Articoli di riviste: "Resine transfer moulding"

1

Robertson, Frank C. "Resin transfer moulding of aerospace resins—a review". British Polymer Journal 20, n. 5 (1988): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980200506.

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2

Johnson, M. S., C. D. Rudd e D. J. Hill. "Microwave assisted resin transfer moulding". Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 29, n. 1-2 (gennaio 1998): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(97)00043-2.

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3

Szabo, J. S., G. Romhany, T. Czigany e J. Karger-Kocsis. "Interpenetrating Vinylester/Epoxy Resins Reinforced by Flax Fibre Mat". Advanced Composites Letters 12, n. 3 (maggio 2003): 096369350301200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350301200304.

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Abstract (sommario):

Vinylester/epoxy (VE/EP) hybrid resins of interpenetrating network (IPN) structure were reinforced by needled flax fibre mat. The flax content of the composites was kept constant (20 wt%) whereas the VE/EP ratio varied (70/30, 50/50, and 30/70). The mechanical properties of the composites, produced by resin transfer moulding, were determined in tensile and flexural loading. The mechanical anisotropy detected was traced to the orientation of the flax fibres during carding. The higher was the VE content of the hybrid IPN resin the better the mechanical performance was.

4

Bodaghi, Masoud, Pavel Simacek, Suresh G. Advani e Nuno C. Correia. "A model for fibre washout during high injection pressure resin transfer moulding". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, n. 13 (29 marzo 2018): 865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418765968.

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High injection pressure resin transfer moulding is a variant of resin transfer moulding in which the preform is compressed in a tool and resin is injected into the mould under very high pressure. The high injection pressure (>20 bar) introduces possible fibre washout that translates into manufacturing defects or causes inconsistencies in processing and leads to scatter in mechanical properties of composite parts. A model is presented which quantifies and provides insight into the influence of process variables such as clamping force and injection pressure on fibre washout distance (the one-dimensional model assumes a rigid preform). A generalised one-dimensional stress model for fibre washout is presented for regions that are impregnated with the resin and the regions that are dry. The model shows fibre washout to be significant at the beginning of the injection process. The model allows one to further refine the injection strategy by adjusting injection pressure to account for washout in high injection pressure resin transfer moulding.

5

Johnson, M. S., C. D. Rudd e D. J. Hill. "Cycle Time Reductions in Resin Transfer Moulding Using Microwave Preheating". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 209, n. 6 (dicembre 1995): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_108_02.

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Resin transfer moulding (RTM) offers a potential manufacturing source of high-volume, fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) components for the automotive industry. Currently, market development is inhibited by long moulding cycle times which are dominated by the effects of mould quench. Preheating of the thermosetting resin prior to injection would reduce these effects, leading to shorter mould filling and curing times. This paper characterizes the thermal cycle in RTM and outlines the application of microwave technology for resin preheating. Batch preheating of preactivated resin systems is discussed and the development of an in-line microwave resin preheater is described for uncatalysed and catalysed resin systems under steady flow conditions. The integration of an in-line preheating system within a demonstration RTM facility is described and the effects of preheating on the thermal cycle are presented.

6

Pantelelis, Nikos G. "Optimised cure cycles for resin transfer moulding". Composites Science and Technology 63, n. 2 (febbraio 2003): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-3538(02)00196-3.

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7

Kendall, K. N., C. D. Rudd, M. J. Owen e V. Middleton. "Characterization of the resin transfer moulding process". Composites Manufacturing 3, n. 4 (gennaio 1992): 235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7143(92)90111-7.

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8

Ruiz, Edu, Francois Trochu e Raymond Gauvin. "Internal Stresses and Warpage of Thin Composite Parts Manufactured by RTM". Advanced Composites Letters 13, n. 1 (gennaio 2004): 096369350401300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350401300105.

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Abstract (sommario):

Resin transfer moulding (RTM) is a widely used manufacturing technique of composite parts. A proper selection of process parameters is the key to yield successful moulding results and obtain a good part. Among other things, when thermoset resins are processed, the shrinkage that occurs due to the polymerisation reaction further complicates the situation. In this paper, a finite difference analysis is proposed to simulate the effect of thermal and rheological changes during thin plates cooling after processing. Classical Laminate Theory is here implemented to compute composite internal stresses resulting from these thermo-rheological conditions. Laminate stresses are then computed and warpage obtained with the proposed numerical algorithm. Samples of thin plates were moulded combining two glass reinforcement materials. During cooling, after processing plates warpage was recorded and results compared to model predictions. This analysis presents the basis of a further numerical optimisation for thick composite parts.

9

Chai, Boon Xian, Jinze Wang, Thanh Kim Mai Dang, Mostafa Nikzad, Boris Eisenbart e Bronwyn Fox. "Comprehensive Composite Mould Filling Pattern Dataset for Process Modelling and Prediction". Journal of Composites Science 8, n. 4 (18 aprile 2024): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040153.

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The Resin Transfer Moulding process receives great attention from both academia and industry, owing to its superior manufacturing rate and product quality. Particularly, the progression of its mould filling stage is crucial to ensure a complete reinforcement saturation. Contemporary process simulation methods focus primarily on physics-based approaches to model the complex resin permeation phenomenon, which are computationally expensive to solve. Thus, the application of machine learning and data-driven modelling approaches is of great interest to minimise the cost of process simulation. In this study, a comprehensive dataset consisting of mould filling patterns of the Resin Transfer Moulding process at different injection locations for a composite dashboard panel case study is presented. The problem description and significance of the dataset are outlined. The distribution of this comprehensive dataset aims to lower the barriers to entry for researching machine learning approaches in composite moulding applications, while concurrently providing a standardised baseline for evaluating newly developed algorithms and models in future research works.

10

Pickard, Laura Rhian, Joel Crinson, Nicolas Darras, Giuliano Allegri e Michael R. Wisnom. "Evaluation of manufacturing methods for pultruded rod-based hierarchical composite structural members with minimal porosity". Plastics, Rubber and Composites: Macromolecular Engineering 53, n. 1 (febbraio 2024): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14658011231212627.

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Bio-inspired, hierarchical structures following the example of natural composites such as bone, wood or bamboo promise a new approach to advanced composites. This work focuses on hierarchical composites based around pultruded carbon fibre-epoxy rods, rather than layered plies of material. A structural member, or strut, of circular cross-section, consisting of cured pultruded rods and epoxy resin, demonstrates this hierarchical concept. This paper focuses on manufacturing of struts by vacuum infusion and by pressurised resin transfer moulding, with the aim of minimising porosity while retaining the desired cross-section. Rod alignment and packing are also considered. Vacuum infusion is carried out with stiff and flexible tooling, and pressurised resin transfer moulding using rigid cylindrical copper tools with and without a flexible liner. Porosity is measured via X-ray computed tomography. The results indicate a way forward for manufacturing low porosity hierarchical composites based on pultruded rods, either via vacuum infusion with a flexible tool, requiring machining to reach a circular cross-section, or pressurised resin transfer moulding using a combination of rigid tool and flexible liner at 3 x 105 Pa or higher, where porosity is below the limit of detection in a Nikon XTH-320 CT scanner.

11

Wöckel, Lydia, Thomas Ebert, Bernd Mainzer, Martin Frieß, Dietmar Koch, Kristina Roder, Daniel Wett, Daisy Nestler, Guntram Wagner e Stefan Spange. "Investigation of Different Phenolic Resins and their Behavior during Pyrolysis to Form SiC/C-Composites". Materials Science Forum 825-826 (luglio 2015): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.240.

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Specific phenolic resin samples have been developed as the carbon precursor for SiC/C composites. Liquid phenolic resins suitable for fiber-infiltration in the resin transfer moulding (RTM) process are synthesized by using versatile combination of the aromatic component (phenol, naphthalen-2-ol) with various formaldehyde equivalents such as methanal, 1,3,5,7tetraazatricyclo [3.3.1.13,7] decane (urotropine), and 1,3,5-trioxane, under different reaction conditions. Room temperature liquid resoles (RTLR) are obtained by using an excess of the formaldehyde component over phenol (≥2) under basic conditions. Upon heating RTLR can form a crosslinked network even without addition of a hardening reagent. In addition, novolacs are synthesized under acidic conditions using a phenol/formaldehyde ratio ≥1. Nitrogen-containing resins contain nitrogen due to reaction of phenol with urotropine. Novolacs and nitrogen-containing resins are solids at room temperature and not self-curing. To infiltrate these both resins into SiC fibers in the RTM process, they are dissolved in 2furanmethanol (furfuryl alcohol FA) and urotropine which is added as curing-agent. Both, the molecular weight and the amount of the dissolved phenolic resin have an influence on the viscosity and the carbon yield after pyrolysis which is important for this application. The aim was to create different phenolic resins for the fabrication in the RTM process and to characterize the carbon after pyrolysis with respect to the structure and porosity as these are key parameters to generate a stoichiometric SiC matrix by LSI.

12

Schuster, J., Q. Govignon e S. Bickerton. "Processability of Biobased Thermoset Resins and Flax Fibres Reinforcements Using Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding". Open Journal of Composite Materials 04, n. 01 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojcm.2014.41001.

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13

Ferreira Luz, F., Sandro Campos Amico, A. de Lima Cunha, E. Santos Barbosa e Antônio Gilson Barbosa de Lima. "Applying Computational Analysis in Studies of Resin Transfer Moulding". Defect and Diffusion Forum 326-328 (aprile 2012): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.326-328.158.

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Abstract (sommario):

Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) as it is most known process in the Resin Injections family, is an extensively studied and used processing method. This process is used to manufacture advanced composite materials made of fibres embedded in a thermoset polymer matrix. Fibre reinforcement in RTM processing of polymer composites is considered as a fibrous porous medium regarding its infiltration by the polymer resin. In this sense, the present work aims the computational analysis of a fluid in a porous media for a RTM composite moulding by using the ANSYS CFX® commercial software. In order to validate the numerical study of the fluid flow in a known RTM system, experiments was carried out in laboratory to characterize the fluid (vegetal oil) flowing into the porous media (0/90 glass fibre woven), were pressure and fibre volume fraction have been fixed. The numerical simulation provides information about volume fraction, pressure and velocity distribution of the phases (resin and air) inside the porous media. The predicted results were compared with the experimental data and its has shown a solid relationship between them.

14

Lundström, T. Staffan. "Measurement of void collapse during resin transfer moulding". Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 28, n. 3 (gennaio 1997): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(96)00109-1.

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15

Antonelli, D., e A. Farina. "Resin transfer moulding: mathematical modelling and numerical simulations". Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 30, n. 12 (dicembre 1999): 1367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(99)00044-5.

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16

Zingraff, L., V. Michaud, P. E. Bourban e J. A. E. Månson. "Resin transfer moulding of anionically polymerised polyamide 12". Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 36, n. 12 (dicembre 2005): 1675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.03.023.

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17

Van Melick, H. G. H., G. A. A. V. Haagh, F. N. Van De Vosse e T. Peijs. "Simulation of Mould Filling in Resin Transfer Moulding". Advanced Composites Letters 7, n. 1 (gennaio 1998): 096369359800700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359800700102.

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Abstract (sommario):

Resin transfer moulding is a production method of fibre reinforced plastics which involves the flow of a resin through a mould packed with dry reinforcement. As simulation by finite element code can be a useful tool in designing the mould or optimising the process, mathematical modelling of RTM is indispensable. The equations concerning the isothermal RTM process with a Newtonian fluid are implemented in the finite element program VI p, applying the ‘thin film approximation’. To validate the code, model experiments are performed in which the position of the front as a function of time is monitored and compared to the results of a finite element simulation. A good agreement between simulation and experiment was found. For further validation of more complex mould geometries a plate with inserts is considered. Again good agreement was found between simulation and experiment was found. The finite element code of VI p proves to give reliable and accurate results in the simulation of the isothermal filling process of RTM and can therefore be used for designing mould geometries or optimisation of the RTM process as a whole.

18

Abdullah, Iram. "Manufacturing of Kevlar/Polyester Composite by Resin Transfer Moulding using Conventional and Microwave Heating". Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences 58, n. 1 (27 aprile 2015): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.58.1.2015.34.40.

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Microwave heating was incorporated into the resin transfer moulding technique. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) mould was used to cure the composite panel. Through the use of microwave heating, the mechanical and physical properties of produced Kevlar fibre/polyester composites were compared to those manufactured by conventional resin transfer moulding. The flexural modulus and flexural strength of 6-ply conventionally cured composites was 45% and 9% higher than the flexural modulus and flexural strength of 6-ply microwaved cured composites, respectively. However, 19% increase in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and 2% increase in compressive strength was observed in 6-ply microwave cured composites. This enhancement in ILSS and compressive strength is attributed to the better interfacial bonding of polyester resin with Kevlar fibres in microwaved cured composite, which was also confirmed via electron microscopy scanning. Furthermore, the microwave cured composite yielded maximum void contents (3%).

19

Mal, O., A. Couniot e F. Dupret. "Non-isothermal simulation of the resin transfer moulding press". Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 29, n. 1-2 (gennaio 1998): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(97)00065-1.

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Verheus, A. S., e J. H. A. Peeters. "The role of reinforcement permeability in resin transfer moulding". Composites Manufacturing 4, n. 1 (gennaio 1993): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7143(93)90014-y.

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Dippenaar, Dawid Jacobus, e Kristiaan Schreve. "3D printed tooling for vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding". International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 64, n. 5-8 (15 marzo 2012): 755–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-012-4034-2.

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22

Hayward, J. S., e B. Harris. "The effect of vacuum assistance in resin transfer moulding". Composites Manufacturing 1, n. 3 (settembre 1990): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7143(90)90163-q.

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23

Owen, M. J., V. Middleton e C. D. Rudd. "Fibre reinforcement for high volume resin transfer moulding (rtm)". Composites Manufacturing 1, n. 2 (giugno 1990): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7143(90)90239-s.

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24

Kang, Moon Koo, Jae Joon Jung e Woo Il Lee. "Analysis of resin transfer moulding process with controlled multiple gates resin injection". Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 31, n. 5 (maggio 2000): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(99)00086-x.

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25

Matveev, MY, FG Ball, IA Jones, AC Long, PJ Schubel e MV Tretyakov. "Uncertainty in geometry of fibre preforms manufactured with Automated Dry Fibre Placement and its effects on permeability". Journal of Composite Materials 52, n. 16 (23 novembre 2017): 2255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317741951.

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Abstract (sommario):

Resin transfer moulding is one of several processes available for manufacturing fibre-reinforced composites from dry fibre reinforcement. Recently, dry reinforcements made with Automated Dry Fibre Placement have been introduced into the aerospace industry. Typically, the permeability of the reinforcement is assumed to be constant throughout the dry preform geometry, whereas in reality, it possesses inevitable uncertainty due to variability in geometry. This uncertainty propagates to the uncertainty of the mould filling and the fill time, one of the important variables in resin injection. It makes characterisation of the permeability and its variability an important task for design of the resin transfer moulding process. In this study, variability of the geometry of a reinforcement manufactured using Automated Dry Fibre Placement is studied. Permeability of the manufactured preforms is measured experimentally and compared to stochastic simulations based on an analytical model and a stochastic geometry model. The simulations showed that difference between the actual geometry and the designed geometry can result in 50% reduction of the permeability. The stochastic geometry model predicts results within 20% of the experimental values.

26

Henne, Markus, Paolo Ermanni, Mylène Deléglise e Patricia Krawczak. "Heat transfer of fibre beds in resin transfer moulding: an experimental approach". Composites Science and Technology 64, n. 9 (luglio 2004): 1191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2003.09.021.

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Levy, Arthur, e James Kratz. "Direct numerical simulation of infusion and flow-front tracking in materials with heterogeneous permeability using a pressure mapping sensor". Journal of Composite Materials 54, n. 13 (1 novembre 2019): 1647–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319883931.

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This paper explores the use of thin film piezoresistive pressure mapping sensors as a means to improve resin transfer moulding processes. The pressure mapping sensor was located between the preform and mould, giving information regarding the permeability map prior to infusion. The permeability map is used as an input to a direct numerical simulation of the infusion step of a highly variable reclaimed carbon fibre preform. The pressure sensor was also used to track the flow front position in-situ, due to a change in load sharing between the preform and liquid during the infusion experiment. Flow front tracking with the pressure mapping sensor was validated against conventional camera images taken through a transparent mould. The direct numerical simulation was able to account for local permeability variation in the preform, providing improved flow-front prediction than homogeneous permeability only, and could be part of a wider strategy to improve resin transfer moulding process robustness.

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Turner, M. R., C. D. Rudd, A. C. Long, V. Middleton e P. McGeehin. "Net-Shape Preform Manufacture using Automated Fibre Placement". Advanced Composites Letters 4, n. 4 (luglio 1995): 096369359500400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359500400404.

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Abstract (sommario):

Liquid composite moulding processes such as resin transfer moulding (RTM) are becoming increasingly popular for a range of commercial applications. The major barrier to their more widespread use is the lack of an efficient method for the manufacture of reinforcement preforms. To address this problem, an automated fibre placement facility is under development, capable of laying either random or aligned fibres to produce net-shape preforms. This has been applied to a number of components including a load bearing flange used in marine applications and an aviation propeller blade.

29

Song, Y. S., K. Chung, T. J. Kang e J. R. Youn. "Numerical Prediction of Permeability Tensor for Three Dimensional Circular Braided Preform by considering Intra-tow Flow". Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, n. 4 (maggio 2005): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300401.

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Abstract (sommario):

Resin transfer moulding is characterized by the permeability tensor, which is a measure of the resistance to resin flow through the preform. Complete prediction of the second order permeability tensor for three dimensional circular braided preforms is critical to an understanding of the resin transfer moulding process. The permeability can be predicted by considering resin flow through the multi-axial fibre structure. In this study, the permeability tensor for a 3-D circular braided preform was calculated by solving a boundary problem of a periodic unit cell. The flow field through the unit cell was obtained by using a 3-D control volume finite element method (CVFEM) and Darcy's law was utilized to obtain the permeability tensor. The flow analyses were carried out for two cases, one in which the fibre tow was regarded as a permeable porous medium, and one in which it was regarded as an impermeable solid. It was found that the flow within the intra-tow region of the braided preform was negligible if the inter-tow porosity was relatively high, but flow through the tow, especially flow in the thickness direction must be considered when the porosity is low. The permeability of the braided preform was measured by a radial flow experiment and compared with the predicted permeability.

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Mendikute, J., J. Plazaola, M. Baskaran, E. Zugasti, L. Aretxabaleta e J. Aurrekoetxea. "Impregnation quality diagnosis in Resin Transfer Moulding by machine learning". Composites Part B: Engineering 221 (settembre 2021): 108973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108973.

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31

Liu, Zhuang, e Xiao Qing Wu. "Permeability Prediction in the Impregnation Stage of Resin Transfer Moulding". Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (novembre 2010): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.1211.

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Abstract (sommario):

The impregnation stage of the Resin Transfer Moulding process can be simulated by solving the Darcy equations on a mould model, with a ‘macro-scale’ finite element method. For every element, a local ‘meso-scale’ permeability must be determined, taking into account the local deformation of the textile reinforcement. This paper demonstrates that the meso-scale permeability can be computed efficiently and accurately by using meso-scale simulation tools. We discuss the speed and accuracy requirements dictated by the macro-scale simulations. We show that these requirements can be achieved for two meso-scale simulators, coupled with a geometrical textile reinforcement modeller. The first solver is based on a finite difference discretisation of the Stokes equations, the second uses an approximate model, based on a 2D simulation of the flow.

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Skordos, Alexandros A., Panagiotis I. Karkanas e Ivana K. Partridge. "A dielectric sensor for measuring flow in resin transfer moulding". Measurement Science and Technology 11, n. 1 (20 dicembre 1999): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/11/1/304.

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Fontana, Q. P. V. "Viscosity: thermal history treatment in resin transfer moulding process modelling". Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 29, n. 1-2 (gennaio 1998): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(97)00048-1.

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Al-Hamdan, A., M. Tufail, C. D. Rudd e A. C. Long. "Skin Thickness Variation during Resin Transfer moulding of Sandwich Structures". Advanced Composites Letters 4, n. 5 (settembre 1995): 096369359500400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359500400504.

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Kiuna, N., C. J. Lawrence, Q. P. V. Fontana, P. D. Lee, T. Selerland e P. D. M. Spelt. "A model for resin viscosity during cure in the resin transfer moulding process". Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 33, n. 11 (novembre 2002): 1497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(02)00177-x.

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Keller, A., C. Dransfeld e K. Masania. "Flow and heat transfer during compression resin transfer moulding of highly reactive epoxies". Composites Part B: Engineering 153 (novembre 2018): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.07.041.

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Wright, Nicholas, Piaras Kelly, Oliver Maclaren, Ruanui Nicholson e Suresh Advani. "Bayesian Optimal Experimental Design for Race Tracking in Resin Transfer Moulding". Applied Sciences 13, n. 20 (23 ottobre 2023): 11606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132011606.

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Abstract (sommario):

A Bayesian inference formulation is applied to the Resin Transfer Moulding process to estimate bulk permeability and race-tracking effects using measured values of pressure at discrete sensor locations throughout a preform. The algorithm quantifies uncertainty in both the permeability and race-tracking effects, which decreases when more sensors are used or the preform geometry is less complex. We show that this approach becomes less reliable with a smaller resin exit vent. Numerical experiments show that the formulation can accurately predict race-tracking effects with few measurements. A Bayesian A-optimality formulation is used to develop a method for producing optimal sensor locations that reduce the uncertainty in the permeability and race-tracking estimates the most. This method is applied to two numerical examples which show that optimal designs reduce uncertainty by up to an order of magnitude compared to a random design.

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Gauvin, R., e M. Chibani. "The Modelling of Mold Filling in Resin Transfer Molding". International Polymer Processing 1, n. 1 (1 marzo 1986): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/217.860042.

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Abstract The resin transfer moulding process (RTM) allows the industrial production of large FRP parts. In this technique layers of reinforcements (mats, woven rovings) are inserted into the mold cavity and resin is injected to fill the closed mold applying external pressure. Due to the strong interdependence between mold design, filling behavior and part quality it is most important to control the cavity pressure as the major influencing process parameter. A simple model is proposed to represent the pressure distribution during mold filling. It is based on Darcy’s law for flow of liquids through a porous media and can be applied to single type or combinations of different reinforcements.

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Pico, Diego, Samir Machado, Juan Meza e Jimy Unfried-Silgado. "RESIN FLOW ANALYSIS DURING FABRICATION OF COCONUT MESOCARP FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES USING VARTM PROCESS". International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies 15, n. 1 (20 giugno 2023): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54684/ijmmt.2023.15.1.51.

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Abstract (sommario):

Resin transfer molding process (RTM) has recently emerged in liquid composite moulding process (LCM) industry. RTM consists in polymeric resin injection into a closed mold containing a pre-arranged reinforcement material. In this work, the resin flow inside a rectangular mold (310´310´7 mm3) during the fabrication of coconut mesocarp fiber-reinforced composites using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) was simulated. A computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed in ANSYS® FLUENT using a volume of fluid (VOF) method and Darcy's law. The process was simulated for fiber volumetric fraction (xf) contents of 5%, 10%, 15% and 25%. Results showed that for percentages of reinforcement content higher than 25%, air trapping and incomplete filling of the mold occur. Simulated filling times were in acceptable agreement with the values obtained experimentally.

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Saad, Aouatif, Adil Echchelh, Mohammed Hattabi e Ganaoui El. "An improved computational method for non isothermal resin transfer moulding simulation". Thermal Science 15, suppl. 2 (2011): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci100928016s.

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The optimization in the simulation time of non-isothermal filling process without losing effectiveness remains a challenge in the resin transfer moulding process simulation. We are interested in this work on developing an improved computational approach based on finite element method coupled with control volume approach. Simulations can predict the position of the front of resin flow, pressure and temperature distribution at each time step. Our optimization approach is first based on the modification of conventional control volume/finite element method, then on the adaptation of the iterative algorithm of conjugate gradient to Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) storage scheme. The approach has been validated by comparison with available results. The proposed method yielded smoother flow fronts and reduced the error in the pressure and temperature pattern that plagued the conventional fixed grid methods. The solution accuracy was considerably higher than that of the conventional method since we could proceed in the mesh refinement without a significant increase in the computation time. Various thermal engineering situations can be simulated by using the developed code.

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Bickerton, S., e P. A. Kelly. "Application of a Complete Tooling Force Analysis for Simulation of Liquid Composite Moulding Processes". Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (marzo 2007): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.17.

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The term Liquid Composite Moulding (LCM) encompasses a growing list of composite manufacturing processes. The focus of this paper is prediction of tooling forces for Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM). Previous experimental work has demonstrated the influence of reinforcement compaction behaviour, which is strongly non-elastic. A viscoelastic compaction model has been developed which addresses both dry and wet response, and is implemented in RTM simulations of simple flat parts. Non-planar geometries introduce a tangential stress acting on mould surfaces, due to shear of the reinforcement. The tooling force analysis is extended to complex parts using an existing RTM filling simulation, LIMS, which has been developed at the University of Delaware.

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Long, A. C., C. D. Rudd, M. Blagdon, K. N. Kendall e M. Y. Demeri. "Simulation and Measurement of Reinforcement Deformation during Preform Manufacture". Engineering Plastics 4, n. 5 (gennaio 1996): 147823919600400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919600400506.

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The use of liquid moulding processes including resin transfer moulding (RTM) and structural reaction injection moulding (SRIM) is now becoming increasingly popular in the automotive industry. These processes involve the injection of liquid resin into a fibre preform, which may be comprised of several layers of reinforcement mats or fabrics. Structurally demanding applications usually rely on “zero-crimp” engineered fabrics consisting of two or more groups of fibres stitched together using embroidery techniques. Preform manufacture usually involves a matched mould forming process, in which layers of reinforcement are formed between rigid tools to the component geometry. This requires a degree of fibre movement and re-orientation which can have a significant effect on the resulting processing and mechanical properties. This paper describes the development of a kinematic deformation model to predict the distribution of fibres within the preform. An automatic strain measurement system is used to characterise fabric deformation, enabling the fibre orientations within three-dimensional preforms to be determined. This is applied to a number of generic geometries with increasing depth of draw, allowing the deformation characteristics of reinforcement fabrics to be established and testing the validity of the process model.

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Long, A. C., C. D. Rudd, M. Blagdon, K. N. Kendall e M. Y. Demeri. "Simulation and Measurement of Reinforcement Deformation during Preform Manufacture". Polymers and Polymer Composites 4, n. 5 (luglio 1996): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119600400506.

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The use of liquid moulding processes including resin transfer moulding (RTM) and structural reaction injection moulding (SRIM) is now becoming increasingly popular in the automotive industry. These processes involve the injection of liquid resin into a fibre preform, which may be comprised of several layers of reinforcement mats or fabrics. Structurally demanding applications usually rely on “zero-crimp” engineered fabrics consisting of two or more groups of fibres stitched together using embroidery techniques. Preform manufacture usually involves a matched mould forming process, in which layers of reinforcement are formed between rigid tools to the component geometry. This requires a degree of fibre movement and re-orientation which can have a significant effect on the resulting processing and mechanical properties. This paper describes the development of a kinematic deformation model to predict the distribution of fibres within the preform. An automatic strain measurement system is used to characterise fabric deformation, enabling the fibre orientations within three-dimensional preforms to be determined. This is applied to a number of generic geometries with increasing depth of draw, allowing the deformation characteristics of reinforcement fabrics to be established and testing the validity of the process model.

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Rutt, Mathew, C. Lekakou, P. A. Smith, A. Sordon, C. Santoni, G. Meeks e I. Hamerton. "Methods for process-related resin selection and optimisation in high-pressure resin transfer moulding". Materials Science and Technology 35, n. 3 (31 dicembre 2018): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2018.1557916.

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Karkanas, Panagiotis I., Ivana K. Partridge e David Attwood. "Modelling the Cure of a Commercial Epoxy Resin for Applications in Resin Transfer Moulding". Polymer International 41, n. 2 (ottobre 1996): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0126(199610)41:2<183::aid-pi621>3.0.co;2-f.

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Szebényi, Gábor, e Gábor Romhány. "The Effect of Electron Irradiation on the Mechanical Properties of MWCNT/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Nanocomposites". Materials Science Forum 659 (settembre 2010): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.659.91.

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In our work carbon fiber/epoxy composite and multiwalled carbon nanotube/carbon fiber/epoxy hybrid nanocomposite laminates have been prepared by resin transfer moulding (RTM) technology. The specimens have been irradiated using a high energy electron gun with multiple doses. The effect of the electron irradiation has been characterized using three point bending, interlaminar shear and instrumented falling weight impact tests.

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MAFFEZZOLI, A. M., J. M. KENNY e L. NICOLAIS. "Mathematical modelling of the resin transfer moulding of polyester based composites". Polimery 35, n. 01/02 (gennaio 1990): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1990.005.

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Al-Hamdan, A., M. Al-Ajloni, M. Alhusein, C. D. Rudd e A. C. Long. "Behaviour of core materials during resin transfer moulding of sandwich structures". Materials Science and Technology 16, n. 7-8 (luglio 2000): 929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708300101508711.

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Lam, Y. C., Sunil C. Joshi e X. L. Liu. "Numerical simulation of the mould-filling process in resin-transfer moulding". Composites Science and Technology 60, n. 6 (maggio 2000): 845–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-3538(99)00192-x.

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Béchet, E., E. Ruiz e F. Trochu. "Adaptive mesh generation for mould filling problems in resin transfer moulding". Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 34, n. 9 (settembre 2003): 813–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(03)00199-4.

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