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1
Sarkic, Srdjan. "Servitudes in Byzantine and Serbian medieval law". Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, n. 50-2 (2013): 1003–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi1350003s.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the first part of the work we find the Roman concept of servitudes, and then the rules on servitudes taken from Roman law to Byzantine and Serbian mediaeval law. Serbian legal sources knew the following rustic servitudes: rights of way, rights of pasture, rights to water and watering one?s cattle. Among the personal servitudes we find ususfructus and usus.
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Sales, Maykel Franklin Lima, Mário Fonseca Paulino, Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho, Marlos Oliveira Porto, Victor Rezende Moreira Couto e Pedro Veiga Rodrigues Paulino. "Macromineral requirements by beef cattle under pasture supplementation". Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 40, n. 2 (febbraio 2011): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982011000200026.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The objective of this work was to determine macromineral requirements by Zebu steers grazing Brachiaria decumbens supplemented with concentrate. It was used 24 non-castrated steers, at an average age of 7 months and at initial average weight 180 kg. Eight control animals were slaughtered for determining initial body composition. The 16 remaining animals were divided in four four-animal plots, in a complete random design. Each plot received mineral mixture or supplements at the levels 0.75; 1.50 or 2.25 kg/animal/day. The right half-carcass of eight animals, two per group, was dissected in muscle, fat and bones and all body constituents were weighted for determination of empty body weight and body composition. Net requirements of calcium and phosphorus for an animal at 400 kg body weight were 11.13 g and 5.40 g, respectively. To estimate dietary requirements of maintenance and after, sum them to dietary requirements for gain in order to obtain total dietary requirements, it was adopted endogenous losses and bioavailability present in literature for each mineral macroelement. Total dietary requirement for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium for a 400-kg BW animal with 1.0-kg daily weight gain were 34.59; 17.36; 7.82; 5.19 and 41.11 g/day, respectively. Macromineral requirements by beef cattle under pasture supplementation are similar to those recommended by BR-Corte for beef cattle in feedlots.
3
Nichols, P. G. H., M. J. Barbetti, P. M. Evans, A. D. Craig, G. A. Sandral, B. S. Dear, P. Si e M. P. You. "Napier subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. yanninicum)". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, n. 8 (2006): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05084.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Napier is a late flowering F6-derived crossbred subterranean clover of var. yanninicum [(Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller] developed by the collaborating organisations of the National Annual Pasture Legume Improvement Program. It is a replacement for both Larisa and Meteora and has been selected for release on the basis of its greater herbage and seed production and disease resistance to both known races of clover scorch and 2 of the common races of Phytophthora root rot. Napier is recommended for sowing in Victoria, Western Australia, New South Wales, and South Australia. It is best suited to moderately acidic soils prone to water-logging and to loamy and clay soils with good water-holding capacity in areas with a minimum growing season length of 7.5 months, which extends into late November. Napier is well adapted to the permanent pasture systems found in the areas in which it will be grown. Its upright, vigorous growth makes it well suited to grazing by cattle or sheep and to fodder conservation. Napier has been granted Plant Breeders Rights in Australia.
4
TAŞCAN, Arzu. "Rangelands, Yaylag and Kislag (Winter and Summer Grazing Lands) Issues Occurring in the Sanjaks of Skopje and Prizrin During the Tanzimat Period". JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND FUTURE 8, n. 2 (28 giugno 2022): 382–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.21551/jhf.1110657.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Rangelands, yaylag and kislag (Winter and Summer Grazing Lands) which are closely related to the livestock sector in the Ottoman Empire, are among the leading natural food/feed sources for large and small cattle. These lands have been the subject of some disputes from time to time, especially among the villages whose economy is based on animal husbandry, due to the vital importance they carry in both Anatolia and Rumelia geography of the Ottoman Empire. In the documents determined regarding the rangelands, yaylag and kislag disputes in Skopje and Prizrin, which we have studied in this study, it is seen that sometimes one or more villagers and sometimes individuals bring the problems that cannot be solved locally to the state headquarters, seek their rights and demand a decision. In this study, the data about the problems that arose due to the pastures during the Tanzimat period, in the Skopje and Prizrin sanjaks and the districts connected to these sanjaks, in the Rumeli Ahkam Registers and in the different funds of the Presidency Ottoman Archives. In addition, what kind of decisions were taken to resolve these issues before the Land Law will be evaluated in the context of the articles of the law. In the events that occur after the land law, it will be determined whether the articles of the law related to pasture are applied or not.
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Idowu, E. O. "Land use conflict between crop and livestock producers in the Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 29, n. 2 (1 gennaio 2021): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v29i2.1567.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The paper examines the implications of property rights on land use conflict resolution between crop farmers and nomads in the guinea savannah zone of Nigeria and the methods of resolving the conflicts. Primary data were obtained from 200 randomly selected crop farmers and 75 nomadic Fulani's in four states within the zone, together with 25 key informants. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Highest levels of conflicts were recorded during the dry season (October March) when mobile herds migrate into the zone in search of pasture and water. Lack of official grazing routes caused the mobile herds to trespass on cultivated lands where growing or unharvested mature crops stood. Eight percent (8%) of past conflicts were perceived by the respondents as severe, involving use of dangerous weapons, loss of cattle and human lives. Increased social and economic interaction in Yorm of joint celebration of religious and social festivals (by 40% of nomads) with the local people and trade in cattle products and staple food items were found to be evolving over the local people and trade users. The study recommends the establishment of grazing routes within the zone while efforts should be made to enable the traditional institutions to function alongside legislation in resolving land use conflicts.
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Paim, Fernanda, Antonio Pereira de Souza, Valdomiro Bellato e Amélia Aparecida Sartor. "Selective control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in fipronil-treated cattle raised on natural pastures in Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 20, n. 1 (marzo 2011): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612011000100003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
An examination of a selective control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and consequent cost reduction was carried out in two areas of native pasture in the municipality of Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, from May 2007 to April 2009. Forty cattle were divided into two groups of 20 animals each (conventional and selective control groups). At 14-day intervals female ticks larger than 4.5 mm found on the right flank of cattle bodies were counted, and these results multiplied by two. Fipronil 1 mg.kg-1 pour on was then administered for tick control. In the conventional group all the cattle were treated when tick count averaged more than 40 female ticks per animal while in the selective group only animals parasitized by more than 40 ticks were treated with acaricide. Every 28 days the cattle's weight was checked for cost-effective analysis. The conventional group required an additional 20 doses of fipronil compared with the selective one. There was no statistically significant differences regarding weight gain in both groups.
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OKOYE, ANTHONY CHUKWUEBUKA, CHIDOZIE OBIORAH e NWOKE, SUNDAY IKEMEFUNA. "ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND VIOLENT CONFLICT BETWEEN HERDERS AND FARMERS IN NIGERIA". WILBERFORCE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES, n. 1 (1 marzo 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/wjss/0202.sp.0110.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper addressed the concern that the herders-farmers conflict debate in Nigeria has overlooked the role of climate change. It notes that although, commentators, especially official position on the issue usually blame it on ethnic politics, religious differences, indigene-settler wrangling, population explosion, expansion of farmland, blocking of grazing routes, ‘xenophobia’ and most recently, passage of anti-open grazing laws by some states et cetera. Conversely, as plausible as these narratives sound, they overlooked the contribution of climate change as threat multiplier in the phenomena. By overlooking this fact, they fail to capture and account for effects of extreme weather events like drought, desertification, change in precipitation and shrinking of water bodies, which compel herders to migrate southwards in search of arable land, water points and pasture for their cattle. Designed as a desk study, the paper noted the point that it was the struggle over access and use rights in addition to attempt by both parties to secure the available natural resources for themselves that usually result in these conflicts.
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Ensor, Marisa. "Climate Disasters, Mass Violence, and Human Mobility in South Sudan: Through a Gender Lens". Genocide Studies and Prevention 16, n. 1 (luglio 2022): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.16.1.1844.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article examines the links between gender, mass violence, climate change, and displacement in South Sudan. I argue for risk-informed gender-sensitive strategies that incorporate local capacities and sources of resilience. When civil war engulfed South Sudan again in 2013, egregious human rights violations, including sexual and gender-based violence, were perpetrated with near complete impunity. As the national army was divided along Dinka-Nuer ethnic lines, soldiers from each faction turned against each other in a deadly pattern of revenge and counter-revenge attacks that soon spread across the national territory. Inter-communal conflicts also intensified, often centering on competition over land for pasture, cattle raiding, and the abduction of women and children. Additionally, environmental challenges, including both droughts and severe flooding, as well as locust swarms, have resulted in widespread crop loss and property damage. Famine was declared in 2017, with current conditions classified as widespread acute food insecurity and acute malnutrition. The intersection of these multiple crises has displaced nearly 4 million people. Despite these seemingly insurmountable challenges, South Sudanese women have made significant strides in their push for inclusion in national peace processes.
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Kurhak, Volodymyr, Larysa Kolomiiets, Anton Tkachenko, Ivan Senyk e Svitlana Stotska. "Selection of perennial grasses for an extended pasture in the autumn period". Scientific Horizons 27, n. 5 (5 aprile 2024): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor5.2024.88.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The relevance of the study lies in the fact that until recently the reaction of various types of perennial grasses to the terms of alienation of herbage in the last cycle of use has not been clarified, which hinders the development and implementation of technology for creating perennial agrophytocoenoses in the continuous pasture system with an extended grazing period for meat livestock in the late autumn period. The purpose of the study was to select the best perennial grasses for late autumn alienation of herbage in the system of an extended continuous pasture for meat breeds of cattle in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe. The results of long-term research on the features of the development of the yield of aboveground biomass, the chemical composition of feed, the stability of certain types of grasses depending on the time of alienation of aboveground biomass in total for all cycles of use and in the last cycle in the autumn period are presented. The highest productivity (at the level of 0.60-0.95 t/ha of dry weight) of all types of grasses in the last (autumn) cycle of use is provided when the green mass is alienated on October 1. When alienated at a later date, the collection of dry mass from 1 ha decreases, while the quality of feed worsens due to a decrease in the content of crude protein and an increase in the concentration of crude fibre to the limits that do not meet the zootechnical norm of feeding cattle and the requirements of DSTU for green feed. Studies have identified the best single-species agrophytocoenoses of grasses, which include smooth brome, cocksfoot grass, and intermediate wheatgrass. On average, for 2008-2015, in the sum of all three cycles of use, they provide a productivity of 6.52-7.19 t/ha of dry weight when applying N120. The results of these studies can be used in the development of recommendations for the creation of continuous pasture with an extended period of grazing grass with meat livestock in the autumn period, which reduces the cost and increases the competitiveness of livestock products
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Reichardt, W., H. Warzecha, E. Gernand, H. Hartung e B. Eckert. "Erhebungen zum Hämpigmentgehalt, zu Reflexionswerten sowie zum Fettsäurenmuster des intramuskulären Fettes vom <i>Musculus longissimus dorsi</i> (M.l.d.) Thüringer Rinder in Abhängigkeit von Mastform und Rassetyp". Archives Animal Breeding 45, n. 2 (10 ottobre 2002): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-45-111-2002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Title of the paper: Investigations into the haem pigment content, reflection results as well as into the fatty acid pattern of the intramuscular fat of the Musculus longissimus dorsi (M.l.d.) Thuringian cattle, dependent on fattening system and genotype Haem pigment content, the reflection in visible range and the fatty acid pattern of intramuscular fat (imf) from minced musculus longissimus dorsi (m.l.d.) at the 8th / 9th dorsal vertebra of the right half of the carcass were determined in 35 cattle groups with bulls, steers and heifers, representing 19 different genotypes. The cattle were fattened indoors and/or outdoors at eight farms in Thuringia. The mean values of the haem pigment content varied between the animal groups from 6.3 to 13.1 mg/g fresh meat. A clearly lower variation was found in the maxima of reflectance at 415, 545 and 580 nm. The fatty acid composition of the imf was determined mainly by the fattening system. Fattening on pasture favoured high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as a ratio of n6- to n3-fatty acids of < 10. The imf-content was positive correlated to the proportion of C18:1 and monounsaturated fatty acids (R = 0.4** / 0.5**) as well as negative to the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (R = −0.7**).
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Francis, Ben, Tyron Venn, Tom Lewis e Jeremy Brawner. "Case Studies of the Financial Performance of Silvopastoral Systems in Southern Queensland, Australia". Forests 13, n. 2 (26 gennaio 2022): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020186.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
There is considerable uncertainty surrounding the future availability of hardwood timber from state-owned native forests in southern Queensland. The timber industry is becoming increasingly reliant on private native forests, where much is on properties primarily managed for beef cattle grazing. Historically, these forests have been periodically high-grade harvested without silvicultural treatment or cleared to increase pasture production where landholders have the right to do so. This study compares these traditional forest management practices at four case study properties against silvopastoral system alternatives. Merchantable timber, pasture and cattle production was estimated for each management scenario with a native forest silvicultural treatment response model. The net present value of each scenario was estimated over a 20-year management period. For all case study properties, the worst-performing forest management scenario was to clear forest for grazing. Investment in silvopastoral systems in southern Queensland was found to be financially attractive, particularly when silvicultural treatments were implemented in year zero to increase timber production. Silvicultural treatments increased the mean annual increment of merchantable timber over 20 years by an average of 1.3 m3/ha/year relative to the scenario where no management was performed in year zero. Forest management scenarios with silvicultural treatments had better financial performance than scenarios without silvicultural treatment. However, long payback periods and sovereign risk are serious impediments to silvopastoral system adoption in southern Queensland. If these concerns can be overcome, private native forests have the potential to be sustainably managed to improve the financial performance of farms, improve regional employment and income generation, supply Queensland’s future hardwood timber needs, and increase carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation on private land.
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Namgay, Kuenga, Joanne E. Millar e Rosemary S. Black. "Dynamics of grazing rights and their impact on mobile cattle herders in Bhutan". Rangeland Journal 39, n. 1 (2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj16052.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Seasonal cattle movements have been an important part of the living cultural heritage in Bhutan for centuries. Herders migrate south every winter to graze their cattle on subtropical pastures and to work in orange orchards. They return north to their villages in spring to grow summer crops. However, the practice of transhumant agropastoralism is under increasing pressure on account of changes in land-use policies, climate change and a declining labour force as youth seek alternative livelihoods. This research investigated the impact of changes in land-use policy, with emphasis on the Land Act 2007, on current and future livelihoods of transhumant herders in Bhutan. During in-depth interviews with 24 transhumant herders and nine livestock advisors, and seven focus-group discussions with 64 participants including herders, downstream residents and development agency personnel, perspectives on this issue were gathered. Findings revealed a lack of herder awareness of changes in land-use policies and minimal consultation of herders during policy development. Confusion and uncertainty about the proposed redistribution of grazing rights and restrictions on herd movements have resulted in confusion and resentment and have created conflicts between upstream and downstream communities. Herders with no current alternatives are concerned about their future livelihoods, whereas others are leaving it to their children to decide their future. It is concluded that the motive behind nationalisation of rangeland is noble and timely, but there are flaws in the redistribution plan. Transhumant agropastoralism is already in decline and there is no need to push towards its end through legislation. Transhumant practices could be left to evolve towards what may be their natural end. Sudden stoppage of inter-district transhumance without offering meaningful alternatives to herders could result in negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts. In future, policy development needs to increasingly embrace science and be based on evidence. A genuine participatory process with citizen engagement could avoid the unintended negative impacts likely to be faced by transhumant herders with marginal land holdings, who depend on this production system for their livelihoods.
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Werema, Chacha W., Linda J. Laven, Kristina R. Mueller e Richard A. Laven. "Evaluating the Effect of Preventative Trimming on Distance from the Sole Surface to the Distal Phalanx Using Ultrasonography for Lameness Prevention in Pasture-Based Dairy Cows". Veterinary Sciences 10, n. 2 (19 gennaio 2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020077.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
One common management strategy used to reduce the risk of lameness is prophylactic claw trimming. However, in pasture-based cattle, there is a concern that the immediate reduction in sole thickness resulting from sole trimming will lead to medium-to-long-term reductions in sole thickness, which may increase the risk of lameness. Nevertheless, there is a lack of data on sole thickness and trimming in pasture-based cows. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of trimming on sole thickness over the medium-to-long term, as estimated using the ultrasound-measured distance from the external claw sole surface to the distal phalanx (DDP) and of DDP on the interval between calving and increased locomotion scores. A total of 38 cows were randomly selected from a 940-cow spring calving dairy farm in the North Island of New Zealand; 18 were allocated to the ultrasound hoof-trimming group and 20 were allocated to the ultrasound non-trimming group. Starting in May 2018, at the end of the 2017/18 lactation, ultrasound measurements of DDP of the right hind hoof were made on all 38 cows, and the hindlimbs of the trimming group cows were trimmed by an experienced professional hoof trimmer using the five-step Dutch method. This was repeated in October 2018 (early lactation) and May 2019 (late lactation). After calving, the cows were locomotion scored fortnightly until the end of lactation using the 4-point (0–3) scale DairyNZ system. The effect of DDP on the interval between calving and the first locomotion scores ≥1 and ≥2 was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models, and the association between trimming and DDP was explored using linear mixed models. The results suggest that DDP has no effect on the time to locomotion scores ≥1 or ≥2, although the wide confidence intervals of the latter suggest that more data are needed before any definitive conclusions can be drawn. The study failed to find any clinically important impact of prophylactic trimming on DDP. This is likely related to the finding that cows with the highest DDP at the first trimming were identified by the hoof trimmer as those needing the most trimming. The results of this study thus suggest that if the Dutch five-step method is properly applied, it is unlikely to affect sole thickness over the short-to-medium term in pasture-based cattle.
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Mayer, Andrea Corinna, Veronika Stöckli,, Werner Konold e Michael Kreuzer. "Hat die Waldweide eine Zukunft? Ein interdisziplinäres Projekt in den Alpen | Is there a future for forest grazing? An interdisciplinary project in the Alps". Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 154, n. 5 (1 maggio 2003): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2003.0169.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Fifteen percent of the mountain forests in Switzerland are grazed by domestic animals. The forest laws of some alpine cantons prescribe a new regulation of controversial grazing rights. To evaluate the cost and benefit of forest grazing the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF)at Davos started an interdisciplinary project in May 2000 on the behaviour of cattle and the dynamics of forests on subalpine wood pastures. A first step describes the management of subalpine wood pastures. In order to determine herbage supply and the selection of specific plant species, vegetation maps were drawn up before and after grazing. Using a double indicator technique,which involved the daily collection of faeces and herbage spot samples, herbage intake and digestibility were analysed. Intake of tree parts was quantified by measuring the shoot lengths of young spruces, larches and rowans immediately before and after grazing. Collars equipped with GPS were used to study the cattle's spatial use of (sub-)alpine pastures. Long term effects on forest structure and wood quality were investigated using dendroecological techniques. Based on the results of these studies, it will be possible to ascertain basic conditions for a sustainable management of Alpine silvopastoral systems. Concluding, an outlook will be given on the possible future of forest grazing in the Swiss Alps and in other regions of Europe.
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Karashaev, Muaed. "SLAUGHTER PRODUCTS VETERINARY AND SANITARY EXAMINATION IN THE PARASITIC DISEASES STRUCTURE IN THE KABARDINO-BALKARIAN REPUBLIC". Bulletin of KSAU, n. 5 (10 luglio 2024): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2024-5-123-128.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of research is to study the results of post-mortem examination of beef, to monitor parasitic diseases among the population of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The material for the study was the data obtained from post-mortem examinations from 2020 to 2022 and information from the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of the Office of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic for the same period. Recently, a significant part of productive animals in the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic comes from the southern regions of the Russian Federation. Based on the results of reports conducted by the veterinary service for the period 2020–2022. 7,427 cattle carcasses were identified with affected organs and tissues by the following invasive diseases: Fasciolosis, Echinococcosis, Dicrocoeliasis. In 2020, the highest infection rate was due to Echinococcus granulosus infestation – 42.54 %, followed by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica – 32.52 %; the smallest – when infected with Dicrocoelium lanceatum – 24.94 %. In 2021, the highest level of infection was also due to infection by Echinococcus granulosus – 39.02 %, then Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica – 36.72 %, the lowest was due to infection by Dicrocoelium lanceatum – 24.24 %. In 2022, most of the culling occurred due to infestation: Echinococcus granulosus – 38.50 %, then Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica – 36.80 %, the least due to infection with Dicrocoelium lanceatum – 24.68 %. Favorable natural and climatic conditions, pasture animal husbandry, and peculiarities of the social structure of the population of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic lead to the interaction of the pathogen and host populations. Based on the results of epidemiological examinations of foci of invasive diseases of the population in the Russian Federation, the following results were obtained: over the past 5 years (2017–2021), 1,909 cases of infection with Echinococcus granulosus were identified. In total, 551 cases of infection with Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis were registered in the Russian Federation in 2022.
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Rodrigues, Barbara, Jhones Sarturi, Leandro Samia, Ramon C. Alvarenga, Dante Lanna e Fernando Souza. "63 Fatty Acid Profile of Beef from Feedlot Young Bulls of Two Genetic Groups". Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_1 (1 maggio 2023): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad068.053.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The fatty acid profile of the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle and the activity of Δ9 desaturase6, Δ9 desaturase8, and elongase enzymes of beef from feedlot cattle of 2 genetic groups were evaluated. Fifty long-yearling young bulls were divided into two groups following their breed composition: Nellore (n = 25) and Angus × Nellore crossbred (n = 25), were randomly assigned into 4 pens (12 or 13 animals/pen) following a completely randomized design. Animals were sourced from the same breeding season and endured a grazing growing phase in Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaça pasture, with protein and energy supplement offered at 0.2% of body weight (BW). The feedlot phase comprehended 105 days of feed, and the diet (80% concentrate) was formulated to meet or safely exceed the beef cattle requirements to target an average daily gain (ADG) of 1.6 kg/day, in which major ingredients were represented by (% DM basis): sorghum silage (20%), ground corn (57.6%), ground soybean seed as the lipid source (20.4%), and a mineral/vitamin premix (2%). Samples of the LT muscle (between the 12th and 13th ribs) were taken right after slaughter to determine the profile of intramuscular fat. Lipids were extracted (2:1 chloroform/methanol), and 5 mL of the lipid extract was used for saponification followed by methylation and submitted for analysis using gas chromatography. The activities of Δ9 desaturase6, Δ9 desaturase8, and elongase enzymes were determined through mathematical indexes, in which their respective saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were used. Data were analyzed using R (R CORE TEAM, 2021), and the effect of breed on the fatty acid profile was evaluated using the completely randomized design one-way, in which animal was used as the experimental unit. The sum of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids was not affected (P ≥ 0.12) by genetic groups. Within FA profiles, crossbred bulls had greater (P = 0.05) concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (49.7 vs. 52.4%), while beef of Nellore cattle showed greater (P ≤ 0.02) concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (6.71 vs. 7.67%) and n-3 (0.53 vs. 0.68%). A tendency (P = 0.07) was observed for the sum of n-6 and n-6/n-3 ratio, in which Nellore cattle had numerically greater values (6.63 vs. 4.89%, and 9.75 vs. 9.22, respectively). The activity of Δ9 desaturase6 and Δ9 desaturase8 was not affected (P ≥ 0.14) by genetic groups, while crossbred animals had greater (P = 0.03) activity of elongase (67.8 vs. 65.6%). Although the overall sum of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids seems not to be affected, the FA profile and unsaturation/elongation enzymatic activity of beef was influenced by the genetic groups evaluated, in which both Nellore and their F-1 crossbreed counterparts had attractive responses.
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Allué Andrés, Lydia, e María Luz Rodrigo-Estevan. "Dehesas antiguas, pastores foranos y jurisdicciones cuestionadas: conflictividad ganadera a fines de la Edad Media en la Comunidad de aldeas de Daroca". Aragón en la Edad Media, n. 30 (1 giugno 2020): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_aem/aem.2019304635.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Resumen: Desde la expansión del Reino de Aragón hacia el sur a partir del siglo xi, los ganaderos fueron colonizando y poniendo en cultivo las nuevas tierras conquistadas a los musulmanes. La orografía del reino favoreció la trashumancia entre las regiones del valle del Ebro, donde los ganados permanecían en invierno y los ricos pastos de verano de los Pirineos y el Sistema Ibérico. Los numerosos privilegios reales que desde el siglo xiii obtuvo la Casa de Ganaderos de Zaragoza entraron pronto en conflicto con los de la Comunidad de aldeas de Daroca, dando lugar a innumerables y costosos pleitos. La sentencia arbitral de 1501 fue un intento infructuoso de poner paz entre dos poderosas instituciones deseosas de defender sus derechos a toda costa.
Palabras clave: Comunidad de aldeas de Daroca, Casa de Ganaderos de Zaragoza, trashumancia, sentencia arbitral, conflictos ganaderos, siglo xv, Reino de Aragón.
Abstract: Since the expansion of the Kingdom of Aragon towards the south from the 11th century, the cattle breeders colonised and cultivated the new lands conquered from the Muslims. The kingdom's orography favoured transhumance between the regions of the Ebro Valley, where the cattle remained in winter and the rich summer pastures of the Pyrenees and the Iberian System. Since 13th century, the advantageous privileges of the Casa de Ganaderos de Zaragoza soon came into conflict with those of the Comunidad de aldeas de Daroca, resulting in countless and costly lawsuits. The arbitration award of 1501 was an unsuccessful attempt to bring peace between two powerful institutions eager to defend their rights at all costs.
Key words: Comunidad de aldeas de Daroca, Casa de Ganaderos de Zaragoza, transhumance, arbitration award, livestock conflicts, 15th century, Kingdom of Aragon
18
Johnston, Briana P., Mauricio X. S. Oliveira, Carly A. Becker, Thomas H. Welsh, Ron D. Randel, Caleb O. Lemley, Amanda E. Stone e Brittni P. Littlejohn. "22 Influence of Cell-Mediated Immune Response Classification on Performance of Heat-Stressed Dairy Cattle". Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_1 (1 maggio 2023): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad068.021.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The objective was to evaluate the influence of cell-mediated immune response classification on performance of dairy cattle experiencing conditions of heat stress on pasture. On d 0, pregnant, lactating dairy cows (n = 27; 18 Holstein and 9 Jersey) received a subcutaneous sensitization dose of killed Candida albicans (CA; 0.5 mg) with Quil-A adjuvant (0.75 mg) in 2.5 mL of PBS. Tail skin fold thickness (SFT) was measured with a Harpenden caliper on d 14 immediately following an intradermal injection of killed CA (0.1 mg in 0.5 mL of PBS) in the right tail skin fold and a control injection (PBS) in the left tail skin fold. On d 15, change in SFT was measured and used to assign cell-mediated immune response classifications (CMIR) as High (HR; >0.5 SD above the mean; n = 9), Intermediate (IR; within 0.5 SD above or below the mean; n = 10), or Low (LR; >0.5 SD below the mean; n = 8). Cows from each CMIR were assigned to 1 of 3 environmental conditions (EC): No Abatement (no heat abatement provided; n = 9), Shade (portable shade structure; n = 9), or Sprinklers (polyvinyl chloride sprinkler system; n = 9) for a 38-d period (July 1, 2019 to August 8, 2019). Daily Milk Yield (DMY), Reticulorumen Temperature (RT), Heat Stress Score (HSS; 0 = respiration rate of < 80 breaths/min to 4 = moribund, labored breathing), and instances of Mouth Open (MO), Tongue Out (TO), and Drool were recorded daily. Respiration rate (RR; breaths/min) was recorded 3 times/day (morning, midday, and late afternoon) and averaged on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday weekly. Body Condition Score (BCS; 1 = emaciated to 5 = obese) was recorded weekly. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures of SAS specific for repeated measures with CMIR, EC, Breed, Time and 2-way interactions as fixed effects and Pen as random. Low exhibited the lowest HSS and BCS, but the greatest MO and TO instances (P < 0.02). High exhibited the greatest instances of Drool (P < 0.02). Heat stress score, MO, and Drool were greatest in the No Abatement group (P < 0.01). Respiration rate was greatest in the No Abatement and Shade groups relative to Sprinklers (P < 0.01). Daily milk yield, RT, and Drool were increased whereas HSS and RR were decreased in Holstein relative to Jersey cows (P < 0.01). Interactions (P < 0.05) included: CMIR by EC for DMY, HSS, RR, MO, TO, and Drool; CMIR by Breed for RT, DMY, and BCS; EC by Breed for RT, DMY, HSS, and RR; and EC by Time for DMY, HSS, BCS, RR, MO, and TO. There was an effect of Time for all variables (P < 0.05). Preliminary results suggest an influence of cell-mediated immune response classification on performance of dairy cattle experiencing conditions of heat stress and warrant future studies with an increased number of animals.
19
Guteta, Melaku, e Dr Geremew Batu. "Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis and its Financial Loss at Gulliso Slaughter House, West Wallaga Zone Western Ethiopia". International Journal of Agriculture and Animal Production, n. 21 (31 gennaio 2022): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/ijaap.21.15.24.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A cross-sectional study conducted in Guliso, from September 2021 to June 2022 sought to identify the kind and prevalence of common Fasciola species in cattle as well as the financial damage resulting from liver condemnation. The study's foundation was a post-mortem examination of the livers of animals that had been killed at the abattoir in the Guliso municipality and its environs. 384 study animals were chosen for post-mortem examination using random systematic sampling procedures in this investigation. In the study, 128 (33.3%) cows had bovine fasciolosis overall. 54 animals (14.1%) had Fasciola gigantica, 49 animals (12.3%) had Fasciola hepatica, and 25 animals (6.5%) had mixed infections. Within the various body condition ratings, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis. Animals with poor and medium body condition ratings had the highest prevalence (96%) and lowest prevalence (84.7%), respectively, whereas animals with good body condition scores had the lowest prevalence (9.73%). Regarding age, sex, and animal origin, there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis. The estimated yearly financial loss at the abattoir resulting from liver condemnation linked to liver flukes was 138,528 Ethiopian birr. Given the current findings, fasciolosis may be viewed as a serious issue in the area and its environs since the ecological parameters and management circumstances support the survival of both the parasite and its intermediate host, the snail. To prevent pasture contamination and lower the worm burden from affected animals, strategic treatments must be applied at the right time. To maximize the long-term returns from such endemic locations, integrated control techniques involving livestock owners must be developed to reduce the population and activity of snail intermediate hosts.
20
Dias, Kamila, Sergio Garcia, Mohammed (Rafiq) Islam e Cameron Clark. "Milk Yield, Milk Composition, and the Nutritive Value of Feed Accessed Varies with Milking Order for Pasture-Based Dairy Cattle". Animals 9, n. 2 (14 febbraio 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9020060.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
(1) Background: Pasture varies in its chemical composition from the top of the sward to the base and cattle prefer to eat the leaf fraction. In pasture-based dairy systems, cattle predominantly walk back to pasture voluntarily after each milking, with the first cattle arriving to pasture hours before the last. Here we study the impact of pasture composition according to milking order on milk yield and milk composition for dairy cattle offered grazed ryegrass pasture. (2) Methods: In the first experiment, individual cow milk yield data were recorded on six farms over 8 months. The herd was divided into groups of 50 cows for analysis according to milking order. In the second experiment, the impact of milking order on milk composition and pasture composition accessed was determined in addition to milk yield on three farms. (3) Results: After accounting for age and stage of lactation effects, cattle milked first in experiment 1 produced, on average, 4.5 L/cow/day (+18%; range 14 to 29%) more than cattle milked last. In experiment 2, dairy cattle milked first (first 50 cows) in farm 1 had greater milk, protein, and solids non-fat (SNF) yield; and less lactose content than those milked last (last 50 cows). In farm 2, dairy cattle milked first had greater milk yield, SNF yield, lactose yield, and fat yield; but less protein and SNF content than cattle milked last. In farm 3, cattle milked first produced milk with greater fat and protein content than cattle milked last. In line with these differences in milk yield and composition, the composition of pasture across vertical strata differed, particularly for crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content. Conclusion: This work highlights the opportunity to increase herd nutrient use efficiency for improved milk production through strategic pasture allowance and supplementation strategies.
21
Nams, V. O., e R. C. Martin. "The effects of turnout date to pasture on cattle weight gain". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2007): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas06050.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The effects of multiple turnout dates on cattle weight gain were assessed in Nova Scotia in 1999 and 2000. Steers and heifers were released into pasture every 1 to 3 d from May 06 to May 28 in 1999 and from Apr. 26 to Jun. 05 in 2000. Cattle turned out to pasture later in the season gained less weight. Turnout date had a similar effect in both years, and 1 d of earlier turnout increased weight by 0.789 kg per animal over the summer. The time for cattle weight to recover after entering the pasture did not vary with turnout date, but it did differ significantly between years, with cattle recovering weight faster in 2000 than in 1999. Rate of weight gain decreased throughout the summer. The results suggest a mechanism for the turnout date effect: that cattle grow fastest on the pasture at the start of the season, and they grow faster on the pasture than in the barn. Thus, the earlier that they are introduced into the pasture, the more time they spend in the pasture during peak weight gain time. Rotational grazing maximizes the effect of turnout date by minimizing potential pasture degradation caused by early turnout. Key words: Pasture, cattle, rotational grazing, recovery period, turnout date, weight gain
22
Jonker, Arjan, Stefan Muetzel, German Molano e David Pacheco. "Effect of fresh pasture forage quality, feeding level and supplementation on methane emissions from growing beef cattle". Animal Production Science 56, n. 10 (2016): 1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15022.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of fresh pasture forage quality (vegetative and mature pasture in different seasons), feeding level and supplementation with maize silage or palm kernel expeller on methane (CH4) production (g/day) and yield (g/kg dry matter intake; DMI) in growing beef cattle. The null hypothesis was that pasture quality, DMI level and supplementation have no effect on the CH4 yield (g/kg DM) in beef cattle. Four experiments were conducted and in three experiments (Exp. 1–3) freshly cut vegetative or mature pasture was fed to 14 growing beef animals in two consecutive periods, respectively, at intake levels of 1.5, 1.8 and 1.1 × maintenance metabolisable energy requirements (MEm) in Exp. 1–3, respectively. For Exp. 3, 100% maize silage was fed in a third consecutive period to the same cattle used in Periods 1 and 2. In Exp. 4, 4 animals were fed one of three treatments at 1.6 × MEm of 100% fresh pasture, fresh pasture supplemented with 35% DM maize silage or fresh pasture supplemented with 35% DM palm kernel expeller. After acclimatisation to respective diets, DMI and CH4 were measured for 12 animals in individual open circuit respiration chambers for two consecutive days in each experiment. Methane yield (g/kg DMI) was similar when animals were fed vegetative or mature pasture in Exp. 1 (20.0) and 2 (25.8), whereas in Exp. 3 feeding vegetative pasture resulted in a higher CH4 yield (25.7; P < 0.05) compared with feeding mature pasture (23.3), with feeding 100% maize silage intermediate (23.8). Methane yield of cattle fed pasture supplemented with maize silage in Exp. 4 was 10% higher (P < 0.05) compared with cattle fed mature pasture only or supplemented with palm kernel expeller (25.9, 23.3, 23.4 g/kg DMI, respectively). The regression between DMI and CH4 yield was similar for vegetative and mature pasture and pasture composition could explain up to 26% of variation in CH4 yield (P < 0.05). The CH4 yield in cattle fed 100% pasture (Exp. 1–3) was not affected by DMI and averaged 24.1 ± 2.78 g/kg DMI. In conclusion, fresh pasture forage quality, feeding level and supplementation had only minor, but some significant, effects on CH4 yield in beef cattle.
23
McCaughey, W. P., T. A. McAllister, J. D. Popp, J. A. Shelford e K.-J. Cheng. "Carcass evaluation of cattle finished on alfalfa/grass pastures alone or supplemented with barley". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, n. 4 (1 dicembre 1999): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-058.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Yearling cattle fed pasture-only for the entire grazing season were compared with cattle receiving pasture plus steam-rolled barley (SRB; 4 kg head−1 d−1) or pasture plus SRB (4 kg head−1 d−1) treated with Tween 80 at a rate of 4 kg t−1, for 74 d prior to slaughter. Heifers were more likely (P = 0.015) to grade A or higher than steers. Feeding supplemental grain on pasture increased pasture gains (P < 0.001) and hot carcass weight (P < 0.001) but did not (P > 0.05) improve carcass quality, chemical analysis, shear force, carcass value or gross return per head. Treatment of SRB with Tween-80 did not influence (P > 0.05) cattle performance or carcass quality. From the results reported in this study, it is possible to finish cattle on pasture to Canada A grade standards. Key words: Forage-finishing, carcass quality, beef, pasture, grain
24
Betteridge, K., A. D. Mackay, T. G. Shepherd, D. J. Barker, P. J. Budding, B. P. Devantier e D. A. Costall. "Effect of cattle and sheep treading on surface configuration of a sedimentary hill soil". Soil Research 37, n. 4 (1999): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr97014.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Pastures with a 6-year history of grazing by cattle (cattle pasture) and sheep (sheep pasture) were used to measure the effects on soil disturbance of a single severe grazing/treading event by sheep (S), one by cattle (C1), or 2 events within 3 weeks by cattle (C2). Treatments were stocked at 35 500 kg LW 0·9 /ha (≡ 200 cattle/ha) for 48 h when the soil was wetter than the plastic limit. A control plot (untrodden, U) was grazed only lightly by sheep to control pasture cover while causing minimal observable surface damage. Change in surface contour, random roughness, soil surface damage, and pasture cover were determined with a ‘contometer’. The construction and use of the contometer to measure change in microtopography and to describe the soil surface and vegetative state by grazing is described. Disturbance was calculated as the change in height (mm) of soil level at fixed positions along transects within treatment plots. Both sheep and cattle pastures were affected similarly (P > 0·05) in relation to absolute and net disturbance of soils. Averaged across both pasture types, very little absolute surfacesoil disturbance was measured on S, whereas cattle-treading caused significant upward and downward movement of soil. Mean ( s.d.) absolute surface disturbance (sum of upward and downward movement on a transect) was greater by cattle (C1, 11·2 8·1; C2, 9·9 5·0 mm) than by sheep (5·1 1·8 mm) (P < 0·01) after the single treading and 9·0 4·1 mm for C2 after the second treading. Net disturbance (average of upward and downward movement on atransect) was 1·9 4·0, 1·8 4·0, and 3·0 1·8 mm for C1, C2, and S (P > 0·05), respectively, after the first treading and 4·1 3·7 mm for C2 after the second treading. Cumulative net disturbance resulting from C2 on sheep pasture was greater than on cattle pasture (P <0·05), especially after the first treading, suggesting sheep pasture was more susceptible to compaction than the previously damaged cattle pasture. Random roughness and percentage of surface soil penetrated by hooves, based on observation, was greater following cattle than sheep treading. Random roughness tended to increase more (P < 0·07) following treading of sheep than of cattle pastures, which were already rougher. It was concluded that the effect on soil surface configuration of severe short-term treading events on wet soils was greater by cattle than by sheep stocked at the same metabolic liveweight per hectare and that this occurred irrespective of the previous grazing history. Although absolute disturbance in each of the 2 cattle treadings in C2 was similar, net disturbance (compaction) on sheep pasture was more than twice that on cattle pasture (P < 0· 05).
25
Quirk, M. F., J. J. Bushell, R. J. Jones, R. G. Megarrity e K. L. Butler. "Live-weight gains on leucaena and native grass pastures after dosing cattle with rumen bacteria capable of degrading DHP, a ruminal metabolite from leucaena". Journal of Agricultural Science 111, n. 1 (agosto 1988): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600082976.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SummaryThe effect on live-weight gain from dosing cattle with rumen bacteria capable of degrading 3-hydroxy-4(l H)-pyridone (DHP) was measured on cattle grazing leucaena and native grass pastures in south-east Queensland. Dosing increased the growth rate of cattle grazing only leucaena pasture: from 0·52 kg/head per day when not dosed, to 1·03 kg/head per day when dosed, in the period 6·19 weeks after treatment. Dosing did not affect the growth rate of cattle either grazing leucaena with native pasture, or grazing only native pasture. The introduced bacteria spread naturally to untreated cattle after 19 weeks post-dosing.The response to dosing occurred when untreated cattle grazing only leucaena pasture had high urinary concentrations of DHP (maximum 0·28%) and low concentrations of serum thyroxine (< 30 nmol/1). The results show that DHP-induced depressions in growth rate may occur in this environment when cattle graze mainly on leucaena-based pasture. Dosing with DHP-degrading bacteria will overcome this problem.
26
Clarke, Sandra, Alan Fredeen, Kathleen Glover, Sherry Fillmore, Leslie MacLaren, Catherine Enright e Julia Green-Johnson. "Interaction between feed management systems and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on bovine immunization parameters (VET1P.1116)". Journal of Immunology 194, n. 1_Supplement (1 maggio 2015): 146.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.146.4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract A trial was designed to investigate impacts of omega-3 fatty acid feeding regimes on bovine immunization responses. Dietary supplements contained either fish oil or microalgae as omega-3 fatty acid sources, and cattle were divided into 2 feed management systems; they either grazed pasture or were kept in barn tie stalls and fed total mixed rations (TMR). Cattle were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), a standard T cell dependent antigen. Dietary supplements and feeding systems influenced the response of cattle to immunization with KLH. Anti-KLH IgM, IgG and IgA antibody levels in serum were significantly higher in cattle grazing pasture than those fed TMR. Cattle consuming microalgae had consistently higher anti-KLH IgG2 and IgM antibody levels compared to cattle fed fish oil. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplements and TMR versus pasture-based diets were also apparent in cytokine profiles from spleen and cecal tissues. Levels of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were highest in cecal tissue of pasture-grazing cattle (P < 0.0001), and spleen TGF-β levels were highest in pasture-grazing cattle consuming microalgae (P = 0.0073).These findings suggest that effects of omega-3 supplements on bovine immunity are influenced by the feed management system, with heightened effects on antibody production observed with a pasture system relative to a confinement and TMR-based diet.
27
Small, J. A., e W. P. McCaughey. "Beef cattle management in Manitoba". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, n. 4 (1 dicembre 1999): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-097.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A survey was conducted to document general characteristics of beef cattle management and identify producer concerns in Manitoba. The survey was divided into five sections: (i) characterization of farm operation, (ii) winter management, (iii) forage and pasture management, (iv) reproductive management and (v) factors limiting profitability and the use of non-traditional management tools. The surveyprovided base information for measuring change in the industry and identified cost of production, pasture, and reproduction as the top three factors that producers consider limiting the profitability of beef operations in Manitoba. Key words: Beef cattle, forage, pasture, reproduction, nutrition, survey
28
Knee, B. W., L. J. Cummins, P. J. Walker, G. A. Kearney e R. D. Warner. "Reducing dark-cutting in pasture-fed beef steers by high-energy supplementation". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, n. 11 (2007): 1277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05362.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dark-cutting in muscles of the beef carcass is due to low muscle glycogen levels at slaughter and occurs particularly in autumn and winter in grass-fed cattle in southern Australia. The aim of these experiments was to investigate the effect of supplementary feeding of cattle grazing pasture during winter on muscle glycogen levels. The first experiment involved 70 cattle allocated to two stocking rates grazing improved perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover pastures [high stocking rate (HSR) v. low stocking rate (LSR)] by two pasture feeding regimes (control, pasture only v. pasture supplemented with a high-energy ration for 4 weeks) plus a feedlot treatment (fed high-energy ration in pens with no pasture for 11 weeks). Muscle biopsies were collected from the M. semitendinosus (ST) and M. semimembranosus (SM) muscles and analysed for muscle glycogen. The ST muscle glycogen content for supplemented animals increased (P < 0.05) over the feeding period but there was no effect (P > 0.05) of supplementation on the muscle glycogen content of the SM or on the muscle glycogen content of the ST or SM of cattle in the feedlot treatment, relative to control cattle. HSR cattle tended to have lower muscle glycogen in the ST compared to LSR cattle across both feeding regimes. The second experiment used 60 cattle allocated to two treatments (control, pasture only v. pasture supplemented with a high-energy ration for 3 weeks). The treatments were applied to cattle grazing improved perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover pastures and muscle biopsies were collected weekly from the SM and ST. Supplementation resulted in a linear increase (P < 0.05) in muscle glycogen levels over the 3 weeks in both the SM and ST muscles. These results indicate that feed quality has a major impact on muscle glycogen levels in the SM and ST of cattle destined for slaughter. At times of the year when pasture quality is poor or quantity is lacking, supplementation with a high-energy supplement has the potential to dramatically increase muscle glycogen and reduce the incidence of dark-cutting beef.
29
Dikmen, Serdal, e Raluca G. Mateescu. "PSXI-37 Differences in thermoregulation ability and genetic parameters of skin traits in Angus, Brahman and their Crossbreds". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (dicembre 2019): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.768.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Thermoregulation is important for beef cattle but tends to be negatively correlated with production traits. The objective of this study was to determine the variation in core body temperature and to estimate genetic parameters of skin traits in Angus, Brahman, and different levels of crossbred heifers (n = 337) reared in hot and humid conditions. Core body temperature was recorded as vaginal temperature every 15 minutes for 5 consecutive days. Dry bulb temperature and relative humidity in the pasture were also measured every 15 min and used to calculate a temperature-humidity index (THI). Five mm skin biopsies were collected from the right side of sixth thoracic bone of each heifer. Cross-sections of biopsy samples with a thickness of 7 µm were stained with Hematoxilin–Eosin technique. The number and area of sweat and sebaceous glands, and the thickness of dermis and epidermis were determined using the ImageJ program. Data were analysed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4 with a model including the effect of breed, year, and their interaction. Genetic parameters were estimated using WOMBAT. Average core body temperature of Angus, 25%, 37.5%, 50%,75% and 100% Brahman were 39.50±0.05, 39.30±0.04, 39.15±0.05, 39.2±0.0, 39.03±0.05, 39.04±0.05, respectively. Brahman heifers had lower core body temperature compared to Angus heifers (P = 0.0006). Heifers with smaller and more numerous sweat glands had higher (P < 0.01) and more variable core body temperature (P < 0.0001). Heritability of core body temperature under high and low THI was 0.44±0.006 and 0.61±0.003, respectively. Dermis and epidermis thickness had the lowest heritability (0.231±0.002) and the highest heritability (0.75±0.007), respectively. Heritabilities for the number of sweat glands and total sweat gland area were 0.375±0.02 and 0.432±0.006, respectively. In conclusion, thermoregulation was highly correlated with breed composition, number of sweat glands and the average size of sweat glands.
30
Duynisveld, J. L., E. Charmley e P. Mir. "Meat quality and fatty acid composition of pasture-finished beef steers fed barley and soybeans". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2006): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a06-004.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The effect of supplemention on the performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of pasture-finished cattle was studied. Thirty-two steers were assigned to four treatments in a randomized block design. Treatments were: totally mixed ration (TMR) [confinement-fed total mixed ration (60% grass silage, 40% rolled barley], pasture only (rotationally grazed temperate mixed pasture); pasture plus barley (the same pasture plus 4.5 kg DM hd-1 d-1 rolled barley) and pasture plus soybeans (the same pasture plus 1.8 kg DM hd-1 d-1 whole roasted soybeans). Steers were slaughtered after 105 d on test. Tissue samples were collected at slaughter for analysis of meat quality and fatty acid content. Dry matter (DM) intakes were greater for TMR-fed cattle (P < 0.05). Among the pasture-fed cattle those fed barley (P < 0.05) consumed more total DM than those given pasture alone. Rates of BW gain were higher for TMR-fed steers than those fed pasture only (P < 0.05). Carcass weights and dressing percentage were similar across all treatments. Feeding barley or soybeans on pasture increased backfat thickness (P < 0.05), but the pasture-only cattle had greater loin eye area (P < 0.05). Pasture-only beef had more thaw drip loss (P < 0.05) and less cooking drip loss (P < 0.05) than TMR-fed beef. Evaporative cooking losses were greater in beef from unsupplemented pasture than from barley- or soybean-supplemented pasture (P < 0.05). Pasture-only beef had 25% more polyunsaturated fatty acids and 37% greater cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations in longisimus thoracis (l. thoracis) tissue than TMR-fed beef (P < 0.05). Among pasture-fed cattle, soybean supplementation increased C18:2 concentration by 34% (P < 0.05), while barley reduced C18:3 concentration by 8% (P < 0.05) in l. thoracis tissue. Soybean supplementation increased cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentration by 30% (P < 0.05) in l. thoracis tissue over pasture only. Beef finished on pasture has higher levels of beneficial fatty acids than TMR-fed beef, with few differences in meat quality. Supplementation on pasture improves animal performance, but barley has some negative effects on beneficial fatty acids in meat. Key words: Pasture, steers, fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid
31
Gunter, S. A., e G. F. Combs. "Efficacy of mineral supplementation to growing cattle grazing winter-wheat pasture in northwestern Oklahoma1". Translational Animal Science 3, n. 4 (6 aprile 2019): 1119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz031.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of mineral supplementation to cattle grazing winter-wheat pasture. In experiment 1 (fall), 120 steers and heifers (body weight [BW] = 232 ± 11.4 kg) were assigned randomly to four blocks of replicated pastures during the second week of November in 2008 and 2009 and all herds (6 animals/pasture; 4.9 ha/pasture) were allowed to graze for 84 d. In experiment 2 (spring), 216 steers (BW = 248 ± 7.9 kg) were assigned randomly to five blocks of replicated pastures during the second week of February in 2009 and 2010 and all herds (12 or 6 animals/pasture; 4.9 ha/pasture) were allowed to graze for 84 d. Half the pastures in both experiments received a free-choice mineral mixture (Wheat Pasture Pro; Land O’Lakes Purina Feed, LLC; St. Paul, MN; Ca, 16% and P, 4%); mineral feeders were weighed weekly to determine mineral intake. All pastures were planted in early September of each year (67 kg of seed/ha) and fertilized with 50 kg of urea-N/ha. Standing herbage dry matter was determined midway between weigh dates by clipping wheat forage to the ground along 122 cm of drill rows at 10 locations/pasture. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, with treatment as the fixed effect and pasture, animal sex (experiment 1), and block as random effects. In experiment 1, cattle offered minerals had a 43% faster average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.02, 0.73 kg) than cattle not offered minerals (0.51 kg); hence, supplemented cattle weighed 6% more (P = 0.04; 286 kg) after 84 d than nonsupplemented cattle (271 kg). In experiment 2, cattle offered the mineral supplement had a faster ADG (20% increase; P = 0.04; 1.00 kg) than cattle not offered minerals (0.83 kg). Further, supplemented cattle weighed 4% more (P = 0.03; 326 kg) after 84 d than nonsupplemented cattle (312 kg). In both experiments, daily standing herbage dry matter averaged 1,381 kg/animal and never differed (P ≥ 0.47) between treatments. Mineral intakes averaged 135 (experiment 1) and 124 (experiment 2) g/d, resulting in a cost of supplement to kilogram of added BW gain of $0.53 and $0.64, respectively (assuming a mineral cost of $0.88/kg). Overall, supplementing an appropriate mineral mixture to cattle grazing winter-wheat pasture increased ADG in a cost-effective manner.
32
McDowell, Lee R. "Feeding minerals to cattle on pasture". Animal Feed Science and Technology 60, n. 3-4 (agosto 1996): 247–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(96)00983-2.
Testo completo
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Koknaroglu, H., e M. P. Hoffmann. "Effect of frame score on performance and carcass characteristics of steers finished in the feedlot or backgrounded for various time on pasture and finished in the feedlot". Archives Animal Breeding 53, n. 4 (10 ottobre 2010): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-53-426-2010.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. A two-year data of three-year study integrating pasture and drylot feeding systems was used to examine effect of frame score on performance and carcass characteristics of steers. Each year, 84 fall-born and 28 spring-born calves of similar genotypes were used. Fall-born and spring-born calves were started on test in May and October, respectively. Treatments were: 1) fall-born calves directly into feedlot; 2 and 3) fall-born calves put on pasture with or without an ionophore and moved to the feedlot at the end of July; 4 and 5) fall-born calves put on pasture with or without an ionophore and moved to the feedlot at the end of October; 6 and 7) spring-born calves put on pasture with or without an ionophore and moved to the feedlot at the end of October. Frame scores were determined by taking steers’ age and live weight into consideration. Cattle that grazed the same duration on pasture were regarded as the same treatment regardless of whether they received an ionophore or not. In the feedlot, steers were provided an 82 % concentrate diet containing whole-shelled corn, ground alfalfa hay, and a protein, vitamin and mineral supplement containing ionophore and molasses. Pens of cattle were harvested at approximately 522 kg. Cattle having a higher frame score at the entry to pasture and grazed until July and October tended to have higher and lower daily gain on pasture than those having lower frame score, respectively (P>0.05). Fall-born and spring-born cattle grazed until October, which had higher frame scores at the entry to pasture tended to have higher daily gain in the feedlot showing a compensatory growth. In the feedlot, within each treatment cattle having higher frame score tended to have higher daily gain (P>0.05) and had higher dry matter intake (P<0.05). Cattle spending longer time in the feedlot have better carcass quality and higher yield grades. Results showed that cattle with higher frame scores had higher growth potentials in the feedlot and if the grazing season is extended then daily gain of cattle having higher frame score decreases.
34
Baxter, G. S., E. J. Moll e Allan T. Lisle. "Pasture grazing by black-striped wallabies (Macropus dorsalis) in central Queensland". Wildlife Research 28, n. 3 (2001): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99051.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Black-striped wallabies (Macropus dorsalis) are uncommon to rare in most of their former range, yet in parts of central Queensland where they are still locally common they are regarded as a serious pasture pest. There is considerable pressure from cattle graziers to reduce their density because of the putative damage that they cause to cattle pasture. Here we examined the effects of this species and other herbivores on pasture by monitoring vegetation cover between 1993 and 1998 in exclosures in brigalow, and poplar box communities on three grazing properties in the Maranoa region. The exclosures selectively allowed access to either: all vertebrate grazers including cattle; rabbits, bettongs, and wallabies; rabbits and bettongs; no vertebrate grazers. The greatest effects on the structure and species composition of pasture were caused by cattle, but wallabies did consume commercially important quantities of grass at some times of the year. This conflicts with local opinion that sees wallabies as the major cause of pasture degradation. Herein lies the management problem that sees continued reduction in wallaby habitat, and fragmentation of the species.
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Melland, Alice R., Tom Newsome, Colin J. Paton, Jeffrey F. Clewett, John McL Bennett, Jochen Eberhard e Craig P. Baillie. "Sustainability of beef production from brigalow lands after cultivation and mining. 2. Acland Grazing Trial pasture and cattle performance". Animal Production Science 61, n. 12 (2021): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20137.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Context Agricultural land used for open-cut coal mining in Queensland is required by law to be returned to a safe, stable and self-sustaining state for agriculture. Aims The aim of this research was to identify whether rehabilitated pastures on post-mine soil at a site near Acland could viably support cattle production. Methods Five years of field data from Botanal pasture assessments, pasture quality, cattle liveweights and faecal observations, plus supplementary cattle liver data, were used to compare pasture and cattle performance from mined and unmined previously cultivated brigalow land. Subtropical pasture species were sown in 2007 (Rehab1, 22 ha), 2010 (Rehab 2, 32 ha) and 2012 (Rehab3, 22 ha) in three rehabilitated paddocks and in 2012 in an unmined (Control, 21 ha) paddock. The paddocks were grazed for 117–190 days of each year by Angus cattle. Key results Mean total standing dry matter in grazed pasture over the five trial years was consistently higher in Rehab 2 (5656 kg/ha) than in the other paddocks. Rehab 1 (3965 kg/ha) and Rehab 3 (3609 kg/ha) performed at an intermediate level and the Control paddock produced less pasture (2871 kg/ha). Grass leaf crude protein was higher in Rehab 2 than in the other paddocks and declined significantly (P < 0.001) across all paddocks as pasture aged. Pasture species remained perennial, palatable and productive in all paddocks; however, pasture yield, quality and composition trends over time suggested that pasture rundown occurred across all paddocks. The mean liveweight gain (LWG) per head when grazing the trial paddocks (trial LWG) was higher (P < 0.05) in the Rehab 2 cohort than the other paddock cohorts in Years 3 and 5, and trial LWG in the Control cohort was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from one or more of the rehabilitated paddock cohorts each year. Cattle production per hectare during the trial grazing periods was also consistently highest in Rehab 2 (5-year mean trial LWG 131 kg/ha) compared with the other paddocks (67–80 kg/ha). Conclusion The rehabilitated pastures in use by the mine were considered at least as productive as the surrounding unmined brigalow landscape. Implications The Acland rehabilitation process was considered successful in establishing pastures that were able to viably support cattle production.
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Baker, Norman F., e Thomas B. Farver. "Strategic use of anthelmintics to prevent parasitic gastroenteritis in cow-calf herds in California". American Journal of Veterinary Research 51, n. 10 (1 ottobre 1990): 1663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1990.51.10.1663.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SUMMARY On the basis of the hypothesis that the peak numbers of infective nematode third-stage larvae (L3) on herbage in winter months results from fall contamination of pastures, 2 methods to reduce fall contamination were tested. In trial 1, morantal sustained-release boluses were administered to 15 fall-calving cows on Sept 7, 1982. Fifteen untreated cows (controls) were placed on separate pastures. Numbers of L3 on herbage during the winter and spring were assessed by use of worm-free tracer calves. In trial 2, 19 cattle due to calve in the fall were administered 200 μg of invermectin/kg of body weight, sc, on Sept 2, 1983. Also, 17 cattle similarly were given a placebo injection and served as control animals. Treated cattle were placed on the pasture used by control cattle in trial 1 and control cattle on the pasture used by treated cattle in trial 1. Worm-free tracer calves were again used to assess numbers of L3 on herbage. In trial 1, tracer calves grazing the control animal pasture from January 14 to 28 acquired 37 times as many nematodes as did those grazing the treated animal pasture. In trial 2, the greatest difference observed was a 10- fold increase of nematodes in calves grazing control animal pastures, compared with worm numbers in tracer calves grazing the treated animal pasture.
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Ameni, Gobena, Abraham Aseffa, Howard Engers, Douglas Young, Glyn Hewinson e Martin Vordermeier. "Cattle Husbandry in Ethiopia Is a Predominant Factor Affecting the Pathology of Bovine Tuberculosis and Gamma Interferon Responses to Mycobacterial Antigens". Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, n. 9 (settembre 2006): 1030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00134-06.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Bovine tuberculosis is a major economic problem and a potential public health risk. Improved diagnostics like the gamma interferon (IFN-γ) test with ESAT6 and/or CFP10 could contribute to the control program. We assessed IFN-γ responses in zebu (Ethiopian Arsi breed) and Holstein cattle kept indoors or in a pasture to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) and an ESAT6-CFP10 protein cocktail. Furthermore, the intensity and distribution of pathology of bovine tuberculosis were compared between the two breeds. Our data demonstrated significantly (all P < 0.02) higher IFN-γ responses to avian PPD, bovine PPD, and the ESAT6-CFP10 protein cocktail in Holstein than in zebu cattle, while lesion severities in infected animals and tuberculin skin test responses did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the two breeds. Holstein cattle that were kept indoors produced significantly (all P < 0.01) higher IFN-γ levels in response to avian PPD, bovine PPD, and the ESAT6-CFP10 protein cocktail than did Holstein cattle kept in a pasture. Moreover, lesion severity was significantly higher in Holstein cattle kept indoors (P = 0.001) than in those kept in the pasture. Lesions were localized predominantly in the digestive tract in cattle kept in a pasture, while they were localized in the respiratory tract in cattle kept indoors. In conclusion, in Holstein cattle, husbandry was a dominant factor influencing the severity of tuberculosis lesions and IFN-γ responses to mycobacterial antigens compared to breed. A difference in the cellular immune response between zebu and Holstein cattle was observed, while tuberculosis lesion severities were identical in the two breeds, when both were kept in a pasture.
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Bishop, AL, HJ Mckenzie, IM Barchia e AM Harris. "The Effects of Habitat on the Distribution of Culicoides Brevitarsis Kieffer (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) During Its Resting Phase". Australian Journal of Zoology 43, n. 5 (1995): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950531.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Culicoides brevitarsis is a biting midge and a vector of several arboviruses affecting livestock in Australia. The effect of habitat on adults during their resting phase in pasture was studied in the Hunter Valley during 1994 and 1995. C. brevitarsis was 21 times more abundant in grass tussocks (Pea sp.) than in pasture grass and its numbers were related positively to the increasing size of these tussocks. High numbers were also found in reed tussocks (Juncus sp.) and grass along the margins of dams. When tussocks were absent in pasture, numbers of C. brevitarsis varied within the pasture grass during the day. More C. brevitarsis were found in grass when no cattle were present. The presence of cattle affected the parous ratio, with 85% of females being parous when cattle were absent and only 38% being parous when cattle were present. Counts in tussocks and grass were lowest and counts in the the air above tussocks were highest 1 h before sunset. After sunset, numbers increased on pasture grass more than in reed tussocks. Numbers in reed tussocks were again high after the morning flight peak the next day. Relationships with weather variables were weak.
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Nieman, Christine C., Daniel M. Schaefer, Michael Maroney, Kathryn Nelson e Kenneth A. Albrecht. "Hepatogenous Photosensitivity Outbreak after Coccidiosis in Grazing Holstein Steers". Veterinary Sciences 7, n. 4 (24 novembre 2020): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040186.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Clinical signs of photosensitivity in cattle can occur sporadically and unpredictably. It is believed that cases of photosensitivity may be underreported, causing inaccurate and inflated reports of mortality. Additionally, because secondary photosensitization in grazing cattle occurs with liver damage or dysfunction, photosensitivity can have many potential or associated causes. This case links a previous occurrence of coccidiosis to an outbreak of photosensitivity in grazing Holstein steers. Grazing management staff first observed clinical signs of photosensitivity 17 days after an outbreak of coccidiosis and subsequent turnout to spring pastures. Clinical signs were observed in 25% of the population. The severity of photosensitivity was variable and ranged from blistered skin on the muzzle to sloughing of unpigmented epidermis and thinly haired regions. Severely affected cattle were removed from pasture, housed under shade, monitored for infection, and recovered without treatment. Mild cases remained on pasture and recovered without treatment. Photosensitivity did not reoccur in the cattle that remained on pasture or in mildly affected cattle returned to pasture. Photosensitivity did not appear to be associated with pasture weeds, a specific forage species, or variable or extreme weather conditions that could have resulted in mycotoxin production. The occurrence appears to have been a result of a previous and concurrent coccidiosis outbreak that caused secondary photosensitization through hepatic lipidosis caused by anorexia and dehydration associated with the severe coccidiosis. Although clinical signs appeared suddenly, cattle recovered quickly and without treatment.
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Murray, Adam R., Richard L. Moore, Mikayla F. Moore, Olga Isengildina-Massa, Scott P. Greiner, Gabriel J. Pent e Thomas B. Wilson. "272 Effect of Frame Size and Supplementation on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Beef Cattle Finished on Novel Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Pastures". Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (8 ottobre 2021): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.257.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Objectives were to investigate the effects of frame score (FS) and supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of cattle finished on novel endophyte-infected fescue pastures. This 2-yr experiment used 80 Angus-sired, crossbred steers and heifers bred for divergent FS. Cattle were allotted to 5 treatments: 1) non-supplemented small frame (S-NON; FS = 3.0 ± 0.9), 2) supplemented small frame (S-SUPP), 3) non-supplemented large frame (L-NON; FS = 4.7 ± 0.6), 4) supplemented large frame (L-SUPP), and 5) grain-based control feedlot ration (CON; FS = 4.2 ± 0.6; target ADG = 1.36 kg/day). Daily rations were delivered individually using Calan gates. Pasture supplement contained corn gluten feed, a commercially available rumen-protected prilled vegetable fat, and dried molasses fed at 0.5% of BW. Treatments started on 7/8/2019 and 5/21/2020, and ended in November of each yr when cattle were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Results were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with main effects of treatment, sire, sex, yr, and yr x treatment, with contrast statements comparing large vs. small frame, pasture supplemented vs. non-supplemented, and control vs. pasture groups. As expected, CON had greater (P < 0.001) growth performance (final BW and ADG) and carcass characteristics (HCW, subcutaneous fat, marbling, dressing percentage (DRESS%) than pasture groups, and tended to have greater (P=0.053) REA. Relative to pasture groups, CON had greater (P < 0.001) Minolta L* and a* lean tissue values, and decreased (P < 0.001) b* values for fat tissue. While non-supplemented cattle had decreased (P = 0.016) yield grades (YG), supplemented cattle had greater (P < 0.050) final BW, ADG, subcutaneous fat, HCW, marbling, and DRESS% compared to non-supplemented cattle. Small framed cattle tender to have decreased (P = 0.056) YG; but, large framed cattle had greater (P = 0.006) HCW, and tended (P = 0.060) to have greater ultrasound subcutaneous fat. Results support low-level supplementation in pasture-finishing systems to improve carcass value.
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Souza, A. A., C. Boin, A. J. Lourenço, M. Q. Manella e L. Suguisawa. "Supplementation of finishing Nellore steers during dry season using byproducts". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200012783.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Beef cattle production based in tropical pasture has a period of low daily weight gains during dry seasons, because the lowest quality and quantity pastures in this period. This study evaluated the effects of protein supplementation in animal performance and carcass characteristics of Nellore cattle on tropical pasture.
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Romero, Marlyn H., Jhoan Barrero-Melendro e Jorge A. Sanchez. "Study of the Feasibility of Proposed Measures to Assess Animal Welfare for Zebu Beef Farms within Pasture-Based Systems under Tropical Conditions". Animals 13, n. 23 (27 novembre 2023): 3659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13233659.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Pasture-based production systems are predominant in major beef-producing countries; however, these systems lack validated protocols to assess animal welfare under commercial conditions. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of the proposed measures and methodology for the evaluation of animal welfare in fattening cattle under pasture conditions. The initial methodology was developed with the participation of producers, professionals, the general public, and the Colombian health authority, through workshops with a participatory approach and collaborative knowledge management. The study was carried out in 24 pasture-based commercial Zebu cattle farms in the middle Magdalena region of Colombia. Visits were made with an average duration of 2.5 h, which included the evaluation of 788 fattening cattle. The methodology evaluated animal-based, resource-based, and management-based indicators through a questionnaire-guided interview to evaluate cattle handling and health, animal-based measurements, and documentation management. A protocol validation process was carried out by selecting indicators that remained unchanged, adjusting those that were feasible to implement, and removing inadequate indicators. The application of the methodology demonstrated that there are feasible measures to include in the evaluation protocols of pasture-based fattening systems. Likewise, the active participation of producers is crucial to achieving a greater commitment to the implementation of this methodology for the assessment of animal welfare in cattle under pasture conditions.
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DREWE, J. A., H. M. O'CONNOR, N. WEBER, R. A. McDONALD e R. J. DELAHAY. "Patterns of direct and indirect contact between cattle and badgers naturally infected with tuberculosis". Epidemiology and Infection 141, n. 7 (25 marzo 2013): 1467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813000691.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SUMMARYTuberculosis (TB) due to infection with Mycobacterium bovis is transmitted between cattle and badgers (Meles meles) in the UK and Ireland but it is unclear where or when transmission occurs. We investigated direct and indirect interactions between badgers and cattle using automated proximity loggers on animals and at badger latrines located on pasture, in an area of south-west England with a high-density badger population. Direct contacts (interactions within 1·4 m) between badgers and cattle at pasture were very rare (four out of >500 000 recorded animal-to-animal contacts) despite ample opportunity for interactions to occur. Indirect interactions (visits to badger latrines by badgers and cattle) were two orders of magnitude more frequent than direct contacts: 400 visits by badgers and 1700 visits by cattle were recorded. This suggests that indirect contacts might be more important than direct contacts in terms of disease transmission at pasture. The TB infection status of individual badgers (ascribed with 93% accuracy using three diagnostic tests) did not affect the frequency or duration of their visits to latrines located on pasture grazed by cattle. Nevertheless, there was wide variation in contact behaviour between individuals, which highlights the importance of understanding heterogeneity in contact patterns when developing strategies to control disease spread in wildlife and livestock.
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Topcu, Yavuz, Mehmet Toparlak e Muhlis Macit. "Impacts of Nutrition and Feeding Programs on Farmers’ Management Decisions Affecting the Success of Dairy Farms with Culture Breed Cattle". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, n. 2 (10 febbraio 2016): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i2.66-72.546.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of the study is to evaluate all the factors determining the milk production and yield decisions with regard to the nutrition and feeding programs affecting the integrated management strategies on the success of the dairy farms with culture breed cattle under the pasture-based and indoor barn-based production systems. For these aims, data obtained from the individual interviews conducted at the dairy farms with 100 culture breed cattle were used for Principal Component and Multiple Regression Analyses. The results of the study highlighted that while there were linear positive relationships among liquid assets of farms value, concentrate feed and fodder intake of dairy cattle, milk sale price, forage crop support, additional feeding and their types at pasture and milk yields per dairy cattle at the dairy farms; there were inverse relationships among hay intake of dairy cattle, lactation period, pasture planning, culture breed cattle support and those. The farmers could increase the successes of the dairy farms by increasing the technical and economic effectiveness under the integrated management pattern approaches at those with culture breed cattle.
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Vladimirovich, Zaitsev Vladimir, e Ahmed Raheem Rayshan. "Biogenic Concentration of Microelements in the Body of Cattle based on Reserves in Pasture Samples (Case Study: The Astrakhan Region)". Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural Sciences 11, n. 4 (22 dicembre 2023): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22194/jgias/23.1153.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Modern animal farming is currently becoming important in the socio-economic development of the Astrakhan region. Physiological characterizes of farm animals especially economic-cattle breeds or population is highly-important for using in breeding program. Concentration of microelements is one of first key point in this identification. Our work presents data from biogeochemical studies of pasture ecosystems (dominant plants of ranges) in the Astrakhan region and its effect on microelement reserves in body (meat, muscles and other tissue). The studies were carried out in 2021 on Simmental cattle. Trace elements in the selected samples of the pasture ecosystem, as well as in the organs and tissues of Simmental cattle were determined by the atomic absorption method. A low rate of trace elements was found in the soil, plants and feed of the ecosystem of the Astrakhan region. In conclusion, the greatest amount in the soil and plants contains manganese and zinc, in the least - selenium. In pasture-samples, the highest content of microelements was found in astragalus (Astragalus mongholicus) as a sample. In addition, a low level of trace elements was found in the organs and tissues of Simmental cattle. Keywords: Cattle, Ecosystem, Hypomicroelementoses, Pasture, Zinc.
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Wolcott, M. L., D. J. Johnston, S. A. Barwick, C. L. Iker, J. M. Thompson e H. M. Burrow. "Genetics of meat quality and carcass traits and the impact of tenderstretching in two tropical beef genotypes". Animal Production Science 49, n. 6 (2009): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08275.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Meat quality and carcass traits were measured for 2180 feedlot finished Brahman (BRAH) and Tropical Composite (TCOMP) steers to investigate genetic and non-genetic influences on shear force, and other meat quality traits. Genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated between carcass and meat quality traits, and with live animal measurements collected in steers from weaning to feedlot exit, and their heifer half-sibs up to their first mating, which were managed in Australia’s tropical or subtropical environments. Left sides of carcasses were tenderstretched (hung by the aitch-bone) while right sides were conventionally hung (by the Achilles tendon). Tenderstretching reduced mean shear force by 1.04 kg, and phenotypic variance by 77% of that observed in conventionally hung sides. Genotype differences existed for carcass traits, with TCOMP carcasses significantly heavier, fatter, with greater eye muscle area, and lower retail beef yield than BRAH. TCOMP had lower shear force, and higher percent intramuscular fat. Meat quality and carcass traits were moderately heritable, with estimates for shear force and compression of 0.33 and 0.19 for BRAH and 0.32 and 0.20 for TCOMP respectively. In both genotypes, estimates of heritability for carcass traits (carcass weight, P8 and rib fat depths, eye muscle area and retail beef yield) were consistently moderate to high (0.21 to 0.56). Shear force and compression were genetically correlated with percent intramuscular fat (r g = –0.26 and –0.57, respectively), and meat colour (r g = –0.41 and –0.68, respectively). For TCOMP, lower shear force was genetically related to decreased carcass P8 fat depth (r g = 0.51). For BRAH steers and heifers measured at pasture, fatness traits and growth rates were genetically correlated with shear force, although the magnitude of these relationships varied with time of measurement. Net feed intake was significantly genetically correlated with carcass rib fat depth (r g = 0.49), eye muscle area (r g = –0.42) and retail beef yield (r g = –0.61). These results demonstrate that selection to improve production and carcass traits can impact meat quality traits in tropically adapted cattle, and that genotype specific evaluations will be necessary to accommodate different genetic relationships between meat quality, carcass and live animal traits.
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Okine, E. K., B. Caskey, R. Corbett, B. Berg e L. A. Goonewardene. "In situ degradabilities of forages selected and not selected by grazing cattle". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, n. 3 (1 settembre 1996): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-067.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The degradation properties of forages may affect the selective grazing behaviour of cattle. Differences in ruminal degradation characteristics were observed between samples of a 50:50 alfalfa:bromegrass mixture which were sampled from selected and not selected portions of the same pasture by grazing cattle. Fraction A and rate of degradation of fraction B were higher for forages from selected than from non-selected portions of the pasture. Key words: Cattle, forage, grazing, selection, degradation
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Ayres, J. F., R. W. Dicker, M. J. McPhee, A. D. Turner, R. D. Murison e P. G. Kamphorst. "Post-weaning growth of cattle in northern New South Wales. 1. Grazing value of temperate perennial pasture grazed by cattle". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, n. 7 (2001): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00096.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper describes the botanical components, seasonal herbage mass, and nutritive value of pastures used for post-weaning growth of CRC cattle at Glen Innes before their progression to subsequent finishing and meat quality studies. The pastures under study comprised introduced temperate perennial species (tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea; phalaris, Phalaris aquatica; perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne; cocksfoot,Dactylis glomerata; white clover, Trifolium repens; and red clover, Trifolium pratense) grazed by yearling cattle and managed according to local practice to maintain herbage mass between pre-determined limits. The study took place on 3 adjacent pasture systems (P1, pasture only; P2, pasture plus formulated pellets fed in later winter–early spring; P3, pasture plus forage crop grazed in later winter–early spring) over the 3 years 1994–96 that included a severe 20-month drought event followed by a drought-recovery phase. Results are discussed in the context of the pasture feed year which was shown to comprise 3 distinct phases: (i) spring primary growth phase, high availability of green herbage mass (2500–4500 kg DM/ha) of very high digestibility (0.80–0.85) and very high N status (about 30 g N/kg DM); (ii) summer–autumn secondary regrowth, high availability of green herbage mass (2500–4000 kg DM/ha) but with only moderate nutritive value (0.65–0.70 digestibility, 15–20 g N/kg DM); and (iii) winter dormancy, low availability of green herbage mass (750–1500 kg DM/ha) but with high nutritive value (0.75–0.80 digestibility, 20–30 g N/kg DM). It was concluded that the limitations of the feed year for yearling cattle in this environment include a feed gap in winter–early spring due to low herbage mass associated with winter cold and a feed gap in summer–autumn associated with moderate nutritive value of secondary regrowth pasture.
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Kilgour, Robert J., Katsuji Uetake, Toshie Ishiwata e Gavin J. Melville. "The behaviour of beef cattle at pasture". Applied Animal Behaviour Science 138, n. 1-2 (aprile 2012): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2011.12.001.
Testo completo
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Boyer, Christopher N., Dayton M. Lambert, Andrew P. Griffith, Christopher D. Clark e Burton English. "Seasonal Hay Feeding for Cattle Production in the Fescue Belt". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 52, n. 1 (22 agosto 2019): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2019.30.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractWe determined how pasture and grazing management practices affected the number of days hay was fed to cattle by season. Data were collected from a survey of Tennessee cattle producers. Days of cattle on hay varied across seasons because of variations in forage production and weather. The number of days hay was fed to cattle varied with pasture-animal management practices such as rotating pastures, forage mixtures, and weed management strategies. Having mixtures of cool- and warm-season grasses reduced the number of days on hay in the winter, spring, and summer months indicating benefits from diversified forages.