Tesi sul tema "Residential neighbourhood"
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1
Darwood, J. M. "Residential crime and the neighbourhood". Thesis, Swansea University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636352.
Abstract (sommario):
Identifying with the emerging school of environmental criminology, this research focuses on the place of crime, aiming to explore and understand spatial variations in vulnerability. Residential crime (crime against the household) is studied - specifically residential burglary, burglary in other premises and simple theft. Analysis of data collected from police crime records supports the assumption that most residential crime is opportunistic - committed in areas familiar to the offender. Analysis is primarily made at inter- and intra-neighbourhood levels. Eight neighbourhoods of contrasting socio-economic characteristics and crime levels within, and in surrounding areas of, Swansea are studied - using a questionnaire (to interview samples of households) and a site survey (to record design and location features of dwellings). Two (related) themes structure the research. (i) Place as location. Hypotheses are tested which explain the vulnerability of neighbourhoods, in terms of variables which may either create or foreclose opportunities for crime (namely neighbourhood identity, social cohesion, variability, occupance levels, dwelling design and location). It is concluded that these need to be applied selectively as explanations of vulnerability - the most general explanation is proximity to offender-residence. The importance of place-specific studies is emphasised. (ii) Place as a centre of meaning. The second set of hypotheses concentrate on reaction to crime - in terms of relations between perceptions of crime, satisfaction with the neighbourhood, perceived risk of, and worry about, being burgled and security consciousness. All the hypothesised relationships were found to exist, to varying degrees. The implications of these results are discussed with reference to a range of crime prevention measures which have the objective of reducing or removing opportunities for crime. Some recommendations on ways in which the public can be made better informed on the real risks of crime are made.
2
王民勤 e Man-kan Wong. "Residential neighbourhood planning in Chinese cities". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31259297.
3
Wong, Man-kan. "Residential neighbourhood planning in Chinese cities /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18154189.
4
Hedman, Lina. "Residential Mobility and Neighbourhood Effects: A Holistic Approach". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160428.
Abstract (sommario):
The number of studies estimating neighbourhood effects has increased rapidly during the last two decades. Although results from these studies vary, a majority find at least small effects. But to what extent can we trust these estimates? Neighbourhood effect studies face many serious methodological challenges, of which some are related to the fact that people move. The mobility of individuals may cause neighbourhoods to change over time, result in exposure times that are too short and seriously bias estimates. These methodological problems have not been given enough attention in the neighbourhood effect literature: no study controls for them all, and implications of mobility are rarely included in theoretical discussions of neighbourhood effects. In a comprehensive summary and five different papers, I argue that the two scholarly fields of residential mobility and neighbourhood effect studies are intrinsically connected and that any arbitrary separation between the two is both conceptually problematic and risks leading to erroneous conclusions. Studies of neighbourhood effects must address the problems caused by mobility, before it can be convincingly argued that results actually show neighbourhood effects. To do this, longitudinal data are necessary. Furthermore, the connection between the two fields may also have implications for studies of residential mobility.
5
Machler, Leonard. "Evaluating how neighbourhood housing diversity relates with residential location choice, residential satisfaction and health". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/56265.
Abstract (sommario):
Urban planners have long advocated strategies that enable a broad spectrum of the population to live in their preferred communities. In particular, planning researchers emphasize the importance of enabling households with preferences for Smart Growth communities to match. Living in Smart Growth communities – characterized by higher densities, more mixed land uses, and better access to transport alternatives to the car - has been empirically linked with improved health, environmental and economic outcomes. One widely cited neighbourhood matching strategy is to increase the level of housing mix - or the diversity and distribution of different housing typologies within a neighbourhood - to permit households of lesser financial means to trade living space for an opportunity to live in their desired communities. However, no empirical study has investigated whether increased neighbourhood housing mix is associated with higher levels of neighbourhood matching in the population. The purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate the effectiveness of housing mix as a planning strategy. Using data obtained from a residential preference survey of 1,186 Vancouver area households, this project investigates the association between neighbourhood housing mix and the ability for households to match into their preferred neighbourhood type. The project also tests the association between neighbourhood match and neighbourhood satisfaction as well as the association between neighbourhood match and two measures of health: self-reported health status and body mass index (BMI). Neighbourhood match is defined two ways: based on a survey respondent’s subjective interpretation of their actual neighbourhood design compared to their preferences (i.e. “subjective match), and a comparison of the respondent’s survey-indicated preference versus an objective assessment of their community based on measurable features of the built environment (i.e. “objective match”). Findings reveal that housing mix only significantly predicts objective match, and significant associations are limited to owner-occupiers and respondents under the age of 60. Objective match is not a significant predictor of neighbourhood satisfaction or health. This dissertation concludes that housing mix is not an effective planning strategy for enabling households with Smart Growth preferences to live in their desired community.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
6
McGarrigle, Jennifer Leigh. "Understanding South Asian residential preferences in Glasgow : neighbourhood attachment and suburbanisation". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2321/.
Abstract (sommario):
Although, much has been written about the housing conditions and segregation of minority ethnic groups, less has been written about their housing careers, residential mobility, and preferences. This thesis attempts to address these limitations in our knowledge and to enhance our understanding of the residential location and preferences of South Asian households. To fully explore these objectives the research adopts a triangulated approach; combining a quantitative study using census data of both the residential location and concentration of South Asian groups in the study area and in-depth interviews with migrating South Asian households. The major findings of the research show that over the past ten years Greater Glasgow has seen changes in the residential location of its South Asian population; the results of the census analysis detail the maintenance of both residential differentiation and continued concentration in the inner city as well as evidence of dispersal to traditionally white suburban areas, areas adjacent to the core and in-between areas. The processes underlying these changes are shown to be dynamic and complex, encompassing elements of choice and constraint and reflecting negotiated choices. Cultural expectations, religious observance, financial constraint and limited housing options interact with choice in sustaining ethnic clustering in the inner-city. On the other hand we seen the spatial ramifications of changing practices social aspirations and economic opportunity for a selected group of movers. Although ethnicity and religion play a continuing role in shaping the residential choices of the South Asians interviewed, these factors were not independent but interacted with individual/personal factors, class, economic status, gender, age, family issues and the dynamic nature of culture in determining locational needs and preferences. The South Asian population is shown to be differentiated from within. This suggests that the idea of a coherent ‘Asian community’ obscures differences and generates assumptions regarding residential behaviour and ‘in-group’ identities not matched in the empirical data presented here.
7
Teriman, Suharto. "Measuring neighbourhood sustainability : a comparative analysis of residential types in Malaysia". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/54679/1/Suharto_Teriman_Thesis.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
The expansion of city-regions, the increase in the standard of living and changing lifestyles have collectively led to an increase in housing demand. New residential areas are encroaching onto the city fringes including suburban and green field areas. Large and small developers are actively building houses ranging from a few blocks to master-planned style projects. These residential developments, particularly in major urban areas, represent a large portion of urban land use in Malaysia, and, thus, have become a major contributor to overall urban sustainability. There are three main types that comprise the mainstream, and form integral parts to contemporary urban residential developments, namely, subdivision developments, piecemeal developments, and master-planned developments. Many new master-planned developments market themselves as environmentally friendly, and provide layouts that encompass sustainable design and development. To date, however, there have been limited studies conducted to examine such claims or to ascertain which of these three residential development layouts is more sustainable. To fill this gap, this research was undertaken to develop a framework for assessing the level of sustainability of residential developments, focusing on their layouts at the neighbourhood level.
The development of this framework adopted a mixed method research strategy and embedded research design to achieve the study aim and objectives. Data were collected from two main sources, where quantitative data were gathered from a three-round Delphi survey and spatial data from a layout plan. Sample respondents for surveys were selected from among experts in the field of the built environment, both from Malaysia and internationally. As for spatial data, three case studies – master-planned, piecemeal and subdivision developments representing different types of neighbourhood developments in Malaysia have been selected. Prior to application on the case studies, the appropriate framework was subjected to validation to ascertain its robustness for application in Malaysia.
Following the application of the framework on the three case studies the results revealed that master-planned development scored a better level of sustainability compared to piecemeal and subdivision developments. The results generated from this framework are expected to provide evidence to the policy makers and development agencies as well as provide an awareness of the level of sustainability and the necessary collective efforts required for developing sustainable neighbourhoods. Continuous assessment can facilitate a comparison of sustainability over time for neighbourhoods as a means to monitor changes in the level of sustainability. In addition, the framework is able to identify any particular indicator (issue) that causes a significant impact on sustainability.
8
Kim, Jong Jin Built Environment Faculty of Built Environment UNSW. "A study of the externalities of reconstruction projects in neighbourhood residential markets". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Built Environment, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23059.
Abstract (sommario):
Externalities are defined as situations where an economic activity of an economic subject affects the production or consumption activities of other economic subjects (third parties), that do not participate in the activity. Externalities therefore cause changes in the welfare state of third party subjects and result in an economic inefficiency in an economy, indicating that the economy does not enjoy the maximum benefits from its given resources. Reconstruction project is a kind of large scale residential renewal programs that is organized and undertaken by private sector in Korea. In the process of profit maximization in the private sector, old housing estates are reconstructed with higher and larger residential buildings, as well as more dwelling units on the same sites. These changes emit externalities into the neighbourhood residential markets. The aim of the study is to demonstrate, statistically, the creation of externalities in the reconstruction of old housing estate. In doing so, the study investigates the differences of land prices in the neighbourhood residential markets due to the externalities generated by the projects and quantifies the differences, using the land price data from the Ministry of Construction and Transportation in Korea. Three statistical analysis methods were used in the study. Firstly, descriptive statistic detected the differences of land prices between the residential markets in each project case and indicated the existence of the externalities in some of the neighbourhood residential markets. Secondly, ANOVA and T-tests statistically concluded that reconstruction projects emit externalities in some neighbourhood residential markets. Lastly, the intervention analysis quantified the amounts of the externalities and verified the established hypotheses. The major finding of the study is that reconstruction projects emit externalities in the neighbourhood residential markets, and the net externalities are, on the whole, positive. It is concluded that the general welfare could be extended as the production level of reconstruction projects is increased.
9
Morris, Timothy Thomas. "Multilevel longitudinal analyses into the health impacts of residential neighbourhood transitions during childhood". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.752737.
10
Chen, Haiyan, e 陳海燕. "Neighbourhood compactness and residential built environmental performance: a study of contemporary housingin Guangzhou, China". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36833782.
11
Wongkovit, Supawai. "The urban design for a community-oriented residential neighbourhood inBeijing: housing in Liangxiang Village". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42930789.
12
Chen, Haiyan. "Neighbourhood compactness and residential built environmental performance a study of contemporary housing in Guangzhou, China /". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36833782.
13
Wongkovit, Supawai. "The urban design for a community-oriented residential neighbourhood in Beijing housing in Liangxiang Village /". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42930789.
14
Vermeulen, Stephanie. "an architecture of daily life: the continuing evolution of Toronto's residential fabric". Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2889.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis envisions a new way of living in the city of Toronto. It is a vision that evolves not from the ideologies on which Toronto was founded, set out over 100 years ago when all multi-family dwellings were called tenements and tenements were considered, among other things, immoral. Instead, it is a vision founded on a city that has seen immense change over the last century, and faces an even greater rate of change over the next. Our city prides itself on its cultural and social diversity, yet, architecturally, we still struggle to adapt within a fabric of single-family homes. The Dutch provide an edifying example of an architecture of daily life, embodied by their attitude toward issues of privacy, toward traffic, toward work and play. Based on a case study of housing in the Netherlands, a country that has successfully and creatively adapted to the demands of housing in a climate of rapid immigration and a diversifying population, this thesis proposes new, high density urban housing typologies for the city of Toronto. This new vision for the city serves not only to add the necessary density to our existing neighbourhoods, but to foster a strong community life and to provoke new ideas about urban living.
15
Hamiduddin, I. "The social implications of residential car reduction : exploring mobility and community development at the neighbourhood scale". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1401031/.
Abstract (sommario):
Physical qualities of the residential environment exert demonstrable influences on social interaction, lifestyles and personal well being. However, the importance of the neighbourhood in providing a context for home life, and increasingly a working life, is not necessarily reflected in the level of attention received. Although the car has had an important shaping effect on the qualities of residential space leading to outcomes that have been addressed in different areas of social research, virtually no attempt has been made to draw different strands of research together in a single piece of work, nor study the effects of car reduction in relation to mobility and social interaction at the neighbourhood scale. This thesis attempts to address both shortfalls; the former in the opening chapters, and the latter through empirical evidence drawn from a case study comparison of three neighbourhoods in the second part. At the core is a single question: what are the social implications of residential car reduction? In support of the main question, three sub-questions investigate specific matters of residential selectivity, access and opportunity constraint and whether lessons can be identified for future residential schemes. From analysis of the empirical evidence, four conceptual models of residential car reduction are developed. Critically, however, an argument emerges against adopting a neighbourhood-first approach. Instead the thesis argues that initial consideration should be given to what is termed the urban ‘operating system’ as characterised by the overall transport offer, urban structure and supporting planning policies that influence travel behaviour. This argument is supported both by a logic from historic evidence suggesting that urban form has a tendency to follow the dominant transport function, and by empirical evidence indicating that issues including exclusion and undue residential selectivity on mobility grounds can occur in car-reduced schemes where relation to the urban operating system is weaker.
16
Elgin, Joanna Elizabeth. "The Impact of Neighbourhood Characteristics and Support on Well-being, Housing Satisfaction, and Residential Stability for People with a Mental Illness". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Health Sciences Centre, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5658.
Abstract (sommario):
The global burden of disease attributable to mental illness is high, and as a result people with serious mental illness are at greater risk of indicators of social exclusion, such as poverty, homelessness and social isolation. Since deinstitutionalisation began in the 1960s, a variety of housing and support models have been used for this group. „Housing first‟ models are proving superior to „continuum of care‟ models in achieving positive housing outcomes and improving indicators of social exclusion. Housing first programmes are also believed to be more effective as they offer consumers choice, are not contingent on treatment, and are, therefore, empowering and philosophically compatible with harm reduction and recovery approaches. The physical and social environments have also been found to influence housing satisfaction and well-being outcomes for this group, but are often poorly measured or inadequately defined in the few studies which have been conducted.
As little recent New Zealand research has examined housing, support and environmental effects for people with serious mental illness, this twelve-month prospective cohort study provides a more current account of the experiences of this group. Thirty six participants were recruited from a group of people with serious mental illness referred to the Comcare Housing Service for assistance to obtain independent, community-based housing. An examination of the variables influencing housing and overall well-being ratings was conducted. Peace and Kell's (2001) sustainability framework, outlining four categories of resources required for this group to maintain housing, was also evaluated.
The results demonstrate the success of housing support in improving outcomes for people with serious mental illness, particularly in terms of improved housing quality and satisfaction, and residential stability. They also provide further evidence that this group have high rates of homelessness and are frequently in situations where they are at risk of homelessness. The physical environment appeared to have little influence on housing satisfaction or other well-being measures, however, the social environment seemed to play a role in higher ratings on these outcomes. Participants rehoused by Comcare Housing reported higher housing satisfaction and fewer housing problems, indicating that the service was providing effective housing support.
Peace and Kell‟s framework is a good model for conceptualising housing for this group, although environmental and neighbourhood effects need to be included in the model in order for it to have international applicability. The omission of those at risk of homelessness from the New Zealand definition is a serious concern and has policy implications as support to address housing issues for this group may be neglected due to their invisibility in the statistics.
17
van, der Burgt Danielle. ""Där man bor tycker man det är bra" : Barns geografier i en segregerad stadsmiljö". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Social and Economic Geography, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7414.
Abstract (sommario):
Because of the socioeconomic and ethnic segregation in many Swedish towns, residents with different social backgrounds are often living in separate neighbourhoods. This thesis focuses on children aged between 11 and 14 and explores the spatial extent of their social networks, their spatial mobility and spatial representations. By studying these aspects of children’s daily lives the study attempts to contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind neighbourhood effects.
The spatial extension of the daily lives of children in seven adjacent neighbourhoods in a medium sized Swedish town is mapped. By using children’s activity diaries, surveys with parents and children’s maps the study explores to which extent children with different personal characteristics and from different neighbourhoods have friends outside their own neighbourhoods, where they spend time and what kind of activities they engage in and with whom. The study shows that the possibility to get their own direct experience of other neighbourhoods differs between groups of children, much depending on the geographical extension of their social networks, which in turn appears mainly to be a consequence of school reception areas and, indirectly, school popularity.
By using children’s maps and group interviews children’s perspectives of their own and other neighbourhoods are analysed. The thesis illustrates how children feel about and discuss their own neighbourhoods and other neighbourhoods in town. The children in the study emphasize their own neighbourhood as a good and quiet neighbourhood, irrespective of the neighbourhood’s character and status. One of the neighbourhoods is stigmatised in the public discourse. Among the children there is a living debate in relation to this neighbourhood. In group interviews the children sometimes confirm, sometimes critically question the rumours about this neighbourhood. The children which live in this neighbourhood are aware of the bad reputation and also act and react upon it
18
Hachem, Maéva. "Do the Presence of Anchor Institutions Increase Opportunities in Life? : Exploring the Effects of Higher Education Institutions on Pupils’ School Achievements in different neighbourhood types". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-377131.
Abstract (sommario):
The number of universities in Sweden has increased since the 1960s and universities have been discussed to have economic and social advantages to the community they are established in. At the same time, residential segregation is an increasing problem which affects the opportunities in life of the most vulnerable. This study aims to explore if the presence of one or several anchor institutions may have an effect on the school achievements of pupils from neighbourhoods with different socioeconomic status in secondary school and upper secondary school. Furthermore, it aims to investigate how the presence of HEIs affect adolescents’ opportunities in life, especially in vulnerable neighbourhoods. The effects of HEIs on the neighbourhoods with different socioeconomic status in Sweden are measured through linear regression analyses with interaction effects. The findings suggest that (1) the presence of university campuses have an equalisation effect on the school achievements of secondary and upper secondary school pupils; (2) the university design matters: new universities have an equalisation effect on the school achievements in contrary to old universities; (3) the presence of a university hospital does not have an improving effect on the grades like universities do, in contrary, the findings suggest that they have a negative effect; and finally (4), there are some evidence indicating that the findings can be explained by endogenous neighbourhood effects, as the presence of universities increase the number of role models within the community, which would affect the school achievements of secondary and upper secondary school pupils.
19
Kamaci, Ebru. "Re-reading Urbanization Experience Of Istanbul". Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614229/index.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
In 2000 more than one fifth of Istanbul&rsquos population lived in a different place than their place of residence five years ago. If we consider that the 2000 population of Istanbul was around some 9.2 million, this figure means that nearly 2 million people were not living in 2000 where they used to live in 1995. Of these two million mobiles, more than half (11.5% of total) were intra-urban movers who moved from one district to another in Istanbul in the same period. Changing the place of residence can be seen as one of the major sources of changing in the socio-spatial composition of a city. In the case of Istanbul, intra-urban mobility or Residential Mobility is the major process that redistributes people in the city since the 1990s. In simplistic words, Residential Mobility is one of the fundamental decision making process which in turn is influenced by macro processes of economic, social and demographic changes in urban setting of a city which are also the determinants of urbanization, and the urban setting of a city is an outcome of mobility decisions of households at the aggregate level. In this regard, this study on residential mobility behaviours of households in Istanbul presents an avenue to further our understanding of the urbanization experience of Istanbul. In the broader context, this study focusses on the period between 1980 and 2000. It is well-known that the post-1980 period shows quite different urbanization setting from the former ones in terms of demographic, economic, political and socio-spatial settings in the world, as well as in Turkey. Within this backdrop, changing characteristics of population as that of economic structure provides unique backdrop to explore how residential mobility changes in metropolitan areas. Moreover, this study is an attempt to reach clear understanding of residential mobility which is one of the poorly understood and studied dynamics of Turkish urbanization.
20
Feng, Jing. "Geographies of Employment among Chinese High-Tech Immigrants in Canada: An Ottawa-Gatineau case study". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34983.
Abstract (sommario):
For a number of years, Canadian immigration selection policy has deliberately emphasized the human capital characteristics of applicants in determining admissibility for permanent residence. Largely due to these measures, Chinese immigrants today are overwhelmingly well-educated and skilled. This thesis examines the role of geography in shaping Chinese newcomers’ post-arrival employment status, with an emphasis on working in the high-tech sector. Given that Ottawa is a leading node of high-tech employment in Canada, this project initially investigates the probability that Chinese newcomers will work in the high-tech sector in Ottawa-Gatineau relative to other cities. The project subsequently examines the degree to which employment in the high-tech sector in Ottawa-Gatineau is related to ethnic, social and demographic characteristics of local spaces where people live and work. All aspects of the study adopt a gender lens with respect to interpreting employment status. The study finds that Chinese immigrants in Ottawa-Gatineau are more likely to work in this sector than their counterparts in Vancouver and Toronto. They are also more likely to work in high-tech relative to individuals in other immigrant groups or the Canadian-born population. With respect to co-ethnic residential and work spatial configurations, as well as social and demographic characteristics of residential neighbourhoods, the study finds that these factors exert quite different influences on the likelihood that Chinese women and men will work in Ottawa-Gatineau’s high-tech sector. The results are quite distinctly different for women and men, and underline the importance of a gendered analysis of relationships between geographic location/place and employment status.
21
Sjöblom, Anton, e Hampus Bengtsson. "Boendesegregationens grannskapseffekter – en studie av forskningen kring boendesegregationens konsekvenser". Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23822.
Abstract (sommario):
Forskningsämnet boendesegregation har på senare år kommit att få en allt större roll inom den svenska segregationsdiskussionen. Uppsatsen är en litteraturstudie som diskuterar hur forskare studerar och har studerat begreppet boendesegregation, hur den synliggörs, varför den uppstår och vilka konsekvenser den ha på individer.Genom att koppla ihop den rådande diskussionen kring boendesegregation, grannskapseffekter, stigmatiseringsprocesser samt blandad boendemiljö med empiriskt material från två fallstudieområden i Botkyrka Kommun, ämnar den här uppsatsen studera konsekvenser av boendesegregation.Resultatet av fallstudien och litteraturstudien har visat upp ett komplext forskningsläge där det, dels går att finna forskare som använder teorin om grannskapseffekter som utgångspunkt i sin forskning, medan det å andra sidan finns skeptiker som pekar på empiriska brister vad gäller beläggen för existensen av grannskapseffekter.I fallstudieområdena har det kunnat noteras relativt stora skillnader mellan den socioekonomiska karriären för unga vuxna i de båda områdena. Antydan till en exogen effekt av boende i områdena, har noterats, men i en studie av denna karaktären har inte ett orsakssamband mellan boendeområdet och invånarnas socioekonomiska karriär helt kunnat fastställas.The research regarding residential segregation has in recent years come to play an increasingly large role in the debate concerning segregation in Sweden. This paper is a literature study which discusses how researchers both have studied and are studying the conceptofsegregat ion,howsegregat ionismadevisible,whyitoccursa ndwhat consequences it may bring.By connecting the current discussion of residential segregation, neighbourhood effects, stigmatisation and mixed residential environments with empirical data from two case study areas in Botkyrka Kommun in Sweden, is the intention of this paper to study the consequences of residential segregation on inhabitants.The result of the case study and the literature study has shown a complex research area, whereas you on one hand can find researchers who uses the neighbourhood effect as a basis in their research, while on the other hand there are some sceptics who points at empirical shortcomings for the evidence of the existence of neighbourhood effects.Furthermore it has been possible to detect relatively large differences between the to case study areas, when it comes to the socio-economic career of young adults. Traces of an exogenous effect have been spotted, but the study has had difficulties in proving a cause-and- effect connection between the residential area and its inhabitants socioeconomic career.
22
Lee, Janet Mai-Lan. "Responding to future housing needs : residential intensification in single-family neighbourhoods". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28676.
Abstract (sommario):
Intensification is the process of creating new housing units within the housing stock. This has become an important issue in recent years as housing costs have risen considerably. Higher densities are theoretically desirable because land and services will be used more efficiently and more housing options can be available to the public. In reality, however, many residents in single-family districts oppose any plans to increase densities in their neighbourhoods.
This thesis explores Greater Vancouver's experience with intensification in a broad context. Intensification is viewed as having occurred in two ways: (1) planned, in which local governments have actively promoted and facilitated residential development; and (2) unplanned, where intensification in single-family areas has occurred naturally in response to certain economic and demographic conditions. By examining these two types, a better understanding of the opportunities for and constraints upon intensification can be obtained.
Planned initiatives that have been undertaken in the past have resulted in new, large-scale housing developments on vacant or underutilized land. However, attempts to plan for the intensification of low-density, developed residential neighbourhoods have been less successful as people are more resistant to perceived change. Two types of unplanned intensification that have become city-wide issues are illegal secondary suites and extremely large, "monster" houses. Despite the efforts by some residents to preserve the state of their neighbourhoods, many single-family areas are showing signs of change. Some general observations may be drawn from Greater Vancouver's experience. There are competing interests within the community, each with a particular set of views. For instance, new homeowners, tenants and developers would be expected to have economically-motivated reasons for encouraging intensification and variation in housing choice. Established homeowners may have sentimental reasons for opposing change. Politicians, who are sensitive to public opinion, are concerned with preserving the status quo without introducing actions that will draw criticism.
The planner, therefore, has the task of reconciling these divergent views. The difficulty is in raising public awareness of the arguments both for and against intensification and the need for additional housing opportunities in the city. Without resident acceptance of the creation of more housing choices in their single-family neighbourhoods, very little political will is generated to take any action. The issue of intensification challenges traditional notions of community, neighbourhood and stability. Public education and a planned approach to dealing with intensification is a slow process while changes created by market forces occur rapidly.
In the future, intensification will likely remain controversial. The neighbourhood approach employed in Vancouver to address some of the issues is a method of involving the community in decisions that will affect their neighbourhoods. Continued public participation should be encouraged as it is through the exchange of information that social learning takes place and preconceived ideas are questioned. Higher densities, perhaps, will have to be marketed to neighbourhoods with a substantial commitment by planners to minimize negative impacts and encourage small-scale, incremental change. Planners should, therefore, be familiar with the various aspects of intensification, its past experiences and the groups involved, to arrive at their own personal position on intensification and to make informed, appropriate decisions.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
23
Czekajska, Wiktoria. "Co-neighbouring : when residents become designers of their neighbourhoods". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105705.
Abstract (sommario):
Co-neighbouring is a design exploration that aims to examine the possibilities of resident’s engagement and collaboration in a rented apartment building in Sweden. In an apartment building for rent, where resident’s agency is limited to their private apartment, I invited my neighbors to become active designers of our closest environment together. This project uncovers the power relation visible between the landlord and tenants and some tensions that arise from this project’s will to give residents more agency. It also aims to highlight the importance of collaborative processes in apartment buildings and explores what kind of innovations become possible when residents get the chance to contribute to the development of the building they live in.
24
Breier, Susanne. "Preferred residential neighbourhoods of the elderly population in the city of Norrköping". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15884.
Abstract (sommario):
The population of Sweden is ageing as in almost every European country. Improved medical progresses and treatment options lead to a decreasing mortality at older ages, increasing life expectance and an advanced health of the elderly. Due to these improvements and the so called ‘baby- boomers’, a great number of persons born in the 1940s that will reach retirement age the coming years, their total number will increase strongly in the near future all over Sweden. To enable these elderly to live a normal, active and independent life as long as possible activities, services and special housing with improved accessibility and meeting places for elderly has to be provided. Thus, for local authorities it is essential to know the actual and favoured living conditions as well as environments of elderly. This study aims therefore to investigate the characteristic of preferred residential neighbourhoods of the elderly in the city of Norrköping. The demographic, social and crime situation was examined for the districts of the city using several methods from both Statistics and GIS. Statistical methods included classifications, indexes or indicators and bivariate correlations. A model was developed to combine demographic and social data to characterise districts. GIS was to a major extent used as a visualisation tool. Choropleth mapping and Kernel density estimations were used to illustrate distribution of elderly and crime. Preliminary global statistical tests were used to verify clustering in the crime data set. An accessibility analysis was conducted with the help of the network analyst tool. Results indicate that districts experiencing the highest total numbers and proportion of elderly are very distributed throughout the city of Norrköping. They are, with some exceptions, characterised by lower social status. Four districts of the city show considerable evidences of demographic ageing, experiencing a population pyramid formed like an urn. Beside districts where elderly constitute a bigger proportion of the population, they tend to live in districts characterised by a relatively high proportion of young adults aged between 20 and 29. Crime analyses have shown crime clusters in different parts of the city. A high proportion of elderly faces a high crime level in the districts Gamla staden, Nordantill and Hageby. However, it has been proved that only some hot spots of crime within these areas contribute to the high crime level. Districts such as Skarphagen, Såpkullen, Smedby and Linö, all (except Såpkullen) situated on the outskirts of the city, hold high or middle elderly and a low crime level. Accessibility analyses have shown that elderly aged over 80 do not live significant closer to health centres and the public transport stops compared to the age groups 20 – 65 and inhabitants aged between 65 and 79.
25
Bråmå, Åsa. "Studies in the Dynamics of Residential Segregation". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Institute for Housing and Urban Research, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6336.
Abstract (sommario):
In four scientific papers, this thesis investigates the processes, in terms of movements of individuals, that have produced, reproduced and transformed patterns of residential segregation in Swedish cities between 1990 and 2000.
Paper 1 examines processes of immigrant concentration, and the role of the Swedish majority population in these processes. Neighbourhood transition and mobility are described and analysed for a selection of residential areas that have experienced increased immigrant concentration. The results show that low in-migration rate among Swedes, rather than high out-migration rate, has been the main driving force behind the production and reproduction of immigrant concentration areas.
Paper 2 investigates the hypothesis that distressed neighbourhoods retain their character of distress through selective migration. The socio-economic situations of in-migrants, out-migrants and stayers in the distressed neighbourhoods of Stockholm are analysed and compared, and the results show the hypothesis to be confirmed. The people who move in are more likely to be unemployed and dependent on social benefits, and have on average lower incomes than those who move out and those who remain in the neighbourhoods.
Paper 3 further investigates the selective character of the out-migration from distressed neighbourhoods. One important conclusion is that the out-migration flow from the distressed residential areas is socio-economically and ethnically selective. When demographic and socio-economic differences are controlled for, the likelihood of leaving the distressed neighbourhoods is much lower for an immigrant than for a Swedish-born person.
Paper 4 examines the migration flows of a whole city, Göteborg. The paper deals with some of the most common questions within segregation research; the degree of spatial concentration of different ethnic groups, processes of concentration and dispersal, the role of the minority enclaves as ports of entry to the local housing market, and how this differs between ethnic groups.
26
Chiang, Jamie Lynn. "Civil society in Shanghai market economy transition, new residential neighbourhoods and the potential for democratic participation /". online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?MR21110.
27
Jaganmohan, Madhumitha [Verfasser]. "Cooling effects of urban green spaces on residential neighbourhoods : a review and empirical study / Madhumitha Jaganmohan". Halle, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1179184386/34.
28
Abaid, Ibrahim. "Rethinking public spaces in urban residential neighbourhoods : a case study of traditional and contemporary developments in Misurata, Libya". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52848/.
Abstract (sommario):
Public spaces of a city's neighbourhoods and residential areas are one of the key indicators of urban quality. In Libya, in 2005, the government introduced a redevelopment scheme to provide new homes to the local residents and to build thousands of new housing units around the country. This initiative was to offset the shortage in housing numbers due to the rapid population growth and urbanisation. In 2011, 79% of the country's population lived in urban areas. This high demand for housing by Libya's citizens drove significant changes to the urban planning composition of the country, particularly the residential areas. The government claims that this new strategy aims to fill the shortage of houses within as short a time as possible. This research focuses on two examples of a typical neighbourhoods as case studies in Misurata City, Libya. It investigates the role of public spaces in the traditional neighbourhoods (TNs) and the governmental neighbourhoods (GNs). It compares the conditions of public spaces in both types of neighbourhoods in terms of physical and intangible qualities and examines the relationship between the residents in terms of social integration and community cohesion. In addition, the researcher examines whether this new strategy has affected the social relationships within the local community or not and assesses the extent of the possible impact on the daily activities of residents. Furthermore, the thesis discusses the extent of interaction among the residents regardless of their age, gender and cultural background. The main aim of this research is to examine the satisfaction of the public spaces' users through measuring the social value they ascribe to it, and the level of interaction they engage in. The research includes a case study to draw a clear picture of the existing situation and contributes a framework for future studies. It has been suggested by many scholars and professionals that the appropriate research approach in such a study is the mixed methods approach which combines quantitative and qualitative methods in the case study. The research compares the results of the questionnaires that were distributed to an adequate sample of the neighbourhoods' population, and in-depth interviews with three categories- a) residents b) decision makers and c) professionals. Additionally, site observation was used to focus on the residents' activities in the public space which might be difficult to collect by the former tools. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to find out the significant correlations of the main themes of the study, and NVivo was also used to analyse the in-depth interviews which suggested several important findings. The case study includes two sites, 1) 9th July Governmental Neighbourhood (GN) and 2) Almegawba Traditional Neighbourhoods (TN) in the city of Misurata, Libya. Two hundred (200) questionnaires were distributed to the two sites, Almegawba neighbourhood and 9th July neighbourhood, and 158 forms were returned, 78 from GN and 80 from TN. The questionnaires include a number of open-ended, closed and multi-choice questions. Sample selection was obtained using a snowball technique. Participants were recruited to take part in the research through an invitation from other residents and so on. The next step was conducting the interviews for further in-depth information. In-depth interviews were conducted to provide a further understanding of the existing situation as well as to reveal clearer features about the quality of the public space of the case study. Moreover, they enabled the researcher to collect appropriate evidence that clarifies the research issue and contributes to solving the research matter and creating a coherent framework to be used in the future policies. A total of 16 interviews conducted during the field work with four Decision makers, four Professionals, four Residents of Governmental Neighbourhoods (GNs) and four Residents of Traditional Neighbourhoods (TNs). Results have shown that public space plays an essential role to strengthen the relationships between the residents of the neighbourhoods. The findings highlight that residents in traditional neighbourhoods feel more attached to their community, socially satisfied and comfortable while this perception was lower in the governmental neighbourhoods. Findings also highlighted that when public spaces of the neighbourhoods are well-prepared and provided with an appropriate range of physical settings, this will have a positive influence on the social satisfaction of the residents. The research also found out that relationships between the residents of the neighbourhood play an essential part to improve and promote the social satisfaction of the residents which lead to high-quality communities. Hence, they contribute effectively to the development of the urban quality throughout the city. A new future direction is to find out how the neighbourhoods of the city can be linked together, and how urban designers can create schemes that can improve the relationship between the communities of the city as one linked/integrated community.
29
Zakaria, Rozana. "Sustainable housing for residential-industrial neighbourhoods in Malaysia : a study on the elements of indoor environmental quality improvements". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16534/1/Rozana_Zakaria_Thesis.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
Economic development brings about urbanisation which may result in rapid housing expansion. The health and well-being of communities is often not considered as a priority of urbanisation with the pressure for developing better economies. Sustainability principles in housing developments are perceived to be able to enhance and to improve the quality of living. The approach to sustainability can, however, be interpreted and prioritised differently. Many developing countries such as Malaysia are depending upon industrialisation for the development of their economies. Continuing urbanisation and industrialisation in these countries indirectly creates tensions between the need for a better built environment, and the push for economic growth. One specific phenomena in Malaysia is the introduction of the mixed-use urban neighbourhood, whereby residential development is netsled within the industrial establishments. On one hand, this helps to create job opportunities and improve the local economy. On the other, it creates concerns in the relations to the house planning, and to the well-being of the residents. These have potential exposures to industrial activities that are associated with environmental problems, such as, poor air quality, local temperature increases, and excessive noise levels.
This research applied the current international trends of sustainability practices in housing development in searching for the most appropriate strategies for developing sustainable residential-industrial neighborhoods. Cross reference to other countries strategies and experiences can be adaptation for Malaysian conditions. A residential-industrial community in the city of Pasir Gudang Johor, Malaysia, has been selected as a case study in order to examine the perceived problems of indoor environmental quality in such environments. The result of a questionnaire survey and in-situ measurement indicates that they are facing indoor environmental problems. A set of recommendations for housing guidelines which are tailored for local Malaysians conditions have been identified, and have potential for improving the housing development guidelines and policies for mixed-use community living. Comprehensive strategies will need to be developed to achieve housing development sustainability goals. The development of Master Planned Communities (MPC's) is suggested to be appropriate mechanism to developing planning controls. This will ensure the improvement of indoor environmental quality of living in residential-industrial housing developments in Malaysia. It is anticipated that this research will make a positive contribution to developing decision-making procedures that are appropriate to achieving the goals of sustainable housing development in relation to mixed-used residential housing, It is also expected that this research will assist in establishment of a unified national sustainable housing strategy, and in the rationalised adoption of a master planned community approach.
30
Zakaria, Rozana. "Sustainable housing for residential-industrial neighbourhoods in Malaysia : a study on the elements of indoor environmental quality improvements". Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16534/.
Abstract (sommario):
Economic development brings about urbanisation which may result in rapid housing expansion. The health and well-being of communities is often not considered as a priority of urbanisation with the pressure for developing better economies. Sustainability principles in housing developments are perceived to be able to enhance and to improve the quality of living. The approach to sustainability can, however, be interpreted and prioritised differently. Many developing countries such as Malaysia are depending upon industrialisation for the development of their economies. Continuing urbanisation and industrialisation in these countries indirectly creates tensions between the need for a better built environment, and the push for economic growth. One specific phenomena in Malaysia is the introduction of the mixed-use urban neighbourhood, whereby residential development is netsled within the industrial establishments. On one hand, this helps to create job opportunities and improve the local economy. On the other, it creates concerns in the relations to the house planning, and to the well-being of the residents. These have potential exposures to industrial activities that are associated with environmental problems, such as, poor air quality, local temperature increases, and excessive noise levels. This research applied the current international trends of sustainability practices in housing development in searching for the most appropriate strategies for developing sustainable residential-industrial neighborhoods. Cross reference to other countries strategies and experiences can be adaptation for Malaysian conditions. A residential-industrial community in the city of Pasir Gudang Johor, Malaysia, has been selected as a case study in order to examine the perceived problems of indoor environmental quality in such environments. The result of a questionnaire survey and in-situ measurement indicates that they are facing indoor environmental problems. A set of recommendations for housing guidelines which are tailored for local Malaysians conditions have been identified, and have potential for improving the housing development guidelines and policies for mixed-use community living. Comprehensive strategies will need to be developed to achieve housing development sustainability goals. The development of Master Planned Communities (MPC's) is suggested to be appropriate mechanism to developing planning controls. This will ensure the improvement of indoor environmental quality of living in residential-industrial housing developments in Malaysia. It is anticipated that this research will make a positive contribution to developing decision-making procedures that are appropriate to achieving the goals of sustainable housing development in relation to mixed-used residential housing, It is also expected that this research will assist in establishment of a unified national sustainable housing strategy, and in the rationalised adoption of a master planned community approach.
31
Shin, Hyun Bang. "Transforming urban neighbourhoods : limits of developer-led partnership and benefit-sharing in residential redevelopment, with reference to Seoul and Beijing". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1939/.
Abstract (sommario):
The thesis studies the dynamics of urban residential redevelopment programmes in Seoul and Beijing that have been effectively transforming dilapidated neighbourhoods in recent decades. The policy review shows that neighbourhood renewal programmes saw difficulties in ensuring cost-recovery and replicability in both cities, and that this has led to the formation of residential redevelopment programmes that depend heavily on the participation of real estate developers in spite of social, economic and political differences between the cities of Seoul and Beijing. Based on research data collected from a series of area-based field research visits in Seoul and Beijing between 2002 and 2003, the thesis examines how developer-led partnerships in urban redevelopment take place in different urban settings, what contributions are made by participating actors and how redevelopment benefits are shared among the existing and potential residents in redevelopment neighbourhoods. The main arguments in this thesis are as follows. Firstly, the emergence of profit-making opportunities in dilapidated neighbourhoods forms the basis of developer-led partnership among property-related interests that include the local government, professional developers and property owners. Poor owner-occupiers and tenants in both Seoul and Beijing assume a more passive role. Secondly, local authorities intervene to ensure that the partnership framework works, but this is carried out largely in favour of professional developers and absentee landlords whose material contributions are significant. Thirdly, redevelopment benefits are shared among existing residents in differentiated ways. The most affected in negative ways are the marginalised population whose social and economic status is increasingly threatened by the market risks in times of globalisation, urban growth and redevelopment in the 1990s. This thesis concludes that partnerships in neighbourhood redevelopment do not have benign outcomes for all. Stronger government intervention is necessary in order to safeguard the interests of existing residents in dilapidated neighbourhoods, ensure their participation, and in particular, increase the protection of those increasingly marginalised by the process of redevelopment.
32
Foth, Marcus. "Towards a design methodology to support social networks of residents in inner-city apartment buildings". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16655/1/Marcus_Foth_Thesis.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
This PhD study is at the intersection of people, place and technology and pioneers innovative development approaches towards interactive social networking systems informed by community, social and urban studies and employs human-centred and participatory design methods.
The project delivers a greater understanding of the potential for internet-based systems to support and facilitate social networks of urban residents and the role of those networks to foster neighbourhood identity and social capital. Departing from conventional notions that regard communities as collectives, this study builds upon more contemporary interpretations of community inherent in Castells’ and Wellman’s theories of the network society and networked individualism. The thesis challenges the view that a mere re-appropriation of applications used to support dispersed virtual communities of interest is adequate to meet the place and proximity-based design requirements that community networks in urban neighbourhoods pose.
The overarching principal research aim of the study is to propose new ways of conceptualising the roles of social networks of urban residents to better inform the design of new technology facilitating urban neighbourhood developments.
Addressing this aim requires a new understanding of the roles of social networks of urban residents. The study sets out to critique the implicit theories underlying technology design in this area and to propose a more appropriate theory based on recent developments in the field and empirical findings from the study. The key research questions are:
1. What theoretical model can better represent social interaction of residents in inner-city apartment buildings?
2. How can relevant research methods be adapted to take the network qualities of social interactions into account?
3. What are the implications of a new understanding of social networks for the design of technology that supports the growth of neighbourhoods?
4. What are the implications of a new understanding of social networks for an urban architecture that supports the growth of neighbourhoods?
Within a framework of action research, the study follows a case study approach of three different inner-city residential apartment complexes in Brisbane. Research methods are mostly qualitative and ethnographic and include surveys, focus groups, participant observation and interviews, as well as participatory design.
The study delivers innovative outcomes on three levels:
1. Theoretical innovation with an analytical translation of Wellman’s notion of networked individualism and a conceptualisation of the communicative ecology model into the context of system design that supports social networks of residents in inner-city apartment buildings;
2. Methodological innovation with the presentation of Network Action Research, an addition to the action research family which pays particular attention to the network quality of social formations in communities;
3. Empirical innovation with research findings which indicate that the key factors influencing the successful design and uptake of interactive systems to support social networks in urban neighbourhoods. They include the swarming social behaviour of urban dwellers, the dynamics of their existing communicative ecology, and the serendipitous, voluntary and place-based quality of interaction between residents on the basis of choice, like-mindedness, mutual interest and support needs. Findings are presented in three parts to audiences interested in people, technology and place.
Drawing on social, urban and computer sciences, this research project delivers insights which will assist efforts to facilitate urban neighbourhood community building with new media and network ICTs. Understanding the issues and challenges as well as opportunities and strengths in forming a local meshwork of social networks will help Australians negotiate the complex web of daily choices, access a greater social safety net, and participate in the socio-cultural and socio-economic life of their city. This in turn will contribute to greater social inclusion, urban sustainability and healthier local economies.
33
Foth, Marcus. "Towards a design methodology to support social networks of residents in inner-city apartment buildings". Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16655/.
Abstract (sommario):
This PhD study is at the intersection of people, place and technology and pioneers innovative development approaches towards interactive social networking systems informed by community, social and urban studies and employs human-centred and participatory design methods.
The project delivers a greater understanding of the potential for internet-based systems to support and facilitate social networks of urban residents and the role of those networks to foster neighbourhood identity and social capital. Departing from conventional notions that regard communities as collectives, this study builds upon more contemporary interpretations of community inherent in Castells’ and Wellman’s theories of the network society and networked individualism. The thesis challenges the view that a mere re-appropriation of applications used to support dispersed virtual communities of interest is adequate to meet the place and proximity-based design requirements that community networks in urban neighbourhoods pose.
The overarching principal research aim of the study is to propose new ways of conceptualising the roles of social networks of urban residents to better inform the design of new technology facilitating urban neighbourhood developments.
Addressing this aim requires a new understanding of the roles of social networks of urban residents. The study sets out to critique the implicit theories underlying technology design in this area and to propose a more appropriate theory based on recent developments in the field and empirical findings from the study. The key research questions are:
1. What theoretical model can better represent social interaction of residents in inner-city apartment buildings?
2. How can relevant research methods be adapted to take the network qualities of social interactions into account?
3. What are the implications of a new understanding of social networks for the design of technology that supports the growth of neighbourhoods?
4. What are the implications of a new understanding of social networks for an urban architecture that supports the growth of neighbourhoods?
Within a framework of action research, the study follows a case study approach of three different inner-city residential apartment complexes in Brisbane. Research methods are mostly qualitative and ethnographic and include surveys, focus groups, participant observation and interviews, as well as participatory design.
The study delivers innovative outcomes on three levels:
1. Theoretical innovation with an analytical translation of Wellman’s notion of networked individualism and a conceptualisation of the communicative ecology model into the context of system design that supports social networks of residents in inner-city apartment buildings;
2. Methodological innovation with the presentation of Network Action Research, an addition to the action research family which pays particular attention to the network quality of social formations in communities;
3. Empirical innovation with research findings which indicate that the key factors influencing the successful design and uptake of interactive systems to support social networks in urban neighbourhoods. They include the swarming social behaviour of urban dwellers, the dynamics of their existing communicative ecology, and the serendipitous, voluntary and place-based quality of interaction between residents on the basis of choice, like-mindedness, mutual interest and support needs. Findings are presented in three parts to audiences interested in people, technology and place.
Drawing on social, urban and computer sciences, this research project delivers insights which will assist efforts to facilitate urban neighbourhood community building with new media and network ICTs. Understanding the issues and challenges as well as opportunities and strengths in forming a local meshwork of social networks will help Australians negotiate the complex web of daily choices, access a greater social safety net, and participate in the socio-cultural and socio-economic life of their city. This in turn will contribute to greater social inclusion, urban sustainability and healthier local economies.
34
Collet, Anaïs. "Générations de classes moyennes et travail de gentrification : changement social et changement urbain dans le Bas Montreuil et à la Croix-Rousse, 1975-2005". Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00933954.
Abstract (sommario):
À l'articulation entre sociologie urbaine et sociologie des groupes sociaux, la thèse est consacrée aux phénomènes de gentrification qui touchent les anciens quartiers populaires de centre-ville depuis plus de trente ans et à leurs acteurs habitants, les " gentrifieurs ". Caractéristiques de l'émergence des " nouvelles classes moyennes " à la fin des années 1970, désignés au début des années 2000 par la catégorie médiatique de " bobos ", ceux-ci contribuent au changement urbain par leurs choix et leurs investissements multidimensionnels dans l'espace résidentiel. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'étude des générations de " gentrifieurs " des Pentes de la Croix-Rousse à Lyon et du Bas Montreuil en région parisienne, de leurs profils sociologiques et des ressorts de leur choix résidentiel des années 1970 aux années 2000. La deuxième partie est dédiée à l'analyse localisée du " travail de gentrification " mené par les nouveaux résidents du Bas Montreuil et à l'articulation de ce travail à leurs trajectoires sociales, professionnelles, militantes et familiales. Fondée sur des entretiens approfondis avec des " gentrifieurs " de diverses époques, étayée par l'analyse de statistiques localisées sur la longue durée, systématiquement replacée dans les contextes globaux et locaux, l'enquête permet d'éclairer les ressorts sociaux des mutations des quartiers anciens de centre-ville et de proche banlieue en même temps que les recompositions des fractions supérieures des classes moyennes.
35
Mc, Nally Melissa Louise. "A study of an interracial neighbourhood in the south of Johannesburg, South Africa". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/8163.
Abstract (sommario):
The study of contact and desegregation in post apartheid South Africa has not received adequate attention
(Durrheim & Dixon, 2005b). Mondeor, a previously White populated suburb in the South of Johannesburg
has been identified as being a racially diverse neighbourhood . By focusing on this suburb, the current study
investigated whether or not residents interacted or mixed with members from other race groups and whether
or not increased contact with members of different race groups in a residential neighbourhood would
promote positive intergroup attitudes. Zones were identified for the purpose of this study whereby each
Zone was predominantly comprised of a specific race group. Quantitative data was collected by means of
distributing an intergroup attitude and contact questionnaire to the residents according to the zones in
which they resided. A sample of N=197 respondents was obtained. The results indicated that there was
generally no significant difference in contact for the Zones (racially exclusive zones and racially mixed
zones), however, significant differences existed in levels of contact for the various race groups. In addition
to this it was found that significant differences in contact existed for the various education levels of the
respondents. As expected, a significant negative relationship (r = -0.16) was found to exist between contact
and affective prejudice. In addition to these results, significant relationships were found to exist between
affective prejudice and the following variables: Intergroup anxiety (r=0.37), and social distance (r=0.27).
In conclusion, it was found that residents were not mixing as much as what was envisaged for a racially
mixed neighbourhood. In addition to this, contact in and of itself was not found to be a predictive measure
for affective prejudice. Thus, this finding lends support to Allport’s contact hypothesis making it clear that it
is imperative to examine the nature of the contact as this may be pertinent in the promotion of the reduction
of affective prejudice in intergroup contact situations.
36
Sherk, Theodore. "Residential Solar Energy Adoption in a Community Context: Perceptions and Characteristics of Potential Adopters in a West Toronto Neighbourhood". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6528.
Abstract (sommario):
In the summer of 2007, a single neighbourhood in downtown Toronto contributed at
least 13 percent of all residential grid???tie solar photovoltaic (PV) systems sold in the
Canadian province of Ontario. On average, PV purchaser households produced 37
percent as much electricity as they consumed.
This research investigates solar energy adoption in a community case study. Specifically,
it investigates why some residents who sign up for a solar resource assessment through
a community solar energy initiative (CSEI) decide to purchase, and others decide not to
purchase in the short???term. Characteristics and perceptions of potential adopters are
analyzed to better understand their motivations and barriers to adoption.
Community energy projects became an official public policy goal in Ontario, with the
passing of the Green Energy and Green Economy Act in 2009. Approximately 80 percent
of Ontario???s anticipated generation capacity will need to be built, replaced or
refurbished within 15 years. In this context, the Ontario Ministry of Energy, Ontario
Power Authority, and Deloitte (one of Canada???s leading professional services firms),
have partnered with a ???green benefit??? fund, the Community Power Fund, to help local
community groups access resources to develop and establish renewable energy
projects. Understanding solar energy adoption in a community context is therefore
important to improve the effectiveness of such policies, including the disbursement of
multi???million dollar grant funds.
Differences between purchasers and non???purchasers in respect of adoption behaviour
were found in this study to cluster around two general themes. The first theme
concerns differences in compatibility of both the concept of solar energy systems, and
their physical attributes, with characteristics of potential adopter households. Some
compatibility issues are straightforward, e.g. availability of roof space with a southern
orientation. Others are more complex, involving several interrelated perceptual and
socio???demographic factors. For instance, while both purchasers and non???purchasers
rated cost as a very important barrier, purchasers rated the motivation of solar energy
systems to reduce climate change higher relative to the barrier of high financial costs
than did non???purchasers. Purchasers were also more likely to possess a graduate
degree, while non???purchasers were more likely to hold a professional degree.
The second general theme relates to potential adopters??? trust and stake in the ability of
the community???based initiative to reduce barriers in the adoption process. Since two
types of solar energy systems are considered in the case study???PV and thermal (hot
water)???differences are explored between each of three respondent groups: solar PV
purchasers, solar hot water (SHW) purchasers, and non???purchasers.
iv
Surveys were used to gather data on adopter perceptions and characteristics. A
participatory research design helped identify the research topic. Two main bodies of
literature???community???based social marketing (CBSM) and diffusion of innovations
theory???were drawn upon to conceptualize the adoption process and interpret the
survey findings. These include five models of human behaviour that can be used to
guide the design of CBSM campaigns. Diffusion theory was used as a basis for discussing
???perceived innovation attributes???. The study takes an integrated approach by
considering both social and technical aspects of solar energy adoption, together with
the issues of fuel substitution and household electricity demand.
37
Kasman, Paul. "Public Policy and Gentrification in the Grandview Woodland Neighbourhood of Vancouver, B.C". Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/6924.
Abstract (sommario):
The Grandview Woodland local area of Vancouver, British Columbia, is an area in transition. Retail, demographic, residential occupancy, and changes to built structures indicate that gentrification has escalated in the past seven years. Long standing impediments to gentrification, including industrial manufacturing, social housing, and crime, are not deterring change in this area to the extent they once did. This thesis examines how public policy has affected these changes in Grandview Woodland. Public policies embodied in laws and regulations have the capacity to either encourage or dissuade gentrification; however, other variables also influence gentrification making it difficult to determine the importance and influence of public policy in the process. This thesis uses semi-structured interviews and a document review in a case study of Grandview Woodland, to gain a better understanding of how public policies can influence gentrification in a local area where gentrification was previously impeded. The findings from this study suggest that public policies can have a substantial, but not autonomous, effect on gentrification in such an area. In Grandview Woodland, policy makers facilitate gentrification through city-wide and province-wide policies, including zoning changes, the Strata Title Act, and the Residential Tenancy Act. While these public policies have streamlined the advance of gentrification in Grandview Woodland, the catalysts for gentrification are the wider national trend of increased popularity of inner-city living, and the middle class moving eastwards in search of affordable homes in response to the massive property value increases in Vancouver’s West Side.Graduate
0617
0615
0999
p.b.kasman@gmail.com
38
Lee, Patricia Pui Shuen. "Injury and Neighborhood Marginalization: Does it Matter Where You Live?" Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18811.
Abstract (sommario):
Background: Injury is an enormous public health problem in Canada. Recent studies have suggested that characteristics of the residential environment, particularly neighborhood marginalization, may be important in determining injury risk.
Objective: To determine whether there is an association between neighborhood marginalization and injury in the largest urban cities of Ontario.
Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, ecological study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between neighborhood marginalization and injury in 0-64 year olds who resided in the ten largest cities of Ontario between 2003-2005.
Results: Neighborhoods with high levels of ethnic diversity had significantly lower rates of unintentional injuries, neighborhoods with high levels of material deprivation had significantly higher rates of assaults, and neighborhoods with high levels of residential instability and material deprivation had significantly higher rates of self-inflicted injuries in adults.
Conclusions: The association between neighborhood marginalization and injury differs depending on the type of injury examined.
39
TURK, UMUT. "Inequality of Opportunity and Space". Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/965248.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis studies the role of spatial factors in influencing the observed inequality in various spheres of life. Despite extensive research, the efforts to identify and tackle inequalities are nested in two interrelated but somehow separate domains. One genre of literature focuses on inequalities in "aspatial" form: inequality of income, wealth, consumption and inequalities due to gender, parental background, race and ethnicity. The other body of literature instead studies inequalities in a "spatial" form, which can be generalized as inequalities due to location: inequality in access to education, health services, public goods and to decent employment. Thus, there is often no explicit correspondence between the spatial and aspatial measures put forth and employed to empirically implement inequality investigations. This thesis aims to narrow this gap by employing methods and theories from both approaches. The notion of equality adapted by the thesis is defined as equality of opportunity (EOp), which holds in a society when the life chances of individuals depend solely on their own effort purged off exogenous factors that are defined as circumstances such as gender, race, ethnicity and family background. The thesis is comprised of three chapters, the first two chapters aim to bridge the theory and methods of EOp literature to Spatial Accessibility and Neighbourhood Effects studies respectively and the last chapter studies the Spatial Segregation by Income, motivated by the implications of equal opportunities arguments. The first chapter contributes to both accessibility and EOp literatures by a normative consideration of spatial equality analysing the physical distance from opportunities and the social distance between socio-economic groups. Moreover, using a survey data (Inserimento professionale dei laureati, 2011), the chapter shows that despite the expansion of higher education(HE) supply in the Italy took place during the period 1990-1997, there is still a high inequality in access to HE due to spatial distribution of opportunities and additional disparity due socioeconomic factors. The second chapter studies the role of parental neighbourhoods influencing the life chances of children both in terms of immediate effects on education and long-term effects on earnings. The chapter contributes to the neighbourhood studies by constructing individualized neighbourhoods based on a k nearest neighbour (knn) algorithm, which in return enhances the understanding of the temporal effects of neighbourhoods. Additionally, using the Place longitudinal data, the chapter quantifies the relative contribution of parental neighbourhoods to inequality of opportunity in Sweden. The third chapter of the thesis proposes a new index of spatial segregation by income and based on the evidence from Sweden, the chapter demonstrates the robustness of the proposed index.
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Coetzer, Carina. "Crime prevention in neighbourhoods". Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2185.
Abstract (sommario):
In this section of research, a new crime prevention model for residential neighbourhoods, namely the HONC - against crime model was developed. This model is based on the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design principles (CPTED). The first three elements of this model are intended to better the function of CPTED in neighbourhoods. The elements are as follows:
H = Healthy lifestyle O = Online (Information technology) N = Nature C = CPTED
The effectiveness of the elements in the prevention of crime was tested in two gated communities and one open neighbourhood, namely Woodlands Lifestyle Estate, Prairie Estate and Glossa Estate. All these neighbourhoods are situated in Garsfontein, a suburb of Pretoria, South Africa.
Woodlands Lifestyle Estate was designed in accordance with these principles. This neighbourhood is situated next to a nature reserve called Moreletaspruit. The fence facing this reserve is a steel palisade to provide a view of the scenery. The other three fences are solid brick. This Estate has two entrances with formal access control. Woodlands has a specifically designed lifestyle centre which contains a gym, squash courts, swimming pool, tennis courts and an entertainment area. Pedestrian routs run from this centralised centre throughout the neighbourhood with water features and adequate lighting. Prairie Estate is also a gated community, fenced off with a brick wall and reachable through one entrance with formal access control. The architectural design of dwellings within this neighbourhood was left to the discretion of different developers. The only area for recreational activity within this neighbourhood is the fenced off club house and swimming pool. Glossa Estate is situated diagonally across Woodlands Lifestyle Estate, and is an open neighbourhood. It has three entrances with one guard patrolling the interior neighbourhood. This neighbourhood was designed with a park as a recreational area. The park was not in use and became overgrown, which created a crime problem, and it was therefore fenced off and the gate locked.
Only the element of a healthy lifestyle could be proven as influential in the incidence of crime. The last three elements only served as guidelines and need to be tested in further research.Criminology
D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)
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Ndlovu, Fundokuhle P. "Implications of housing design and layout systems for crime prevention in housing residential neighbourhoods in the metropolitan areas of Durban". Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2126.
Abstract (sommario):
It is believed that housing designs and layout systems for crime prevention have either positive or negative implications on the actual prevention of crime. Therefore this research explores the exact implications that housing designs and layout systems have in relation to crime especially in neighborhoods of Durban. In this regard, the concepts, assumptions surrounding work on the field, including defensible space principles, crime prevention through environmental design and the housing design principles are thoroughly discussed. Various principles especially defensible space principles are emphasized in this study: Surveillance, territoriality, access control, image and milieu. Hence other supporting paradimes like housing design principles including housing structures, support activities and gated communities are highly elaborated. These analytical criteria were used to examine two neighboring residential areas characterized by different planning and design systems in the area of Woodlands in terms safety. The assessment is mainly a comparison of the gated residential neighbourhood and the non-gated residential neighbourhood. Procedurally the evaluation entails analyzing both areas in terms of layout and housing design, observing both areas in terms of behavior and reaction of residents within their areas and analyzing the views and perceptions of people living in both areas. The findings indicate that in comparing the two areas in terms of safety the gated residential neighbourhoods displays high level of safety as compared to the non-gated community. Overall housing design and layout systems for crime prevention have positive implications on crime reduction in residential areas. However different recommendations are made in an attempt to improve crime free housing designs in offering both real and perceived safety.Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of Natal, 2001.
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Fernet, Catherine. "Réduction du ruissellement par l’augmentation de surfaces perméables : évaluation de 2 scénarios d’aménagement d’un ensemble résidentiel à Laval". Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10044.
Abstract (sommario):
L’implantation répandue de nouveaux quartiers résidentiels sur le territoire de la périphérie urbaine est en partie responsable de la baisse du couvert végétal et de l’augmentation des surfaces imperméables à grande échelle. Les villes sont maintenant aux prises avec une augmentation constante de la production de ruissellement qu'elles doivent gérer au moyen d’un vaste réseau d’égouts et de canalisations.
Des données sur les impacts de ces modèles de quartier résidentiel nous révèlent que cette forme d’habitat provoque la dégradation des milieux naturels et aquatiques.
La présente étude vise à mettre à l’épreuve la stratégie d’aménagement de l’Open space design en comparant l’effet de trois situations d’aménagement d’ensembles résidentiels sur le coefficient de ruissellement pondéré (Cp). Les trois situations étudiées sont 1 : le développement actuel tel que conçu par le promoteur, 2 : un scénario de quartier visant la préservation des cours d’eau existants ainsi qu’une réduction des lots et des surfaces imperméables et 3 : un quartier avec des types d’habitation plus denses.
Les coefficients pondérés obtenus sont respectivement de 0,50 pour le quartier actuel, de 0,40 pour le scénario 1 et de 0,34 pour le scénario 2. Au terme de cet exercice, il apparaît, d’une part, que la densification du bâti, la nature des surfaces et l’organisation spatiale peuvent concourir à diminuer la production de ruissellement d’un quartier. Cette étude permet de situer l’importance de la gestion du ruissellement dans la planification et l’aménagement du territoire.The widespread introduction of new residential developments in the urban periphery is partly responsible for declining vegetation cover and a large scale increase in impervious surfaces. Cities are now grappling with a constant increase in runoff, which they have to manage through a vast network of sewers and drains. Data on the impacts of current residential models reveal that this form of development causes the degradation of natural and aquatic environments. The present study aims to test Open space design strategy by comparing the effect of three development situations on the weighted runoff coefficient (Cw). The three situations are 1: the actual development as conceived by the project’s promoter; 2: development aimed at preserving existing streams, reducing lot sizes and impervious surfaces; and 3: a higher-density cluster development plan. The weighted coefficients obtained are 0.50 for scenario 1, 0.40 for scenario 2 and 0.34 for scenario 3. As a result, it appears that the density of the structures, the nature of the surfaces and the spatial organization can all contribute to reducing the runoff in a given area. This study underlines the importance of runoff management in planning and land use.