Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Retardantes a la llama"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Retardantes a la llama"
Gutiérrez, Leonardo, e Jose H. Mina. "Desarrollo de compuestos XLPE con retardantes de llama de baja toxicidad para aislamiento de cables". TecnoLógicas 22, n. 45 (15 maggio 2019): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22430/22565337.1104.
Testo completoDing, X., J. Liu e W. Wen. "Brominated Flame Retardants in Edible Fishes from Three Gorges Reservoir, China". Tecnología y ciencias del agua 10, n. 4 (16 luglio 2019): 46–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2019-04-03.
Testo completoPeisino, Lucas E., Rosana Gaggino, Jerónimo Kreiker, María Paz Sánchez Amono e Ricardo Arguello. "Ensayo de inflamabilidad de tejas elaboradas a partir de caucho y polietileno reciclados". Arquitecno, n. 10 (23 aprile 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30972/arq.0104221.
Testo completoZapata Rivera, Andrés Mauricio, e Miguel Ricardo Peña Varón. "Modelo CFD para caracterizar el transporte del retardante de llama BDE 99 en una laguna facultativa usada para el tratamiento de aguas residuales municipales". Revista Tecnica De La Facultad De Ingenieria Universidad Del Zulia 43, n. 1 (gennaio 2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22209/rt.v43n1a06.
Testo completoBalaguera-López, Helber Enrique, Fredy Alexander Salamanca-Gutiérrez, Juan Camilo García e Aníbal Herrera-Árevalo. "Etileno y retardantes de la maduración en la poscosecha de productos agrícolas. Una revisión". Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas 8, n. 2 (17 aprile 2015): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2014v8i2.3222.
Testo completoMouco, Maria Aparecida do Carmo, Elizabeth Orika Ono e João Domingos Rodrigues. "Inibidores de síntese de giberelinas e crescimento de mudas de mangueira 'Tommy Atkins'". Ciência Rural 40, n. 2 (febbraio 2010): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782010000200004.
Testo completoLima, Daiane Cristina de, Adilson Pacheco de Souza, Fernando Gonçalves Cabeceira, Josiane Fernandes Keffer, Mariana Pizzatto e Daniela Roberta Borella. "Volume de calda e concentração de retardantes do fogo em queimas controladas em área de eucalipto na transição Cerrado-Amazônia". Ciência Florestal 30, n. 1 (6 aprile 2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509838583.
Testo completoMartins, Priscila Alves, Ticiane Sanches Valera e Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório. "Estudo de sistemas retardantes de Chama sem Bromo para ABS". Polímeros 24, n. 5 (12 settembre 2014): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.1422.
Testo completoLevandoski, Justin, David Lomet e Sudipta Sengupta. "LLAMA". Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 6, n. 10 (26 agosto 2013): 877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/2536206.2536215.
Testo completoFiedler, Nilton Cesar, Weslen Pintor Canzian, Reginaldo Gonçalves Mafia, Guido Assunção Ribeiro e Jair Krause Junior. "INTENSIDADE DE QUEIMA DE DIFERENTES RETARDANTES DE FOGO". Revista Árvore 39, n. 4 (agosto 2015): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622015000400011.
Testo completoTesi sul tema "Retardantes a la llama"
Martín, Moreno Cristina. "Síntesis de polímeros organoborados retardantes a la llama". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9001.
Testo completosintéticos ha aumentado de forma importante debido a la multitud de aplicaciones, pero la
mayoría de ellos son extremadamente inflamables y en presencia de una fuente de calor y de xígeno se queman fácil y rápidamente.
La estrategia comúnmente más utilizada para minimizar la inflamabilidad de un
material, es la incorporación de sustancias retardamtes a la llama. Aunque en los últimos años ha habido un incremento en el número de heteroelementos utilizados en compuestos
retardantes a la llama, el mercado está todavía dominado por compuestos que contienen
halógenos, especialmente cloro y bromo. Estos compuestos, son muy efectivos ya sea como
aditivos o como reactivos pero presentan un inconveniente importante: incrementan las
cantidades de humos y productos de descomposición tóxicos que se desprenden durante la
combustión del polímero. Es por ello, que cada vez más se están dedicando grandes esfuerzos en investigación a la búsqueda de nuevos retardantes a la llama libres de halógenos, que
respeten el medio ambiente y no resulten agresivos.
El ácido bórico y sus sales han sido empleados como aditivos retardantes a la llama
desde 1800. La mayoría de retardantes a la llama que contienen boro se descomponen
térmicamente generando ácido bórico liberando agua en una reacción endotérmica, por tanto, pueden actuar como retardantes físicos al absorber calor en el proceso de descomposición,
diluir los volátiles en la fase gaseosa o formar una capa de vapor de agua sobre la fase sólida.
Además, el ácido bórico puede actuar formando un recubrimiento intumescente que
incrementa la efectividad de la capa protectora. Estos compuestos de boro son los más
utilizados, ya que resultan baratos y de amplia aplicación, pero presentan, al igual que todos
los aditivos, multiples desventajas frente a los reactivos retardantes a la llama. Los
compuestos organoborados que actúan como reactivos retardantes a la llama, no han sido
estudiados hasta, relativamente, hace poco tiempo, sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos
sobre la retardancia a la llama, en los diferentes polímeros modificados químicamente con
compuestos de boro, han sido satisfactorios.
Como objetivo general de este trabajo, se planteó la obtención de nuevos sistemas
poliméricos termoestables resistentes al fuego, libres de halógenos, sin detrimento de las
propiedades del material y que respeten el medio ambiente. Para ello se sintetizaron y
caracterizaron tres nuevos tipos de sistemas poliméricos basados en:
- Resinas novolaca con boro, obtenidas por modificación química de una resina
novolaca comercial con dos compuestos organoborados: bis(benzo-1,3,2-
dioxaborolanilo) y óxido de bis(4,4,5,5-tetrametil-1,3,2-dioxaborolanilo).
Posteriormente, con la finalidad de mejorar sus propiedades mecánicas, estas resinas
se entrecruzaron con hexametilentetraamina (HMTA) y diglicidil éter de bisfenol A
(DGEBA).
- Resinas epoxi-novolaca modificadas con compuestos organoborados y
posteriormente entrecruzadas térmicamente con catalizador.
- Polímeros estirénicos preparados a partir de monómeros que contienen boro.
Finalmente, se evaluaron las propiedades térmicas, termodinamomecánicas y de
retardancia a la llama de los sistemas anteriormente comentados. Pudiéndose concluir que el entrecruzamiento de las resinas novolaca con HMTA o DGEBA y de las epoxi-novolaca en presencia de un catalizador, permite obtener materiales con una buena integridad mecánica, permitiendo así establecer relaciones cualitativas de niveles de entrecruzamiento. La degradación térmica de las resinas modificadas con boro: resinas novolaca y resinas epoxinovolaca, y de los polímeros estirénicos borados, genera ácido bórico a elevadas temperaturas formando un residuo intumescente que retarda el proceso de degradación y evita que ésta sea total. Las resinas novolaca organoboradas, con contenidos de boro entre 2 y 4%, presentan excelentes propiedades de retardancia a la llama. En cambio, los polímeros estirénicos borados necesitan contenidos de al menos el 3% para manifestar buenas propiedades retardantes a la llama.
Although in the last decade there has been an increase in the number of heteroelements
used in flame retardants, the commercial market is still dominated by compounds containing halogens, notably chlorine and bromine. They are exceptionally efficient and may be incorporated as either additives or as reactives, but they do have such clear disadvantages as the generation of toxic and corrosive gases during thermal degradation. Recent developments in the chemistry of halogen-free flame retardant polymers involve polymers or reactive monomers that are inherently flame retarding such as those containing P, Si, B, N and other miscellaneous elements.
Boric acid and borate salts have been used as flame retardant additives since the early
1800s. Borates are effective flame retardants because impenetrable glass coatings form when they thermally degrade. The glass coatings form on the surface, and can contribute to the intumescent effect, because they exclude oxygen and prevent further propagation of
combustion. The water of hydration is lost by endothermic decomposition and therefore both dilutes and cools, by absorbing the thermal energy from the flame. However, additives have the disadvantage that they have to be used in relatively high concentrations (typically 30% by weight, or more) and this may affect the physical and mechanical properties of the polymers.
Also, additives may be leached, or may volatilise from the polymer during service. The
alternative strategy is to use reactive flame retardants, via copolymerization or some other
type of chemical modification (i.e. flame retardant groups that are inherently part of the
polymer backbone or that are covalently attached as side groups to the polymer).
The main aim of the present thesis is to develop new environment friendly flame
retardant thermosets, which are halogen free and have the good thermal and mechanical
properties of some standard materials. Synthetic approaches introduce boron into the
backbone of various polymers, so this main aim can be divided into four subsidiary aims:
− To synthesize and characterize boron-containing novolac resins obtained by
modifying novolac with organoboron compounds. These polymers were further
crosslinked with HMTA and DGEBA
− To synthesize and characterize epoxy-novolac resins, which are then further modified
with boron
− To synthesize and characterize boron-containing styrene monomers, which are then
further polymerized and copolymerized with styrene
− To evaluate the thermal, mechanical and flame retardancy properties of all the
polymeric systems synthesized
The conclusions drawn from the various studies of the present thesis can be summarized
as follows:
− The modification of the commercial novolac resin with organoboron compound
reaches a plateau at a modification degree of 65%
− The crosslinking of boron-modified novolac resin with HMTA is slower and less
extensive than that of commercial novolac resin because of the nitrogen coordination
from intermediate species with boron
− The crosslinking of commercial novolac resins with DGEBA needs a catalyst to be
added while the crosslinking of boron-containing novolac resins does not because the
boron itself acts as a catalyst
− The epoxy-novolac resins react with boron compounds mainly through the hydroxylic groups from halohydrin and opened glycidylic groups
− The thermal degradation of boron-containing novolac resins, boron-containing epoxynovolac resins and boron-containing styrenic polymers generates boric acid at high
temperatures to give an intumescent char that slows down the degradation and
prevents it from being total
− Novolac resins modified with boron content between 2 and 4%, show high LOI values
(above 38%)
− Boron-containing styrenic polymers show LOI values that increase with boron content
but boron contents need to be above 3% to achieve good flame retardant properties.
Espinosa, Fernandez Manuel Alejandro. "Nuevos polímeros retardantes a la llama: sistemas novolaca-benzoxazina-epoxi". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8991.
Testo completoEl objetivo general de este trabajo ha consistido en el desarrollo de nuevos sistemas poliméricos termoestables resistentes al fuego, sin detrimento de las propiedades del material y no agresivos medioambientalmente. Se pretende mejorar las buenas propiedades de algunos materiales estándar actualmente empleados, resinas fenólicas y resinas epoxi, pero introduciendo la condición de no inflamabilidad mediante nuevos sistemas de ignifugación, basados en fósforo y nitrógeno, alternativos a los sistemas halogenados clásicos ampliamente utilizados en la actualidad, mucho más tóxicos y peligrosos para el medioambiente que los que se proponen como alternativa en este estudio. Para ello se ha llevado la síntesis y caracterización de sistemas entrecruzados basados en resina novolaca modificados en diferentes proporciones con anillos del tipo benzoxazina, utilizando un nuevo método de síntesis basado en el uso de 1,3,5-trifenilhexahidro-1,3,5-triazina. Se ha estudiado mediante calorimetría diferencial de barrido su comportamiento térmico así como la influencia que tienen los catalizadores en la temperatura de apertura de los anillos de benzoxazina. La estabilidad térmica de estos compuestos se ha estudiado mediante análisis termogravimétrico en atmósfera de nitrógeno y de aire. Estos sistemas presentan buena estabilidad térmica, aunque el tanto por ciento de modificación no parece influir en las propiedades térmicas de estos. Mediante análisis dinamomecánico se ha descrito que la modificación de resinas novolaca con anillos de benzoxazina permite obtener materiales con una buena integridad mecánica, pudiéndose establecer relaciones cualitativas de niveles de entrecruzamiento. La retardancia a la llama de estos materiales ha sido V-O y V-1 en función del grado de modificación según el test de inflamabilidad UL-94 V.
En este trabajo también se han sintetizado compuestos epoxifosforilados para modificar los sistemas novolaca y novolaca-benzoxazina y estudiar sus propiedades térmicas, mecánicas e ignífugas. Estos glicidilos no contienen enlaces hidrolíticamente inestables y poseen óxido de fosfina en su estructura. Se ha sintetizado un nuevo monoglicidilfosfinato, el 10-óxido de 10-(2,3-epoxipropil)-9,10-dihidro-9-oxa-10-fosfafenantreno (DOPOGly) y un diglicidilo alifático que contiene óxido de fosfina en su estructura, el óxido de isobutilbis(glicidilpropiléter)fosfina (IHPOGly). El entrecruzamiento de resinas novolaca y novolaca-benzoxazina con DOPOGly y IHPOGly lleva a sistemas novolaca-epoxi y novolaca-benzoxazina-epoxi con distinto contenido de fósforo y diferente densidad de entrecruzamiento que no desprenden volátiles en la reacción de polimerización. Se ha podido ver mediante análisis termogravimétrico que la incorporación de enlaces C-P en estos sistemas disminuyen la estabilidad térmica de estos, a la vez que el contenido final de fósforo en los polímeros no influye en el resto carbonado a 800ºC en atmósfera inerte y si lo aumenta en atmósfera oxidante. Los sistemas novolaca-epoxifosforada presentan menor velocidad de degradación a grados de conversión elevados de acuerdo con la propuesta de formación de un residuo intumescente mientras que los sistemas novolaca-benzoxazina-epoxi presentan un mecanismo de descomposición complejo y no pueden relacionarse con la presencia de este. Al igual que en los sistemas novolaca-benzoxazina, se han podido establecer relaciones cualitativas de niveles de entrecruzamiento para los sistemas novolaca-benzoxazina-DOPOGly. Para los sistemas novolaca-IHPOGly y novolaca-benzoxazina-IHPOGly se han podido determinar la temperatura de transición vítrea que no había sido posible determinar por DSC y también las temperaturas de las transiciones secundarias que se han relacionado con la estructura química de los materiales. Finalmente, la adición de compuestos organofosforados a los sistemas novolaca y novolaca-benzoxazina de mayor grado de modificación, mejora su retardancia a la llama alcanzándose grados V-0 según el test UL-94 V.
Natural and synthetic organic polymers are inherently combustible and in presence of heat and oxygen source burn easy and quickly. Although in the last years there has been an increment in the number of heteroatoms used in flame retardant compounds, the market is still dominated especially by compounds that contain halogens, like chlorine and bromine. These compounds are exceptionally troops but they have the shortcommings as the increase in the quantities of smoke and toxic gases and corrosive decomposition products that come off during the polymer combustion. As alternative to these a new class of thermostable resins chemically based in 3,4-dyhidro-2H-1,3-benzoxazines has arisen. Its synthesis is of great simplicity and it is carried out by formaldehyde condensation with phenols in presence of aromatic amines in a fixed molar relationship. At the same time another of the approaches used recently has been the use of organophosphorated compounds that have demonstrated good capacity like flame retardants for epoxy resins because they generate less toxic gases and smoke that the halogenated compounds.
The general objective of this work has been the development of new fire retardant thermosettings systems, keeping the material properties and environmentally friendly. The goals is to improve the good properties of some standard materials, phenolic and epoxy resins, but introducing the non inflammability character by means of new ignifugation systems, based on phosphorous and nitrogen, alternative to the classic halogenated systems widely used at the present time. The synthesis and characterization of novolac resin systems modified in different proportions with benzoxazine rings, using a new synthetic method based on the use of 1,3,5-triphenilhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine has been carried out. Their thermal behavior has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry as well as the influence that catalysts have in the ring opening reaction of benzoxazine rings. The thermal stability of these compounds has been studied using thermogravimetric analysis under nitrogen and air atmosphere. These systems show good thermal stability, and the chemical modification seem not to influence the thermal properties. Materials with good mechanical integrity have been obtained from the novolac-benzoxazine resins. Dynamomechanical analysis allowed us to establish qualitative relationships of crosslinking density and modification degree. V-O and V-1 were obtained when the materials were tested to according to the UL-94 V flammability test.
Moreover, in this work, two epoxyphosphorated compounds have also been synthesized to modify novolac and novolac-benzoxazine systems and to study its thermal, mechanical and fireproof properties: 10-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPOGly), and an aliphatic diglycidilic compound that contains phosphine oxide moieties in its structure, isobutylbis(glycidylpropylether) phosphine oxide (IHPOGly). These glycidylic compounds do not contain hydrolytically unstable bonds and possess phosphine oxide moieties in their structure. Novolac and novolac-benzoxazine resins crosslinked with DOPOGly and IHPOGly lead to systems with different phosphorous content and different crosslinking density. By means of thermogravimetric analysis it has been shown that the incorporation of C-P bonds in these systems diminishes their thermal stability. Moreover the char yield at 800ºC increased with the phosphorous content under air atmosphere, while it do not undergo significative changes under nitrogen atmosphere. Novolac-epoxy phosphorated systems show lower degradation rate at high conversion degrees than the non-phosphorous systems according to the formation of an intumescent char. The novolac-benzoxazine-epoxy systems show a complex decomposition mechanism that cannot be related to the presence of phosphorous. Like in novolac-benzoxazine systems, for the novolac-benzoxazine-DOPOGly systems we have been able to establish qualitative relationships of crosslinking levels. For novolac-IHPOGly and novolac-benzoxazine-IHPOGly systems the glass transition temperature have been measured by DMA. Moreover secondary relaxations that have been observed and related to the chemical structure of the materials. Finally, the addition of organophosphorated compounds to novolac and novolac-benzoxazine systems improves its flame retardancy and degrees V-0 according to the UL-94 V test have been reached.
Spontón, Marisa Elisabet. "Resinas epoxi y benzoxazinas fosforadas y sililadas retardantes a la llama". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9027.
Testo completoEl objetivo general de este trabajo ha sido el desarrollo de nuevos sistemas poliméricos termoestables resistentes al fuego, sin detrimento en las propiedades del material y no agresivos medioambientalmente. Se pretende mejorar las buenas propiedades de algunos materiales estándar actualmente empleados, tales como resinas epoxi y resinas fenólicas, pero introduciendo la condición de no inflamabilidad mediante nuevos sistemas de ignifugación alternativos a los sistemas halogenados clásicos. Para ello se propone la síntesis y caracterización de nuevos tipos de sistemas en los que se ha incorporado fósforo y/o silicio a resinas epoxi y benzoxazinas y se han evaluado sus propiedades. Se sintetizó diglicidiléter de 2,5 (dihidroxifenil)difenilfosfina (Gly‐P) y se investigó su comportamiento térmico y su reactividad. Se examino la incorporación de diferentes cantidades de fósforo en la resina epoxi por curado del Gly‐P/DGEBA con DDM. También fueron preparadas resinas epoxi conteniendo distintas proporciones de fósforo y silicio en su estructura poniendo de manifiesto el Gly‐P, fenildiglicidiloximetilsilano (Gly-Si) y/o 1,4(glicidiloxidimetilsilil) benceno (BGDMSB) como monómeros epoxi y diaminodifenilmetano (DDM), óxido bis(m‐aminofenil)metilfosfina (BAMPO) y bis(4aminofenoxi) dimetil silano (APDS) como agentes de curado. Se evaluaron sus propiedades térmicas, dinamomecánicas y de retardancia a la llama. Utilizando el índice limitante de oxígeno (LOI) se confirmo que las resinas epoxi que contienen heteroátomos son eficientes retardantes a la llama, pero no se observó efecto sinérgico. Por otro lado, en este trabajo, se incorporó el fósforo en la estructura de la benzoxazina derivada del óxido de bis(m‐aminofenil)metilfosfina (Bz‐BAMPO) utilizando un método sintético en tres etapas a partir de la diamina BAMPO y del 2‐hidroxibenzaldehído como productos de partida. Se estudió su cinética de curado por análisis isoconversional y por espectroscopía de IR. También, se estudió la copolimerización de Bz‐BAMPO con la benzoxazina derivada del bisfenol A y el diglicidiléter de bisfenol A (DGEBA) con diferentes proporciones de fósforo. Se evaluaron sus propiedades térmicas y dinamomecánicas y se determinaron los valores del LOI que dieron buenas propiedades en la retardancia a la llama.
Otra alternativa para incorporar fósforo o silicio en los sistemas de benzoxazina ha sido por copolimerización de la benzoxazina derivada del bisfenol A con el Gly‐P y el Gly‐Si. Así, se han preparado sistemas benzoxazinas‐epoxi con distinto contenido de fósforo o silicio. Se evaluaron sus propiedades térmicas, dinamomecánicas y se determinaron los valores del LOI poniendo de manifiesto el notable efecto del fósforo y la baja eficiencia del silicio.
During the last decades much work has been concentrated on developing new flameretardant materials with high performance for applications such as, electronic and aerospace industries. These must exhibit high glass transition temperature, low internal stress, good adhesion, low constant dielectric, low toxicity and high flame retardancy. The bromine‐containing epoxy, are found among the most used polymers in the manufacture of electronic devices. However, the bromine‐containing advanced epoxy resin release hydrogen bromide, dibenzo‐p‐dioxin and dibenzo‐furan during combustion, which cause corrosion and toxicity. The concept of sustainable development requires fire retardant technologies to be developed, which have minimum impact on health and the environment. The incorporation of phosphorus or silicon functionality in the polymeric structure is recognized as one of the most efficient ways to obtain an environmentally friendly flame retardant system.
The general objective of this work has been the development of new fire retardant thermosettings systems, keeping the material properties and environmentally friendly, The goals is to improve the good properties of some standard materials, phenolic and epoxy resins, but introducing the non inflammability character by means of new ignifugation systems, alternative to the classic halogenated systems. We propose the synthesis and characterization of new types of flame retardant systems ‐phosphorus‐and/or silicon containing in the structure of epoxy resins and polybenzoxazines and we evaluated their properties. We synthesized the diglycidyl ether of (2,5‐dihydroxyphenyl)diphenyl phosphine oxide (Gly‐P) and we investigated its thermal behaviour and reactivity. We examined the incorporation of different amounts of phosphorus into the epoxy resin by curing the Gly‐P/DGEBA system with DDM. Also, phosphorus and silicon‐containing epoxy resins were prepared from (2,5‐dihydroxyphenyl) diphenyl phosphine oxide (Gly‐P), diglycidyloxy methylphenyl silane (Gly‐Si) and 1,4‐bis(glycidyloxidimethyl silyl)‐benzene (BGDMSB) as epoxy monomers and diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) , bis(3‐aminophenyl)methyl phosphine oxide (BAMPO) and bis(4‐aminophenoxy)dimethyl silane (APDS) as curing agents. Epoxy resins with different phosphorus and silicon content were obtained. Their thermal, dynamic mechanical and flame retardant properties were evaluated. The high Limiting oxygen index (LOI) values confirmed that epoxy resins heteroatom‐containing are effective flame retardants, but a synergistic efficiency of phosphorus and silicon on flame retardation was not observed.
Moreover, in this work, a the phosphoru was incorporated into the structure of the benzoxazine in the form of phenylphosphine oxide thus a diamine‐based benzoxazine was obtained using a three‐step synthetic method from the aromatic diamine and 2hydroxybenzaldehyde as starting materials. Curing kinetics was investigated by nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates and by FTIR spectroscopy. The curing of mixtures of bis(m‐aminophenyl)methylphosphine oxide based benzoxazine and glycidylether or benzoxazine of bisphenol A has been studied. In all samples the molar ratio of benzoxazine monomers or the benzoxazine‐epoxy system was varied to achieve different phosphorus content. The phosphorus‐containing polybenzoxazines have been characterized by dynamic mechanical and thermogravimetric analysis. Limiting oxygen index values indicate good flame retardant properties.
Another alternative to incorporate phosphorus or silicon in benzoxazine‐epoxy systems have been by copolymerisation of the benzoxazine of bisfenol A with Gly‐P and Gly‐Si. In all samples the molar ratio of the benzoxazine‐epoxy system was varied to achieve different phosphorus or silicon content. Their thermal, dynamomechanical and flame retardant properties were evaluated. The high limiting oxygen index values confirmed that the phosphorus‐containing benzoxazine‐epoxy resins are effective flame retardants, but no efficiency of silicon on flame retardation was observed.
Mercado, Roca Luis Adolfo. "Resinas epoxi sililadas retardantes a la llama. Síntesis, caracterización y propiedades". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9002.
Testo completoEn los últimos años se han descrito algunas aproximaciones sobre resinas epoxi con silicio unido covalentemente a la matriz polimérica. Así, han sido descritas modificaciones sobre resinas epoxi comerciales y copolimerizaciones de monómeros glicidílicos que contienen silicio con resinas epoxi comerciales, consiguiéndose una mejora de las propiedades retardantes a la llama sin sacrificar las propiedades mecánicas de la resina curada.
En este trabajo se ha planteado como objetivo general el desarrollo de resinas epoxi basadas en silicio con propiedades retardantes a la llama. Así, se ha llevado a cabo la síntesis de monómeros glicidílicos que contienen silicio en su estructura. Para establecer una relación entre la presencia y proporción del silicio y las propiedades físicas de los materiales resultantes, se han preparado polímeros termoestables a partir de mezclas de un glicidilo comercial con los monómeros que contienen silicio así como prepolímeros obtenidos a través de reacciones de crecimiento de cadena entre el DGEBA y un silanodiol. También se han sintetizado monómeros y agentes de curado que contienen fósforo en su estructura y se han preparado polímeros termoestables que contengan ambos heteroátomos. Con objeto de estudiar el mecanismo de reacción de monómeros que contienen silicio con aminas primarias, se ha sintetizado un monómero sililado monofuncional, fenilglicidiloxidimetilsilano (GDMPS), y se ha comparado su reactividad frente a una amina primaria, anilina, con la de un glicidilo comercial, fenilglicidiléter (PGE). El estudio cinético fue llevado a cabo mediante NIR y aplicando a los datos espectrales obtenidos métodos de análisis multivariante de resolución de curvas (MCR-ALS). Se ha llevado a cabo el estudio cinético del curado de un diglicidilo que contiene silicio, fenildiglicidiloximetilsilano (DGPMS), y de las mezclas de éste con DGEBA con una diamina primaria, DDM, mediante DSC isotérmico y dinámico. Además, se han estudiado los fenómenos de gelificacion y vitrificación de estos sistemas mediante DMTA en modo cizalla y TMDSC. Se han preparado polímeros termoestables y se han evaluado sus propiedades termodinamomecánicas, térmicas y de retardancia a la llama. Las propiedades termodinamomecánicas han sido estudiadas mediante DMTA en modo de flexión. La estabilidad térmica de estos compuestos se ha estudiado mediante análisis termogravimétrico en atmósfera de nitrógeno y de aire. Las propiedades de retardancia a la llama fueron evaluadas mediante el test ASTM-D-2683 del índice de oxígeno limitante (LOI). Finalmente, se ha estudiado la degradación térmica de los polímeros obtenidos para establecer el modo de actuación del silicio durante la degradación. Para ello, se ha realizado el estudio cinético de la degradación a partir datos obtenidos por TGA, estudios de las etapas iniciales de la degradación mediante quimioluminiscencia (QL) y la caracterización de los productos formados por TGA-MS, GC-MS, ATR-FTIR y DRX.
De los resultados obtenidos se han podido establecer las siguientes conclusiones: (1) Se ha determinado que la presencia del silicio produce un aumento en la reactividad del epóxido probablemente debido a efectos electrónicos. Esta mayor reactividad además reduce la importancia del camino autocatalítico en el curado con aminas primarias. (2) Las resinas epoxi sililadas termoestables muestran una disminución de la Tg y de la densidad de entrecruzamiento con el incremento del porcentaje de silicio.
Esta disminución está relacionada con un aumento del volumen libre debido a la mayor longitud de los enlaces Si-O. (3) Los polímeros termoestables que contienen silicio muestran un incremento del LOI a partir de un contenido de silicio del 3%. En los polímeros que contienen silicio y fósforo, se encontraron evidencias de la existencia de sinergia entre los dos heteroátomos. (4) La degradación de los polímeros que contienen silicio, tanto en atmósfera inerte como oxidante, conlleva la formación de oligómeros cíclicos de fenilmetilsiloxano, lo que implica que parte del silicio abandona la fase condensada. El residuo contiene silicio como SiO2, formando probablemente una capa aislante que actúa como barrera térmica y de transferencia de masa disminuyendo de esta manera la producción de volátiles.
The epoxy resins are widely used in coatings, adhesives, composites, etc. In some applications of epoxy resins special and versatile features are required, such as high adhesion to the substrates, low shrinkage, low thermal stress after curing, toughness, chemical resistance and low flammability. The flammability of epoxy resins is the main drawback in their application. Some flame retardants compounds, such as brominebased compounds, antimony oxides, phosphorous-halogen compounds etc. are incorporated in the epoxy resins to reduce their flammability. These compounds are exceptionally efficient but they have the inconvenience that they increase the smoke and toxic and corrosive gas evolution during the combustion of the polymer. For these drawbacks in the last years it has been increased the investigation of other heteroatoms like flame retardants to replace the halogens.
Some approaches about epoxy resins with silicon covalently bonded to the polymeric matrix have been reported. In this way, modifications of commercial epoxy resins and copolymerizations of silicon-based monomers with commercial epoxy resins giving to good flame retardancy, thermal and mechanical properties have been reported.
The aim of this thesis is the development of novel fire retardant silicon-based epoxy resins. Glycidyl monomers with silicon in their structure, prepolymers obtained by mean of growth of chain reactions between diphenyl silanediol and diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and a phosphorous-containing glycidyl monomer and two phosphorilated diamines were synthesized. Thermoset polymers were obtained from curing reactions of the compounds synthesized. To study the reaction kinetics of silicon-containing epoxy monomer with primary amines, a monofunctional silicon-containing epoxy monomer has been sinthesized, glycidyloxydimethylphenyl silane (GDMPS), and its reactivity with a primary amine, aniline, has been compared with that of a commercial epoxy monomer, phenylglycidylether (PGE). Kinetics studies were carried out by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) and applying to the spectral data obtained the multivariate resolution of curves methods. Likewise, the kinetic and curing behaviour studies for the difunctional silicon-containing epoxy monomer, diglycidyloxyphenylmethyl silane (DGPMS), and the mixtures of this monomer with DGEBA with a primary diamine, 4,4'- diaminediphenylmethane (DDM), have been carried out by means of isothermal and dynamic DSC. The gelation and vitrification for these systems have been studied by thermodinamechanical analysis (DMTA) with a shear sandwich clamp and modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC).
The relationship between the amount of silicon and the thermodinamomechanical, thermal and flame retardancy properties of the thermoset materials obtained have been established. Thermoset materials were obtained from mixtures of commercial glycidyl monomer, DGEBA, with a silicon-containing glycidyl monomer, diglycidyloxyphenylmethyl silane (DGPMS), and their properties have been evaluated.
Thermodinamomechanical properties have been evaluated by DMTA using a 3-point bending clamp. The thermal stability have been analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in nitrogen and air atmospheres. The flame retardant properties have been evaluated by means of ASTM-D-2683, the limiting oxygen index test (LOI).
Finally, the thermal degradation of the silicon-containing polymers has been investigated by means of chemiluminiscence (CL), TGA-MS, GC-MS, ATR-FTIR and
DRX.
From the results obtained the following conclusions can be infered: (1) The silicon occurrence increases the reactivity of the epoxide due to electronic effects. This higher reactivity also reduces the importance of the autocatalytic path in the curing reactions with primary amines. (2) The thermoset epoxy resins showed a decrease in the Tg and the crosslinking density when the amount of silicon increases. This decrease is related with an increase of the free volume due to the Si-O and Si-C bonds. (3) The siliconcontaining thermosets show an increment of the LOI for silicon contents higher than 3%. In the polymers that contain silicon and phosphorous, there are evidences of the synergyc effect. (4) During the degradation of the silicon-containing materials in both, nitrogen and air atmospheres, cyclic siloxane oligomers were released. A silicon oxide rich char is formed, probably forming an insulating layer.
Barón, González Enrique. "Evaluación del impacto ambiental asociado al uso de nuevos retardantes de llama". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/346347.
Testo completoHalogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are present in a wide range of materials, such as furniture, textiles, electronic equipment, and so on. They are continuously entering the environment since its demand is increasing every year. Even if some HFRs have been banned, other alternative FRs appeared as replacements. Information regarding the occurrence, behavior and effects of alternative HFRs such as dechlorane plus and related compounds is still scarce even though they have been used for many years. Firstly, two sensitive and selective methodologies by GC-MS-MS were developed for the analysis of HFRs in several environmental and biological matrices. Sediments from different areas were analyzed, representing the first report of HNs in European sediments. Moreover, sludge from various wastewater treatment plants from Spain was also analyzed, representing the first report of Dec 603 in sludge worldwide and showing that DP dominates the HN profile in sludge. Furthermore, DBDPE and BDE-209 concentrations were in the same order, as observed also in sediments. After determining its presence in environmental matrices next logical step was the analysis of species corresponding to different trophic chains. A total of 30 different species from aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems were studied and target compounds were detected in almost all of them, showing their worldwide presence and bioaccumulation capacity. Concentrations showed a geographical dependent behavior, and in addition HNs were detected in areas far away from production sources. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification capacities were also evaluated. Dec 602 showed similar behavior than BDE-47, while Dec 603 and DP were closer to BDE-209. Overall, it seems that more attention should be paid to HNs due to their presence in a wide range of species, and to Dec 602 in particular considering its high concentrations in biota. Furthermore, tissue specific accumulation (blubber-brain) was observed for some compounds. As regards time trends, decrease in PBDE concentrations in birds, especially the components included in the Penta-BDE mixture, was observed. On the contrary, HNs concentrations did not change during the decade studied. Finally, toxicological effects of Deca-BDE and DP commercial mixtures were evaluated. DP caused similar or even higher damage than BDE-209 at lower concentrations.
Guerra, Gómez Paula. "Análisis de retardantes de llama emergentes y su impacto en el medio ambiente y en humanos". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/21772.
Testo completoIn recent years chemical pollution research has focused on the study of pollutants that pose a risk to human and/or environmental health due to their toxicity, high persistence in environment and bioaccumulatioin properties. One issue with these substances, including the halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) is that they are continually introduced into the environment from industrial production, use in various consumer products, and releases during recycling and/or disposal. In recent decades, studies on HFRs, particularly on polybrominatedbiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have increased worldwide, mainly due to their persistence and presence in various matrices. Currently, two of the PBDEs technical products (PentaPBDE and OctaBDE) are being eliminated or have been banned in North America and Europe, while DecaBDE has been banned in Europe. In U.S. DecaBDE production, import and sale will be discontinued in late 2013. After consumption and production decline of PBDEs, other flame retardants are used increasingly to replace them. The Environmental Forum of the Bromine Science (BSEF) of 2001 indicated that the use of HFRs was led by tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) (59%), and that hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) also showed an increase in use worldwide. Therefore, it is important to develop evaluation studies of environmental risk for these substances. This requires detailed information about their presence, fate and transformation in the environment, in order to evaluate the possible exposure of humans and other organisms to these compounds. To achieve this information, the first essential step is to have reliable analytical methods sensitive enough to determine environmental levels. At the beginning of my thesis “Analysis of emerging halogenated flame retardants and its impact on the environment and humans” in 2006, research groups involved in the issue of HFRs started with the optimization of methods for analysis of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in environmental matrices. Once the scientific community has provided sufficient data on presence, fate, behavior and toxicity of these compounds, we can evaluate whether it is advisable to continue using these HFRs or if, on the contrary, these new emerging HFRs are also detrimental enough to environmental and/or human health that they should also be banned, as were their PBDEs predecessors.
Montero, de Espinosa Meléndez Lucas. "Plant oils as renewable precursors of thermosetting and flame retardant polymers". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9039.
Testo completoThe main objective of this thesis is the synthesis of polymers using as starting reagents plant oil based chemicals. In the first part, different thermosetting polymers were synthesized through chemical modifications of commercial high oleic sunflower oil followed by cross-link via aza-Michael addition and radical polymerization. A thorough study of the aza-Michael cross-link reaction with model compounds showed that depending on the temperature and the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst quinoline rings can be formed as cross-link points. In the second part, high oleic sunflower oil was used for the synthesis of cross-linked polymers containing phosphorus functional groups via radical polymerization that showed improved flame retardancy. Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization was used for the synthesis of linear and cross-linked polymers with phosphorus containing functional groups using 10-undecenoic acid (castor oil derived). These polymers showed and improved flame retardancy. As a general conclusion, plant oils could be used as renewable reagents for the synthesis of linear and cross-linked polymers.
Ortuño, García Nuria. "Descomposición térmica de residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos: estudio cinético y formación de contaminantes". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/41605.
Testo completoCequier, Manciñeiras Enrique. "Identifying human exposure pathways to flame retardants". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283285.
Testo completoEl objetivo principal de esta tesis consiste en mejorar la comprensión de cómo y en qué medida los retardantes de llama (FR), tanto los heredados como los emergentes, que están incorporados en los artículos de uso diario y materiales de construcción, entran en los seres humanos. Para ello, un grupo de 48 madres y sus hijos/as (6-12 años), resididentes en el área metropolitana de Oslo (Noruega), participaron en el estudio. Se recogieron muestras biológicas de sangre (sólo de las madres) y orina, y muestras de polvo y aire del interior de las viviendas. Para la determinación de FR persistentes en sangre se desarrollló un método basado en GC-MS y un segundo método basado en UPLC-TOF para la determinación de metabolitos de los FRs excretados en la orina. Los principales FR persistentes detectados en sangre fueron: anti-Dechlorane Plus (0.85 ng/g lípido) > BDE -153 (0.82 ng/g lípido) > BDE -47 (0.49 ng/g lípido) > syn-Dechlorane Plus (0.45 ng/g lípido). La suma de los FR emergentes resultó en concentraciones comparables a la suma de los difenil éteres polibromados, siendo los productos alimentarios una de las fuentes más importantes de FR en este estudio. Los dos principales metabolitos detectados en la orina de los hijos/as y las madres fueron difenil fosfato (1 ng/ml) y bis(1,3-dicloro-2-propil) fosfato (0.2-0.3 ng/ml). Se encontró una estrecha relación entre las concentraciones de estos dos metabolitos en la orina de los niños y las concentraciones de los FR en el aire y el polvo de las viviendas. Este hallazgo sugiere que el ambiente interior contribuye de manera más significativa en los niveles de organofosfatos en los hijos/as que otras fuentes, como podrían ser los productos alimentarios.
The main research goal of this thesis is to further understanding of how and to what extent flame retardant (FR) chemicals, both legacy and emerging, which are present in every-day consumer goods and construction materials enter in humans. To do so, a cohort of 48 mothers and their offspring (6-12 years) were recruited in the greater area of Oslo (Norway) and samples of blood (only from the mothers), urine, and samples of indoor dust and air were collected. For the determination of persistent FR in blood a method based on GC-MS was developed, and a second method, based on UPLC-TOF, was also developed for the determination of the non-persistent FR (organophosphates) in urine. The main persistent FRs detected in blood were anti-Dechlorane Plus (0.85 ng/g lipid) > BDE-153 (0.82 ng/g lipid) > BDE-47 (0.49 ng/g lipid) > syn-Dechlorane Plus (0.45 ng/g lipid). The sum of the emerging FRs were found in comparable concentrations to the sum of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, diet being one of the most important sources of FRs in this study group. The two main metabolites detected in urine from children and mothers were diphenyl phosphate (1 ng/mL) and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (0.2-0.3 ng/mL). A strong relationship between the concentrations of these two metabolites in urine and the concentrations of the parent compounds in indoor air and dust for children was found. This finding suggests that the indoor environment contributes more importantly to the body burden of organophosphates in children from the cohort than other sources like diet.
Lopez, Lopez Lino Constancio. "Hair, Feces and Breath Isotope Fractionation in Alpacas (Llama pacos), Llamas (Llama glama) and Guanacos (Llama guanacoe) from Bolivia and Chile". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2676.pdf.
Testo completoLibri sul tema "Retardantes a la llama"
Più fontiCapitoli di libri sul tema "Retardantes a la llama"
Metcalf, Jessica L., Alan Cooper e Jane C. Wheeler. "Alpaca and Llama: Domestication". In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 145–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2212.
Testo completoMetcalf, Jessica L., Alan Cooper e Jane C. Wheeler. "Alpaca and Llama: Domestication". In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 186–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_2212.
Testo completoParunak, H. V. D., e R. Judd. "LLAMA: A Layered Logical Architecture for Material Administration". In Advanced Information Technologies for Industrial Material Flow Systems, 531–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74575-1_22.
Testo completo"Llama". In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology, 777. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_120426.
Testo completoKimmerer, Tom. "The Llama Tree". In Venerable Trees, 35–46. University Press of Kentucky, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813165660.003.0004.
Testo completo"La sangre llama". In The Painted Bunting's Last Molt, 27. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwrm672.23.
Testo completo"Llama de fuego". In Camino hacia el Silencio, 53–55. Herder, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvt9k3kh.13.
Testo completo"Stealing the Llama Farm". In The Home Jar: Stories, 1–12. Cornell University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501757785-002.
Testo completo"Appendix C". In Llama and Alpaca Care, 749–50. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4377-2352-6.00073-0.
Testo completoBarrington, George M. "Biosecurity". In Llama and Alpaca Care, 1–5. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4377-2352-6.00001-8.
Testo completoAtti di convegni sul tema "Retardantes a la llama"
Zhou, Dong, James Goulding, Mark Truran e Tim Brailsford. "LLAMA". In the 18th conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1286240.1286263.
Testo completoLin, Yuting, Divyakant Agrawal, Chun Chen, Beng Chin Ooi e Sai Wu. "Llama". In the 2011 international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1989323.1989424.
Testo completoZhou, Dong, Mark Truran, Tim Brailsford, Helen Ashman e Amir Pourabdollah. "Llama-b". In the nineteenth ACM conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1379092.1379119.
Testo completoGreenspan, Derrick. "LLAMA - automatic memory allocations". In MEMSYS '19: The International Symposium on Memory Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3357526.3357534.
Testo completoLyko, Tomasz, Matthew Broadbent, Nicholas Race, Mike Nilsson, Paul Farrow e Steve Appleby. "Llama - Low Latency Adaptive Media Algorithm". In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ism.2020.00027.
Testo completoComiskey, P. A. "LLAMA: a Monte Carlo power estimation tool". In Irish Signals and Systems Conference 2004. IEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20040621.
Testo completoFURTAT, P. P., D. MACHADO, S. A. C. ABARCA e R. A. F. MACHADO. "PROCESSAMENTO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE BLENDAS DE POLIESTIRENO COM RETARDANTES À CHAMA". In XX Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Química. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chemeng-cobeq2014-1905-16946-153080.
Testo completoMacko, Peter, Virendra J. Marathe, Daniel W. Margo e Margo I. Seltzer. "LLAMA: Efficient graph analytics using Large Multiversioned Arrays". In 2015 IEEE 31st International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icde.2015.7113298.
Testo completoJie, Wen, Dai Jiao, Han Jizhong, Di Fangchun e Yan Hu. "Llama: Distributed Multi-versioned Model Data Management for SCADA". In 2014 IEEE 17th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cse.2014.359.
Testo completoSwain, Marla D., George P. Anderson, Rachael D. Bernstein, Jinny L. Liu e Ellen R. Goldman. "Using llama derived single domain antibodies to target botulinum neurotoxins". In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, a cura di Brian M. Cullum, D. Marshall Porterfield e Karl S. Booksh. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.852674.
Testo completoRapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Retardantes a la llama"
White, D. W. LLAMA (Lincoln Laboratory Advanced MARTHA Applications) Software Manual. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, dicembre 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada418941.
Testo completoLedo Andión, Margarita. Fotografías desde donde el mundo se llama Galicia. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-65-2010-889-146-158.
Testo completoWatson, Alan E., Neal A. Christensen, Dale J. Blahna e Kari S. Archibald. Comparing manager and visitor perceptions of llama use in wilderness. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rp-10.
Testo completoDomínguez Mederos, Ernesto Fidel, e Conner Gorry. Derecho a Vivir Sin Bloqueo: Impactos de las sanciones de Estados Unidos en la población cubana y la vida de las mujeres. Oxfam, maggio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7536.
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