Tesi: "Resin" – Grafiati

1

Nelson, Christopher Lee. "Resin". NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05062008-125114/.

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Marinho, Márcio Leandro Von Dreifus [UNESP]. "Influência da interposição de diferentes cerâmicas no grau de conversão de agentes cimentantes resinosos". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97357.

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3M ESPE
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o grau de conversão de agentes cimentantes resinosos polimerizados sob diferentes espessuras de cerâmica feldspática e diferentes sistemas cerâmicos de mesma espessura. No primeiro estudo, oitenta amostras dos cimentos resinosos RelyX ARC (3M Espe) e RelyX Veneer (3M Espe) foram confeccionadas sob discos de cerâmica convencional Starlight (DeguDent) com espessuras de 0,5mm, 1,2mm, 1,8mm e 2,4mm. No segundo estudo, oitenta amostras dos cimentos resinosos RelyX ARC (3M Espe) e Maxcem Elite (Kerr) foram confeccionadas sob discos de diferentes sistemas cerâmicos: Starlight (DeguDent), Empress (Ivoclair Vivadent), E-max (Ivoclair Vivadent), In Ceram Alumina (Vita) e In Ceram Zircônia (Vita) com espessuras de 2,0mm. A leitura do grau de conversão dos cimentos resinosos foi realizada 10 minutos, 1 hora e 24 horas após a fotoativação dos cimentos, em espectrofotômetro FTIR Nexus 670 (Nicolet). Os resultados do primeiro estudo mostraram que o cimento resinoso dual RelyX ARC apresentou maior grau de conversão que o cimento fotoativado RelyX Veneer em todas as espessuras de cerâmica, inclusive sem interposição (p<0.0001). Os valores de grau de conversão obtidos após 1 hora e 24 horas não diferiram estatisticamente entre si (p=0.7433), mas foram superiores aos analisados após 10 minutos (p<0.0001). Para o cimento fotoativado, houve aumento gradativo no grau de conversão de 10 minutos até 24 horas (p<0.0001). No segundo estudo, os maiores valores de grau de conversão foram obtidos para as amostras polimerizadas sob as cerâmicas reforçadas por leucita e dissilicato de lítio, sem diferença estatisticamente significante entre si (p=0.1181), enquanto os menores valores do grau de conversão obtidos foram das amostras polimerizadas sob cerâmicas reforçadas por alumina e zircônia, sem diferença entre si (p=0.2374). Com base nos resultados destes...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion of resin cements polymerized under different thicknesses of feldspatic ceramic and different ceramic systems with the same thickness. In the first study, eighty samples of RelyX ARC (3M Espe) and RelyX Veneer (3M Espe) were polymerized under conventional ceramic discs (Starlight, DeguDent) with thickness of 0.5 mm 1.2 mm, 1.8 mm and 2.4 mm. In the second study, eighty samples of RelyX ARC (3M Espe) and Maxcem Elite (Kerr) resin cements were polymerized over ceramics systems: Starlight (DeguDent), Empress (Ivoclar Vivadent), E-max (Ivoclar Vivadent), In Ceram Alumina (Vita) and In Ceram Zircon (Vita) with 2.0 mm of thickness. The degree of conversion of the resin cements was calculated 10 minutes, 1 hour and 24 hours after the curing of cements using a Nexus 670 FTIR spectrophotometer (Nicolet). The RelyX ARC showed higher values of degree of conversion than RelyX Veneer considering all the ceramics thickness in the first study. The measurements obtained after 1 hour and 24 hours did not differ significantly (p=0.7433), but were higher than those analyzed after 10 minutes (p<0.0001). Comparing the ceramic systems in the second study, the highest degree of conversion were obtained for samples polymerized under Empress and e.max ceramics, without statistically difference between them (p= 0.1181) and the lower values of conversion were obtained for the samples polymerized under In Ceram Alumina and In Ceram Zircon ceramics (p= 0.2374). Based on the results of these studies, we can conclude that the thickness of feldspatic porcelain as well as the ceramic system itself could influence the degree of conversion of light- and dual-cured resin cements. All the resin cements showed an increase on the degree of conversion after 24 hours, which could create an especial guideline for the clinical procedures using resin cements

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Avila, Gisseli Bertozzi de. "Resina industrial de poliuretano modificada com terra diatomácea para ser empregada na modelagem odontológica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58131/tde-26032010-124102/.

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Este estudo avaliou a resina de poliuretano de alto desempenho 6470 e endurecedor Dt 082 (Huntsman Advanced Materials Química Brasil Ltda., fornecido pela Maxepoxi, Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brasil) carregada com 30 % diatomita para ser empregada na modelagem odontológica. O material foi manipulado na proporção de 1/8 entre resina e endurecedor, com acréscimo de acelerador de poliuretano na proporção de uma gota para cada 200gramas de resina. Foram obtidas amostras de resina pura, modificada com diatomita e gesso tipo IV(Fuji Rock EP), GC America Inc-USA para os ensaios de resistência a compressão e tração por compressão diametral ASTM D 695 2(a), resistência a fratura por impacto ISO 179-1: 2000., resistência a flexão três pontos (ISO 1567:1999), resistência ao desgaste por abrasão norma ASTM D 4060. Amostras foram analisadas quanto ao comportamento dimensional em um projetor de perfil (Mitutoyo PJ-A3000 Japão), a rugosidade superficial Ra, e capacidade de copia de detalhes foram analisadas em Rugosímetro (Mitutoyo Surftest SJ-301 - Japão), a dureza superficial foi analisada em durômetro Sussen Wolpert, tipo Testor HT1 com método de Dureza Rockwell. A compatibilidade da resina com elastômeros de moldagem foi analisada com os criterios aderência do material de modelagem no molde e alteração na coloração do modelo obtido. O ensaio de resistência a compressão e tração por compressão diametral foram realizados na Máquina Universal de Ensaios DL2000 EMIC, com célula de carga de 2000 Kgf e velocidade de 1,3 mm/min. O ensaio de flexão foi realizado no mesmo equipamento com distância entre os apoios de 52 mm, célula de carga de 2000 Kgf e velocidade de 5 mm/min. O ensaio de resistência a fratura por impacto foi realizado na Máquina de Impacto CEAST modelo Resil 25 utilizando ensaio tipo Charpy. O ensaio de resistência ao desgaste por abrasão foi realizado em abrasímetro TABER, que determina a perda de massa por 1000 ciclos, utilizando o rebolo padrão CS-17 com 1000g de carga, ASTM D 4060. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente variância e tukey com significância de 95%, e verificou-se que: A resina de poliuretano pura ou modificada com diatomita sobre os dois critérios adotados é compatível com silicone de condensação e adição; a capacidade de cópia da resina foi reduzida com a adição de diatomita mas permaneceu superior ao gesso tipo IV; a diatomita interferiu na rugosidade superficial da resina de poliuretano mas os valores foram menores que os apresentados pelo gesso tipo IV; a diatomita adicionada na resina de poliuretano aumentou a dureza superficial, a resistência a compressão, a tração por compressão diametral, a resistência ao desgaste por abrasão, ao impacto, e a flexão três pontos. A resina pura e a modificada com diatomita foram superiores ao gesso tipo IV para resiste resistência a compressão, a tração por compressão diametral, a resistência ao desgaste por abrasão, ao impacto e a flexão três pontos. Verificou-se comportamento dimensional semelhante para o gesso tipo IV e a resina de poliuretano modificada com diatomita, a resina pura contraiu, a diatomita reduziu a contração da resina de poliuretano. Com a realização desse estudo concluiu-se que: A resina de poliuretano pura ou modificada com diatomita é compatível com os elastômeros silicone de condensação e adição; a carga diatomita no percentual de 30% aumenta a dureza superficial, a resistência a compressão, a resistência a tração por compressão diametral, a resistência a fratura por impacto, a resistência a flexão três pontos, e a resistência ao desgaste por abrasão da resina de poliuretano; a resina de poliuretano quando modificada com 30% de diatomita apresenta comportamento dimensional semelhante ao gesso tipo IV; a diatomita reduziu a capacidade de copia da resina de poliuretano e aumentou sua rugosidade superficial, mas a resina carregada apresentou menor rugosidade superficial e maior capacidade de cópia que o gesso tipo IV; diante dos resultados encontrados com a modificação da resina de poliuretano com 30% de diatomita existe a viabilidade do uso desse material na modelagem odontológica
This study evaluated the high performance polyurethane resin 6470 and hardener Dt 082 (Huntsman Advanced Materials Química Brasil Ltda., supplied by Maxepoxi, Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil) loaded with 30 % diatomite, for use in dental modeling. The material was manipulated in the ratio of 1:8 between resin and hardener, with the addition of the polyurethane accelerator in the proportion of one drop for each 200 grams of resin. Samples of pure resin, modified with diatomite type IV plaster (Fuji Rock EP), GC America Inc-USA, were obtained for the following tests: resistance to compression; diametral compression test ASTM D 695 2(a) to obtain tensile strength, and resistance to fracture by impact ISO 179-1: 2000., three point bending flexural test (ISO 1567:1999); resistance to wear by abrasion, Standard ASTM D 4060. Samples were analyzed with regard to dimensional behavior in a profile projector (Mitutoyo PJ-A3000 Japan); surface roughness Ra, and capacity to copy details were analyzed in a Roughness meter (Mitutoyo Surftest SJ-301 - Japan), surface hardness was analyzed in a Sussen Wolpert durometer Type Tester HT1, with the Rockwell Hardness method. The compatibility of the resin with molding elastomers was analyzed by the criteria of modeling material adherence to the mold and color alteration of the model obtained. The resistance to compression test and diametral compression test for tensile strength were performed in a Universal Test Machine EMIC DL2000, with a 2000 Kgf load cell and speed of 1.3 mm/min. The bending flexural test was performed in the same equipment with a distance of 52 mm between the supports, 2000 Kgf load cell and speed of 5 mm/min. The resistance to fracture by impact was tested in a CEAST Impact Machine model Resil 25 using the Charpy type test. The test for resistance to wear by abrasion was performed in a TABER abrasimeter, which determines the loss of mass per 1000 cycles, using the standard CS-17 abrasive wheel (grindstone) with a 1000g load, ASTM D 4060. The data obtained were statistically analyzed by the analysis of variance and Tukey tests at the level of significance of 95%, and it was verified that: The pure or diatomite-modified polyurethane resin, considering the two criteria adopted, is compatible with condensation and addition silicone; the copying capacity of the resin was reduced with the addition of diatomite, but remained superior to that of type IV plaster; the diatomite interfered in the surface roughness of the polyurethane resin, but the values were lower than those presented by the type IV plaster; diatomite added to the polyurethane resin increased the surface hardness, resistance to compression, traction resistance to diametral compression, resistance to wear by abrasion, impact, and to three point bending flexure. The pure and diatomite-modified polyurethane resin were superior to type IV plaster for resistance to compression, traction resistance to diametral compression, resistance to wear by abrasion, impact and three point bending flexure. Similar dimensional behavior was verified for type IV plaster and diatomite-modified polyurethane resin; the pure resin contracted, and the diatomite reduced polyurethane resin contraction. Conducting this study enabled the following conclusions to be drawn: The pure or diatomite-modified polyurethane resin is compatible with the condensation and addition silicone elastomers; the diatomite load of silicone percent increases the surface hardness, resistance to compression, traction resistance to diametral compression, resistance to fracture by impact, resistance to three point bending flexure, and resistance to wear by abrasion of polyurethane resin; when polyurethane resin is modified with 30% diatomite it has a dimensional behavior similar to that of type IV plaster; the diatomite reduced the polyurethane resin capacity to copy and increased its surface roughness, but the loaded resin presented less surface roughness and greater capacity to copy than the type IV plaster; in view of the results found by modifying the polyurethane resin with 30% diatomite, it is feasible to use this material in dental modeling.

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Hill, David John. "Microwave preheating of thermosetting resin for resin transfer moulding". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300723.

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Longo, Daniele Lucca. "Avaliação da citotoxicidade e expressão de citocinas induzidas por resina composta fotopolimerizável". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58135/tde-22072013-112353/.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, o comportamento citotóxico e a produção de citocinas induzidos pelos materiais restauradores resinosos contendo novos monômeros KaloreTM (GC FUJI) e FiltekTMSilorane (3M ESPE) em comparação com as resinas compostas convencionais Charisma® (Heraeus-Kulzer) e FiltekTM Z250 (3M ESPE), em cultura de fibroblastos L929 e macrófagos RAW 264.7 de camundongos. As células foram estimuladas com as resinas compostas, fotopolimerizadas ou não, a partir da colocação em contato indireto ou pela extração de seus componentes durante 15, 45 e 120 dias. Após a incubação por 6, 12 e 24 horas, a viabilidade celular foi avaliada pelo Ensaio MTT e a produção de citocinas foi investigada pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Os dados obtidos foram analisados utilizando-se análise de variância de uma via (One-way ANOVA) e pós-teste de Tukey (α=0,05). A produção de TNF-α e IL-6 não foi detectada em fibroblastos da linhagem L929, após 6, 12 e 24 horas de contato indireto com as resinas compostas KaloreTM e FiltekTM Silorane. Por outro lado, a produção de TNF-α foi detectada em macrófagos da linhagem RAW 264.7, mas não foi influenciada pelo contato indireto com as resinas compostas, com exceção da resina FiltekTM Silorane que inibiu a produção de TNF-α, após 12 horas de incubação. Os extratos obtidos das resinas compostas KaloreTM e FiltekTM Silorane incubadas por 15 dias, se mostraram mais citotóxicos do que os extratos incubados por 45 e 120 dias. A citotoxicidade da resina composta KaloreTMnão foi influenciada pela fotopolimerização enquanto a citotoxicidade da resina FiltekTM Silorane foi maior no grupo não fotopolimerizado. Os extratos das resinas compostas Charisma® e FiltekTM Z250, obtidos aos 15, 45 e 120 dias de incubação, não foram citotóxicos 24 horas após a estimulação das células. Ainda, a resina FiltekTM Silorane, fotopolimerizada ou não, estimulou a produção de IL-6 no período de 45 dias de extração. A resina KaloreTM, diferentemente da resina FiltekTM Silorane, estimulou a produção de IL-10, aos 15 dias de extração. Entretanto, no período de 45 de extração, a resina KaloreTM fotopolimerizada inibiu a produção de IL-10, após 12 horas de incubação, e aos 120 dias de extração não houve produção detectável de IL-10 em nenhum dos grupos avaliados.
The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxicity and the production of cytokines induced by resin-based restorative materials containing new monomers KaloreTM (GC FUJI) and FiltekTM Silorane (3M ESPE) compared with conventional composite resins Charisma® (Heraeus-Kulzer) and FiltekTM Z250 (3M ESPE), in mice L929 fibroblast and RAW 264.7 macrophages culture. Cells were stimulated with the composite resins, light-cured or not, by indirect contact or extraction during 15, 45, and 120 days. After incubation for 6, 12, and 24 hours, cell viability was assessed by MTT assay and production of cytokines was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data obtained were analyzed using oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post-test ( α = 0.05). Production of TNF-α and IL-6 was not detected in L929 fibroblasts either 6, 12 or 24 hours following indirect contact with the KaloreTM and FiltekTM Silorane composite resins. On the other hand, the production of TNF-α was detected in RAW 264.7 macrophages, but was not influenced by indirect contact with composite resins, with the exception of the FiltekTM Silorane resin that inhibited the production of TNF-α, after 12 hours of incubation. The extracts obtained from incubation for 15 days with composite resins KaloreTM and FiltekTM Silorane were more cytotoxic than extracts incubated for 45 and 120 days. Cytotoxicity of composite KaloreTM was not influenced by light curing while cytotoxicity of FiltekTM Silorane resin was higher in the group that not received light-cure. Extracts of Charisma® and FiltekTM Z250 composite resins, obtained at 15, 45, and 120 days of incubation, were not cytotoxic 24 hours after stimulation of the cells. Also, FiltekTM Silorane, light-cured or not, stimulated the production of IL-6 following 45 days of incubation. KaloreTM resin extract for 15 days, unlike FiltekTM Silorane resin, stimulated the production of IL-10. However, during periods of 45 days of extraction, KaloreTM resin, light-cured, inhibited the production of IL-10, after 12 hours of incubation, and 120 days of extraction there was no detectable production of IL-10 in any of the groups.

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Short, Christina Kaye. "Characterization of Epoxy Resins for use in the Resin Transfer Molding Process". W&M ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625806.

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Esmeraldo, Milena Alencar. "PreparaÃÃo de novos compÃsitos suportados em matriz de fibra vegetal/natural". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1450.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Nos Ãltimos anos, houve um acelerado desenvolvimento na Ãrea de compÃsitos reforÃados por fibras naturais, como (juta, sisal, coco, linho etc.) Fibras naturais sÃo uma importante alternativa, pois apresentam as seguintes vantagens: abundÃncia, biodegrabilidade, baixo peso, regenerabilidade, nÃo sÃo tÃxicas, apresentam baixo custo de aplicaÃÃo comparado com as fibras sintÃticas e podem ser modificadas por tratamento quÃmico. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a preparaÃÃo e caracterizaÃÃo de compÃsitos suportados, em matriz fenÃlica derivadas do LCC, reforÃados por fibras naturais de coco e juta. Foram conduzidas modificaÃÃes superficiais nas fibras atravÃs de tratamento alcalino (mercerizaÃÃo) NaOH nas concentraÃÃes 5% e 10% (75 0C) e branqueamento com hipoclorito de sÃdio (NaClO/H20 1:1) (60 0C). Os compÃsitos foram preparados por moldagem aberta com fibras de coco e juta para todos os tratamentos. As propriedades mecÃnicas, tÃrmicas, dielÃtricas bem como as investigaÃÃes superficiais das fibras antes e apÃs o tratamento quÃmico e interface dos compÃsitos foram investigados pelas tÃcnicas de ensaios de traÃÃo (elongaÃÃo Ã ruptura, mÃdulo elÃstico, resistÃncia Ã ruptura); TG/DTG (Termogravimetria/Derivada); DSC (Calorimetria ExploratÃria Diferencial); DRX (Difratograma de Raios X); propriedades dielÃtricas, (Perda DielÃtrica, Condutividade DielÃtrica) e MEV (Microscopia de Varredura EletrÃnica). Fibras de coco, juta e compÃsitos apresentaram um aumento global das propriedades mecÃnicas apÃs o tratamento quÃmico com NaOH 5% e 10% .Os melhores resultados foram aqueles observados para os compÃsitos de juta apÃs tratamento com NaOH 5% onde se observou um aumento de 28% na resistÃncia Ã ruptura, jÃ para os compÃsitos de coco os melhores resultados foram os apÃs tratamento com NaOH 10% com aumento de 48%. Os resultados de anÃlise termogravimÃtrica em atmosfera inerte mostraram processos de estabilidade tÃrmica para as fibras e compÃsitos apÃs o II tratamento quÃmico com NaOH 5% e 10 % respectivamente. Para as fibras de juta observou-se um aumento de (218-228 0C) para as de coco o aumento foi de (259- 276 0C). Os compÃsitos de juta e coco tambÃm apresentaram um aumento na estabilidade tÃrmica apÃs o tratamento quÃmico, onde os melhores resultados obtidos foram: compÃsitos de juta (302-3060C) apÃs tratamento com NaOH 5%, e os de coco (288-310 0C) apÃs tratamento com NaOH 10%. Esses resultados comprovaram que o tratamento alcalino de fato proporcionou uma melhora da estabilidade tÃrmica dos compÃsitos. As anÃlises de investigaÃÃo superficial das fibras de juta e coco apresentaram claramente modificaÃÃes estruturais como conseqÃÃncia da remoÃÃo parcial de constituintes apÃs o tratamento quÃmico. Para os compÃsitos dessas fibras, foi observado que apÃs o tratamento quÃmico, com a remoÃÃo de componentes nÃo celulÃsicos, ocorreu de fato uma melhor adesÃo, ou seja, interface agente de reforÃo/matriz fenÃlica.
In recent years there was a rapid development in the field of composites reinforced by natural fibers like (jute, sisal, coir, hemp etc). Natural fibers are an important alternative, offering several advantages such their abundant, biodegrability, light weight, renewability, are not toxic, presents low cost application compared with synthetic fibers and may be easily modified by chemical treatment. The present work aimed the study, preparation and characterization of composites of phenolic resin (matriz) based on CNSL, reinforced by natural fibers of coir and jute. Superficial modification on the fibers were carried out through alkali treatment (mercerization) NaOH 5% and NaOH 10% (75 0C) and bleaching with sodium hipoclorite (NaClO/H20 1:1) (60 0C). All the fibers composites were prepared by open mold. The composites and fibers were characterized by analysis techniques such mechanical tensile strength (elongation at break, youngâs modulus, resistant at break); TG/DTG (Thermogravimetry); DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetric); DRX (Difractrogram X - Ray); dielectric properties (Dielectric Conductivity, Dielectric Loss) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) investigation on the surface modification in fibers and composites after chemical treatment. The results to coir and jute fibers composites showed an increase of mechanical properties. The best mechanical performance was generally obtained for composites of jute and coir after NaOH 5% and NaOH 10% showing an enhancement of mechanical properties resistant at break (28%) and (48%) respectively. IV The thermal degradation behavior of composites and coir - jute fibers under a nitrogen atmosphere showed an increase of thermal stability after alkaline treatment NaOH 5% e 10 % compared with untreated fibers. To jute fibers it was observed an improvement of (218-228 0C) to coir fibers this increased it was (259- 276 0C). The same thermal stability was evaluated to composites of theses fibers after alkaline treatment NaOH 5% and NaOH 10%. To jute fibers composites the best results were (302-3060C) while coir composites were (288-310 0C). From the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that alkaline treatment contribute to significant improvement of thermal behaviour of the composites The SEM investigation showed significant improvement on surfaces of jute and coir fibers after chemical treatment. The alkali treatment, removed non-celluloic components from fibers surface, expoding their internal fibrillar structure. As a consequence the treatment promoted an increase on interfacial adhesion between coir and jute fibers reinforced phenolic resin composite.

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Sas, Hatice Sinem. "Modeling Of Particle Filled Resin Impregnation In Compression Resin Transfer Molding". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612158/index.pdf.

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Compression Resin Transfer Molding (CRTM) is an advanced liquid molding process for producing continuous fiber-reinforced composite parts in relatively large dimensions and with high fiber volume fractions. This thesis investigates this process for the purpose of producing continuous fiber reinforced composites with particle fillers. In many composites, fillers are used within the resin for various reasons such as cost reduction and improvement of properties. However, the presence of fillers in a process involving resin impregnation through a fibrous medium can result in a composite with non-homogeneous microstructure and properties. This work aims to model the resin impregnation and particle filtration during injection and compression stages of the process. For this purpose, a previously developed particle filtration model is adapted to CRTM. An appropriate commercial software tool is used for numerical solution after a survey of available packages. The process is analyzed based on the developed model for various process scenarios. The results of this study aim to enhance the understanding of particle-filled resin impregnation and particle filtration phenomena in the CRTM process and are likely to be used towards designing optimum process configurations for a desired outcome in the future.

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Azzam, Mai Ahmed. "Flexural strength comparison of monolayer resin composite to bilayer resin/ liner composite". Thesis, Connect to resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2077.

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Thesis (M.S.D.)--Indiana University School of Dentistry, 2009.
Title from PDF t. p. (viewed Feb. 5, 2010) Advisor(s): Jeffrey A. Platt, Chair of the Research Committee, Joseph Legan, Carl J. Andres, David Brown, Burak Taskonak . Curriculum vitae. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-52).

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Spence, Deborah-Ann C. (Deborah-Ann Candice). "Rigid silicone resin studies". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42581.

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Duffy, Christopher M. "The application of on line modification of resin kinetics to resin transfer moulding". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263410.

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Hernandes, da Fonseca Natália Maria Aparecida 1986. "Influência do pré-aquecimento na resistência de união de agentes cimentantes utilizados para a fixação de pinos de fibra de vidro = Influence of pre-heating on the bond strength of fiber posts cemented with different lutting agents". [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288864.

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Orientador: Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Este estudo in vitro avaliou a influência do pré-aquecimento na resistência de união de três agentes utilizados para a cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro Reforpost nº 2. Para tal propósito, foram utilizadas 42 raízes de pré-molares humanos previamente extraídos e com tratamento endodôntico realizado e foram divididos, aleatoriamente, em 6 grupos (n=7) de acordo com o agente de fixação (um cimento resinoso dual Rely X ARC; um cimento autoadesivo Rely X U200; e uma resina composta de baixa viscosidade SureFil SDR flow) e temperatura de pré-aquecimento (23ºC; 54ºC). Todos os agentes de cimentação foram fotoativados através de uma fonte de luz LED com irradiância de 1100 mW/cm² durante 40 segundos. As raízes foram armazenadas em água destilada à 37ºC por sete dias e foram cortadas em fatias com espessura de 1,0 mm cada, os quais foram divididos de acordo com o terço do canal radicular (cervical; médio; apical). Em seguida, as amostras foram submetidas ao teste de resistência ao cisalhamento por extrusão para a mensuração em cada terço do canal radicular. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA 3 critérios com parcelas subdivididas e teste de Tukey (? = 0,05). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os três cimentos resinosos. (P < 0,0017); no entanto não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos não aquecidos e os grupos pré-aquecidos, diferentes regiões da raiz ou para qualquer interação entre os fatores (p > 0,05). Os grupos cimentados com o cimento resinoso Rely X ARC apresentou maiores resultados de resistência de união do que os grupos cimentados com a resina de baixa viscosidade SureFil SDR flow. O cimento autoadesivo Rely X U200 obteve resistência de união intermediária, sem diferença estatística para RelyX ARC ou SureFil SDR flow. Assim, conclui-se que, a utilização de cimento dual convencional pode ser indicada para cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro e que o pré-aquecimento de cimentos resinosos não é efetivo para o aumento da resistência de união de pinos pré-fabricados
Abstract: This in vitro study investigated the influence of pre-heating on the bond strength of three agents used for cementing fiber posts Reforpost # 2. For that, forty-two human premolars roots with endodontic treatment performed were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 7), according with the luting agent (a dual resin cement Rely X ARC; a self-adhesive cement Rely X U200; and a flowable composite SureFil SDR flow) and the pre-heating temperature (23° C; 54° C). All luting agents were light-cured with a LED unit ¿ 1,100 mW/cm² for 40 seconds. The roots were stored in distilled water at 37° C for seven days and after that, the roots were cut into slices of 1.0 mm thickness each, which were divided according to the third of the root canal (cervical; middle; apical). Then the specimens were submitted to push out test to measure the bond strength in each third of the root canal. Data were submitted to three-way split-spot ANOVA and Tukey's test (? = 0.05). Significant differences were found among the three luting agent studied (p < 0.0017); however, no difference was found among the pre-heating temperature, root segments or for any interaction between the factors (p > 0.05). Groups luted with resin cement Rely X ARC showed significant higher retentive strength than flowabe composite SureFil SDR flow. Rely X U200 showed intermediary retentive strength means, without statistical difference for Rely X ARC or SureFil SDR flow. Thus, it is concluded that the use of conventional dual cement should be indicated to luting fiber posts and the resin cement pre-heating is not effective to increase the retentive strength of fiber post
Doutorado
Dentística
Doutora em Clínica Odontológica

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Satorius, Andrew 1980. "Critical thickness in silicone resin". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30125.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, February 2004.
"January 2004."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-78).
The critical thickness at which a toughness transition occurs in a polymer was determined for the Dow Corning 4-3136 silicone resin. 4-3136 is macroscopically brittle, but becomes up to ten times more ductile when it is processed in the form of a sufficiently thin film. Thickness was controlled for the thin films of amorphous polymer through solution composition variation. The films were spun on highly polished stainless steel at a constant angular velocity. The transition was observed over a range of film thicknesses at several different curing temperatures. Observation of cracking induced by bending and tensile strain was used as the gauge for the transition from brittle to ductile. The critical thickness was observed to have an unambiguous value at low curing temperatures. At higher curing temperatures, the transition occurred more gradually. The critical thickness also increased up to intermediate curing temperatures, then decreased at the highest cure temperature. Crosslink density is theorized as the cause for this cure temperature induced alteration of the critical thickness.
by Andrew Satorius.
S.M.

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Alkhasov, Solomon S. "Commercializing a Resin-Coated Proppant". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1404838630.

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Brandley, Mark Wesley. "Void Modeling in Resin Infusion". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5460.

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Resin infusion of composite parts has continually been reaching to achieve laminate quality equal to, or exceeding, the quality produced with prepreg in an autoclave. In order for this to occur, developers must understand the key process variables that go in to producing a laminate with minimal void content. The purpose of this research is to continue efforts in understanding 1) the effect of process conditions on the resultant void content, with a focus on resin infusion flow rate, 2) applying statistical metrics to the formation, location and size of voids formed, and 3) correlate these metrics with the local mechanical properties of the composite laminate. The variation in dispersion and formation of micro-voids and macro-voids varied greatly between the rates of flow the infusion occurred, especially in the non-crimp carbon fiber samples. Higher flow rates led to lower volumes of micro-voids in the beginning section of the carbon fiber laminates with macro-voids being introduced approximately half-way through infusion. This was determined to have occurred decreasing pressure gradient as the flow front moved away from the inlet. This variation in void content per location on the laminate was more evident in the carbon fiber samples than the fiberglass samples. Micro-voids follow void formation modeling especially when coupled with a pressure threshold model. Macro-void formation was also demonstrated to correlate strongly to void formation models when united with void mobility theories and pressure thresholds. There is a quick decrease in mechanical properties after the first 1-2% of voids signaling strength is mostly sensitive to the first 0-2% void content. A slight decrease in SBS was noticed in fiberglass laminates, A-F as v0 increased but not as drastically as represented in the NCF laminates, G and H. The lower clarity in the exponential trend could be due to the lack of samples with v0 greater than 0% but less than 1%. Strength is not well correlated to void content above 2% and could possibly be related to void morphololgy.

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Myslinski, Paul Joseph. "Analysis of Cyanate Ester Resins and Graphite Fabric for Use in Resin Film Infusion Processing". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35804.

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The objective of this investigation was to characterize two cyanate ester resins and a eight harness satin (8HS) graphite fabric for use in resin film infusion (RFI) processing. Two cyanate ester resin systems were characterized to determine their cure-kinetics, and viscosities during cure. A 8HS graphite fabric was tested in compaction and through the thickness permeability. A one-dimensional, through the thickness, flow and cure computer simulation was run.

The resin cure-kinetics models predicted the curing behavior of the resins as functions of time, temperature, and degree of cure. The proposed viscosity models determined the resin viscosity as a function of temperature and degree of cure. The 8HS graphite fabric was tested in compaction and through the thickness permeability to determine the effect of compaction pressure on fiber volume fraction and in turn on through the thickness permeability. The one-dimensional RFI flow and cure simulation combined the cure-kinetics and viscosity models of the resins with the characteristics of the graphite fabric and determined resin infiltration and cure times.

The proposed cure-kinetics and viscosity models were more than adequate in modeling the cure and flow behavior of the cyanate ester resin systems. Power law curve fits accurately represented the compaction and through the thickness permeability of the 8HS graphite fabric. Finally, the one-dimensional RFI flow and cure simulation showed that resin viscosity was the major influence on the infiltration times.
Master of Science

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Yang, Huan. "Integrated analysis of unsaturated polyester and Vinylester Resins in vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (SCRIMP) /". The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488205318511314.

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Weinberg, Justin B. "Competitive IgG Adsorption on Protein A Chromatography Resins and Improving Resin Performance with PEGylated Ligands". Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1075.

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Protein A (ProA) chromatography is a bioseparations technique employed throughout the biopharmaceutical industry for the selective capture and purification of IgG-class monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-fusion proteins. The rapid growth of mAbs as commercial therapeutics has motivated the need for improved, efficient, and high-throughput purification processes during manufacturing. In direct response, the work presented in thesis aims to 1) increase the scientific community’s understanding of IgG adsorption behavior on ProA chromatography resins and 2) improve the performance of ProA chromatography with ligands that are chemically modified using polyethylene glycol (PEGylated). The results of this thesis suggest that IgG molecules of varying binding strength, or varying elution pH, are capable of competing for binding sites on ProA chromatography resins in simultaneous or sequential adsorption. The competitive phenomenon derives from variance in IgG binding strength, or IgG elution pH, due to differences in sub-class behavior as well as secondary IgG binding interactions with the ProA ligand. Competition is readily apparent in the adsorption of human polyclonal IgG, which has a wide variety of IgG sub-classes and binding epitopes. Additionally, the results presented in this thesis suggest that ProA chromatography resins with PEGylated ligands are a viable path to increase resin robustness and real-world chromatographic selectivity. It is demonstrated that ligand PEGylation can increase resistance to proteolytic digestion, mitigate impurity interactions with mAbs that are bound to ProA, and increase process selectivity against Chinese Hamster Ovary host cell proteins by up to 37%. However, resins with large volumes of conjugated PEG significantly decrease IgG static binding capacity and decrease the available pore space for diffusion, resulting in losses in dynamic binding capacity and productivity. Lighter modifications appear to avoid losses in dynamic binding capacity, however, they do not appear to be effective at mitigating impurity interactions with mAbs that are bound to ProA, which is key to increasing process selectivity. PEGylation of ProA also universally increases the elution pH of IgG molecules by weakening the binding interaction. This last result opens another path of viability for PEGylated ProA ligands for purification of mAbs of Fc-fusion proteins that are sensitive to low pH environments.

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Servián, Victor Manuel Acosta. "Resistência adesiva dos cimentos resinosos convencionais e autoadesivos à dentina contaminada por saliva". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25148/tde-02102012-090935/.

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Muitas das lesões dentárias necessitam de restaurações indiretas que requerem cimentos adesivos para a sua fixação à estrutura dentária. Em algumas situações não é possível realizar o isolamento absoluto do campo operatório, o que pode levar à contaminação com saliva da dentina previamente aos procedimentos adesivos. Assim é necessário saber o nível de comprometimento da adesão em função deste fato. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o tratamento da dentina contaminada com saliva na resistência adesiva dos cimentos resinosos convencional e autoadesivo através de testes de cisalhamento. Foram utilizados 50 incisivos bovinos que foram lixados até a exposição de dentina superficial e divididos em 6 grupos: Grupo ARC (controle): condicionamento ácido por 15s + sistema adesivo Scotchbond Multipurpose (3M/ESPE) + cimento RelyX ARC (3M/ESPE); Grupo ARClav: condicionamento ácido por 15s + contaminação com saliva + lavagem com água/ar 20 segundos + sistema adesivo + cimento RelyX ARC; Grupo ARCsec: condicionamento ácido por 15s + contaminação com saliva + secagem com papel absorvente + cimento autoadesivo RelyX ARC; Grupo ARCre: condicionamento ácido por 15s, contaminação + secagem jato de ar + recondicionamento por 15s + sistema adesivo Scotchbond Multipurpose + cimento RelyX ARC; Grupo U100 (controle): sem contaminação + cimento autoadesivo RelyX U100 (3M/ESPE); Grupo U100sec: contaminação + secagem jato de ar + cimento autoadesivo RelyX U100. Após a cimentação, os dentes foram armazenados em água destilada a 37ºC por 24 horas antes da realização do teste de cisalhamento. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância a dois critérios e teste de Tukey com nível de significância de 5%. As médias gerais, dos grupos,expressas em MPa, foram G ARC: 9,02 ± 1,36 - G U100: 4,38 ± 0,74 - GARClav: 6,43 ± 0,98 GARCsec: 7,71 ± 1,14 GARCre: 5,68 ± 1,10 G U100sec: 3,87 ± 0,51. A análise dos resultados permitiu concluir que a adesão do cimento RelyX à dentina contaminada com saliva, lavada ou recondicionada com ácido fosfórico diminui significantemente quando comparada à adesão à dentina não contaminada ou àquela contaminada e apenas seca com papel absorvente. Já a contaminação com saliva não afetou significantemente a adesão do cimento RelyX U100 à dentina.
Many dental injuries require indirect restorations fixed by adhesive cements. In some situations is not possible to isolate the operative field, which can lead to contamination by saliva of the dentin. The aim of this study was to analyze the treatment of dentin contaminated with saliva on shear bond strength of conventional and self-adhesive resin cements. Fifty bovine incisors were ground until exposure of dentin surface and divided into six groups: Group ARC (control) no contamination + acid etch for 15s + Scotchbond Multipurpose system (3M/ESPE) + cement Rely X ARC (3M/ESPE); Group U100 (control): no contamination + self-adhesive cement RelyX U100 (3M/ESPE), Group ARClav: acid etch for 15s + saliva contamination + rising with water / air + adhesive system RelyX ARC, Group ARCsec: acid etch + contamination with saliva + drying with absorbent paper cement RelyX ARC, Group ARCre: acid etched, contamination with saliva + drying with absorbent paper + reetched for 15s + adhesive system Scotchbond Multipurpose + cement RelyX ARC, Group U100sec: contamination + drying with absorbent paper + self-adhesive cement RelyX U100. After cementation, the teeth were stored in distilled water at 37° C for 24 hours prior to shear testing. The results were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey\'sTests with a significance level of 5% were: G ARC: 9.02 ± 1.36 G U100: 4.38 ± 0.74 G ARClav: 6.43 ± 0.98 G ARCsec: 7.71 ± 1.14 G ARCre: 5, 68 ± 1.10 G U100sec: 3.87 ± 0.51.The results showed that there was a significant difference in bond strength of RelyX ARC to dentin contaminated by saliva when it was rinsed or re-etched, but there was no difference when the contaminated dentin was just dried with absorbent paper. No statistical difference was found between the adhesion resistance of the RelyX U100 to dentin with or without saliva contamination.

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Grullón, Patrícia Grau. "Analise ‘in vitro’ do efeito do agente silano em uma resina laboratorial de segunda geração na resistência adesiva ao do substrato dentinário utilizando dois sistemas de cimentos resinosos, por meio do teste de micro-tração". UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2005. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/1773.

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The aim of this investigation was to analyze the bond strength between a Second Generation Laboratorial Resin and dentin structure, verifying the effect of the internal treatment with silano agent, using two resin cement systems. The oclusal surface of twenty third human molars was removed and later polished. Blocks were constructed using the Second Generation Laboratorial Resin GradiaTM directly on the dentin structure. The 4 evaluated groups were: I) chemical resin cement sandblasting/silano; II) chemical resin cement sandblasting; III) dual resin cement sandblastings/silano/ and IV) dual resin cement sandblasting. Bonded sticks (0.9 mm² ± 0.2 mm²) were gotten by means of parallel and perpendicular cuts in the bonding interface. Each stick was fixed by its extremities to the modified device for the micro-tensile test in order to locate the area of adhesion perpendicular to the long axle of the force, in the universal assay machine (EMIC) crosshead speed 1mm/min. The final values of bond strength were express in MPa. The fracture modes were analyzed under 40X magnification. The data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey´s test (α=0.05). Results: The average values in MPa presented by each group were: I) 19.10±2.88; II) 13.67±3.31, III) 11.95±3.96; IV) 25.14±5.66. The analysis two-way ANOVA showed that the factor Treatment was significant (p=0.05), as well as the interaction of the factors Treatment and Type of cement (p=0.0001). The factor Type of cement was not significant (p=0.25). Conclusion: They were not statistical differences between the bond strength of the two resin cements, the internal treatment was significant, for the dual cement the application of the silano agent lowed the values of bond strength in the chemical cement the application of the silano increased the values of adhesive resistance, being not significant. The fracture modes were predominantly adhesive between the Second Generation Laboratorial Resin of and the resin cement.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a resistência adesiva entre o substrato dentinário e uma Resina Laboratorial de Segunda Geração, verificando o efeito do tratamento interno da peça com agente silano, utilizando dois sistemas de cimentos resinosos. A superfície oclusal de vinte terceiros molares humanos foi removida, e posteriormente polida. Foram confeccionadas peças em forma de blocos, utilizando a resina Laboratorial de Segunda Geração GradiaTM, diretamente sobre a estrutura dentinária. Os 4 grupos avaliados foram: I) jateamento/silano/cimento resinoso químico; II) jateamento/cimento resinoso químico; III) jateamento/silano/cimento resinoso dual e IV) jateamento/cimento resinoso dual. Os espécimes em forma de “palitos” de 0,9 mm² ± 0,2 mm² foram obtidos mediante cortes paralelos e perpendiculares a interface de união. Os “palitos” foram fixado pelas suas extremidades a um dispositivo de modo a posicionar a área de adesão perpendicular ao longo eixo da força de tração em uma máquina de ensaio universal (EMIC) a uma velocidade de 1mm/min. Os modos de fratura foram analisados com lupa esteroscópica (40X). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância para dois critérios e teste de Tukey (α=0,05). Resultados: Os valores médios em MPa apresentados por cada grupo foram: I) 19,10±2,88; II) 13,67±3,31, III) 11,95±3,96; IV) 25,14±5,66. A análise de variância de dois fatores demonstrou que o fator Tratamento da peça foi estatisticamente significante (p=0,05), assim como a interação dos fatores Tratamento da peça e Tipo de cimento (p=0,001). O fator Tipo de cimento não foi estatisticamente significante (p=0,25). Conclusão: Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os cimentos resinosos testados, o tratamento interno da peça foi estatisticamente significante, para o cimento dual a aplicação do agente silano diminuiu estatisticamente os valores de resistência adesiva e no cimento químico os valores de resistência adesiva foram aumentados pela aplicação do agente silano não sendo estatisticamente significante. As modos de fratura foram predominantemente adesivas entre a Resina Laboratorial de Segunda Geração e o Cimento Resinoso.

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Araujo, Erika Michele dos Santos. "Efeito de diferentes desafios sobre as propriedades de superfície dos sistemas restauradores que simulam os tecidos gengivais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23134/tde-15082018-091208/.

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O uso de compósitos simulando a cor dos tecidos gengivais apresenta-se como uma opção de tratamento restaurador estético com aplicação direta, que pode aumentar a satisfação do paciente por meio de uma solução de baixo custo e pouco invasiva. Este estudo teve como fatores de variação: sistemas restauradores que reproduzem a cor dos tecidos gengivais (Amaris® gingiva (A), NTpremium® Pink (B), Beautifil® II Pink (C) e protocolo de envelhecimento [desafio erosivo (DE) e ciclagem térmica (CT)], avaliados quanto a estabilidade de cor, rugosidade superficial, perda de superfície e quantificação de biofilme. Para os 3 primeiros ensaios, os espécimes foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=10): G1 (A+CT); G2 (A+DE); G3 (B+CT); G4 (B+DE); G5 (C+CT); G6 (C+DE). A ciclagem térmica foi realizada com um total 5.000 ciclos, com banhos de 5ºC e 55ºC e o desafio erosivo consistiu da armazenagem dos espécimes em solução de ácido cítrico 0,3%, com pH 2,5 a 37°C, durante uma semana. Sessenta espécimes de 5mmX5mmX3mm foram montados, fotopolimerizados, polidos e armazenados em estufa a 37º por 24h. Todos os espécimes foram lidos antes e após os protocolos de envelhecimento, utilizando o perfilômetro óptico para avaliação da rugosidade superficial e a perda de superfície, enquanto o espectrofotômetro avaliou a estabilidade de cor dos compósitos, de acordo com os parâmetros do CIELab. Para a quantificação do biofilme foram acrescentadas duas variáveis tempo de leitura (após 3 e 24 horas) e ao protocolo de envelhecimento foi adicionado um grupo controle (sem envelhecimento). Noventa (n=5) espécimes de 4mmX1mm foram montados e padronizados como os espécimes montados para as leitura de rugosidade, perda de superfície e alteração de cor. Para a formação do biofilme foram utilizadas as cepas de Streptococcus mutans UA159, cultivadas em TSB suplementado com 0,5% de sacarose por 3 e 24 horas e mensurados através do método indireto de coloração com safranina e leitura de absorbância para a quantificação do biofilme formado. No que se refere a alteração de cor, detectou-se diferença estatisticamente significante para os fatores sistema restaurador (p=0,00) e para a interação sistema restaurador X protocolo de envelhecimento (p=0,00). A maior variação de cor foi observada no material C quando submetido ao desafio erosivo (16,75±3,25). A ANOVA não detectou diferença estatisticamente significante para nenhum dos fatores em relação a perda de superfície. Na avaliação da rugosidade, detectou-se diferença estatisticamente significante para o fator protocolo de envelhecimento (p=0,00), havendo maior rugosidade para os espécimes submetidos à ciclagem térmica. Na quantificação de biofilme, após 3 e 24 horas, ANOVA detectou diferença estatisticamente significante para o fator protocolo de envelhecimento (p=0,00) e para a interação entre o protocolo de envelhecimento e material restaurador (p=0,00 e p=0,003, respectivamente). Conclui-se que todos os sistemas restauradores apresentaram alteração de cor após os protocolos de envelhecimento testados. A CT foi o protocolo de envelhecimento que mais aumentou a rugosidade em todos os sistemas restauradores, contudo sem perda significante de superfície. A quantificação de biofilme após 3 e 24 horas foi aumentada pelos protocolos de envelhecimento. O desafio erosivo aumentou a deposição de biofilme no sistema restaurador giomer, em 3 e 24 horas.
The use of composites simulating the color of the gingival tissues presents as an option of aesthetic restorative treatment with direct application, which can increase patient satisfaction through a low-cost and non-invasive solution. This study had as factors of variation: restorative systems that reproduce the color of the gingival tissues (Amaris® gingiva (A), NTpremium® Pink (B), Beautifil® II Pink (C) and aging protocols [thermal cycling (TC) and erosive challenge (EC)], evaluated for color stability, surface roughness, surface loss and biofilm quantification. For the first 3 trials, the specimens were divided into 6 groups (n = 10): G1 (A + TC); G2 (A + EC); G3 (B + TC); G4 (B + EC); G5 (C + TC); G6 (C + EC). The thermal cycling was performed with a total of 5.000 cycles, with baths of 5 ° and 55 ° C and the erosive challenge consisted of the storage of the specimens in 0.3% citric acid solution, pH 2.5 at 37°C, for one week. Sixty specimens of 5mmX5mmX3mm were mounted, photopolymerized, polished and stored in destilled water at 37º for 24h. All the specimens were read before and after the aging protocols, using the optical profilometer to evaluate surface roughness and surface loss, while the spectrophotometer evaluated the color stability of the composites, according to CIELab parameters. Two reading time variables (after 3 and 24 hours) were added to the biofilm quantification and a control group (without aging) was added to the aging protocol. Ninety (n=5) specimens of 5mmX1mm were mounted and standardized as the specimens or the first 3 trials, roughness, surface loss and color stability. For the biofilm formation, Streptococcus mutans UA159, cultivated in TSB supplemented with 0.5% of sucrose for 3 and 24 hours and measured by the indirect method of safranin staining and absorbance reading were used. Regarding the color change, a statistically significant difference was detected for the factors restorative system (p=0.00) and for the interaction restorative system X aging protocol (p=0.00). The highest color variation was observed in material C when submitted to erosive challenge (16.75 ± 3.25). ANOVA did not detect a statistically significant difference for any factors in relation to surface loss. In the evaluation of roughness, a statistically significant difference was detected for the aging protocol factor (p=0.00), with a higher roughness for the specimens submitted to thermal cycling. In the biofilm quantification, after 3 and 24 hours, ANOVA detected a statistically significant difference for the aging protocol factor (p=0.00) and for the interaction between the two factors, aging protocols and restorative systems (p=0.00 and p=0.003, respectively). It was concluded that all restorative systems presented color changes after the aging protocols tested. CT was the aging protocol that increased the most roughness in all restorative systems, nevertheless without significant loss of surface. Biofilm deposition after 3 and 24 hours varies considerably depending on the restorative system and aging protocol. The erosive challenge increased biofilm deposition in the restorative system giomer in 3 and 24 hours.

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Malaspina, Odirlei Arruda. "Avaliação da estabilidade de cor e rugosidade superficial de resinas compostas micro-híbridas, submetidas ao processo de envelhecimento artificial acelerado, em função da fotoativação com lâmpada halógena e LED". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25131/tde-05112009-104015/.

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O estudo avaliou, in vitro, as variáveis relacionadas à alteração de cor e à rugosidade superficial das resinas compostas micro-híbridas: Charisma (Heraeus-Kulzer), Filtek Z-250 (3M - Espe), Herculite XRV (Kerr), Opallis (FGM), TPH Spectrum (Dentsply) e W3D (Wilcos), antes e após o envelhecimento artificial acelerado, tendo como fatores de variação duas fontes de luz, lâmpada halógena e LED, com densidades de potência de 300 mW/cm2 ou 600 mW/cm2. Foram confeccionados 240 corpos-de-prova distribuídos em grupos de 10 unidades para cada condição de estudo totalizando 24 grupos constituídos por 4 protocolos de fotoativação para cada marca de resina composta. Estes corpos-de-prova foram armazenados em água deionizada, ao abrigo de luz e a temperatura de 37oC por 1 semana quando então receberam polimento superficial com discos Diamondpro (FGM). Sequencialmente, os mesmos foram submetidos às análises iniciais de rugosidade superficial (rugosímetro Hommle Tester T1000 basic) e de cor (Espectrofotômetro EasyShade). Decorridas 24 horas, os espécimes foram submetidos ao Sistema de Envelhecimento Acelerado para materiais não metálicos C-UV por 384 horas quando então foram novamente realizadas as leituras de rugosidade e cor. Os valores de rugosidade superficial e alteração de cor das resinas compostas, após o processo de envelhecimento acelerado, demonstraram alterações significativas, sendo os valores de E muito superiores ao considerado clinicamente aceitável (E3,3). De forma geral, o efeito exercido pelos protocolos de fotoativação não permitiu distinguir a influência direta das irradiâncias das fontes de luz no comportamento das diferentes resinas compostas, observando-se uma correlação positiva média entre rugosidade superficial e a alteração de cor.
This study aimed to evaluate changes in color and surface roughness, before and after artificial accelerated aging of six micro hybrids composites resins (comparable to Vita shade A2) cured by quartz tungsten halogen (H) or a light emitting diode (L) polymerization unit with 300 mW/cm2 or 600 mW/cm2. Forty disc specimens (7 x 2 mm) were prepared for each composite (Charisma®, Filtek Z-250®, Herculite XRV®, Opallis®, TPH Spectrum®, W3D®), being 10 specimens for each condition (Q 300/600 mW/cm2 or L 300/600 mW/cm2). After cured, each specimen was evaluated by color (Easy Shade® spectrophotometer) according to CIE L*a*b* color scale and by surface roughness (Hommelwerke GmbH ) Ra values before and after submitting to artificial accelerated aging (4 h UV-B/4 h condensing vapor) for 384 hours total. The surface roughness and color change values of composite resins, after the process of accelerated aging, showed significant changes. Also, the values of E after accelerated aging were much higher than the values considered clinically acceptable (E 3.3). In general, the protocols curing effects showed varied influence over different composite resins and a positive correlation between average change in surface roughness and color change after accelerated aging process.

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23

Wanderley, Beatriz Lôbo. "Síntese e caracterização de nanocompósitos de fenol-formaldeído reforçados com argila montmorilonita". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97136/tde-26092012-145758/.

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Ao contrário de muitos polímeros, as resinas fenólicas se caracterizam por possuir um grande número de aplicações por conta de sua superior resistência ao fogo e baixa emissão de fumos e ao seu excelente nível de resistência térmica e química, além de seu baixo custo. No entanto, devido à sua estrutura tridimensional, caracterizada pelo alto grau de reticulação, este tipo de resina apresenta baixas tenacidade e resistência à fratura. Com isso, para garantir seu bom desempenho, faz-se necessário promover modificações em sua formulação ou acrescentar agentes de reforço de modo a compensar essas deficiências resultantes de sua estrutura. São inúmeros os materiais que, usualmente, são incorporados à matriz fenólica. Além da preparação de blendas poliméricas em que uma das fases consiste em um elastômero ou um termoplástico, a introdução de agentes de reforço como materiais fibrosos também são utilizados. São exemplos de agentes de reforço: fibras vegetais, fibras de vidro e de carbono, negro de fumo, argilas entre outros. A mistura de polímeros e argilas pode levar à formação de nanocompósitos de modo a obter excelentes combinações de resistência à fratura, tenacidade, condutividade, resistência ao calor e redução da permeabilidade a gases e líquidos quando comparados com o polímero puro. Neste trabalho, argilas do tipo montmorilonita modificadas foram utilizadas como agente de reforço na preparação de filmes de nanocompósitos de matriz fenólica com o objetivo de melhorar as propriedades mecânicas deste material polimérico quando comparado com o material puro. A resina fenólica utilizada neste trabalho é a do tipo resol, utilizada comercialmente para a formulação de vernizes para revestimento de embalagens metálicas. No estudo foram utilizadas três argilas comerciais: Cloisite® sódica (Na) e argilas Cloisite® modificadas com sais quaternários de alquilamônio, de códigos 15A e 30B, objetivando verificar qual apresentaria melhor compatibilidade com a matriz fenólica. Para a preparação de filmes poliméricos uniformes, isentos de defeitos como bolhas, foi feita, de forma preliminar, a seleção de um ciclo de cura apropriado. Como a formação de bolhas é intrínseco à cura da resina fenólica resol, a definição de um esquema de tratamento térmico de cura apropriado constituiu-se em etapa crítica no processo de preparação dos compósitos de resina fenólica/argila montmorilonita modificada. Os filmes curados isentos de defeitos foram caracterizados por difração de raios X, análise termomecânica dinâmica (DMA) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Os resultados das análises de DRX mostraram para os compósitos preparados com as argilas modificadas 15A e 30B manutenção e até mesmo redução do espaçamento basal da estrutura cristalina das argilas, indicando não ter ocorrido intercalação do polímero nessas argilas; enquanto que para a argila Cloisite® Na ocorreu aumento do espaçamento basal. Os resultados de DMA mostraram para a maioria das amostras aumento no módulo de armazenamento em baixa e alta temperatura. Por último, a análise de DSC mostrou redução na temperatura de transição vítrea nos compósitos preparados com as argilas modificadas 15A e 30B, e elevação na composição de 5% da argila Cloisite® Na. Os resultados indicam o potencial de reforço mecânico de resinas fenólicas com argilas lamelares do tipo montmorilonita sem a necessidade de modificação química.
Unlike most polymers, phenolic resins are characterized by having a large number of applications because of its superior fire resistance and low emission of smoke and its excellent level of thermal and chemical resistance, and low cost. However, due to its three dimensional structure, characterized by a high degree of crosslinking, this type of resin has low toughness and fracture resistance. Thus, to ensure their good performance, it is necessary to make enhancements in their formulation or adding strengthening agents so as to compensate for these deficiencies due to its structure. There are numerous materials that usually are incorporated into the phenolic matrix. Besides the preparation of polymer blends in which one phase consists of an elastomer or a thermoplastic, the introduction of agents such as fibrous reinforcement is also used. Examples of reinforcing agents: vegetable fibers, glass and carbon fibers, carbon black, clay and others. The mixture of polymer clays may cause the formation of nanocomposites in order to obtain excellent combination of fracture strength, toughness, conductivity, heat resistance and reduced permeability to gases and liquids when compared with the pure polymer. In this work, modified montmorillonite clays were used as a reinforcing agent in the preparation of nanocomposite films of phenolic matrix with the aim of improving the mechanical properties of polymer materials when compared with the pure material. The phenolic resin used in this work is that of the resol type, used commercially for the formulation of varnish for coating metal containers. The study used three types of commercial clay: Cloisite® sodium (Na) and Cloisite® clays modified with quaternary alkylammonium salts, codes 15A and 30B in order to verify which present better compatibility with the phenolic matrix. For the preparation of uniform polymeric films, free of defects such as bubbles, was preliminarily selected a suitable cure cycle. As the bubble formation is intrinsic to the cure of resol phenolic resin, the definition of a heat treatment scheme is a critical step in the process of preparing composites of phenolic resin/montmorillonite clay. The cured films free of defects were characterized by X-ray diffraction (DRX), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results of XRD analysis showed the composites prepared with the modified clays 15A and 30B maintained and even reduced the basal spacing within the clay crystal structure, indicating not having occurred polymer intercalation of the clay; for the Cloisite® Na clay DRX has shown increased basal spacing. DMA results showed for most of the samples increase in storage modulus at low and high temperatures. Finally, DSC analysis showed a reduction in glass transition temperature of the composites prepared with the modified clays 15A and 30B, and an increase in the composition of 5% in the Cloisite® Na clay. The results indicate the potential of enhancement of phenolic resins mechanical properties with layered clays of montmorillonite without chemical modification.

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24

Toure, Saran Mariam. "Manufacture and characterisation of carbon fibre prepreg stacks containing resin rich and resin starved slip layers". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/manufacture-and-characterisation-of-carbon-fibre-prepreg-stacks-containing-resin-rich-and-resin-starved-slip-layers(371ac2a8-b127-4137-813f-4c5d1b31627a).html.

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The cost of manufacturing high quality composite components can be significantly reduced by using Out of Autoclave (OOA) processes if they can achieve final parts with a finish quality as high as that obtained using an autoclave process. Much research has been carried out recognising that regardless of the reinforcement fibre orientation, manufacturing of preimpregnated (prepregs) carbon components is much affected during its forming stage by fibre deformation and failure modes. This work sought to reduce wrinkling in the moulding of prepregs by introducing slip layers within the lay-up. Three types of slip layers were used: a dry fabric, a resin rich layer and a resin film. In order for the slip layers to be fully incorporated into the final laminate the resin content within the slip layer must be adjusted prior to crosslinking. In the case of dry fabric layer, additional resin must be introduced and in the case of a resin rich layer and resin film layer, excess resin has to be removed. The laminates used in the project were based on 2/2 twill and unidirectional carbon prepregs. These were manufactured by either Resin Infusion (RI) or Vacuum Bagging (VB). Resin adjustments were made at the same time. The 2/2 twill and unidirectional carbon prepregs were first characterised by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) before RI and VB. Dry 2/2 twill and unidirectional carbon fabrics and/or Resin Film (for VB) or fabrics and Epoxy Resin (for RI) were introduced in several plybooks and then cured. Final parts were either made of 2/2 twill carbon or unidirectional carbon. The parts were used to investigate the relationship between individual plies during the consolidation of a plybook. The first characterisations were done on flat laminates. Also two moulds were manufactured and used to produce new parts for further characterisations. The first, an aluminium mould was machined using a Computer Numerical Control (CNC). The second mould was a fan blade, made using chopped strand mats. The final parts had 3, 4 or 6 plies. These parts were characterised using Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Torsion testing. The results provide a first step towards understanding how the friction at a ply/ply level can be influenced by the "starving" or the "enriching" of resin in a plybook during its consolidation. The work showed that in OOA manufacturing, the friction at a ply/ply level can be controlled by introducing Resin Film, Dry or Resin Rich Fabrics in a prepreg plybook. It was demonstrated that introducing lubrication to control ply friction during forming can result in quality part as high as that obtained from a traditional composite forming process. As the final parts were made using a fixed die mould and a vacuum bag, most of the plies in the layups could deform individually and accommodate interply shear. Torsion testing on a number of a random selection of samples showed negligible effects on shear stresses, strengths and modulus within the parts were negligible. It is argued that the flexibility of the vacuum bag could have had an impact on the layups during forming. The plies could conform to the mould easier. This work has potential for other applications. For example in match die moulding, introducing wet lubrication could improve interply shear during forming and help in improving accuracy and geometrical conformity of final parts. Furthermore, developing techniques to control friction during forming in OOA can be attractive to industries which could not afford to invest in this OOA prepreg technology. OOA processing times have become very attractive to industries such as the sporting good, automotive, wind energy and transportation. These industries could explore the opportunity presented by the work in this EngD thesis.

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25

Travis, Stephen Charles. "A Comparison Of The Microleakage Of Direct Composite Resin Restorations And Composite Resin Inlays - In Vitro". Thesis, Faculty of Dentistry, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4147.

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26

Pinto, Manuel Carlos Araújo de Miranda. "Avaliação da resistência adesiva de três tipos de cimentos resinosos frente à cerâmica a base de dissilicato de lítio". Universidade de Taubaté, 2009. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=443.

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O presente estudo hipotetiza que cimentos resinosos com diferentes sistemas de ativação e mecanismo de condicionamento da estrutura dentária, têm a mesma resistência adesiva a uma cerâmica. Objetivos: avaliar a resistência de união de agentes de fixação resinosos, cimento resinoso autopolimerizável (C&B- Bisco), dual (Panavia F- Kuraray) e auto-adesivo (Relyx U-100-3M ESPE) frente a uma cerâmica a base de dissilicato de lítio (IPS Empress-Ivoclar Vivadent). Metodologia: nove blocos de cerâmica e 9 de compósito foram confeccionados com dimensões 6mmx6mmx6mm e fixados por meio de um agente de fixação resinoso (Panavia F, C&B, RelyX U-100). As superfícies da porcelana e do compósito foram tratadas, o sistema adesivo e o agente de fixação resinoso foram aplicados. O bloco de compósito foi posicionado e foi realizada a fotoativação, por quarenta segundos, em cada face dos blocos. Todas as amostras foram armazenadas em água deionizada a 37C por vinte e quatro horas. As amostras foram fixadas às placas de acrílico e seccionadas em uma cortadeira metalográfica. Foram obtidas fatias em forma de palito com 1mm de espessura, num total de 15 por grupo. Decorrido trinta dias foram submetidos ao ensaio de microtração em uma máquina de ensaio universal Kratos e os resultados analisados estatisticamente. O padrão de fratura foi analisado em lupa estereoscópica, classificados quanto ao tipo. Resultados: O cimento de dupla cura (Panavia F) apresentou maior resistência adesiva. O cimento auto-adesivo (Relyx U- 100- 3M ESPE) apresentou adesão inferior aos outros cimentos do estudo. A maioria das fraturas ocorreu dentro da zona adesiva, caracterizando a eficiência e confiabilidade deste teste, na avaliação dos cimentos. Conclusões: O agente de fixação auto-adesivo apresentou adesão inferior aos outros e o cimento dual se apresentou um pouco melhor que o quimicamente ativado.
This study hypothesized that resin cements with different activation modes and mechanisms have the same bond strength towards ceramic interface. Objectives: To evaluate the tensile bond strength of resin-fixing agent, self cured resin cement (C & B, Bisco), dual cement (Panavia, Kuraray) and self-adhesive (Relix U-100) towards the base of a ceramic of lithium disilicate (IPS-Empress Ivoclar Vivadent). Methodology: Nine blocks of ceramics and composite resins were prepared with dimensions 6mmx6mmx6mm. The surface of the porcelain and the composite was treated and the fixing agent (Panavia, C & B, ReLyX U-100), was applied. The composite block was photopolymerized for forty seconds on each side of the block. All samples were stored in deionized water at 37C for twenty-four hours. Afterwards, samples were cut to form matchstick slices 1mm -thick, with a total de 15 per group (n=15). The samples were submitted to microtensile testing at a Kratos universal testing machine (0.05mm/min) and the results were analyzed statistically. The pattern of fracture was observed in stereoscopic and classified. Result: The dual-cure cement (Panavia F) showed higher bond strengths whereas the self-adhesive cement (Relyx U-100) showed the lowest bond strength among groups. Most of the fracture occurred inside the adhesive interface, characterizing the efficiency and reliability of this test in the evaluation of cements. Conclusions: The self-adhesive cement exhibited lower bond strength compared to the other agents. The dual cured cement system presented a slightly better performance than the self-cured cement.

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27

Aboush, Yousef Elia Yousef. "Factors influencing the bonding of resins to metals and other adherends involved in resin-bonded bridgework". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327907.

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28

Arbter, Rene. "Contribution to robust resin transfer molding /". Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=18108.

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29

Mosbye, John Erlend. "Colloidal Wood Resin: Analyses and Interactions". Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-298.

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This thesis presents studies of the interactions between suspended particles and dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) in process water. The main focus has been to determine if colloidal wood resin is adsorbed by suspended fines or fillers, and how the dissolved material influences this adsorption. The effect of some synthetic polymers on this adsorption has also been investigated.

Successive refining of mainly Norway spruce followed Successive refining of mainly Norway spruce followed by removal of the produced fines after each refining stage, resulted in fines with different physical and chemical properties. In the first refining stage mainly flake-like fines were produced, while more fibrillar fines were produced in later refining stages. The different types of fines were analysed for both the bulk and the surface composition. Variation in the chemical composition between the fines was particularly striking with regard to the surface composition. Special attention was also given to the amount and origin of charged groups since these may consume cationic additives in the papermaking process. After alkali treatment, between 80 and 90% of all the charged groups measured by polymer adsorption originated from three uronic acids.

Fines were shown to adsorb model colloidal wood resin, but the adsorption was greatly influenced by the pH or salt content. Also the amount of dissolved components in the suspension, which sterically stabilised the colloidal wood resin, was shown to strongly influence the adsorption of the colloidal wood resin to the fines. The flake-like fines adsorbed the colloidal wood resin to a higher extent than the fibrillar fines. This selectivity was also possible to obtain by using polyethyleneoxide (PEO). PEO removed the sterically stabilised colloidal wood resin more efficiently when flake-like fines rather than fibrillar fines were present. For comparison, cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) did not have this selectivity. The selectivity of PEO was explained by a higher affinity to flake-like fines than fibrillar fines. It was shown that more PEO adsorbed to flake-like fines rather than to fibrillar ones. PEO may adsorb to extractive surfaces, but was inhibited by adsorbed components from the dissolved fraction. The degree of stabilisation was also shown to influence the adsorption of the colloidal wood resin by other particles like fillers. This adsorption, which was energetically favourable, did not occur at high concentrations of dissolved material.

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30

Zhang, Xuelian. "Characterization of Wood Resin-Adhesive Spray". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ZhangX2008.pdf.

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31

Blinka, Kate Whitley. "RESIN FLOW IN CLONAL LOBLOLLY PINE". NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04232007-082818/.

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Loblolly pines, Pinus taeda L., are a vital part of the timber industry throughout the southern United States and are susceptible to damage and mortality as a result of attack by southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman. The primary defense of loblolly pines against bark beetles is constitutive resin, which provides a physical barrier to beetle colonization. A study has been conducted to determine resin production heritablity in clonal loblolly pines. Samples were taken in the spring and late summer of 2005 and 2006 in Milton, FL and Walterboro, SC. Each site included nine complete random blocks containing improved and unimproved checks and 115 and 149 sampled clones, respectively. Two resin samples were collected at breast height from each tree after resin was allowed to flow for 22 +/- 2 hours. Samples were then dried until a subset reached constant mass and sample mass data were used to determine total resin flow repeatability. Total resin flow was found to be significantly higher in one family than the improved check. Resin production by clonal loblolly pines was found to have moderately high repeatability and low positive correlation with tree volume. Results indicate that clone selection that includes resin production as well as desirable growth characteristics can result in loblolly pines that display decreased susceptibility to the southern pine beetle.

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32

Teng, Yan, e 滕雁. "Rasta resin-supported reagents and catalysts". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46934297.

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33

Lowe, Julian Robert. "Void formation in resin transfer moulding". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11626/.

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In recent years interest has grown in the use of composite components within the automotive industry. Fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) components are of particular interest to the industry, since lower tooling costs and part consolidation can be utilised, whilst lighter, stiffer components can be produced. Several methods are available to produce FRP components at high volumes, including compression moulding (using dough and sheet moulding compounds), reinforced reaction injection moulding (RRIM) and liquid moulding processes (resin transfer moulding (RTM) and structural reaction injection moulding (SRIM)). RTM is a closed mould process, which is widely used to produce components economically in low volumes using matched moulds to produce two good surfaces. The absence of a high volume manufacturing technology, however, has impeded the acceptance and advance of RTM within the automotive industry. A research programme was established at the University of Nottingham to address the problems associated with the use of RTM for high volume manufacture. This programme has considered the topics of process technology, processing characteristics of polyester resin systems and fibre preforms, fibre wet-out and interfacial bonding, mould design, microwave pre-heating of reactive resin systems and process modelling. This thesis concerns the research which was undertaken to identify the causes of void formation during the impregnation and polymerisation stages of RTM, and methods of reducing the final void content within the component. The impregnation phase of the RTM process was identified as being the stage where the majority of voids were formed. A study of oil impregnation (having a similar viscosity to that of resin) into reinforcement was undertaken to determine the reasons for uneven flow and air entrapment. The dry reinforcements were studied to assess the microstructure of the preforms in order to determine reasons for obstruction of the resin flow. Fabric stitching, thermoplastic binder and size deposits were identified as potential causes of flow impediment. Fibre orientation and preform stacking were also assumed to assist in the development of uneven flow, leading to air entrapment. A major factor determining the formation of microvoids within fibre bundles was identified as the transverse impregnation of resin into high Tex fibre bundles. The major moulding process variables of injection pressure, vent pressure, fibre volume fraction, mould temperature and resin pre-heating have been assessed, to determine their effect on the void content within unidirectional and CFRM reinforced polyester laminates. It was observed that vacuum assistance during impregnation reduced void formation, although higher exotherm pressures and the possibility of monomer boiling arise from its use. A simple impregnation model was developed to assess the microscopic impregnation rates between fibre bundles, in the capillary between fibres and transversely into fibre bundles. The results from this model were compared with actual moulding histories. The findings of the overall work are discussed and suggestions proposed for the reduction of void content in RTM automotive components.

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34

Al-Hamdan, Ali. "Resin transfer moulding of sandwich structures". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362997.

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35

Abdelkader, Ahmed Fouad. "Durability of epoxy resin based coatings". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275421.

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36

Weitzenböck, Jan Rüdiger. "Flow characterization in resin transfer moulding". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/403475/.

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37

Li, Shoujie. "Experimental analysis of resin injection pultrusion /". The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148639852855597.

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38

Gibby, Stuart Grant Walker Mary P. "Effect of residual moisture on the quality of resin/dentin interface for an epoxy-resin endodontic sealer". Diss., UMK access, 2008.

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Thesis (M.S.)--School of Dentistry. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2008.
"A thesis in oral biology." Advisor: Mary P. Walker. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Aug. 07, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-45). Online version of the print edition.

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39

Paes, Paula Nunes Guimarães. "Influencia do modo de ativação, da ciclagem mecanica e da ceramica na resistencia a tração diametral de cimentos resinosos". [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289569.

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Orientador: Lourenço Correr Sobrinho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos métodos de ativação e da fadiga mecânica sobre a resistência à tração diametral de cimentos resinosos duais. Pastas base e ativadora do RelyX ARC, Enforce, Nexus 2 e RelyX UNICEM foram manipuladas e inseridas em matrizes cilíndricas de silicona de adição (4 x 2 mm) e distribuídas em grupos de acordo com a técnica de ativação em: 1- Sem fotoativação (ativação química); 2- Fotoativação direta (ativação Dual); 3- Fotoativação através da cerâmica. Após armazenamento por 24 horas em água destilada a 37ºC, metade das amostras de cada grupo (n=10) foram submetidos a 30.000 ciclos mecânicos, com freqüência de 1 Hz e carga de 12 N. As amostras não cicladas permaneceram armazenadas em água destilada em estufa a 37ºC por 32 h após a manipulação, para que fossem testadas com o mesmo intervalo de tempo que as amostras cicladas. Em seguida, todas as amostras foram submetidas ao ensaio de Resistência à Tração Diametral (RTD) em máquina universal de ensaios INSTRON, com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Os dados de RTD (MPa) para os modos de ativação química, dual indireta e dual direta foram submetidos à análise de Variância e ao teste de Tukey (5%) e mostraram que apenas os fatores modo de ativação e cimento apresentaram interação significativa. O fator ciclagem mecânica e a interação tripla não obtiveram interação significativa. Os valores da interação dos fatores cimento e modos de ativação química, dual indireta e dual direta respectivamente foram: RelyX ARC (49,68 ± 8,42; 63,43 ± 6,92 e 55,12 ± 5,16), Enforce (49,12 ± 3,89; 56,96 ± 6,45 e 56,42 ± 8,88), RelyX ARC (28,12 ± 11,21; 40,10 ± 4,39 e 37,44 ± 6,49) e Nexus 2 (61,89 ± 11,21; 62,56 ± 10,93 e 59,26 ± 9,47). A análise dos resultados após o teste de Tukey mostrou que o cimento Nexus 2 não apresentou aumento nos valores de RTD quando ativado pela luz em relação à polimerização química. Os demais cimentos apresentaram valores maiores quando fotoativados de forma direta ou indireta, em relação aos valores alcançados pelo modo de polimerização química, com exceção do cimento RelyX ARC que obteve os mesmos valores quando ativado de forma dual direta e polimerizado quimicamente. A interposição do disco de cerâmica durante a fotoativacão alterou os valores de resistência à tração diametral apenas para o cimento RelyX ARC. A ciclagem mecânica não afetou a resistência à tração diametral de nenhum cimento resinoso dual avaliado e a composição de cada cimento resinoso dual, assim como o seu modo de ativação, foram determinantes para a obtenção da resistência à tração diametral dos mesmos.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the activation methods and the mechanical fatigue on diametral tensile strength of dual resin cements. Base and catalyst pastes of the cements RelyX ARC, Enforce, Nexus 2 and RelyX UNICEM were mixed and inserted into cylindrical silicon moulds (4 x 2 mm) and divided in groups according to their activation methods: 1) without photoactivation (chemical activation); 2) direct curing (dual ativation); 3) light activation through porcelain disk. After being stored for 24 hours in distillated water at 37ºC, half of the samples of each group (n=10) were subjected to 30,000 mechanical cycles at 1 Hz frequency and 12 N load. The samples not cycled remained in distillated water at 37ºC for 32 h after the mixing, so they were tested with the same time that the other fatigued samples did. Then, the samples were subjected to Diametral Tensile Strength (DTS) in Instron universal machine with 0,5 mm/min speed. The data of the Diametral Tensile Strength (MPa) obtained for each cement in chemical, indirect dual and direct dual modes of activation were submeted to three-way analysis of variance and Turkey's Student Range Test (5%) and showed that only the activation methods and the cement type presented significant difference. Mechanical fatigue and triple factors interation didn't present significant difference. The data of the cement factor with chemical activation, indirect curing and direct curing was respectively: RelyX ARC (49.68 ± 8.42; 63.43 ± 6.92 e 55.12 ± 5.16), Enforce (49.12 ± 3.89; 56.96 ± 6.45 and 56.42 ± 8.88), RelyX ARC (28.12 ± 11.21; 40.10 ± 4.39 and 37.44 ± 6.49) and Nexus 2 (61.89 ± 11.21; 62.56 ± 10.93 and 59.26 ± 9.47). After Turkey's test, the data showed that the cement Nexus 2 didn't present increase in the DTS values when it was light actived comparing to chemical curing. The others cement presented higher values when directly or indirectly photoactivated compared with the values obtained with chemical activation mode. The exception was the RelyX ARC cement that obtained the same data when it was direct cured and chemical activated. The interposition of porcelain disk during the photoactivation did alter the DTS values only for the RelyX ARC cement. However, the mechanical fatigue didn't alter the DTS values of any dual resin cement tested. Each dual cement composition, as their activation mode, was fundamental in order to obtain its DTS values.
Mestrado
Materiais Dentarios
Mestre em Materiais Dentários

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Anfe, Taciana Emília de Almeida. "Avaliação da possiibilidade de remoção do manchamento de resinas compostas submetidas ao envelhecimento artificial através do re-polimento". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23134/tde-19122009-122056/.

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Nesta pesquisa in vitro verificou-se a possibilidade de remoção do manchamento causado por café ou vinho tinto em cinco resinas compostas disponíveis comercialmente, após serem submetidas ao processo de envelhecimento. Trinta e seis espécimes de cada resina composta foram confeccionados em uma matriz de teflon, com 10 mm de diâmetro e 1,5 mm de espessura. Os espécimes foram mantidos em água destilada a 37ºC por 24 horas e, em seguida, polidos com irrigação na politriz (Ecomet Buehler USA) nas duas superfícies, com lixa de carbureto de silício com granulação de número 600, até atingirem a espessura de 1,3 ±0,01 mm. Após o polimento, a cor dos espécimes foi aferida com espectrofotômetro Cintra 10 UV (Visible Spectrometer, GBC, Austrália). Todos os espécimes foram submetidos à ciclagem térmica com temperaturas de 5 e 55ºC, com tempo de imersão de 1 minuto, por 1000 ciclos em solução de 75% álcool-água. Após a ciclagem térmica, os espécimes foram mantidos imersos em água destilada a 37ºC até completar o período de 7 dias da confecção das amostras. Após esse período, todos os espécimes foram levados ao espectrofotômetro para leitura da cor. Os espécimes foram divididos em três grupos, cada um com n=12, de acordo com as soluções em que foram imersos: água destilada (controle), café e vinho tinto. Para que o processo de manchamento acontecesse em uma única superfície do espécime, uma das faces e a superfície lateral do espécime foram isoladas com cera branca. Os espécimes foram imersos nas diferentes soluções e mantidos a 37ºC por 14 dias. Após o período de manchamento, a cera foi removida e a superfície submetida ao manchamento passou por escovação com escova elétrica (Escova Elétrica Braun Oral-B Procter & Gamble do Brasil S.A., Manaus, Brasil) por 30 segundos com pressão leve. Os espécimes foram secos com papel absorvente e novamente levados ao espectrofotômetro para medição da cor. Em seguida, os espécimes foram submetidos a três desgastes de 20 m e a cor foi aferida após cada um dos desgastes. O cálculo da diferença de cor foi realizado através da fórmula CIEDE2000. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada neste estudo, concluiuse que o manchamento provocado por café e vinho tinto nos compósitos avaliados foi superficial e um desgaste de 20 m foi suficiente para remoção de tal manchamento.
This in vitro research verified the possible elimination of staining caused by coffee and red wine in five commercial composite resins, after being submitted to thermal cycling. Thirty six specimens were prepared in a teflon mold with 10 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm thick. The specimens were immersed in water at 37ºC for 24 h and polished (Ecomet Buehler - USA) in both surfaces with a # 600 grit silicon carbide paper until achieve 1.3 ±0.01 mm thickness. After polishing, specimens color was measured in a spectrophotometer Cintra 10 UV (Visible Spectrometer, GBC, Austrália). All specimens were submitted to thermal cycling with temperatures of 5 and 55ºC with a dwell time of 1 minute, for 1000 cycles in a 75% ethanol/water solution. After thermal cycling the specimens were immersed in water at 37ºC until complete 7 days from the preparation of the specimens. All the specimens were then taken into spectrophotometer for measuring the color. The specimens were divided into 3 groups (n=12): distilled water (control), coffee and red wine. For the purpose of the staining process to occur in only one surface, all the side and one of the surfaces were isolated with white wax. The specimens were immersed in one of the solutions at 37ºC for 14 days. After the staining period, the wax was removed and the specimens were brushed with electric toothbrush (Braun Oral-B, Procter & Gamble do Brasil S.A., Manaus, Brasil) for 30 seconds with a slight pressure. The specimens were dry with a tissue paper and were taken to spectrophotometer for measuring the color. Following, the specimens were submitted to three wears of 20 m and the color was measured after each one of the wears. The calculation of the color difference was made through CIEDE2000 formula. According to the methodology used in this research, it was concluded that the staining caused by coffee and red wine was superficial and one wear of 20 m was enough for removing the discoloration.

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Maia, Rodrigo Rocha. "Avaliação difratográfica da microestrutura de três resinas compostas submetidas à aplicação de um agente clareador a base de peróxido de hidrogênio". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2839.

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A odontologia moderna utiliza métodos e técnicas ultraconservadores no intuito de corrigir os diversos tipos de alterações cromáticas observadas clinicamente. Os meios empregados baseiam-se na utilização de substâncias químicas à base de peróxidos presentes em diversas concentrações. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a microestrutura de três resinas compostas fotossensíveis submetidas à aplicação de um agente clareador a base de peróxido de hidrogênio a 35% (Whiteness HP Maxx - fabricante: FGM), ativado por uma fonte híbrida de energia luminosa (Aparelho de Laser-Led Whitening Lase, fabricante: DMC). Para isso, foram confeccionados 30 corpos de prova (CDP) 10 para cada grupo, no formato de discos, com 13 mm de diâmetro e 2,0 mm de espessura em uma matriz de teflon e aço inox, fotoativados por um aparelho de luz halógena convencional (Optilux 401 - Demetron/UR) por 40 segundos com densidade de potência média igual a 450 mW/cm2. Os grupos foram dispostos da seguinte forma: Grupo 1 - resina microparticulada (Durafill VS - fabricante: Heraeus Kulzer); Grupo 2 - resina micro-híbrida (Esthet-X - fabricante: Dentsply); e Grupo 3 resina nanoparticulada (Filtek Supreme XT fabricante: 3M ESPE). Todos os materiais restauradores utilizados eram da cor A2. Após serem submetidos à sequência de acabamento e polimento os CDP foram armazenados por sete dias em saliva artificial, limpos em ultra-som, envelhecidos artificialmente de acordo com a norma ASTM G 154. Os CDP dos três grupos foram aleatoriamente divididos em 2 subgrupos (ST sem tratamento e CT com tratamento) e finalmente submetidos aos experimentos. Os CDP dos subgrupos 1-ST, 2- ST e 3-ST foram triturados (SPEX SamplePrep 8000-series, marca: Mixer/Mills) seguido pela verificação dos materiais por meio de um espectrômetro (marca/modelo: Shimadzu EDX 720) para certificação da ausência de elementos pertencentes ao meio de moagem e por fim foram levados a um difrator de raios-X (marca / modelo: Philips -PW 3040 -X'Celerator- 40kV; 30mA; (λ): CuKα; 0,6; 0,2mm; 0,05 (2θ); 2s; 10-90 (2θ). Em seguida os CDP dos subgrupos 1-CT, 2- CT e 3-CT foram tratados com o peróxido de hidrogênio de acordo com o protocolo do fabricante para a fonte híbrida luminosa de energia selecionada, totalizando 9 aplicações de 10 minutos, onde eram respeitados os tempos de 3 minutos de ativação por 20 segundos de descanso, finalizando 10 minutos em cada aplicação. Mediante a este tratamento, os CDP dos subgrupos CT eram verificados e avaliados pelo mesmo método descrito anteriormente. Após interpretação gráfica, análise comparativa por meio do processamento digital das imagens no programa KS400 3.0 (Carl Zeiss Vision) e análise de concordância por cinco avaliadores calibrados utilizando um escore, pôde-se concluir que houve degradação estrutural e que as estruturas cristalinas das resinas estudadas foram afetadas de forma distinta quando tratadas pelo peróxido de hidrogênio; onde observou-se que: Grupo 1 > Grupo 3 > Grupo 2. Foi sugerido a realização de novos estudos, relacionados à interação do peróxido de hidrogênio às resinas compostas.
Currently, to correct dental chromatic alterations, the modern dentistry science takes advantage of ultraconservative's techniques and methods. Chemical substances, in particular peroxides are used in various concentrations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microstructure of 3 composites resin submitted the applies of a whitening gel - hydrogen peroxide 35% (Whiteness HP Maxx, FGM) activated by a hybrid energy light (Laser-Led, Whitening Lase, DMC). Thirty composite discs (13 mm diameter x 2,0 mm thickness) were made in a teflon custom matrix and assigned to the following groups: Group 1, microfill resin (Durafill VS, Heraeus-Kulzer); Group 2, micro hybrid resin (Esthet-X, Dentsply) and Group 3, nanofill resin (Filtek Supreme XT, 3M ESPE). Samples were light cured with an Optilux 401 (Demetron/UR) for 40s by irradiation powers about 450 mW/cm2. All samples were prepared using shade A2, followed by finishing and polishing procedures. Then, samples were stored in artificial saliva for seven days, ultra-sonicated and submitted an artificial aged (ASTM G 154). After that, each group was randomly divided in two sub-groups: ST Without treatment and CT- With treatment. The ST samples of groups 1, 2 and 3 were triturate using a grinder (SPEX SamplePrep 8000-series, Mixer/Mills), and then the materials were evaluated with a spectroscopy microscope (Shimadzu EDX 720) to verify the absence of milling particles, and a X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded using Philips - PW 3040 -X'Celerator- 40kV; 30mA; (λ): CuKα; 0,6; 0,2mm; 0,05 (2θ); 2s; 10-90 (2θ).The CT samples of group 1, 2 and 3 were treated with hydrogen peroxide following the manufacturer protocols 9 sequential 10 minutes applications/time, totaling 90 minutes. Triturated and evaluated using the same method described above. Comparative analysis by means of image processing software KS400 3.0 (Carl Zeiss Vision), graphic interpretation and agreement analysis by five valuators calibrated using a score of the results shown degree of crystallinity of the tested composites changed by bleaching treatment. After a comparative analysis, Group 1 demonstrated more degradation followed by group 3 and group 2. New studies are necessary to define the exact interaction between composite resin and hydrogen peroxides.

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Jadbabaei, Nastaran. "REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS FROM WATER BY POLYMERIC RESINS: PREDICTIVE MODELING AND DEVELOPMENT OF RESIN-PD COMPOSITES". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/373275.

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Civil Engineering
Ph.D.
Discharge of many organic contaminants (OCs) to the environment from industries such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyestuffs, and chemical intermediates is one of the major concerns to human health and the ecosystem due to their high toxicity. Existing water and wastewater treatment techniques were not specifically designed to remove OCs, and the elimination rate can vary from negligible to over 90%. Therefore, development of treatment technologies to efficiently remove OCs from water and wastewater effluents is required. Polymeric resins are an alternative for treatment since they can selectively target certain OCs as they can be custom-synthesized during polymerization by including desired functional groups to the matrix. However, additional efforts and cost are needed for the regeneration of the exhausted resins and recycling of the sorbed contaminants. Palladium based catalysts supported on polymeric resins are a promising method to overcome regeneration problems and convert contaminants to less toxic chemicals. The main goals of this research were to (1) develop predictive models for the sorption of cationic OCs by resins based on a mechanistic understanding of the sorption mechanisms of a range of cationic OCs on two cation exchange resins and (2) synthesize novel resin-based Pd catalysts to selectively remove two toxic contaminants, i.e., 4-chlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol, convert them to less toxic chemicals, and evaluate the possibility of in situ regeneration of the spent resins. The sorption study indicated that electrostatic (ion exchange) and nonelectrostatic (adsorption) interactions between nonpolar moieties of solute and sorbent have synergistic effects on sorption. It also established predictive models for estimating the sorbed concentrations of a target contaminant on a given resin at any environmentally relevant pH. Our findings point to the significant role of adsorption in the overall catalytic reactivity. The rate determining step (RDS) switched from adsorption to surface reaction with increasing concentration of the reactant. This observation was confirmed by good fitting of the reaction kinetics to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model developed based on the respective RDS. Our results demonstrated that Pd-resin composites are advantageous to water treatment because they can avoid the conventional resin regeneration process and enable recycling of reaction products of smaller environmental impacts.
Temple University--Theses

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Almulhim, Khalid. "Effect of resin cement, aging process and root level on the bond strength of the resin-fiber posts". Thesis, NSUWorks, 2014. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_cdm_stuetd/16.

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Background . Little is known about the long-term clinical bonding effectiveness of the Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts cemented with self-etch adhesive systems. Bond stability and longevity of the cemented post are adversely affected by physical and chemical factors over time, such as expansion and contraction stresses caused by thermal changes and occlusal load. This clinical condition can be simulated in vitro by thermocyclic loading; and bonding effectiveness can be evaluated by applying the micropush out test. Therefore, more in vitro studies are needed to evaluate the bond strength of the fiber posts cemented with different resin cement systems after simulating the artificial aging induced by thermocycling. The aim of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strength of two different resin cement systems (total etch, and self-etch resin cement system) used for cementation of fiber reinforced composite posts in three different aging periods using thermocycling. Methods . Following IRB approval, sixty freshly extracted bicuspid single rooted natural teeth were endodontically treated, and the post-spaces were prepared to receive a fiber-post cemented with either a total etch resin cement (Rely-X Ultimate) or with a self-etch resin cement (Rely-X Unicem). No thermocycling, 20,000 and 40,000 cycles was used to age the specimens. Teeth were randomly allocated into six different groups: G1 - Control: Rely-X Ultimate cement with no thermocycling. G2: Rely-X Ultimate cement with 20,000 thermocycling. G3: Rely-X Ultimate cement with 40,000 thermocycling. G4: Rely-X Unicem cement. G5: Rely-X Unicem cement. G6: Rely-X Unicem cement. Microtensile bond strength determined using a micropush out test on a universal testing machine (MTS). Additionally, the failure mode of each specimen was observed under a stereomicroscope (Olympus) at 40x magnification. Finally, one representative sample was randomly selected from each of the five failure modes for scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of the surface morphology in order to obtain SEM images of the failure patterns at 29-70x magnifications. Statistical analysis: Nested general linear and generalized linear model was created to look for statistical significance. Level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results . No significant differences were found on the bond strength between the two types of resin cement systems (total etch and self-etch). Regarding the thermocycling effect, the bond strengths of the group of 40,000 cycles was significantly lower than the 20,000 cycle group. In addition, the bond strengths of the specimens collected from the coronal third of the root were significantly lower than the specimens from the apical third. A Fisher's Exact test was applied to evaluate the failure mode differences, and showed statistically significant differences between the groups. Conclusions . The bond strength to the root canal dentin did not vary with the type of resin cement systems (total-etch vs self-etch). The microtensile bond strength values of FRC posts were significantly affected by increasing the thermocycling, and were significantly different among the different longitudinal levels of the root canal.

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Camilotti, Veridiana. "Influência de diferentes fontes fotoativadoras na resistência adesiva de restauração indireta de resina composta". UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2005. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/1798.

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The following study aims to evaluate the influence between the different light sources in curing light of resin cement. The occlusal surfaces of twenty recently extractew undamaged third human molars were removed in order to expose dentine surface. Immediately after, the bond system (Adper Single Bond/3M ESPE ) and resin cement (RelyX ARC/ 3 M ESPE) was applied in accordance with manufacturer instructions. Second generation laboratory resin of 4 mm thickness was applied over tooth and light curing proceeded. According to light sources employed the teeth were divided in four groups: G1 – Control Optilux 401/ Demetron (QTH); G2 – L.E.Demetron/Demetron (LEDs ); G3 – Ultra-Lume LED5 (LEDs) e G4 – Optilight CL/ Gnatus (LEDs). Restored teeth were stored in physiologic serum for 24 h. After stored, teeth were sectioned into vestibule-tongue and mesial-distal to delimit an area with approximately 1 mm², the third cut was made on the base of the tooth in order to release the samples. The microtensile test was employed to reveal the bond strength values in MPa. The data underwent statistical analysis with p<0,05. No statistical significancent difference was found betweem the groups. In conclusion the resin cement bon strength of dual fotoative with LEDs showed similar adhesive resistance test those revelead when halogen lamp was used, and that there also were not differences among the different apparels LEDs used in that study.
Avaliou-se a influência de diferentes fontes de luz na fotoativação de um cimento resinoso dual. A superfície oclusal de 20 terceiros molares humanos hígidos foi removida para expor a superfície dentinária. Em seguida, foi aplicado sistema adesivo (Adper Single Bond/3M ESPE ) e cimento resinoso dual (RelyX ARC/ 3 M ESPE), de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. A resina laboratorial de segunda geração (Gradia™ GC® América Inc), com espessura de 4 mm, foi adaptada sobre o dente e procedeu-se à fotoativação. De acordo com o aparelho de luz empregado, os elementos dentais foram divididos em 4 grupos: G1 – controle Optilux 401/ Demetron (QTH); G2 – L.E.Demetron 1/Demetron (LEDs ); G3 – Ultra- Lume LED5/Ultradent (LEDs) e G4 – Optilight CL/ Gnatus (LEDs). Os dentes restaurados foram armazenados em soro fisiológico por 24 h. Após o armazenamento, os dentes foram seccionados no sentido vestíbulo-lingual e mésiodistal, para delimitar uma área de 1 mm². Um terceiro corte na base do dente foi realizado com o objetivo de “soltar” os espécimes. O teste de micro-tração foi empregado para fornecer os valores da resistência adesiva em MPa. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste ANOVA com p<0,05. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significante entre os grupos testados. Concluiu-se que a resistência adesiva da interace adesiva fotoativado com LEDs foi semelhante à resistência adesiva obtida quando a lâmpada halógena foi utilizada e que também não houve diferenças entre os diferentes aparelhos LEDs empregados nesse estudo.

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Contreras, Sheila Celia Mondragón. "Influência do modo de foto ativação no grau de conversão, e adaptação marginal e interna de restaurações classe II com resinas compostas bulk fill". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152576.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade de diferentes modos de foto ativação das resinas compostas bulk fill comparando com as resinas convencionais, analisando sua influência na irradiância, no grau de conversão, assim como na formação de fendas internas e marginais em restaurações classe II tipo slot vertical, após envelhecimento artificial. Cento e sessenta incisivos bovinos foram cortados e desgastados para simular dentes posteriores, nos quais foram realizados preparos classe II. Os espécimes foram divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o material restaurador utilizado: Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TB), Admira Fusion X-tra Bulk fill (AB), Tetric N-Ceram (TC) e GrandioSO (GO). As resinas bulk fill foram inseridas em incremento único de 4 mm e nos demais grupos foi utilizada a técnica incremental oblíqua (2 mm). A foto ativação foi realizada com os aparelhos do tipo Monowave (MW) ou Polywave (PW) nos dois modos (alta intensidade continua e rampa). A medição da irradiância foi feita utilizando espectroradiômetro Patient Simulator (MARC-PS). O grau de conversão foi avaliado através da reflectância total atenuada (ATR) do espectrômetro (FTIR). As superfícies superiores das amostras foram irradiadas in loco durante 20 s. O espectro da superfície inferior foi registrado em tempo real e após 15 min da irradiação. As fendas foram avaliadas em estereomicroscópio (50x). As fendas marginais externas foram avaliadas antes e após a ciclagem termomecânica. Para fenda interna, os espécimes foram seccionados e então avaliados. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA umo e dois fatores e teste Tukey. Em relação á irradiância o aparelho LED Monowave apresentou maior valor de irradiância (1822,2 mW/cm2 - AIC; 1748,1 mW/cm2 - R); na análise do GC, o teste ANOVA dois fatores mostrou diferença significativa (p<0,05) para o fator tipo de resina. A resina TB apresentou o menor grau de conversão, e AB o maior GC. Para fenda marginal foi encontrada diferença significativa para o fator fotopolimerização e interação resina x fotopolimerização (p<0,05). Resina TC fotopolimerizada PW/AIC apresentou maior média de fenda marginal (13,94 µm) e TC fotopolimerizada MW/AIC a menor (9,59 µm). Após o envelhecimento termomecânico a resina GO fotopolimerizada PW/R apresentou maior porcentagem de aumento de fenda marginal (48,54%) e maior fenda interna quando fotopolimerizada MW/AIC (85,05 µm). Concluiu-se que o tipo fotopolimerização não influenciou no grau de conversão. As restaurações polimerizadas com o fotopolimerizador Polywave apresentaram os maiores valores de fenda marginal externa. As resinas bulk fill apresentaram menores valores de fenda marginal e interna após o envelhecimento termomecânico quando comparadas com restaurações de resinas convencionais.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different photo activation modes on irradiance, the degree of conversion and formation of internal and external gaps in class II restorations using bulk fill resins. One hundred and sixty bovine incisors were cut and worn to simulate posterior teeth, in which class II preparations were performed. The specimens were divided into four groups according to the restorative material used: Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TB), Admira fusion X-tra Bulk fill (AB), Tetric N-Ceram (TC), GrandioSO (GO). The bulk fill resins were inserted in a single increment of 4 mm, and in the other groups, the incremental oblique technique was used. The photo activation was performed with a Monowave (MW) or Polywave (PW) light curing devices selecting two modes (high continuous intensity (HCI) and soft start (SS)). The irradiance measurement was performed using Patient Simulator (MARC-PS) in HCI and SS modes, for 20 s. For the degree of conversion, 2 mm and 4 mm high and 5 mm diameter molds were prepared for resin insertion directly on the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectrometer (FTIR). The upper surfaces of the samples were irradiated in situ for 20 s with the light curing apparatus in the modes (HCI) and (SS), the lower surface spectra was recorded continuously in real time and then at 15 min after irradiation. For the evaluation of the external gap each specimen was evaluated twice, one before and one after the thermomechanical cycling. For internal gap, the specimens were sectioned and evaluated using the stereomicroscope using a 50x magnification. About the irradiance, the Monowave LED showed the highest irradiance values (1822,2 mW/cm2 - HCI; 1748,1 mW/cm2 - SS), in the DC analysis, the two way ANOVA test showed significant difference (p <0.05) for the resin type. TB showed the lowest DC, with a statistical difference for AB. For the marginal gap, a significant difference was found for the photopolymerization factor and resin x photopolymerization interaction (p <0.05). TC light cured by PW/HCI showed the highest average marginal gap (13.94 μm) and TC light cured by MW / HCI revealed the lowest (9.59 μm) marginal gap. After thermomechanical aging, GO light cured by PW / SS had a higher percentage of increasing marginal gap (48.54%) and the highest internal gap when light cured by MW / HCI (85.05 μm). It was concluded that the type of photopolymerization did not influence the degree of DC. The restorations light cured by PW device showed the highest external marginal gaps. Bulk fill resins exhibited lower marginal and internal gap values after thermomechanical aging when compared with conventional resin.

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46

Sen, Evrim. "Water Dispersed Epoxy Resin For Surface Coatings". Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1211051/index.pdf.

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In this research water dispersed epoxy varnishes were produced by reacting solid epoxy resin with ethylene diamine (EDA) and maleinized fatty acids of linseed oil. Maleinized fatty acid (MFA) was produced by the maleinization process, in which, fatty acid and maleic anhydride were reacted under nitrogen atmosphere. Maleinization was performed in order to insert hydrophilic groups to the fatty acid chains, which were then inserted to the backbone of the epoxy resin. This was done to give water dispersibility to the hydrophobic epoxy resin. Solid epoxy resin was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane. Ethylene diamine was then added to the solution at 50°
C, and stirred for 4 hours. Then the temperature was increased to 80oC and kept for 2 hours. Maleinized fatty acids were then introduced, and the reaction was carried out at 90oC for 10 hours. 1,4-dioxane was used for the removal of the water, which forms as the byproduct. Then the driers were added. The carboxylic groups of the maleinized fatty acid were neutralized by morpholine and the product was dispersed in water. The varnish was applied on test panels and left for air-drying for 24 hours and then baked at 140°
C for 5 hours. The free epoxy content was determined by pyridinium-chloride titration and it was seen that all the epoxy groups reacted. Also, produced fatty acid was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and maleinized fatty acid was characterized by H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Hardness, bending, impact resistance, gloss, and abrasion resistance tests were carried out on hardened varnish specimens. The samples generally showed good mechanical and physical properties. While the baking time was increased the hardness of product increased. Samples showed superior impact resistance, gloss, and flexibility.

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47

Alsunbul, Hanan. "Fundamental aspects of dental resin-composite stability". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/fundamental-aspects-of-dental-resincomposite-stability(e4b0a8d2-f474-442a-ad74-e58ddc31dc70).html.

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Dental resin-composite is a material made of inorganic filler phase and organic matrix phase with a coupling agent that bonds the filler to the matrix. These materials became popular in dentistry for their improved aesthetic and clinical performance. The indications of these materials had expanded to involve restoration of anterior and posterior teeth including the more extensive restorations. The introduction of Bulk fill materials made their clinical applications less time consuming especially with their claimed improved clinical performance such as less shrinking ability, less water sorption and more stability in the oral environment. In this research we aimed to study the general stability of a wide group of resin-composite materials with regard of their polymerisation shrinkage, the effect of solvents storage on their mass and volume, their sorption and solubility and the effect of the solvents storage on the diametral strength and surface hardness of these materials. Bonded disk method was used to assess the polymerisation shrinkage strain and its rate was then obtained using a numerical differentiation method. For the polymerisation stress, Bio-man instrument was used. Modulus of elasticity was then calculated from the measured stress and strain at 60 min. The results demonstrated different shrinkage behaviour that is strongly related to the different monomer systems of the materials. The nature of the monomer system determines the amount of the bulk contraction that occurs during polymerization and the resultant stress. Higher values of shrinkage strain and stress were demonstrated by the investigated flowable materials. The bulk fill materials showed comparable result when compared to traditional resin-composites. The effect of three different solvents was investigated in which the materials were stored for a total storage time of 180d. Generally the materials were most greatly affected by MEK storage compared to the other two solvents. However, the glass-fibre-reinforced material (EVX) was mostly affected by water immersion. The pattern of change/recovery behaviour of the materials, during solvent challenge, was similar to the pattern of viscoelastic creep/recovery behaviour of resin-composite materials. The surface micro-hardness of the material and the diametral strength were studied after a period of solvents storage. The storage time and the type of solvent have a significant influence on these properties. In general, MEK showed more drastic reduction in the material micro-hardness with an exception of G-aenial universal flo (GA-F) which showed similar results in water/ethanol and MEK. The bulk-fill materials showed no superior results compared with the other materials. The significant decrease in the surface micro-hardness of the investigated materials makes their long-term stability open to question. For the bulk-fill materials that are designed to be used as a base, their penetration by the solvents may be shielded.

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48

Skordos, Alexandros A. "Modelling and monitoring of resin transfer moulding". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2000. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3861.

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Modelling and monitoring tools appropriate for the resin transfer moulding composites manufacturing route were developed in this study. A simulation of the curing stage of the process based on a finite elements solution of the non-linear heat conduction equation was implemented. The simulation involved appropriate submodels for the incorporation of thermal properties and cure kinetics. A novel non-parametric procedure which utilises interpolation applied directly to experimental Winefics data proved adequate for the simulation of chemical and structural phenomena occurring during the cure. The application of the heat transfer model was successful, the magnitude of thermal gradients was shown*to be significant and the character of degree of cure gradients temporary. An inversion of the heat transfer simulation based on genetic algorithms enabled an optihisation of the cure process parameters to be performed. The heat transfer simulation was combined with thermal monitoring results in order to achieve an extension of the local temperature measurements to the whole component. This combined scheme reproduced successfully the' temperature and degree of cure distributions. The same approach was implemented with similar outcomes using artificial cure monitoring results. Impedance cure monitoring was used in order to follow in real time the reaction progress. An interpretation was found for the manifestation of vitrification in the impedance signals. A new equivalent circuit representing accurately the behaviour of the resin system investigated was developed. A methodology which correlates the progress of cure with the imaginary impedance spectrum evolution was established. Dielectric flow monitoring techniques appropriate for the filling stage of resin transfer moulding were devised. Lineal sensors enabled monitoring of the progress of filling to be made in both conductive and non-conductive reinforcements.

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49

Dong, Cecilia C. S. "Dentin bonding factors involved in resin luting". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63002.pdf.

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50

Yung, Kam Ming Louisa. "A retrospective study of preventive resin restorations". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B38628442.

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