo completoHealth care accessibility to the population located in a remote region of Quebec represents a challenge for the Ministère de la santé et des services sociaux. Solution such as telemedicine has been used to mitigate this issue. Therefore RUIS McGill has developed a teleobstetric program helping Inuit women in Nunavik with their risky pregnancy. This thesis’s objective is to understand the impact of the RUIS McGill teleobstetric program on the mother and her new born health plus the cost and utilization of health services following its implementation in the Inuulitsivik Health & and Social Services Centre located on Hudson Bay Shore. Inuit women at high risk pregnancy and their children in the region of Nunavik's Hudson Bay, who are far away from specialist in obstetric, are targeted. The teleobstetric program provides access to the RUIS McGill obstetricians located in Montreal. A quasi- experimental design was used to examine three hypotheses about the mothers and their children health, the use of health services and their costs. The teleobstetric program became operational in 2006, providing the ability to be a before-after study with two groups of women, those who delivered before 2012 (pre-test) and those who delivered after 2006 (post-test). The data collection took place, in its entirety, through paper medical records of the participants allowing the analysis of 47 cases for the pre-test and 81 cases for the post-test. Variance and covariance’s analysis, logistical regression and the non-parametric Mann-Witney test has allowed to conclude that the pre-test and post-test are different for only two variables which is the weight at birth, lower in the post-test and for the blood pressure of the mother at birth, higher in the post-test. For all other variables based on the three hypothesis of this thesis, results show no significate difference between pre-test and post-test, illustrating that the same level of quality has been conserved after the implementation of the teleobstetric program. Based on results, this thesis recommends reviewing and modifying the program’s objectives; sharing telehealth communication terminals with other specialties; undertaking an assessment of the cost-based program; strictly monitor the use of the program to maximize efficiency and potential; establishing a dashboard; and undertaking a comparative evaluation study in a comparable teleobstetric service.
Pondi, Endengle Eric Marius. "Essays in empirical asset pricing". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21778.
Testo completoPlesa, Maria. "Genetic predisposition to corticosteroid : related complications of childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (cALL) treatment". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19447.
Testo completoOsteonecrosis (ON) and fractures (FR) are complications that take place in the treatment of children acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL). They can be caused by various factors, mainly using glucocorticoids. The corticosteroids, dexamethasone (DXM) and prednisone (PDN) are administered during the treatment of leukemia to initiate apoptosis of malignant cells; while having an anti-inflammatory effect. However, the use of these corticosteroids has severe side effects, including the development of osteonecrosis. Moreover, some patients develop resistance to treatment, and are at risk of developing side effects. The genetic variants predispose some patients at higher risk than others. Several genes have been previously reported as up- or down regulated by the GCs actions. The genetic variations present in gene coding or regulatory regions can affect their function and ultimately determine an increased risk of developing ON associated to ALL therapy. Therefore, we investigated the association between several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six candidate genes: BCL2L11, NFKB1, PARP1, ABCB1, ACP1, and SHMT1. These genes play a role in the mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids, but some have more of a direct effect on the development of osteonecrosis. Our research has shown a correlation between these polymorphisms and the occurrence of osteonecrosis in patients in the QCALL cohort, treated with glucocorticoids. Cumulative incidence of osteonecrosis was assessed retrospectively in 305 children with ALL who underwent treatment with DFCI protocols (87-01, 91-01, 95-01 and 2000-01) in childhood ALL cohort from Quebec (QcALL). Among the eight tag BCL2L11 polymorphisms studied the 891T>G (rs2241843) and 29201C>T (rs724710) were significantly associated with ON (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). Association of 891T>G polymorphism was modulated by type of corticosteroid (CS), age, sex and risk group (p ≤ 0.05 and that of 29201C>T was particularly apparent among high risk (p = 0.003) patients. These polymorphisms have shown significant ON association in several QcALL risk groups, mainly in corticosteroid groups, age < 10 years, and high risk (HR) group. Furthermore, the same study was conducted in parallel with patients in the replication (DFCI) cohort (N = 192), and we showed significant genetic association results for all studied polymorphisms. In conclusion, this study identifies that some ALL children have a high incidence of ON during the treatment that is highly associated with polymorphisms in different genes regulated by corticosteroids and ALL prognostic factors.