Tesi sul tema "Réseaux de réaction chimiques"
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Kurylo, Ievgen. "Surfaces actives pour l'activation contrôlable de la programmation moléculaire basée sur l'ADN en microfluidique". Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I073/document.
Testo completoLiving organisms perform complex information processing tasks with a help of intertwined chemical reaction networks (CRNs) and diffusion processes. These biological phenomena inspired scientists to design from the bottom-up dynamical systems with complex spatiotemporal behaviour. DNA provides a perfect solution for building these synthetic CRNs. Our research work focused on designing active surfaces with the aim to provide a convenient way to interact in microfluidics with the PEN toolbox (as an example of DNA-based CRNs) and explore the full potential of these novel biochemistry tools. We will study the step by step assembly and optimisation of the PEN toolbox parameters. Next, we will discuss the construction and characterisation of active surfaces, which provide loading and controllable release of DNA input, based on formation and electrochemical cleavage of gold-thiol bond. We will also provide a technological solution to integrate these surfaces and the PEN toolbox in microfluidics. We will show controllable triggering of basic activation and autocatalysis PEN toolbox modules. We will further apply our method for spatiotemporal control of autocatalytic CRNs, which have higher stability then simple autocatalytic module while still providing an exponential signal amplification contrary to the activation module. This approach allows us to investigate and optimise the parameters of our technology. Finally, we will discuss the construction of active surfaces with irreversibly bound DNA, which provides a higher level of the PEN toolbox spatiotemporal behaviour, based on electrical polarisation and tuning the shape of surface-attached DNA patterns
Hamoudi, Amine. "Réaction alcali-silice dans le béton : étude de la dégradation structurale comparée de composés SiO2 (silice amorphe, quartz, silex)". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10113/document.
Testo completoThe relationships between the structure and the physical and chemical properties are very important in materials. In particular, the degree of order, the crystal defects and the structural heterogeneities or chemical parameters appear to play a key role in the reactivity of materials. This work is devoted to the study of the reactivity of silica-based materials, and shows of the influence of ordering and crystallinity on the sensitivity to the alkali silica reaction. In this perspective, the reactivity of three different materials: silica glass, aggregates (Flint) and quartz was followed by various techniques. Quartz reacts very slowly whereas the silica glass reacts very quickly, the aggregate exhibiting an intermediate behavior. A closer analysis shows that the amorphous or poorly crystalline fraction of the aggregate reacts preferentially. The role played by these poorly crystalline fractions suggests the use of techniques sensitive to short and medium range order such as: X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES and EXAFS) and solid state NMR. Chemical maps obtained by electron microscopy (scanning or in transmission) or at the synchrotron, show that the potassium K+ is the first to diffuse and that penetration of calcium Ca++ is more sluggish in crystalline silica. Locally, silicon NMR analysis shows that depolymerization of the crystalline lattice allows further penetration of calcium. The micro-XANES reveals the presence of several environments around silicon atoms. One exhibits four oxygen first neighbours and the other has less than four oxygen atoms around the silicon. On the other hand, the EXAFS shows the absence of Ca or K in the second layer of neighbouring silicon atom absorber. These results help to advance the understanding of reaction mechanisms occurring in the aggregate altered by the reaction
Berthoumieux, Hélène. "Résonance en dynamique : caractérisation de réseaux de réactions et séparation". Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00443988.
Testo completoRaux, Paul. "Circuit theory for thermodynamic engines in stationary nonequilibrium". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UNIP7061.
Testo completoAs with the study of electronic circuits, the study of complex systems is often facilitated by breaking them down into simpler subsystems. Two sub-problems then arise: 1) the study of each sub-system separately; 2) the emergence of new behaviours when they are reassembled. The theory of non-equilibrium circuits is best understood for a single pair of current (electric) and conjugate thermodynamic force (voltage), as is the case in electronics. Each subsystem is then described by a current-voltage characteristic, summarised in the concept of scalar impedance. The current-voltage characteristic of the whole system is then obtained using the conservation laws within and at the interface of each subsystem (e.g. Kirchoff's laws). The aim of this thesis is to extend the results from steady state electronics to non-equilibrium steady state thermodynamic machines with an arbitrary number of conjugate currents and forces subject to different couplings (e.g. thermoelectric). To do this, we need to find tools for treating conservation laws within a complex network. The notion of scalar impedance must also be replaced by a matrix object, the non-equilibrium conductance matrix, to account for the coupling between the different types of currents flowing through the system. This manuscript is in three parts. In the first part, we review the state of the art in the algebraic treatment of thermodynamic converters. In the second part, we demonstrate the calculation of the non-equilibrium conductance matrix for chemical reaction networks and thermoelectric converters. Finally, in the last section, we demonstrate the resistance/conductance summation laws for series/parallel combinations
Bendaikha, Tahar. "Photopolymérisation réticulante de macromères multifonctionnels : comportement photochimique de réseaux polyacryliques tridimensionnels". Mulhouse, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MULH0016.
Testo completoK/bidi, Fabrice. "Développements et tests de stratégies de gestion de l’énergie à l’échelle de micro réseaux avec stockage et production d’hydrogène". Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0031.
Testo completoWith the development of fuel cell (FC) and water electrolysis technologies, electrolytic hydrogen is becoming a pillar of the energy transition, a substitute for fossil resources and a tool for integrating intermittent renewable energy sources (RES). On the scale of isolated or islandable microgrids, this transition is based on the development of hybrid systems, coupling photovoltaic (PV) panels and electrolyzers for hydrogen production, storage systems - hydrogen (H2) tanks and batteries (Bat) - and FC for electricity production. This study presents control strategies for a PV-H2-Bat-FC system to optimize intermittent PV energy management while respecting the operating conditions of electrolyzers and FC. First, a MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) control system is developed to ensure the operation of PV at maximum power, and a control strategy based on Model Predictive Control is implemented to define a current reference for the FC, the electrolyzer and the batteries. Secondly, IP controllers are used to regulate these currents. Thirdly, an optimization problem makes it possible to define a commitment plan to use the FC and the electrolyser taking into account energy supply, demand and stocks
Fourdan, franck. "Etude de réaction chimiques exothermiques autoalimentées dans l'environnement aérien". Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30017.
Testo completoFélix, Didier. "Réaction d'allyltitanation : synthèses organiques régio-et stéréosélectives". Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOS038.
Testo completoStockinger, Claudius. "Study and analysis οf Sοοt Filter Regeneratiοn by using the Lattice Bοltzmann Μethοd". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMIR07.
Testo completoThe control of the emission of carbon black is an important task in many fields of application, with the transport sector being one of the most important domains. Diesel engines, still being extensively used worldwide, are one of the main contributors to the anthropogenic emission of carbon black. In order to counteract the detrimental effect of carbon black on human health, exhaust gas treatment has been the focal point of research for many decades.State of the art soot filters use a ceramic honey-comb structure, acting as wall flow filters. These filters require periodic regeneration once a critical filter back-pressure is reached. Regeneration is conduced either as active regeneration at elevated temperatures (>600 °C) or continuously, as passive regeneration at temperatures starting from 300 °C. The necessary exhaust gas temperature of active regeneration results in a fuel penalty, making the precise control of the regeneration process imperative. Previous works suggested that the mesoscopic morphology of soot and its evolution during soot combustion influence the reactivity, thus affecting the regeneration process. Hence, the control of the regeneration system requires precise knowledge of the physical and chemical phenomena at hand, necessitating simulations of the regeneration process.In this thesis, a simulation framework to model gas flow, consisting of the different reactive species, taking into account solid-gas interactions, is created. Furthermore, conjugate heat transfer, heterogeneous reactions and the release of reaction heat at the interface between the solid and gas phases is treated. For this purpose, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), due to its mesoscopic nature, is chosen as an excellent tool to model the heterogeneous combustion on the pore scale. Within this thesis, a LBM framework is created and appropriate methods to model soot combustion are chosen and extensively validated. A procedure to use focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) data of realistic soot samples for the combustion simulation is implemented. Furthermore, the combustion regimes are analysed based on variation of Péclet number, Damköhler number, and oxygen mass fraction in the inlet gas stream. Simulations with realistic soot geometries are performed and the results are compared with experimental results. It is found that the evolution of the specific reactive surface, as received from LBM simulations, is not comparable to the experimental results. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis and Raman spectra of the soot before and after combustion experiments revealed that combustion affects the primary particles on the nano-scale. For this reason, a separate model to describe the heterogeneous primary particles and their combustion was created. Subsequently, first simulations with scale-coupling were conducted, by connecting the mesoscopic LBM simulations with the primary particle design on the nano-scale. It is shown that a more realistic increase in specific surface could be achieved in simulations by coupling the mesoscopic LBM model with a nano-scale primary particle model
Hong, Xiang. "Nouveaux catalyseurs hétérogènes chiraux pour le dédoublement cinétique hydrolytique des époxydesTERMINAUX". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770302.
Testo completoGuilbert, Emilie. "Une réaction chimique pour le mélange". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0223.
Testo completoThis thesis tackles the problem of reactive mixing by taking advantage of a new chemical reaction between two transparent reactants producing a fluorescent product in water. The kinetic of this second order reaction can be adjusted by varying reactants concentration, temperature, pH and viscosity of the substrate. A stepwise approach based on a variety of experiments has been adopted: we start with the complete characterization of the chemical reaction, then we continue with the study of diffusion-reaction problems, and finally we investigated the interplay between diffusion,advection and reaction when the substrate is in motion
Lakraa, Mohammed. "Etude du fonctionnement d'un lit circulant pour la réaction catalytique d'oxydéshydrogénation de l'acide isobutyrique en acide méthacrylique". Lille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL10189.
Testo completoDebrauwer, Laurent. "Etude de l'interaction glucose-proline dans la réaction de Maillard". Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30038.
Testo completoMazari, Elsa. "Microsytèmes magnétiques et électriques pour la modification spatio-temporelle de voies de signalisation biologiques". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112136/document.
Testo completoCell-fate decisions and cellular functions are dictated by the spatiotemporal dynamics of molecular signaling networks. Moreover, at the scale of an entire organism, especially during its development, complex interactions between cell groups enable the fine, dynamic, and integrated regulation of tissue specification. Understanding these phenomena necessitates new dedicated tools. In this doctoral research, we propose to implement relaxation techniques in microfluidic systems. Our goal is to be able to precisely modulate in space and time the concentration of signaling molecules and to deduce, from the response of the biological system, information on the dynamics of the scrutinized reaction networks. More exactly, microsystems are used to perturbate living systems and associated models accounting for the recorded response are validated thanks to computer simulations. We have implemented this strategy both at the cellular level and at the organism scale during two collaborative projects. On one hand, we focused on the control by magnetic fields of microtubules regulators conjugated to magnetic particles, in order to decipher the basic molecular mechanisms responsible for the assembly and regulation of the mitotic spindle. On the other hand, we proposed a device for localized electroporation of DNA constructs into mouse embryos, in order to be able to study the dynamic cellular interactions that control the growth, migration and specification of the visceral endoderm between 5 and 7 days of development. A distinctive feature of this work lies in the proposed interdisciplinary approach. Combining several states of the art techniques from Chemistry, Physics, and Biophysics, our ambition has been to demonstrate that micro/nanotechnologies can open new perspectives in Biology
Phan, Van Long Em. "Analyse asymptotique de réseaux complexes de systèmes de réaction-diffusion". Thesis, Le Havre, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEHA0012/document.
Testo completoThe neuron, a fundamental unit in the nervous system, is a point of interest in many scientific disciplines. Thus, there are some mathematical models that describe their behavior by ODE or PDE systems. Many of these models can then be coupled in order to study the behavior of networks, complex systems in which the properties emerge. Firstly, this work presents the main mechanisms governing the neuron behaviour in order to understand the different models. Several models are then presented, including the FitzHugh-Nagumo one, which has a interesting dynamic. The theoretical and numerical study of the asymptotic and transitory dynamics of the aforementioned model is then proposed in the second part of this thesis. From this study, the interaction networks of ODE are built by coupling previously dynamic systems. The study of identical synchronization phenomenon in these networks shows the existence of emergent properties that can be characterized by power laws. In the third part, we focus on the study of the PDE system of FHN. As the previous part, the interaction networks of PDE are studied. We have in this section a theoretical and numerical study. In the theoretical part, we show the existence of the global attractor on the space L2(Ω)nd and give the sufficient conditions for identical synchronization. In the numerical part, we illustrate the synchronization phenomenon, also the general laws of emergence such as the power laws or the patterns formation. The diffusion effect on the synchronization is studied
Okhay, Nidhal. "Synthèse de réseaux polymères thermoréversibles par réaction de Diels-Alder". Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00951977.
Testo completoLaugier, Frédéric. "Les ultrasons en procédés polyphasiques : transfert Gaz-Liquide, réaction Liquide-Liquide". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7732/1/laugier.pdf.
Testo completoBoukalouch, Mohamed. "Effets d'inhomogénéi͏̈té spatiales dans la réaction oscillante et bistable (chlorite + iodure)". Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10523.
Testo completoParent, Jean-François. "D’un modèle à l’autre : exploration du modèle des liaisons courbes à partir de la réaction de glycosylation". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67744.
Testo completoIzri, Ziane. "Etude expérimentale de gouttes nageuses : mécanismes physico-chimiques et hydrodynamiques". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077203.
Testo completoThe goal of this thesis work is to propose a propulsion mechanism that accounts for the swimming properties of water droplets with a diameter of tens of micrometers in a mixture of squalane and monoolein. As a matter of fact, with the right composition, these water droplets are able to swim along a distance much longer than their diameter, and for about two hours. Two main variants of this system have been studied in this work: one that hosts the Belouzov-Zhabotinsky reaction, another that is chemically passive. After stating the main notions and equations involved in the description of the motion of these droplets, the microfluidic experimental setup that satisfies very constraining specifications to produce these droplets will be presented. Then, for each of the two variants, the behavior of the swimming droplets will be described and confronted to a hydrodynamic model to account for their self-propulsion. The comparison of these two cases, and of their respective variants, will highlight the existence of two different mechanisms, both taking their roots in an inhomogeneity of surface energy, that is to say in the Marangoni effect
Laroche, Christophe. "Développements de la réaction de transformation des nitriles en cyclopropylamines". Reims, 2006. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000255.pdf.
Testo completoThis thesis deals with the development of the cyclopropanation of nitriles. This reaction involves a titanium complex which can be obtained either by addition of a Grignard reagent on tetraisopropoxytitane or by the ligand exchange methodology. Firstly, the synthesis of bicyclic cyclopropylamines was realized by an intramolecular cyclopropanation of unsatured nitriles. Secondly, a formal [4+1] cycloaddition reaction between a nitrile and a diene was disclosed leading to cyclopentenylamine derivatives. The ligand exchange methodology was used in these two new reactions. The cyclopropanation of substrates, bearing both a nitrile and an ester function, was carried out using a catalytic amount of isopropoxytitane. Application of the reaction led to a short and efficient preparation of aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid derivatives. An extension to the catalytic asymmetric cyclopropanation of cyanoesters was also investigated and the reaction was carried out, for the first time, with TADDOL-based complexes. Finally, the cyclopropanation of cyanosugar derivatives was performed affording iminosugars compounds after few transformations. The biological activities of these products were evaluated, one of them exhibits a selective inhibition to α-L-fucosidase
Pimienta, Véronique. "Etude spectrocinétique et modélisation de la réaction permanganate/acide oxalique en milieu sulfurique". Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30202.
Testo completoMoyses, Xavier. "Contribution à l'étude de la réaction entre la chaux et le chlorure d'hydrogène". Mulhouse, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MULH0505.
Testo completoCorso, Romain. "Conception et étude des propriétés physico-chimiques de réseaux de coordination". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAF019/document.
Testo completoThe development in supramolecular chemistry and more particularly in molecular tectonics has madepossible the formation of porous and highly organized materials. The functionalization of suchcompounds favored their use for various applications. This PhD work is about the application ofporous homochiral coordination networks for storage, enantioselective recognition or separation.The first chapter deals with the synthesis of chiral ligands and their combinations with copper salts toenable the formation of single crystals. Their adsorption isotherms were evaluated by BETmeasurements. Storage of N2, CO2 and CH4 by these crystalline architectures was also evaluated.The second part describes the use of these chiral compounds for enantioselective recognition of (L)-and (D)-tryptophan. Tests of enantioselective separation of amines or amides were also carried out.The last part of this work deals with the formation of mono- or tridimensional coordination polymersby combinations of organic ligands and a variety of metallic salts. Their structures were determinedby X-ray diffraction on single crystal
Cordero, Cruz Juan Carlos. "Conception optimale de réseaux de réacteurs". Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT023G.
Testo completoZimmer, Bertrand. "Réseaux moléculaires à base de porphyrines". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13167.
Testo completo5 meso-tetraarylporphyrin derivatives bearing different coordination sites as pendent units at the meso positions have been prepared and fully characterised. Restricted rotation of the ortho-substituted phenyl rings connected at all 4 meso positions leads to 4 conformers, or atropisomers, which can be regarded as 4 full species. This particular feature allows the formation of discrete species as well as infinite molecular networks, depending upon the orientation of the pendent moieties (a4, a3b, a2b2 and abab). The atropisomerisation process was thoroughly examined, and thermodynamic as well as kinetic characteristics were determined using NMR and absorption spectroscopy. The results were used to finalize synthetic methods that increase the proportion of one given atropisomer from a mixture of the 4 species. Many of the reported compounds have also been studied in the solid state by X-ray diffraction method on single crystal. Ligands based on a combination of a tetraphenylporphyrin core and 4 catecholamido units connected at the ortho position of the phenyl moieties have been prepared, in order to design a molecular LASER system. The 4 atropisomers were separated and characterised. However, the metallation of the a4-atropisomer to form heterobimetallic complexes remained unsuccessful. The formation of H-bonded networks was investigated using porphyrin derivatives bearing 4 phenol or benzonitrile moieties. Whereas in the case of phenol containing system, both the abab and a2b2 atropisomers lead, in the crystalline phase, to three-dimensional networks, using methanol as a relay, in the case of the benzonitrile derivative, the abab isomer leads to a 1-D H-bonded network. For the a2b2 atropisomer of the pyridine containing porphyrin, depending on the crystallising solvent system, 1-D or 2-D coordination networks were obtained in the presence of copper acetate. Since the constituents of these 2 networks are the same, they offer an interesting case of structural or supramolecular isomerism
Blanchin, Stéphane. "Modélisation cinétique de l'hydrodésazotation de la quinoléine et de ses intermédiaires de réaction". Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2319.
Testo completoBachiorrini, Alessandro. "Interactions physico-chimiques entre l'aluminate monocalcique et différents carbonates au cours de la réaction d'hydratation". Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO19049.
Testo completoSire, Yannick. "Solutions propagatives dans les réseaux hamiltoniens discrets et les systèmes de réaction-diffusion". Toulouse, INSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ISAT0008.
Testo completoIn this Ph. D. , we study different types of propagating solutions arising in discrete hamiltonian and reaction-diffusion systems. In a first part, we prove existence of travelling breather solutions, which appear as pulsating solitary waves, in Klein-Gordon lattices. We show that the small amplitude solutions lie on a finite-dimensional center manifold. The study of the reduced equation exhibits a generic type of travelling breather with an oscillatory, quasi-periodic tail superposed on a localized central part. Numerical computations confirm this analysis and extend it to high amplitude travelling breather solutions for parameter values which are non accessible by center manifold theory. In a second part, we study several thermo-diffusive systems set in semi-cylinders. Using Leray-Schauder degree theory, we prove that the thermo-diffusive systems under consideration support non trivial fronts. These models involve heat losses since the burnt gases temprature cannot be equal to one. The existence study is then completed by an asymptotic in the limit of this critical value for the temperature
Morin-Duponchelle, Guillaume. "Reconnaissance automatisée de points d’intérêts pour un robot d’inspection dans un environnement contraint et dégradé : inspection visuelle et chimique par un robot hexapode". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ENTA0009.
Testo completoThe thesis subject concerns the automatic recognition of points of interest (PI) for an inspection robot in a constrained and degraded environment. The objective of this thesis work is to develop a robotic platform capable of carrying out autonomous missions based on detected visual and chemical PIs, a so-called bimodal problem. The combination of visual and chemical percepts optimizes localization accuracy and ensures information redundancy. The field of study concerns 3 application cases: case 1, the inspection is carried out in a confined space (industrial environment). Case 2, the inspection is carried out in an environment with a proven risk of loss of signal and predominantly rocky (mine, underground quarry). Case 3, the inspection is carried out in an environment that has undergone significant deformations and therefore a modified and chaotic geometry of the inspection sites (natural disasters such as earthquakes or landslides in an urban environment). In this study, a contextual case analysis method is proposed and presented in order to analyze the constraints of the different complex environments for the robotic solution. The thesis therefore brings together different issues: the study of environmental constraints, the choice of the robotic solution, autonomous navigation and visual and chemical servoing. Following this contextual analysis, a state of the art is oriented on the terrestrial robotic platform to determine the most suitable robotic solution to operate in the 3 application cases. The hexapod robots were chosen for their ability to overcome obstacles, their stability, and their carrying capacity for sensors, in particular. A method is proposed to reach the source of the percept in an unstructured environment by relying on visual and chemical PIs. For the evaluation of the proposed methodology, the visual PIs considered are of the QR code type and the detection of the concentration of a gas concerning chemical servoing. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is first demonstrated by simulations. Finally, a hexapod prototype is designed, built and developed using the ROS software architecture. The developed hexapod carried out a mission within an industrial environment and inside a shipbuilding including a series of obstacles (case 1 of the study). The results of this robotic approach arefinally presented, commented and discussed
Bulteel, David. "Quantification de la réaction alcali-silice : application à un silex du Nord de la France". Lille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL10116.
Testo completoSorokina, Maria. "Découverte et exploration des modules conservés de transformations chimiques dans le métabolisme". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE003/document.
Testo completoThe proportion of protein sequences of unknown function in public databases stills very important (42% of UniProt sequences are labelled as "hypothetical", "uncharacterized", "unknown" or "putative"). On the other hand, a number of enzyme activities (about 30%) remain orphan (i.e. there is any known sequence that is linked to this activity). Conserved functional modules identification in the metabolism is one of the possible ways to improve protein functional annotation, by discovering new enzyme reactions and new metabolic pathways. It is in this context that has been developed my PhD thesis, proposing a new representation of the global metabolic network, where reactions sharing the same chemical transformation type are grouped in reaction molecular signatures (RMS). A reaction signature is the difference of its products and substrates stereo signatures molecular descriptors involved in this reaction (Carbonell et al. 2013, http://molsig.sourceforge.net). These RMS are computed for all well balanced reactions involved in at least one metabolic pathway, for which all substrates and products are identified and have an available structure. RMS allow reaction classification in an automatic and expert-independent way and a greater coverage of all enzymatic reactions that the classification of the Enzyme Commission (EC numbers).Starting from a directed reaction network, reaction nodes sharing the same RMS are grouped in a single node, and edges conserve the initial connectivity between reactions. Several scores are then computed for each path in the RMS network in order to assess known metabolic pathways conservation and to discover new ones. The first score, scoreRea, is computed using the average reaction number by RMS and represents the chemical conservation of the path in the whole metabolism. The second one, scoreProt, is based on the protein number associated to each RMS and reflects the enzyme conservation of the path through the tree of life. The next score, scoreTopo, is based on the PageRank centrality and depicts the topological importance of an RMS sequence in the metabolic network. The last metric, the Pathway Conservation Index (PCI) is the number of different reaction paths among known metabolic pathways grouped in a same RMS path. It represents the conservation of chemical transformation sequences in the known part of the metabolism. Most conserved RMS paths are next identified in order to understand the linkage between different conservation types (chemical, enzymatic and topologic) and the biological processes type of metabolic pathways (like biosynthesis or degradation).This metabolism representation has an interesting predictive potential and can be used to identify most conserved parts of the metabolism and to discover new metabolic modules. Moreover, combination of different scores can be used to predict the metabolic role of new pathways using machine learning approaches. Conserved paths of chemical transformations associated to genomic context data will be a useful tool for functional annotation of genes and groups of genes of unknown function
Crestey, François. "Conception, synthèse et études physico-chimiques d'indazoles pluri-fonctionnalisés comme aza-analogues de substances naturelles". Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN2055.
Testo completoThe indazole nucleus is certainly the less studied heterocyclic scaffold to prepare new valuable building-blocks in medicinal chemistry. As a part of a research program on the synthesis and pharmacological properties of 2-azabioisosters of tryptamine, melatonine and serotonine, the synthesis of 2-azatryptophans was developed with various strategies : the nucleophilic substitution of a 3-bromomethylindazole with a functionalized acetamidomalonate to obtain either the amino ester or the amino acid according the treatment, the Heck cross-coupling reaction of protected 3-iodoindazoles and methyl 2-(acetylamino)acrylate, and the synthesis of 3-formylindazoles which reacted on a correctly functionnalized phosphonate in a Wittig-Horner reaction. With this last strategy a key compound was study to allow the design and synthesis of a new 3-ketoindazole librarie by a direct conversion of N-methoxy-N-methylamides (Weinreb amides) to ketones. Furthermore to develop new organoboron compounds in organic chemistry, the reaction of various protected halogenoindazoles into the corresponding boronates was studied. Their usefulness were studied in Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions and in the hydroxydeboronation. And then the triple reactivity of dihalogenoindazoles to design new indazole libraries was developed, in particulary with sequential Suzuki and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions
Allais, Christophe. "Nouvelle réaction domino-multicomposés pour la synthèse totalement régiosélective de pyridines hautement fonctionnalisées". Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30029.
Testo completoThis work focused on the elaboration of a new Michael addition-initiated multicomponent reaction promoted by molecular sieves for the synthesis of highly substituted pyridines. Thus, mixing a 2- unsubstituted 1,3-dicarbonyl derivative, a Michael acceptor and ammonium acetate led to a wide range of polysubstituted mono- and polycyclic pyridines. This multicomponent sequence is in accordance with sustainable chemistry which is currently a major concern for organic chemists. After optimization, the general applicability of the method allowed the access to potent pharmaceutical cores such as nicotinamide and 4-azafluorenone derivatives. A limitation of the strategy consisted in the impossibility to functionalize the 4-position. To overcome this drawback, a-ketocarbonyls as activated Michael acceptors have been used for the first time as versatile partners in a three-component sequence and allowed selective and simultaneous incorporation of a substituent at the 4-position and a synthetically useful functionality at the strategic 2-position. Finally, an application of this approach was devoted to the elaboration of pyridine atropisomers. This study opened attractive prospect in view of emergence of promising ligands
Fleurentdidier, Thomas. "Étude théorique du mécanisme de la réaction d’Ing-Manske : Application à la synthèse stéréosélective du pyrazépate de méthyle". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/FLEURENTDIDIER_Thomas_2007.pdf.
Testo completoThe Ing-Manske reaction is a well-known variant of the Gabriel synthesis reaction which is used to synthetize primary amines under mild conditions. Yet, its mechanism has never been theoretically studied. Only few intermediates have been experimentally isolated or characterised. Its use with methyl pyrazepate showed an unexpected diastereoselective behavior that we have tried to clarify. The mechanism has been studied at the DFT-B3LYP level. Transition states and reaction intermediates have been calculated for various possible reaction pathways. Solvation effects, either microsolvatation or bulk effects (via PCM method), have been taken into account. On this basis some rationalization for the observed diastereoselectivity is proposed
Luca, Aurélie de. "Espaces chimiques optimaux pour la recherche par similarité, la classification et la modélisation de réactions chimiques représentées par des graphes condensés de réactions". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAF027.
Testo completoThis thesis aims to develop an approach based on the Condensed Graph of Reaction (CGR) method able to (i) select an optimal descriptor space the best separating different reaction classes, and (ii) to prepare special descriptors to be used in obtaining predictive structure-reactivity models. This methodology has been applied to similarity search studies in a database containing 8 different reaction classes, and to visualization of its chemical space using Kohonen maps and Generative Topographic Mapping. Another part of the thesis concerns development of predictive models for pKa and for optimal conditions for different types of Michael reaction involving both CGR-based and Electronic Effect Descriptors
Moune, Dimala Martin. "Développement de ligands et d’outils chimiques pour la protéomique fonctionnelle". Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6142.
Testo completoThe major goal of this work was to develop a site specifie probe derived from inhibitors, contammg functional chemical and biocompatible modules (photo-labelling, bio orthogonalligation, chemical cleavage, affinity purification) for proteomic applications. The applications are multiple and would allow identification of protein partners in molecular complexes or target deconvolution studies. The work achieved concems the validation of these chemical modules through the study of a type II bacterial topoisomerase (DNA gyrase) and its antibiotic inhibitor (novobiocin) with the prospect at developing site specific probes targeting other enzyme families. First a probe was developed and a qualitative analysis of the bioorthogonal ligation reaction called Huisgen's cycloaddition was performed to compare to the Staudinger ligation. The biocompatibility, the specificity and the efficiency were analysed. The probe was then equipped with an azobenzene cleavable module and was used to purify (under non-denaturing conditions) multiprotein complexes containing gyrase B and achieve target deconvolution of novobiocin on Escherichia coli. Finally the work done on the gyrase B/novobiocin was used to initiate the development of a new purification tag that can be used for complex enrichment. A probe targeting HDAC proteins has also been developed
Crouslé, Olivier. "Analyse, mise au point et méthodes d'exploitation d'un réacteur chimique pilote pour calorimétrie de réaction". Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10191.
Testo completoMaillos, Philippe. "Formation de liaisons Carbone-Azote par réaction SRN¹ en série aliphatique". Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112185.
Testo completoDirion, Jean-Louis. "Contribution à la mise en oeuvre de réseaux neuronaux pour la modélisation et le contrôle thermique de réacteurs batch". Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT027G.
Testo completoChevarin, Francois, e Francois Chevarin. "Relation entre les propriétés physico-chimiques de l'anode en carbone et sa vitesse de réaction sous CO2". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26633.
Testo completoL’aluminium de première fusion est, de nos jours, produit principalement par l’électrolyse de l’alumine à 960 °C appelé procédé Hall-Héroult. L’électrolyse est réalisée par le passage du courant électrique entre des anodes en carbone et une cathode en carbone par l’intermédiaire d’un électrolyte (cryolithe : Na3AlF6). Ces anodes sont composées de coke de pétrole et d’anodes usagées (mégots) collés ensemble par du pitch (brai de houille). Dans ce procédé, les anodes sont attaquées lors de l’électrolyse mais également en raison de réactions parasites avec l’air et le CO2 provoquant une surconsommation de ces anodes et créant de la charbonnaille. La charbonnaille est définie par l’ensemble des particules d’anode tombant dans le bain électrolytique et générant de nombreux problèmes électriques. Ce projet de recherche porte sur la compréhension de la consommation (réactivité) des anodes en carbone, utilisées dans le procédé électrochimique, par le CO2 à 960 °C. Dans le but de mieux comprendre cette consommation des anodes, l’étude de la réactivité est divisée en trois sections principales; la réaction du CO2 avec l’anode dite de Boudouard en régime chimique, la réactivité avec de grosses particules et la proposition d’une nouvelle représentation de l’anode. La réaction de Boudouard (CO2 + C → 2 CO) sous régime chimique est contrôlée par les propriétés intrinsèques du matériau carboné (impuretés et niveau de graphitisation). Dans ce projet, les paramètres (taille des particules, masse initiale, débit) du régime chimique, c'est-à-dire sans limitation du transport de masse, ont été déterminés pour des particules d’anode broyées. Le test de réactivité utilisé pour ces particules est un réacteur thermogravimétrique (TGA). La vitesse de réaction apparente obtenue à partir des données brutes du TGA permet d’évaluer la réactivité de l’anode en fonction du pourcentage de gazéification. Les conditions obtenues sont une masse initiale de 2 mg, un temps de broyage des particules de 10 minutes, un débit de 100 ml/min de CO2 et une température de 960 °C. Avec une préparation similaire à l’échantillon d’anode, des particules cuites provenant de chaque constituant d’une anode (coke, pitch et mégot) ont été placés dans le TGA et leur vitesse de réaction apparente a été mesurée. La détermination de la réactivité sous régime chimique de ces matériaux démontre que la vitesse de réaction apparente du pitch (pour un pitch ayant un niveau de graphitisation similaire au coke et pour des matières premières utilisées dans ce projet) n’est pas plus élevée que celles du coke et du mégot (ce qui est en contradiction par rapport à la littérature), ainsi le phénomène de charbonnaille, attribué à une supposée sélectivité du CO2 sur le pitch n’est pas confirmée. La consommation de l’anode en carbone dans la cuve d’électrolyse est contrôlée par les impuretés, par le niveau de graphitisation mais également par le transport de masse à travers sa structure poreuse. Dans ce projet, la gazéification des grosses particules pourrait se rapprocher de la consommation de l’anode industrielle dans une cuve d’électrolyse. La vitesse de réaction apparente mesurée pour 9 tailles de particules d’anode (allant de 33 µm à 4 380 µm de diamètre) a permis de révéler l’effet de la taille, de la porosité et de la masse de l’échantillon sur la réactivité. Trois tailles de particules comprises entre 725 et 2 190 µm ont particulièrement été étudiées car elles sont proches de la taille standardisée (ISO 12981-1; - 1 400 + 1 000 µm). Les surfaces et les volumes spécifiques différentiels de ces trois tailles de particules gazéifiées à 5 pourcentages (0; 15; 25; 35 et 50%) déterminés par adsorption d’argon et par infiltration de mercure ont permis d’évaluer les contributions des gazéifications sous-critique (taille de pores inférieure à la taille critique des pores) et sur-critique (taille de pores supérieure à la taille critique des pores) sur la gazéification totale des anodes sous CO2 à 960 °C. La détermination de la taille critique des pores (TC) pour les 3 tailles de particules (20 µm pour 725 µm et 40 µm pour les particules de 1 200 et 2 190 µm) et la mesure des contributions sous-critique et sur-critique ont permis de révéler que les pores ayant une taille supérieure à cette taille critique jouerait un rôle prépondérant dans la réactivité au CO2 des anodes. En se basant sur une dimension intermédiaire de cet intervalle de taille de particules et sur la norme ISO 12981-1 (utilisée pour mesurer la réactivité au CO2 des particules de coke), les particules comprises entre - 1 400 + 1 000 µm ont été choisies pour mettre en évidence l’effet de la porosité sur la réactivité de l’anode et de ses constituants (coke, pitch, mégot et matrice liante) sous CO2 à 960 °C. La matrice liante est un mélange de fines particules de coke (inférieur à 150 µm) et le pitch. La mesure de la vitesse de réaction apparente de ces matériaux permet d’évaluer que la matrice liante semble avoir une réactivité légèrement plus grande que celles du coke, du mégot et de l’anode et très largement supérieure à celle du pitch (valable pour les matériaux utilisés dans ce projet). Ces différences peuvent s’expliquer par le ratio des impuretés catalysantes et inhibitrices, (Vanadium + Nickel) / Soufre, qui est très élevé dans le cas de la matrice liante et du coke mais également à un niveau de graphitisation légèrement plus faible. L’utilisation du facteur d’efficacité apparent permet de mettre en évidence l’effet de la structure du matériau sur la réactivité de particules de grandes tailles par rapport à la vitesse de réaction en régime chimique. En associant les vitesses de réaction apparente des deux régimes (chimique et particules de grandes tailles) pour les 5 matériaux (anode, coke, pitch, mégot et matrice liante), il est possible de révéler l’effet de la structure. Ainsi, pour l’anode et le pitch, le facteur d’efficacité est très faible (inférieure à 0,3) indiquant par conséquent qu’une structure adaptée de l’anode peut diminuer la réactivité globale. Lors de la caractérisation de ces matériaux afin de comprendre leurs réactivités, il a été révélé que la surface spécifique initiale de l’anode ne peut être estimée par la moyenne pondérée des surfaces de ses constituants (coke, pitch, mégot et matrice liante). Ainsi, malgré une similitude chimique, une division par matière première (coke, pitch et mégot) ou physique (coke, mégot et matrice liante) ne semble pouvoir expliquer cette grande surface spécifique et une nouvelle représentation de l’anode doit être envisagée. En raison d’un manque de support lors de la cuisson, le pitch, cuit seul ou bien cuit sous forme de matrice liante, ne peut pas s’étaler lors de sa pyrolyse. Ainsi, le mixage et la cuisson de trois recettes de coke et de pitch (coke/pitch : 100/0, 95/5 et 85/15 en masse/masse) révèlent une très grande surface spécifique initiale pour la recette 95/5. La réactivité de cette recette et celle de 100/0 sont très similaires alors que celle de 85/15 est très faible alors que celle de l’anode se situe à un niveau intermédiaire. En conséquence, en se basant sur les surfaces spécifiques initiales et sur les réactivités de ces trois recettes, il est possible d’estimer qu’une anode entière est composée de particules de coke partiellement enrobé de pitch (95/5) et totalement enrobé (85/15).
Primary aluminum is mainly produced by electrolysis of alumina at 960 °C by the Hall-Héroult process. The electrolysis is carried out by passing the electric current between carbon anodes and a carbon cathode through molten cryolite (Na3AlF6) that acts as electrolyte. The anodes are consisted of petroleum coke and anode butts bonded together by coal tar pitch. The anodes are consumed in the cell by the electrolysis reaction but also by air and CO2 gas reactions. The anode-gas reactions cause an overconsumption of the anodes and create dusting phenomenon. The dusting is defined by the falling out of anode particles in the electrolytic bath that generates many electrical problems. This research project focuses on the understanding of CO2 consumption (reactivity) of carbon anodes at 960 °C to increase the service life of anodes. In order to reveal the mechanism of the CO2 reactivity of anodes, the present study was divided into three main sections; 1) the reaction of CO2 and carbon, called Boudouard reaction, under chemical regime, 2) the CO2 reactivity of large particles under mass transport limitations and 3) the proposal of a new representation of the anode. The Boudouard reaction (CO2 + C → 2 CO) under chemical regime is controlled by the intrinsic properties of the carbonaceous materials, i.e. the impurities and of graphitization levels. In this project, the parameters (particle size, initial mass and CO2 flow) of chemical regime (without mass transport limitations) were determined for milled anode particles. A Thermo-Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) was used to measure the CO2 reactivity of anode particles. The apparent reaction rate versus gasification percentage was obtained from the TGA raw data to estimate the carbon activity under CO2 atmosphere. The experimental conditions for chemical regime with TG instrument included an initial mass of 2 mg, 10 minutes of milling and a CO2 flow rate of 100 ml/min at 960 °C. A similar preparation was applied to the anode samples and each constituent of anode (coke, pitch and butt) was prepared and baked separately. The anode constituents were placed in the TGA and their apparent reaction rate was measured. The chemical reactivity of anode constituents showed that the apparent reaction rate of the pitch material (with a similar level of graphitization than that of coke material and for the raw materials used in this project) was not higher than that of the coke and the butt particles (which is in contradiction to the literature) and thus the dusting phenomenon which is attributed to a supposed selectivity of CO2 on pitch constituent was not confirmed. The consumption of the industrial carbon anodes in the electrolytic bath is controlled by the impurities, the level of graphitization and also by the mass transport through its porous structure. In this project, the gasification of large particles could be assimilated at the consumption of industrial anodes. The apparent reaction rates were measured for 9 particle sizes of anode (between 33 µm and 4380 µm of diameter). A larger particle size decreased the reaction rate. Three sizes of anode particles (725, 1200 and 2190 µm) were specifically studied because they are close to the particle sizes recommended by the ISO standard 12981-1 where - 1400 + 1000 µm is used to measure the CO2 reactivity of coke particles. The specific differential surface areas and volumes measured by argon adsorption and mercury infiltration were determined for the 3 particle sizes consumed at 5 gasified percentages (0; 15; 25; 35 and 50%). With the pore volumes, it was possible to weight the internal and external gasification on overall gasification. The determination of the critical pore size (TC) for the 3 particle sizes (20 µm to 725 µm particles and 40 µm for 1200 and 2190 µm particles) and the weights of internal and external gasifications revealed that the pores having a size greater than this critical size could have an essential weight on the overall CO2 reactivity of the anodes. Based on the ISO standard 12981-1, the particles between - 1400 + 1000 µm were chosen to demonstrate the effect of porosity on the CO2 reactivity of the anode and its constituents (coke, pitch, butt and binder matrix) under CO2 at 960 °C. The measurement of apparent reaction rates of these materials revealed the reactivity of binder matrix was slightly higher than those of the coke, butt and anode samples and was much greater than the reactivity of pitch material (considering the materials studied). These differences could be explained by the ratio of catalysts/inhibitor, (Vanadium + Nickel) / Sulfur, which was very high for the binder matrix and coke samples, used in this project and a lower level of graphitization for binder matrix. The butt was also highly reactive because the catalyst effect of sodium on the Boudouard reaction at 960 °C is very important. The apparent effectiveness factor allowed to highlight the effect of structure on the reactivity of large particle sizes compared to the reaction rate under chemical regime. The ratio of apparent reaction rate under mass transport limitations over the rate under chemical regime for the 5 materials (anode, coke, pitch, butt and binder matrix) indicated the porosity impact. The apparent effectiveness factor for anode and pitch samples was very low (less than 0.3 for 4 gasification percentages of 15; 25; 35 and 50%) revealing that a suitable structure of carbon material may decrease the overall reactivity. After characterization of anode and its constituents, it was assumed that the initial surface area of the anode could be estimated by the weighted average of the surface areas of its components (coke + butt + pitch and coke + butt + binder matrix). The binder matrix is a mixture of the fine particles of coke and the pitch material. In spite of similar chemical compositions, classification of raw materials as coke + pitch + butt and coke + butt + binder matrix could not explain the large specific area of anode. Consequently, a new representation of the anode should be considered. Due to the lack of support during baking, the pitch material, baked alone or baked in binder matrix, could not be spread during its pyrolysis. Thus, three recipes of pitch/coke mixtures (coke/pitch: 100/0, 95/5 and 85/15 w/w) were mixed and baked, separately. The 95/5 mixture presented a very large initial surface area (similar to that of anode). The CO2 reactivity was measured in TG instrument at 960 °C. The reactivity of 95/5 composition was very similar to that of 100/0 while the reactivity of 85/15 composition was very low. The anode reactivity had an intermediate level. According to the initial specific surface area and the CO2 reactivity of these three recipes, it was possible to approximate the surface area and the CO2 reactivity of the carbon anode with a mixture of coke particles partially coated (95/5) and fully coated (85/15) with pitch. Consequently, this new assembly could be useful to better understand the wetting of coke by pitch during baking.
Primary aluminum is mainly produced by electrolysis of alumina at 960 °C by the Hall-Héroult process. The electrolysis is carried out by passing the electric current between carbon anodes and a carbon cathode through molten cryolite (Na3AlF6) that acts as electrolyte. The anodes are consisted of petroleum coke and anode butts bonded together by coal tar pitch. The anodes are consumed in the cell by the electrolysis reaction but also by air and CO2 gas reactions. The anode-gas reactions cause an overconsumption of the anodes and create dusting phenomenon. The dusting is defined by the falling out of anode particles in the electrolytic bath that generates many electrical problems. This research project focuses on the understanding of CO2 consumption (reactivity) of carbon anodes at 960 °C to increase the service life of anodes. In order to reveal the mechanism of the CO2 reactivity of anodes, the present study was divided into three main sections; 1) the reaction of CO2 and carbon, called Boudouard reaction, under chemical regime, 2) the CO2 reactivity of large particles under mass transport limitations and 3) the proposal of a new representation of the anode. The Boudouard reaction (CO2 + C → 2 CO) under chemical regime is controlled by the intrinsic properties of the carbonaceous materials, i.e. the impurities and of graphitization levels. In this project, the parameters (particle size, initial mass and CO2 flow) of chemical regime (without mass transport limitations) were determined for milled anode particles. A Thermo-Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) was used to measure the CO2 reactivity of anode particles. The apparent reaction rate versus gasification percentage was obtained from the TGA raw data to estimate the carbon activity under CO2 atmosphere. The experimental conditions for chemical regime with TG instrument included an initial mass of 2 mg, 10 minutes of milling and a CO2 flow rate of 100 ml/min at 960 °C. A similar preparation was applied to the anode samples and each constituent of anode (coke, pitch and butt) was prepared and baked separately. The anode constituents were placed in the TGA and their apparent reaction rate was measured. The chemical reactivity of anode constituents showed that the apparent reaction rate of the pitch material (with a similar level of graphitization than that of coke material and for the raw materials used in this project) was not higher than that of the coke and the butt particles (which is in contradiction to the literature) and thus the dusting phenomenon which is attributed to a supposed selectivity of CO2 on pitch constituent was not confirmed. The consumption of the industrial carbon anodes in the electrolytic bath is controlled by the impurities, the level of graphitization and also by the mass transport through its porous structure. In this project, the gasification of large particles could be assimilated at the consumption of industrial anodes. The apparent reaction rates were measured for 9 particle sizes of anode (between 33 µm and 4380 µm of diameter). A larger particle size decreased the reaction rate. Three sizes of anode particles (725, 1200 and 2190 µm) were specifically studied because they are close to the particle sizes recommended by the ISO standard 12981-1 where - 1400 + 1000 µm is used to measure the CO2 reactivity of coke particles. The specific differential surface areas and volumes measured by argon adsorption and mercury infiltration were determined for the 3 particle sizes consumed at 5 gasified percentages (0; 15; 25; 35 and 50%). With the pore volumes, it was possible to weight the internal and external gasification on overall gasification. The determination of the critical pore size (TC) for the 3 particle sizes (20 µm to 725 µm particles and 40 µm for 1200 and 2190 µm particles) and the weights of internal and external gasifications revealed that the pores having a size greater than this critical size could have an essential weight on the overall CO2 reactivity of the anodes. Based on the ISO standard 12981-1, the particles between - 1400 + 1000 µm were chosen to demonstrate the effect of porosity on the CO2 reactivity of the anode and its constituents (coke, pitch, butt and binder matrix) under CO2 at 960 °C. The measurement of apparent reaction rates of these materials revealed the reactivity of binder matrix was slightly higher than those of the coke, butt and anode samples and was much greater than the reactivity of pitch material (considering the materials studied). These differences could be explained by the ratio of catalysts/inhibitor, (Vanadium + Nickel) / Sulfur, which was very high for the binder matrix and coke samples, used in this project and a lower level of graphitization for binder matrix. The butt was also highly reactive because the catalyst effect of sodium on the Boudouard reaction at 960 °C is very important. The apparent effectiveness factor allowed to highlight the effect of structure on the reactivity of large particle sizes compared to the reaction rate under chemical regime. The ratio of apparent reaction rate under mass transport limitations over the rate under chemical regime for the 5 materials (anode, coke, pitch, butt and binder matrix) indicated the porosity impact. The apparent effectiveness factor for anode and pitch samples was very low (less than 0.3 for 4 gasification percentages of 15; 25; 35 and 50%) revealing that a suitable structure of carbon material may decrease the overall reactivity. After characterization of anode and its constituents, it was assumed that the initial surface area of the anode could be estimated by the weighted average of the surface areas of its components (coke + butt + pitch and coke + butt + binder matrix). The binder matrix is a mixture of the fine particles of coke and the pitch material. In spite of similar chemical compositions, classification of raw materials as coke + pitch + butt and coke + butt + binder matrix could not explain the large specific area of anode. Consequently, a new representation of the anode should be considered. Due to the lack of support during baking, the pitch material, baked alone or baked in binder matrix, could not be spread during its pyrolysis. Thus, three recipes of pitch/coke mixtures (coke/pitch: 100/0, 95/5 and 85/15 w/w) were mixed and baked, separately. The 95/5 mixture presented a very large initial surface area (similar to that of anode). The CO2 reactivity was measured in TG instrument at 960 °C. The reactivity of 95/5 composition was very similar to that of 100/0 while the reactivity of 85/15 composition was very low. The anode reactivity had an intermediate level. According to the initial specific surface area and the CO2 reactivity of these three recipes, it was possible to approximate the surface area and the CO2 reactivity of the carbon anode with a mixture of coke particles partially coated (95/5) and fully coated (85/15) with pitch. Consequently, this new assembly could be useful to better understand the wetting of coke by pitch during baking.
Pican, Stéphanie. "Etude de la réaction de couplage C-P pallado-catalysée : versions racémique et énantiosélective". Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2037.
Testo completoLaugier, André. "Représentation de la réaction chimique dans les registres macroscopique et microscopique : contribution au repérage des obstacles épistémologiques. Une étude en classe de seconde". Pau, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PAUU3008.
Testo completoLesterlin, Dominique. "Étude et réalisation de réseaux pour lasers InGaAsp 1,5 μm à contre-réaction distribuée". Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112213.
Testo completoThis thesis deals with the technology of grating fabrication aiming at developing InGaAsP 1. 5 micron DFB Lasers. A theoretical survey is first carried out to define the main parameters of the structure. An optimum grating tooth shape is defined to obtain an efficient feedback taking into account the transfer technique limitations. The fabrication of the grating mask is made by holographic interferences. Various types of interferometric set-up have been tested and an automated arrangement has been adopted allowing grating periods in the 200-500 nm range. The transfer of the grating to the confinement layer is usually done by chemical etch and good results have been obtain both for second order and for first order gratings. A simulation program is used to define the etching solution and analyse the experimental profiles in terms of crystallographic plan preferential etching. The possibility of obtaining deeper grooves by ion milling has been considered and demonstrated: second order gratings have been realized using holographic mask and ion beam etching. The epitaxial regrowth over the etched surface of InGaAsP layer is also considered using LPE and MO-VPE techniques. Growth parameters have been improved in the course of this work in order to preserve the periodic pattern. Finally the optical and electrical characteristics of fabricated 1. 5 micron DFB lasers are given. Best figures obtained are 30 mA threshold current for pulsed operation and 35 mA for continuous wave operation. From sub-threshold spectrum measurement, we deduce a coupling coefficient of 90 cm-1 which gives a good indication of preservation of gratings during regrowth
Ahmadzadeh, Samii Arianeh. "Le formamide, un substitut de l'eau dans les microémulsions : utilisation d'une réaction de Diels-Adler comme sonde chimiques". Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30025.
Testo completoFrikha, Nader. "Conduite de la réaction chimique en réacteurs discontinus : application aux réactions catalytiques homogènes et hétérogènes : stabilité thermique". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_FRIKHA_N.pdf.
Testo completoIn order to better understand and control batch reactions, two exothermic catalytic reactions are studied: a homogeneous and a heterogeneous one. The kinetics of the dichromate catalysed decomposition of the hydrogene peroxide is first studied. An experimental definition of the stability conditions is proposed and makes it possible to define the conditions avoiding any thermal runaway. A method of identification of kinetic and thermic parameters for the solid catalysed nitrobenzene hydrogenation is then developed. This method is based only on light experimental procedure involving temperature and pressure measurements. A global model is first eveloped and the parameters that control the reaction and prevent thermal runways are defined. The key parameter which conditions the thermal stability of the system is shown to be the stirring speed. Lastly, a rigorous batch model, based on the film theory, is established. It shows that the results given by the global model are coherent with those of the rigorous approach
Barichard, Anne. "Enregistrement et analyses physico-chimiques de réseaux dans des matériaux composites polymères-points quantiques". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28504/28504.pdf.
Testo completoAssfeld, Xavier. "Etude théorique de réactions chimiques en phase liquide à l'aide du modèle du champ de réaction auto-cohérent". Nancy 1, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1994_0071_ASSFELD.pdf.
Testo completoChigr, Mohamed. "Mise au point d'une synthèse régiosélective d'amino-anthraquinones et d'aza-anthraquinones par la réaction de Diels-Alder : activité antitumorale de quelques dérivés". Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO1T034.
Testo completoBouammali, Boufelja. "Régiosélectivité de la réaction de Diels-Alder entre des 1-alcoxy (ou silyloxy)-2-aza-3- silyloxy-1,3-diènes et des naphtoquinones : recherche de l'activité antitumorale in vitro des 2-azaanthraquinone-3-ones". Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1T087.
Testo completo