Libri: "Renal recovery"

1

Sheffrin, Steven M. Proposition 13 in recession and recovery. San Francisco, Calif: Public Policy Institute of California, 1998.

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2

Branch, Alberta Municipal Services. Tax recovery: A guide for Alberta municipalities. Edmonton: Alta. Municipal Affairs, 1999.

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3

Meister, Stephen B. Commercial real estate restructuring revolution: Strategies, tranche warfare, and prospects for recovery. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2011.

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4

John, Rushby, e Langley Research Center, a cura di. Model-based reconfiguration: Diagnosis and recovery. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.

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5

Crow, Judy. Model-based reconfiguration: Diagnosis and recovery. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.

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6

Tonzig, Luisa Teresa Coraluppi. The teaching of St. Ambrose on Real Presence, its misunderstanding in later tradition, and the significance of its recovery for contemporary eucharistic theology. Ann Arbor, Mi: University Microfilms International, 1989.

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7

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Status of the implementation of title XI, the appraisal reform amendments of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA): Twenty-eighth report. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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8

Service, United States Forest. Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Monument Fire Recovery Project and proposed non significant forest plan amendments : Prairie City Ranger District, Malheur National Forest, Grant and Baker Counties, Oregon. John Day, OR.] (P.O. Box 909, John Day 97845): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2003.

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9

United States. Congressional Oversight Panel. The impact of economic recovery efforts on corporate and commercial real estate lending: Hearing before the Congressional Oversight Panel, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, May 28, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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10

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Commerce, Consumer, and Monetary Affairs Subcommittee. Implementation of title XI, the appraisal reform amendments of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA): Hearing before the Commerce, Consumer, and Monetary Affairs Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, May 17, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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11

United, States Congress Senate Committee on Banking Housing and Urban Affairs Subcommittee on Housing and Transportation. The real estate appraisal industry: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Housing and Transportation of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, on certain private entities as outlined in Title IX of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989, that establish uniform rules for real estate appraisals and set minimum criteria for certifying appraisers, March 24, 2004. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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12

De Poli, Barbara. Freemasonry and the Orient. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-338-0.

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The symbolic and historical dimension of the main founding archetypes of Freemasonry – the Orient with a special focus on Egypt – are at the core of this book, which aims to recover the red thread with which masons tie together Masonry and Oriental esotericism. If, on the one hand, the Author points out mystifications and inventions that have characterised part of the Masonic narrative on its origins; on the other hand, she unearths the history of real contaminations and intersections between esotericism of the East and the West, digging up the common matrix that nourished them.

13

Lyubarskiy, Yuriy, e Aleksandr Hrennikov. Intelligent electrical networks: computer support for dispatching solutions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1134516.

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For" smart " electric networks, intelligent software tools that perform new functions and increase the level of computer support for dispatching solutions are considered. Given that one of the goals of building "smart" networks is to ensure recovery after accidents, the main focus of the textbook is on the problems of diagnosing emergency situations, intelligent monitoring of the state of electrical networks, and planning for the post-accident restoration of power supply. A new type of software simulator for dispatchers of electrical networks — a simulator for analyzing emergency situations-is considered in detail. The theoretical material is accompanied by many examples in the form of protocols for the operation of real intelligent systems. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of electric power specialties, managers and specialists of operational services of enterprises of power systems, electric and distribution networks and power stations, branches of PJSC ROSSETI, PJSC FGC UES, as well as students of advanced training courses.

14

Canada. Bill: An act to provide for the taxation and recovery of arbitrators' fees. Ottawa: Hunter, Rose, 2001.

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15

Noy, William. The compleat lawyer, or, A treatise concerning tenures and estates in lands of inheritance for life and for yeares: Of chattels reall and personall, and how any of them may be conveyed in a legall forme by fine, recovery, deed or word, as the case shall require. London: Printed by W.W. for W. Lee, 1992.

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16

Noy, William. The principal grounds and maxims: With an analysis and a dialogue and treatise of the laws of England, and on tenures, estates, hereditaments, and chattels, real and personal, and in what manner they may be recovered and conveyed. 9^a ed. London: Printed for S. Sweet [and] R. Pheney, 1992.

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17

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs. Texas economy--conditions and propects for recovery: Hearings before the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, Houston, TX, June 22, 1990; Austin, TX, June 23, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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18

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery. The Road Home?: An examination of the goals, costs, management, and impediments facing Louisiana's Road Home program : hearing before the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, May 24, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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19

Canada. Bill: An act to alter the law of dower and to regulate proceedings in actions for the recovery of dower in Upper Canada. Ottawa: Hunter, Rose, 2001.

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20

Schneider, Antoine G., Neil J. Glassford e Rinaldo Bellomo. Choice of Renal Replacement Therapy and Renal Recovery. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0038.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major complication of critical illness, associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Among survivors of AKI, a subset will develop the need for chronic dialysis. Chronic dialysis imposes a major physical, emotional, economic, and social burden on ICU survivors and their caregivers. Evidence suggests that the type of renal replacement therapy used in the acute setting may affect renal recovery differently. For example, intermittent haemodialysis (IHD) increases the risk of hypotension and acute volume and solute fluctuations, and such physiological events have been associated with fresh renal injury. In contrast, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) does not carry such risks. Consistent with such physiological and experimental observations and differences, several observational studies and some randomized controlled trials suggest that using IHD, instead of CRRT, as the preferred form of RRT increases the risk of patients entering a chronic dialysis programme. A recent meta-analysis confirmed these findings. Clinicians making decisions about the choice of RRT modality in ICU patients should carefully consider these observations.

21

Srisawat, Nattachai, e John A. Kellum. Promoting renal recovery in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0379.

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Better understanding the process of renal recovery following acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the key steps in improving AKI outcome. We are still lacking the standard definition of renal recovery. Recent progress on the pathophysiology of renal injury and recovery is encouraging. Repopulation of surviving renal tubular epithelial cells with the assistance of certain renal epithelial cell and specific growth factors, play a major role in the recovery process. Moreover, accurate prediction would help physicians distinguish patients with poor renal prognosis in whom further therapy is likely to be futile from those who are likely to have good renal prognosis. Unfortunately, current general clinical severity scores (APACHE, SOFA, etc.) and AKI-specific severity scores are not good predictors of renal recovery. This review describes the current definition, pathobiology of renal recovery, epidemiology of renal recovery, the role of clinical severity scores, and novel biomarkers in predicting renal recovery, and strategies for facilitating renal recovery.

22

Khatib, Reem. Anesthesia and Recovery. A cura di Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer e Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0008.

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As a consequence of the obesity epidemic that has developed in the United States over the past few decades, many morbidly obese patients are presenting to the operating room for a variety of procedures, including bariatric surgery. Anesthesiologists must therefore be familiar with the physiologic changes that occur as a consequence of this disease process. Changes in cardiac and respiratory physiology require special consideration as they impact anesthetic management during the perioperative period. Strategies to optimize intraoperative management of the morbidly obese patient presenting for bariatric surgery including successful airway management, fluid management, and prevention of atelectasis are discussed. Finally, common postoperative issues are examined including renal dysfunction, respiratory insufficiency, and ICU outcomes. With planning and communication the challenges these patients present can be managed effectively by the bariatric team

23

Marshall, Mark R. Intermittent acute renal replacement therapy. A cura di Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0233_update_001.

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This chapter summarizes current best practice with respect to intermittent haemodialysis and sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED) for those with acute kidney injury. These modalities can be delivered using a variety of technology platforms. These platforms for the most part use online dialysate, and water quality needs to be monitored and maintained to current standards. Intermittent haemodialysis and SLED provide reasonable outcomes in experienced hands, and ameliorate morbidity and mortality resulting from the ‘acute uraemic syndrome’: that is, intractable infection, non-resolving shock, and haemorrhage.Careful consideration needs to be given to appropriate modality selection for patients. Lower-efficiency modalities such as continuous therapies or SLED are more appropriate for patients at risk from dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, those with abdominal compartment syndrome, and those who are haemodynamically unstable (including cardiogenic shock). Care should be taken to avoid complications related to rapid fluid and solute removal, anticoagulation, and vascular access. Intradialytic hypotension is detrimental for both general and renal recovery of critically ill patients, and can be mitigated by sodium and ultrafiltration profiling, and frequent treatments and prolonged treatment time to minimize ultrafiltration goals and rates.Irrespective of the modality applied, an adequate dialysis dose must be achieved. This is facilitated through the use of optimally placed and technically superior central venous catheters, and well-considered prescription of haemodialysis and SLED operating parameters. Dose should be monitored regularly through urea kinetic modelling, either using Kt/V for thrice-weekly schedules or the corrected equivalent renal urea clearance (EKRc) for more frequent ones.

24

Lameire, Norbert. Renal outcomes of acute kidney injury. A cura di Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0238_update_001.

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This chapter summarizes the accumulating evidence that incomplete or even apparent complete recovery of renal function after acute kidney injury (AKI) may be an important contributor to a growing number of incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases, largely in excess of the global growth in CKD prevalence. Evidence based on epidemiologic studies supports the notion that even after adjustment for several important covariates AKI is independently associated with an increased risk for both CKD and ESRD. Several risk factors for the subsequent development of CKD among survivors of AKI have been identified. Besides well-known risk factors for CKD in general, such as hypertension, older age, congestive heart failure, diabetes, and proteinuria, AKIN staging and duration also predict longitudinal CKD development. These characteristics may identify a category of at-risk AKI patients at the time of hospital discharge that will need long follow-up times for appropriate screening and surveillance measures for CKD.

25

Harper, Lorraine, e David Jayne. The patient with vasculitis. A cura di Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0160.

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The goals of treatment in renal vasculitis are to stop vasculitic activity and recover renal function. Subsequent strategies are required to prevent vasculitis returning and to address longer-term co-morbidities caused by tissue damage, drug toxicity, and increased cardiovascular and malignancy risk.Cyclophosphamide and high-dose glucocorticoids remain the standard induction therapy with alternative immunosuppressives, such as azathioprine, to prevent relapse. Plasma exchange improves renal recovery in severe presentations. Refractory disease resulting from a failure of induction or remission maintenance therapy requires alternative agents and rituximab has been particularly effective. Replacement of cyclophosphamide by rituximab for remission induction is supported by recent evidence. Methotrexate is effective in non-renal vasculitis but difficult to use in patients with renal impairment. Mycophenolate mofetil seems to be effective but there is less long-term evidence.Drug toxicity contributes to co-morbidity and mortality and has led to newer regimens with reduced cyclophosphamide exposure. Glucocorticoid toxicity remains a major problem with controversy over the rapidity with which glucocorticoids can be reduced or withdrawn.Disease relapse occurs in about 50% of patients. Early detection is less likely to lead to an adverse affect on outcomes. Rates of cardiovascular disease and malignancy are higher than in control populations but strategies to reduce their risk, apart from cyclophosphamide-sparing regimens, have not been developed. Thromboembolic events occur in 10% and may be linked to the recently identified autoantibodies to plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator.Renal impairment at diagnosis is a strong predictor of patient survival and renal outcome. Other predictors include patient age, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody subtype, disease extent and response to therapy. Chronic kidney disease can stabilize for many years but the risks of end-stage renal disease are increased by acute kidney injury at presentation or renal relapse. Renal transplantation is successful with similar outcomes to other causes of end-stage renal disease.

26

Hatfield, Anthea. The kidney. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199666041.003.0022.

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Renal failure after surgery does occur and carries a high mortality. The immediate postoperative management of the patient’s fluids is an important part of their recovery. This chapter will teach you the physiology of kidney function, how and why things go wrong, and how to anticipate and prevent renal failure from developing. Conditions that can lead to renal problems are discussed and also the effects of the drugs given to the patients during and after the operation.

27

Lynch, Bernadette, e Aine Burns. The patient with scleroderma. A cura di Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0165.

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Scleroderma is tightness, thickening, and non-pitting induration of skin. Two forms of the skin disease are described. Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc) which occurs distal to the wrists (or ankles) and/or over the face and neck, often associated with longstanding Raynaud’s phenomenon, and diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) where truncal as well as acral skin involvement occurs as well as tendon friction rubs. In this latter condition the onset of the skin changes occurs within 1 year of onset of Raynaud’s phenomenon; however, the skin involvement may precede onset of vascular symptoms.The skin manifestations are the outward manifestation of a systemic disease, systemic sclerosis. Lung, heart, and gut involvement are frequent. Scleroderma renal crisis, usually presenting as accelerated hypertension and acute kidney injury, is one of the most severe complications of this disease. Autoantibodies against RNA polymerase are associated with scleroderma renal crisis. It occurs in 12% of dcSSc and 2% of lcSSc patients (men and women) and carries a high morbidity and mortality although careful supportive care and blood pressure management using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin-II receptor blockers have improved short-term outcomes. In general, beta blockers should be avoided in the early management.Approximately two-thirds of patients require dialysis, of these many recover enough function to come off dialysis. Higher blood pressure and younger age at presentation have a better prognosis. ACEIs should be continued even after dialysis is established as the latter increases the chance of late recovery. Average time to coming off dialysis is 11 months but recovery is uncommon after 24 months. After a crisis renal function continues to improve for several years.

28

Tsai, Ching-Wei, Sanjeev Noel e Hamid Rabb. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury, Repair, and Regeneration. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0030.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI), regardless of its aetiology, can elicit persistent or permanent kidney tissue changes that are associated with progression to end-stage renal disease and a greater risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In other cases, AKI may result in complete repair and restoration of normal kidney function. The pathophysiological mechanisms of renal injury and repair include vascular, tubular, and inflammatory factors. The initial injury phase is characterized by rarefaction of peritubular vessels and engagement of the immune response via Toll-like receptor binding, activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and T and B lymphocytes. During the recovery phase, cell adhesion molecules as well as cytokines and chemokines may be instrumental by directing the migration, differentiation, and proliferation of renal epithelial cells; recent data also suggest a critical role of M2 macrophage and regulatory T cell in the recovery period. Other processes contributing to renal regeneration include renal stem cells and the expression of growth hormones and trophic factors. Subtle deviations in the normal repair process can lead to maladaptive fibrotic kidney disease. Further elucidation of these mechanisms will help discover new therapeutic interventions aimed at limiting the extent of AKI and halting its progression to CKD or ESRD.

29

Baker, Richard. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. A cura di Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0083.

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Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is an important cause of acute kidney injury which has a diverse aetiology but is most frequently caused by either an infection or drug reaction. Clinical features are usually non-specific or absent, although early accounts emphasized fever, rash, and eosinophilia. ATIN should be considered in all cases of acute kidney injury, especially when there is no obvious precipitant. If deemed clinically safe an early renal biopsy is recommended for diagnosis. Renal outcome will usually be good but in a significant minority, particularly the elderly, the outcome may be poor. There is evidence from a number of series that early treatment with corticosteroids leads to a more rapid and complete recovery of renal function.

30

Freda, Benjamin J., e Gregory L. Braden. Other toxic acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. A cura di Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0085.

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often the result of incomplete recovery of renal function from a variety of causes of acute tubulointerstitial injury. Exposure to ethylene glycol, chlorinated hydrocarbons, paraquat, or toxic mushrooms often causes severe acute kidney injury (AKI), leading to chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) and CKD, including end-stage renal disease. Ethylene glycol intoxication often leads to chronic TIN and CKD from direct renal tubular toxicity and from interstitial calcium oxalate deposition. Chlorinated hydrocarbon exposure can cause dialysis-dependent AKI, but only rarely causes CKD from interstitial calcium deposition. Paraquat intoxication causes dose-dependent AKI and often Fanconi syndrome in up to 50% of patients, but only 15% of these patients survive, so CKD is rarely seen as a complication. The toxic mushrooms Cortinarius and Amanita phalloides often cause delayed AKI leading to CKD, chronic dialysis, or renal transplantation.

31

Lapsia, Vijay, Bernard Jaar e A. Ahsan Ejaz, a cura di. Kidney Protection. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190611620.001.0001.

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Kidney disease is a crippling disease that affects approximately ten percent of the population worldwide, with more than 2.6 million individuals estimated to receive renal replace therapy. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is fast becoming a major public health issue even in resource poor settings, with some estimates predicting a disproportionate increase in countries such as China and India. Consequently, renal protection has become a vital and critical component of prevention. While observational data suggests that awareness remains low, the concept of renal protection is currently under-recognized in promoting recovery as well as preventing further renal loss. Kidney Protection: Strategies for Renal Preservation is a clinically applicable review of the current medical care and research that aims to address the awareness gap. The authors combine renal protection research and clinical practices with an interdisciplinary approach that is inclusive of nephrology,urology, critical care, anesthesia, emergency medicine and clinical medicine.Written by experts in the field of nephrology, the authors have also included applicable photographs and line drawings. The specific topics covered include: protection of the kidneys in hypertension, diabetes and heart disease, exposure to contrast including coronary angiogram, atherosclerosis, and more. This handbook is formatted to emphasize clinical practice points and major systemic illnesses. Additionally, it features the latest evidence-based practice guidelines for optimal renal outcomes, thus, making it a concise reference for the busy clinician interested in understanding the basics of kidney disease assessment, renal injury prevention, and renal preservation.

32

Daly, Ivonne M., e Ali Al-Khafaji. Intensive care management in hepatic and other abdominal organ transplantation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0371.

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Care of the transplant patient post-operatively requires a multidisciplinary approach. The goal of the intensivist is to create an ideal environment for the allograft to recover from its ischaemic insult and return to normal function. An understanding of the recipient’s pretransplant physiology is essential, as the pathological states associated with organ failure may persist for weeks to months after transplant. In particular, cardiac and renal disease may impact care in the immediate post-transplant period. An understanding of immune suppressive strategies will enable the intensivist to mitigate nephrotoxic side effects of these medications and anticipate specific vulnerabilities to infection. Attention to all the details of good critical care will give the allograft and the recipient the best chance for long-term survival. The intensivist must be able anticipate problems related to surgery and early signs of allograft recovery and dysfunction. Common post-operative complications are described in this chapter.

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Stevens, Robert D., Nicholas Hart e Margaret S. Herridge, a cura di. Textbook of Post-ICU Medicine: The Legacy of Critical Care. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.001.0001.

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Describing the major clinical syndromes affecting ICU survivors, this resource delineates established or postulated biological mechanisms of the post-acute recovery process, and discusses strategies for treatment and rehabilitation to promote recovery in the ICU and in the long term. Many ICU survivors suffer from a range of long-lasting physical and psychological issues such as end stage renal disease, congestive heart failure, cognitive impairment, neuromuscular weakness, and depression or anxiety, which affect their overall quality of life and ability to lead productive lives. This online work discusses the science of the recovery process and the innovative treatment regimens which are helping ICU survivors regain function as they heal following trauma or disease. This lingering burden or 'legacy' of critical illness is now recognized as a major public health issue, with major efforts underway to understand how it can be prevented, mitigated, or treated.

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Karpowicz, Izabela, Aiko Mineshima, Khalid ElFayoumi, Marina Marinkov e Jenny Lee. Affordable Rental Housing: Making It Part of Europe's Recovery. International Monetary Fund, 2021.

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35

Karpowicz, Izabela, Aiko Mineshima, Khalid ElFayoumi, Marina Marinkov e Jenny Lee. Affordable Rental Housing: Making It Part of Europe's Recovery. International Monetary Fund, 2021.

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36

Karpowicz, Izabela, Aiko Mineshima, Khalid ElFayoumi, Marina Marinkov e Jenny Lee. Affordable Rental Housing: Making It Part of Europe's Recovery. International Monetary Fund, 2021.

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37

Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington e Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Polyuria. A cura di Patrick Davey e David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0057.

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Polyuria describes the passage of more than 3 l of urine a day. This is an arbitrary definition, and the term is commonly applied to patients who are complaining of passing larger than normal volumes of urine. As water excretion is tightly regulated by the body to maintain normal osmolality, water excretion varies greatly depending on intake. Polyuria may be physiological or pathological. A patient with polyuria often presents with nocturia, urination overnight that disturbs sleep. It is usually accompanied by polydipsia (to maintain normal fluid balance). In hospital the commonest causes of polyuria are diuretic therapy and recovery from an acute renal injury (e.g. acute tubular necrosis or obstruction). This polyuric phase can result in an impressive diuresis (8–10 l/day) before tubular cells recover their ability to concentrate urine. During this period, patients are vulnerable to dehydration and may require intravenous fluid replacement. Following pituitary surgery, the urine output should be closely monitored for evidence of new diabetes insipidus. This chapter covers the approach to diagnosis, diagnostic tests, therapy, and prognosis.

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Whitty, Christopher J. M. Diagnosis and management of malaria in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0292.

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Falciparum malaria is the commonest life-threatening imported tropical infection. The most important critical care intervention is rapid high-dose antimalarial treatment with artesunate, or if that is not available quinine. The common complications of malaria are different in children and adults. Cerebral malaria may occur in both, for which there is no specific therapy. Renal failure and acute lung injury are much more common in adults, and may occur late in the course of the disease, even after parasites have cleared. In children acidosis, anaemia and Gram-negative sepsis are more common. Renal and respiratory support may be needed in adults. Malaria alone seldom causes shock and if patients are shocked, co-existing Gram-negative sepsis should be considered. In children there is evidence that bolus hydration increases mortality. Most patients make a full recovery even after prolonged periods of unconsciousness.

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Ostermann, Marlies, e Ruth Y. Y. Wan. Diuretics in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0058.

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Fluid overload and chronic hypertension are the most common indications for diuretics. The diuretic response varies between different types and depends on underlying renal function. In patients with congestive heart failure, diuretics appear to reduce the risk of death and worsening heart failure compared with placebo, but their use in acute decompensated heart failure is questionable. Diuretics are also widely used in chronic kidney disease to prevent or control fluid overload, and treat hypertension. In acute kidney injury, there is no evidence that they improve renal function, speed up recovery, or change mortality. In patients with chronic liver disease and large volume ascites, paracentesis is more effective and associated with fewer adverse events than diuretic therapy, but maintenance treatment with diuretics is indicated to prevent recurrence of ascites. Mannitol has a role in liver patients with cerebral oedema and normal renal function. The use of diuretics in rhabdomyolysis is controversial and restricted to patients who are not fluid deplete. In conditions associated with resistant oedema (chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, chronic liver disease), combinations of diuretics with different modes of action may be necessary. Diuresis is easier to achieve with a continuous furosemide infusion compared with intermittent boluses, but there is no evidence of better outcomes. The role of combination therapy with albumin in patients with fluid overload and severe hypoalbuminaemia is uncertain with conflicting data.

40

Neligan, Patrick J., e Clifford S. Deutschman. Management of metabolic acidosis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0256.

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Metabolic acidosis (MA) commonly complicates critical illness, usually manifesting as a fall in arterial pH (<7.4) accompanied by a concomitant fall in serum bicarbonate concentration. Acidosis caused by unmeasured anions (UMA), can be distinguished from Hyperchloraemic acidosis by demonstrating a widening of the anion gap (AG). AG should be corrected for albumin and lactate. The base deficit (BD) calculates degree of metabolic acidosis and represents the amount of strong cation required to restore the pH to 7.4. Neither the AG nor the BD specify the cause of acidosis, and are unhelpful in the setting of mixed disorders. The base deficit gap (BDG) is used to calculate the effect of free water, sodium, chloride and albumin on the BD. It is the difference between BDcalc and BDmeasured (on a blood gas) and represents UMA. The strong ion gap more robustly calculates the amount of UMA than AG or BDG, and may be more accurate at predicting outcomes in the emergency room. Lactic acidosis is due to hypovolaemia until otherwise proven. In the majority of cases aggressive fluid resuscitation is warranted. In the presence of normal tissue blood flow regional hypoperfusion, poisoning or exogenous catecholamines should be considered. Ketoacidosis is due to intracellular glucose deficiency, caused by hypoinsulinaemia or starvation. The former is treated with isotonic crystalloid and insulin. Renal acidosis is treated with renal replacement therapy or recovery of renal function.

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Sakhuja, Vinay, e Harbir Singh Kohli. Malaria. A cura di Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0183_update_001.

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Of the four pathogenic malarial species, clinically significant renal dysfunction is mainly associated with Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum infections.P. falciparum infection frequently causes acute kidney injury (AKI). AKI may be the sole manifestation with a complete recovery after treatment or it may be a part of multi-organ failure which is often fatal. AKI due to Plasmodium vivax infection alone or as a result of mixed infection by vivax and falciparum can also occur.‘Quartan malarial nephropathy’ has been attributed to P. malariae infection although this relationship must be regarded as not proven. It describes nephropathy occurring predominantly in children and young adults in Africa. A full-blown nephrotic syndrome is seen in about half the patients and a chronic progressive membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is usually seen on histology. Spontaneous remission of established nephropathy is rare, and most patients slowly progress to end-stage renal failure over 3 to 5 years even after successful eradication of the infection. The pathological description is such that it could have alternative aetiologies, including other infections.

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Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones e Daniel Martin. Anaesthesia for general surgery (including transplantation). Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0013.

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This chapter focuses on aspects of anaesthesia for complex, major surgery such as hepatic resection and oesophagectomy. The theories and practice of enhanced recovery after surgery and perioperative optimisation with goal directed therapy are included here. The systemic impact of malignancy and its treatment modalities are also discussed. The practical and ethical aspects of organ transplantation are discussed. Anaesthesia for renal and hepatic transplant is described, as well as considerations for anaesthetising the transplant recipient for non-transplant surgery. Recognition of transurethral resection syndrome in urological surgery is potentially life-saving; causes, management and avoidance are discussed. The NICE criteria for performing bariatric surgery, types of surgery, and conduct of anaesthesia for this challenging patient group is also covered.

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Rodríguez-Iturbe, Bernardo, e Mark Haas. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. A cura di Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0077_update_001.

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Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is a complication of Streptococcal infections that is responsible for classic acute nephritic syndrome, mostly seen in children. This is an acute nephritis associated with prominent fluid retention and oedema, hypertension and haematuria. Serum complement levels are diagnostically helpful as C3 levels are characteristically very low. However, many cases are much less severe and may pass unrecognized, only being identified by screening for dipstick haematuria. In children recovery is the rule but in adults, often with comorbid conditions, the prognosis is significantly worse. Management centres on loop diuretics plus treatment of the infection if still present, and additional hypotensive agents if required. Severe cases may require dialysis. High-dose corticosteroids have often been given in severe crescentic disease but there is no evidence that they are effective. In children, recovery of renal function is often excellent, though long-term studies now suggest that it may represent a risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease. When it occurs in developed societies it is often in older patients with comorbid conditions and atypical presentations. Resolution may be less complete than in children.

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Maani, Christopher V., e Gaelen Horne. Anesthesia for Urologic Procedures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0024.

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With advances in technology over the past few decades and the development of new and less invasive surgical techniques, procedures that once required a traditional operating room can now be accomplished in smaller outpatient settings. Maximizing efficiency and improving patient outcomes, while minimizing hospitalization and recovery time has become a focus of many anesthetic practices throughout the United States. Because more procedures are being performed in outpatient and outside of the OR (OOOR) settings, it is increasingly important for the anesthesiologist to ensure patient and personnel safety in addition to providing an optimal anesthetic for the patient. This chapter will discuss anesthesia for common urologic outpatient/OOOR procedures, including cystourethroscopy, ureteroscopy, transurethral procedures except TURP, laser use, percutaneous renal procedures, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

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Hellman, Geoffrey, e Stewart Shapiro. Real Numbers on an Aristotelian Continuum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712749.003.0004.

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This chapter is an attempt to recover “points” and (something like) real numbers in the more Aristotelian framework presented in Chapter 3. The techniques go beyond Aristotelian resources, borrowing from contemporary, constructive mathematics. Unlike the case with the semi-Aristotelean account from Chapter 1, here it turns out that the underlying gunky structure and the recovered “points” have very different structures. One is decomposable, the other is not.

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Korstanje, Maximiliano. Socio-Economic Effects and Recovery Efforts for the Rental Industry: Post-COVID-19 Strategies. IGI Global, 2021.

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47

Korstanje, Maximiliano. Socio-Economic Effects and Recovery Efforts for the Rental Industry: Post-COVID-19 Strategies. IGI Global, 2021.

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48

Korstanje, Maximiliano. Socio-Economic Effects and Recovery Efforts for the Rental Industry: Post-COVID-19 Strategies. IGI Global, 2021.

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49

Korstanje, Maximiliano. Socio-Economic Effects and Recovery Efforts for the Rental Industry: Post-COVID-19 Strategies. IGI Global, 2021.

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50

Korstanje, Maximiliano. Socio-Economic Effects and Recovery Efforts for the Rental Industry: Post-COVID-19 Strategies. IGI Global, 2021.

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