Tesi sul tema "Registration markers"

Image-guided neurosurgery interventions are becoming sur- gical procedure routines. We suggest a novel method for automatic marker localization in X-ray images for Leksell SurgiPlan® which is an image-based neurosergical treat- ment planning software provided by Elekta Instrument AB. We implemented an algorithm for fiducial marker localiza- tion based on feature detection, classification and prior geo- metrical knowledge of the markers. Automatic localization ca help to decrease the human error associated with manual registration of these fiducial markers which is the current applied method for X-ray images in Leksell SurgiPlan®.

The aim of the present thesis is to provide an e ffective computational framework for the analysis and quantifi cation of the longitudinal structural changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The framework is based on the diffeomorphic non-rigid registration parameterized by stationary velocity fields (SVFs), and is hierachically developed to account for the diff erent levels of variability which characterize the longitudinal observations of T1 brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs). We developed an effi cient and robust method for the quantifi cation of the structural changes observed between pairs of MRIs. For this purpose, we propose the LCC-Demons registration framework which implements the local correlation coeffi cient as similarity metric, and we derived consistent and numerically stable measures of volume change and boundary shift for the regional assessment of the brain atrophy. In order to consistently analyze group-wise longitudinal evolutions, we then investigated the parallel transport of subject-specifi c deformation trajectories across di fferent anatomical references. Based on the SVF parametrization of diffeomorphisms, we relied on the Lie group theory to propose new and effective strategies for the parallel transport of SVFs, with particular interest into the practical application to the registration setting. These contributions are the basis for the defi nition of qualitative and quantitative analysis for the pathological evolution of AD. We proposed several analysis frameworks which addressed the di fferentiation of pathological evolutions between clinical populations, the statistically powered evaluation of regional volume changes, and the clinical diagnosis at the early/prodromal disease stages.

Le cancer de la prostate est le cancer le plus fréquent chez l'homme en Europe, néanmoins il n'existe actuellement pas de technique d'imagerie permettant de détecter avec précision les tumeurs dans la glande. Sachant que les coupes histologiques contiennent la réalité de terrain concernant le diagnostic, il est nécessaire de recaler les images de chaque technique d'imagerie aux coupes histologiques afin de pouvoir les évaluer. De plus, comme il n'existe pas de méthode permettant de contrôler précisément le plan de coupe histologique, le recalage doit être considéré comme un problème 3D. Un dispositif permettant de réaliser, de manière rapide et standardisée, des marqueurs internes dans les coupes histologiques a été développé, de même qu'un algorithme permettant de détecter automatiquement ces marqueurs, de les identifier et d'aligner les coupes histologiques. La méthode a été testée sur 10 prostates, avec en moyenne 19.2 coupes par prostate, et a permis d'obtenir une précision de recalage moyenne de 0.18 ± 0.13 mm au niveau des marqueurs. Un deuxième algorithme a été développé pour recaler les coupes histologiques, une fois alignées, avec les images IRM. Ce recalage a été conçu pour être guidé par les canaux éjaculateurs, un repère anatomique présent dans chaque prostate et visible à la fois en histologie et dans les images IRM cliniques, acquises avec une résolution standard. L'algorithme a d'abord été testé en s'appuyant sur les marqueurs artificiels. La précision obtenue pour le recalage était en moyenne de 0.45±0.25 mm au niveau des marqueurs et de 1.04 ± 0.21 mm au niveau des canaux éjaculateurs. L'algorithme a enfin été testé en guidant le recalage à l'aide de la position des canaux éjaculateurs. La précision moyenne obtenue était alors de 0.16±0.05 mm au niveau des canaux éjaculateurs et de 2.82±0.41 mm au niveau des marqueurs. Ces résultats suggèrent une valeur du facteur de rétrécissement de l'ordre de 1.07±0.03 et une inclinaison vis à vis du plan de coupe histologique de l'ordre de 13.6◦ ± 9.61◦, avec une variance importante pour ces deux paramètres
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer of men in Europe, yet no current imaging technique is capable of detecting with precision tumours in the prostate. The histology slices are the gold standard for the diagnosis. Therefore, in order to evaluate each imaging technique, the histology slices must be precisely registered to the imaged data. As it cannot be assumed that the histology slices are cut along the same plane as the imaged data is acquired, the registration must be considered as a 3D problem. An apparatus has been developed that enables internal fiducial markers to be created in the histology slices in a rapid and standardised manner. An algorithm has been developed that automatically detects and identifies these markers, enabling the alignment of the histology slices. The method has been tested on 10 prostate specimens, with 19.2 slices on average per specimen. The accuracy of the alignment at the fiducial markers was on average 0.18±0.13 mm. A second algorithm was developed to 3D register the aligned histology slices with the MR images. The registration is designed to be guided by the ejaculatory ducts, an anatomical landmark present in every prostate and visible in both histology and MR images acquired at standard clinical resolution. The algorithm was first tested by using the fiducial needles to guide the registration. The average registration accuracy was 0.45 ± 0.25 mm at the fiducial needles and 1.04±0.21 mm at the ejaculatory ducts. The algorithm was then tested by using the ejaculatory ducts to guide the registration. The average registration accuracy was 0.16±0.05 mm at the ejaculatory ducts and 2.82 ± 0.41 mm at the fiducial needles. The results suggest that the histology shrinkage factor is of the order 1.07±0.03 and the tilt of the histology slicing plane is 13.6◦ ±9.61◦, with both parameters showing significant variance

Proteins are the actual actors in the (normal or disrupted) physiological processes and immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a very efficient mean of visualizing and locating protein expression in tissue samples. By comparing pathologic and normal tissue, IHC is thus able to evidence protein expression alterations. This is the reason why IHC plays a grow- ing role to evidence tissue-based biomarkers in clinical pathology for diagnosing var- ious diseases and directing personalized therapy. Therefore, IHC biomarker evaluation significantly impacts the adequacy of the therapeutic choices for patients with serious pathologies, such as cancer. However, this evaluation may be time-consuming and dif- ficult to apply in practice due to the absence of precise positive cut-off values as well as staining (i.e. protein expression) heterogeneity intra- and inter-samples. Quantifying IHC staining patterns has thus become a crucial need in histopathology. For this task, automated image analysis has multiple advantages, such as avoiding the evidenced ef- fects of human subjectivity. The recent introduction of whole-slide scanners opened a wide range of possibilities for addressing challenging image analysis problems, includ- ing the identification of tissue-based biomarkers. Whole-slide scanners are devices that are able to image whole tissue slides at resolutions up to 0.1 micrometers per pixels, often referred to as virtual slides. In addition to quantification of IHC staining patterns, virtual slides are invaluable tools for the implementation of digital pathology work- flows. The present work aims to make several contributions towards this current digital shift in pathology. Our first contribution was to propose an automated virtual slide sharpness assessment tool. Although modern whole-slide scanner devices resolve most image standardization problems, focusing errors are still likely to be observed, requiring a sharpness assessment procedure. Our proposed tool will ensure that images provided to subsequent pathologist examination and image analysis are correctly focused. Virtual slides also enable the characterization of biomarker expression heterogeneity. Our sec- ond contribution was to propose a method to characterize the distribution of densely stained regions in the case of nuclear IHC biomarkers, with a focus on the identification of highly proliferative tumor regions by analyzing Ki67-stained tissue slides. Finally, as a third contribution, we propose an efficient mean to register virtual slides in order to characterize biomarker colocalization on adjacent tissue slides. This latter contribution opens new prospects for the analysis of more complex questions at the tissue level and for finely characterizing disease processes and/or treatment responses./Les protéines sont les véritables acteurs des processus physiologiques (normaux ou per- turbés) et l’immunohistochimie (IHC) est un moyen efficace pour visualiser et localiser leur expression au sein d’échantillons histologiques. En comparant des échantillons de tissus pathologiques et normaux, l’IHC permet de révéler des altérations dans des pro- fils d’expression protéique. C’est pourquoi l’IHC joue un rôle de plus en plus important pour mettre en évidence des biomarqueurs histologiques intervenant dans le diagnos- tic de diverses pathologies et dans le choix de thérapies personnalisées. L’évaluation de l’expression de biomarqueurs révélés par IHC a donc des répercussions importantes sur l’adéquation des choix thérapeutiques pour les patients souffrant de pathologies graves, comme le cancer. Cependant, cette évaluation peut être chronophage et difficile à appliquer en pratique, d’une part, à cause de l’hétérogénéité de l’expression protéique intra- et inter-échantillon, d’autre part, du fait de l’absence de critères de positivité bien définis. Il est donc devenu crucial de quantifier les profils d’expression de marquages IHC en histopathologie. A cette fin, l’analyse d’image automatisée possède de multiples avantages, comme celui d’éviter les effets de la subjectivité humaine, déjà démontrés par ailleurs. L’apparition récente des numériseurs de lames histologiques complètes, ou scanners de lames, a permis l’émergence d’un large éventail de possibilités pour traiter des problèmes d’analyse d’image difficiles menant à l’identification de biomar- queurs histologiques. Les scanners de lames sont des dispositifs capables de numériser des lames histologiques à une résolution pouvant atteindre 0,1 micromètre par pixel, expliquant la dénomination de "lames virtuelles" des images ainsi acquises. En plus de permettre la quantification des marquages IHC, les lames virtuelles sont des outils indis- pensables pour la mise en place d’un flux de travail numérique en pathologie. Le travail présenté ici vise à fournir plusieurs contributions au récent changement de cap vers une numérisation de la discipline médicale qu’est l’anatomie pathologique. Notre première contribution consiste en un outil permettant d’évaluer automatiquement la netteté des lames virtuelles. En effet, bien que les scanners de lames résolvent la plupart des pro- blèmes liés à la standardisation de l’acquisition, les erreurs de focus restent fréquentes, ce qui nécessite la mise en place d’une procédure de vérification de la netteté. L’outil que nous proposons assurera la netteté des images fournies à l’examen du pathologiste et à l’analyse d’image. Les lames virtuelles permettent aussi de caractériser l’hétérogénéité de l’expression de biomarqueurs. Ainsi, la deuxième contribution de ce travail repose sur une méthode permettant de caractériser la distribution de régions densément marquées par des biomarqueurs IHC nucléaires. Pour ce travail, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l’identification de régions tumorales présentant une forte activité proliférative en analysant des lames virtuelles révélant l’expression de la protéine Ki67. Finalement, la troisième contribution de ce travail fut de proposer un moyen efficace de recaler des lames virtuelles dans le but de caractériser la colocalisation de biomarqueurs IHC révé- lés sur des coupes de tissu adjacentes. Cette dernière contribution ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour l’analyse de questions complexes au niveau histologique ainsi que la caractérisation fine de processus pathologiques et de réponses thérapeutiques.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the problem of gazumping, to consider the various factors which give rise to it, to examine the adequacy of existing legal doctrine in redressing it, to explore statutory provisions designed to reduce gazumping and to propose reform of the law to address the problem. The term gazumping refers to a practice by which a vendor accepts a purchaser's offer to purchase land or property, and before exchanging contracts, withdraws from the existing agreement in order to accept a higher price from another purchaser. This thesis proceeds on the assumption that gazumping is an undesirable practice, particularly from the prospective purchaser' perspective. The practice of gazumping initially boomed in a volatile property market with constantly rising house prices and where demand exceeded supply. A purchaser who believes he or she has secured the purchase of his or her desired property may suffer emotional stress and significant costs which cannot be recovered when the vendor reneges on his or her agreement. The thesis notes that gazumping occurs at the pre-contractual stage in the sale of property because there is no legally binding relationship before the formal exchange of contracts. The thesis posits that the existing law in various Australian jurisdictions offers inadequate protection to prospective purchasers of property. The thesis examines the inadequacy of existing legal doctrines and remedies in addressing the problem of gazumping at the pre-contractual stage and arrives at the conclusion that existing legal doctrine is inadequate. The thesis notes legislative and other measures in response to gazumping in Australia and other common law jurisdictions and concludes that these too were inadequate in not going far enough to eliminate or reduce gazumping. The competing merits of these approaches are considered. The thesis establishes that the solution to gazumping lies in an early protection of the purchaser�s interest in land. This is because as soon as an agreement is enforceable the purchaser acquires an equitable interest and in the event of any breach of the agreement by the vendor, the purchaser, as a general rule, can obtain either damages or specific performance. The thesis raises seven key recommendations for law reform aimed to minimise the occurrence of gazumping and to provide the purchaser with tools against the practice of gazumping. It considers that the recommendations can minimise the undesirable practice of gazumping where the current law is inadequate and also achieve several other objectives.

The harmonisation of the European Trade Mark laws and the introduction of unconventional marks under this regime have encouraged interested parties to seek registration of chemical senses (scent and taste) as trade marks. This thesis studies the current state of affairs of these types of marks. It discusses in general, the panorama that these types of marks have when registrability is at issue. The purpose of this research is therefore to scrutinise the trade mark legal system, including a discussion of the origins and rationale underlying it, to try to understand the burdens presented when registering chemical sense marks. The starting point of this thesis is that the European Regulation and the Directive of the Trade Mark law open the door to the protection of chemical senses under the Trade Mark law regime. Yet, despite some early successful registration, their fate is still burdened with uncertainty and therefore the rationale for this study is to try to find whether chemical sense marks are truly marks and therefore protectable under the trade mark system. The approach chosen addresses the examination of all requirements for a sign to be protected under the trade mark system. The reason is that protection of chemical senses might be granted if such marks are recognised as signs, are graphically represented and are capable of distinguishing products of one undertaking from those of another undertaking. By examining the aforementioned requirements, the study reveals that while chemical senses marks might be seen as marks, they find that registration is not quite feasible. The thesis emphasises that graphic representation is only one of the many issues that chemical sense marks are confronted with. Issues such as distinctiveness, the need to keep free and functionality remain problematic. Moreover, the scope of protection afforded to chemical sense marks are yet untested. Case law will ascertain that the intent behind the trade mark regime to grant registration to chemical senses is unresolved. Still, the significant interest in chemical senses as trade marks appears to be not softening by this notion.

Bildgesteuerte, perkutane Interventionen stellen bei vielen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Fragestellungen eine Alternative zum chirurgischen Vorgehen dar. Hierbei kommen bevorzugt die Sonographie und die Computertomographie (CT) zum Einsatz. Zu den Indikationen für eine gezielte Nutzung der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) zählen Befunde, die sich mit anderen Modalitäten nicht ausreichend darstellen lassen, die fehlende Strahlenexposition (CT) sowie Alleinstellungsmerkmale wie der hervorragende native Weichteilkontrast oder die Möglichkeiten zur Darstellung von Temperaturen oder Diffusionsprozessen. Zu den Nachteilen zählen die langen Messzeiten, das starke Magnetfeld sowie die räumliche Enge in den meist röhrenförmigen Geräten, die ein interventionelles Vorgehen oft erschweren. Stereotaktische Führungs- und Navigationshilfen sind kein notwendiger Bestandteil der interventionellen Ausrüstung, ermöglichen jedoch oft eine gezieltere Planung, bessere Visualisierung oder vereinfachte Durchführung, insbesondere gegenüber einer rein kognitiven Einbeziehung der MRT-Informationen. Assistenzsysteme für geschlossene MRT-Geräte sind meist rahmenbasiert und beschränken sich auf bestimmte Regionen, z. B. die Mamma, die Prostata oder das muskuloskelettale System. Diese Arbeit beschreibt hingegen eine leistungsstarke rahmenlose Assistenztechnik (Navigation), die sich praktisch in beliebigen Körperregionen einsetzen lässt. Der Operateur orientiert sich dabei anhand von hochwertigen MRT-Ansichten, die gemäß der in Echtzeit erfassten Nadellage aus einem kurz zuvor erhobenen Referenzdatensatz reformatiert werden. Ausgehend von der Implementierung an einem speziellen offenen MRT-System (0,5 T) werden interventionelle Komponenten und Methoden beschrieben, die erfolgreich auf ein herkömmliches MRT-System (1,5 T) übertragen wurden. Die Einschränkungen des geschlossenen Systems führten dabei zu einer speziellen Registrierungstechnik mit Hilfe einer kompakten, frei positionierbaren Referenzplatte mit resonanten Miniatur-Hochfrequenzspulen (semiaktiv) als MR-Positionsmarker. Im Vordergrund stand die systematische Prüfung der Marker hinsichtlich Signalverhalten und Sicherheit sowie die Zuverlässigkeit und Genauigkeit einer vollautomatischen, bildbasierten 3D-Lokalisation unter experimentellen und klinischen Randbedingungen. Gegenüber herkömmlichen, passiven (Kontrastmittel-) Markern zeichnet sich die semiaktive Technik dadurch aus, dass sie gleichzeitig, auch mehrere, beliebig über das gesamte Messvolumen verteilte Marker, praktisch unabhängig von sämtlichen anatomischen Strukturen lokalisieren kann. Sowohl die Festlegung einer Position (ein Marker) oder einer Ebene (drei Marker) wie auch die navigierte Platzierung einer Nadel zeigten im Experiment ausreichend hohe Genauigkeiten. Auf Basis einer zeitlich optimierten (Subsekunden-) Markerbildgebung konnte experimentell eine robotisch geführte Nadel direkt im MRT bildgebend verfolgt werden, was weitere Anwendungen der Lokalisationstechnik in Aussicht stellt. Navigierte Biopsien an einem Gewebephantom zeigten nach ausschließlich stereotaktischer Positionierung – ohne Kontrollbildgebung – unabhängig vom Erfahrungsgrad der medizinischen Anwender ausreichend hohe Trefferquoten. Gleichzeitig lieferte die Studie wertvolle, auch anwenderspezifische Erkenntnisse über die Bedienbarkeit sowie den Zeitbedarf für einzelne Interventionsschritte. Im Vergleich mit anderen prototypischen oder kommerziellen Systemen zeigte sich die vorgestellte Assistenztechnik – am Beispiel muskuloskelettaler Interventionen – als klinisch flexibel einsetzbar.

Traditional trade marks, such as words and figures, have for a long time constituted of visual signs. However, due to the evolution of modern technology and changing marketing methods, non-traditional trade marks have been increasing in todays highly competitive market.1 Consequently, the evolution created legal uncertainties in the European Union (EU) since in order to register a trade mark, it had to be represented graphically. This requirement was difficult to achieve for some non-traditional trade marks which were perceived through other sensed than the sight. On the 1 October 2017, requirement for graphical representation has been amended in the EU Trade Mark Regulation 2017/10012 by a technical neutral requirement which opens up possibilities for registration of European Union trade marks in a more suitable way, using generally available technology. The purpose of this thesis has been to analyse how the abolition of graphical representation and the new wider requirement will affect the registration of non-traditional trade marks in the EU. Signs which have been analysed in the frame of this thesis are: sound, olfactory, three-dimensional, colour, motion, multimedia, holograms, pattern, tactile and taste marks. Conclusively, I found that the technical neutral registration requirement has opened up possibilities for trade mark holders to register new types of marks like multimedia marks. Moreover, it has simplified the registration process for already accepted non-traditional trade marks such as hologram, motion and sound marks. However, the reform has hardly affected the registration process of colour, pattern and three-dimensional marks since their biggest challenge with the registration have been the requirement for distinctiveness. Furthermore, it is currently still not possible to register olfactory, tactile and taste marks. Though the new and flexible amendments indicate that those types of marks may be more easily registered in the future.

Ce travail de thèse concerne le traitement d’image fDOT (fDOT pour fluorescence diffuse optical tomography) suit vers deux axes. Le recalage d'images fDOT à l’aide de l’imagerie TEP (tomographie par émission de positons) et l’amélioration des reconstructions fDOT à l’aide de miroirs pour collecter des projections complémentaires. Il est présenté en deux parties : Dans la première partie, une méthode automatique pour recaler les images de fDOT avec les images de Tomographie par Emission de Positons (TEP) développée dans le but de corréler l’ensemble des informations issues de chaque modalité. Cette méthode de recalage est basée sur une détection automatique de marqueurs fiduciaires présents dans les deux modalités. La particularité de cette méthode est l’utilisation de l’image de surface obtenue en fDOT, qui sert à identifier la position en Z des marqueurs fiduciaires dans les images optiques. Nous avons testé cette méthode sur un modèle de souris porteuses de xénogreffes de tumeurs de cellules cancéreuses MEN2A qui imitent un carcinome thyroïdien médullaire humain, après une double injection de traceur radioactif : [18F]2-fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) pour l’imagerie TEP et un traceur optique d’infrarouge fluorescent, le Sentidye. Grâce à la précision de notre méthode, nous arrivons à démontrer que le signal Sentidye est présent à la fois dans la tumeur et les vaisseaux environnants [1]. La qualité des images fDOT est dégradée selon l’axe Z du fait d’un nombre limité de projections pour la reconstruction. Dans la deuxième partie, le travail s’est orienté vers une nouvelle méthode de reconstruction d’images fDOT à partir d’un nouveau système d’acquisition multi-angulaire avec deux miroirs placés de chaque côté de l’animal. Ce travail a été mené en collaboration avec le département CS d’University College London (UCL), partenaire du projet Européen FMT-XCT. Le logiciel TOAST développé par cette équipe a été utilisé comme source pour l’algorithme de reconstruction, et modifié pour s’adapter à notre problématique. Après plusieurs essais concernant l’ajustement des paramètres du programme, nous avons appliqué cette méthode sur un fantôme réaliste des tissus biologiques et chez la souris. Les résultats montrent une amélioration de l’image reconstruite d’un fantôme semi-cylindrique et de l’image de rein chez la souris, pour lesquelles la méthode des miroirs est supérieure à la méthode classique sans miroir. Malgré tout, nous avons observé que les résultats étaient très sensibles à certains paramètres, d’où une performance de reconstruction variable d’un cas à l’autre. Les perspectives futures concernent l’optimisation des paramètres afin de généraliser l’approche multi-angle
This thesis concerns the image processing of fluorescence diffuse optical tomography (fDOT), following two axes: FDOT image co-registration with PET (positron emission tomography) image and improvement of fDOT image reconstructions using mirrors to collect additional projections. It is presented in two parts:In the first part, an automatic method to co-register the fDOT images with PET images has been developed to correlate all the information from each modality. This co-registration method is based on automatic detection of fiducial markers (FM) present in both modalities. The particularity of this method is the use of optical surface image obtained in fDOT imaging system, which serves to identify the Z position of FM in optical images. We tested this method on a model of mice bearing tumor xenografts of MEN2A cancer cells that mimic a human medullary thyroid carcinoma, after a double injection of radiotracer [18F] 2-fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-glucose ( FDG) for PET imaging and optical fluorescent infrared tracer Sentidye. With the accuracy of our method, we can demonstrate that the signal of Sentidye is present both in the tumor and surrounding vessels.The fDOT reconstruction image quality is degraded along the Z axis due to a limited number of projections for reconstruction. In the second part, the work is oriented towards a new method of fDOT image reconstruction with a new multi-angle data acquisition system in placing two mirrors on each side of the animal. This work was conducted in collaboration with the CS Department of University College London (UCL), a partner of the European project FMT-XCT. TOAST software developed by this team was used as source code for the reconstruction algorithm, and was modified to adapt to the concerned problem. After several tests on the adjustment of program parameters, we applied this method on a phantom that simulating the biological tissue and on mice. The results showed an improvement in the reconstructed image of a semi-cylindrical phantom and the image of mouse kidney, for which the reconstruction of the mirrors geometry is better than that of conventional geometry without mirror. Nevertheless, we observed that the results were very sensitive to certain parameters, where the performance of reconstruction varies from one case to another. Future prospectives concern the optimization of parameters in order to generalize the multi-angle approach

We present the development of a novel, UHV-compatible device fabrication strategy for the realisation of nano- and atomic-scale devices in silicon by harnessing the atomic-resolution capability of a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM). We develop etched registration markers in the silicon substrate in combination with a custom-designed STM/ molecular beam epitaxy system (MBE) to solve one of the key problems in STM device fabrication ??? connecting devices, fabricated in UHV, to the outside world. Using hydrogen-based STM lithography in combination with phosphine, as a dopant source, and silicon MBE, we then go on to fabricate several planar Si:P devices on one chip, including control devices that demonstrate the efficiency of each stage of the fabrication process. We demonstrate that we can perform four terminal magnetoconductance measurements at cryogenic temperatures after ex-situ alignment of metal contacts to the buried device. Using this process, we demonstrate the lateral confinement of P dopants in a delta-doped plane to a line of width 90nm; and observe the cross-over from 2D to 1D magnetotransport. These measurements enable us to extract the wire width which is in excellent agreement with STM images of the patterned wire. We then create STM-patterned Si:P wires with widths from 90nm to 8nm that show ohmic conduction and low resistivities of 1 to 20 micro Ohm-cm respectively ??? some of the highest conductivity wires reported in silicon. We study the dominant scattering mechanisms in the wires and find that temperature-dependent magnetoconductance can be described by a combination of both 1D weak localisation and 1D electron-electron interaction theories with a potential crossover to strong localisation at lower temperatures. We present results from STM-patterned tunnel junctions with gap sizes of 50nm and 17nm exhibiting clean, non-linear characteristics. We also present preliminary conductance results from a 70nm long and 90nm wide dot between source-drain leads which show evidence of Coulomb blockade behaviour. The thesis demonstrates the viability of using STM lithography to make devices in silicon down to atomic-scale dimensions. In particular, we show the enormous potential of this technology to directly correlate images of the doped regions with ex-situ electrical device characteristics.

Le décret impérial du 15 octobre 1810 a fondé la première réglementation nationale sur lesétablissements classés. Il a jeté les bases de notre droit de l’environnement industriel et a créé lapremière nomenclature. L’analyse de plus de 140 textes de nomenclature parus depuis l’origine apermis de comprendre certaines évolutions de la société, tant la nomenclature constitue, depuisplus de deux siècles, un puissant marqueur sociétal. De plus, la nomenclature conditionnefortement l’effectivité de la loi. Si le décret a initialement visé à privilégier la liberté d’entreprise, ila progressivement évolué vers un droit plus protecteur des tiers, notamment en faveur du droit depropriété. La loi du 19 décembre 1917 sur les établissements classés a renforcé ce dispositif dansun sens globalement plus favorable aux tiers, puis à l’environnement. Mais aussi, au profit del’hygiène et de la sécurité des travailleurs qui avaient été délaissées. En contrepartie, la loi a rompuavec le principe de l’autorisation préalable en introduisant le régime de la déclaration, au bénéficedes exploitants. La loi du 19 juillet 1976 relative aux installations classées pour la protection del’environnement (ICPE) a repris ces dispositions, en les modernisant mais en innovant peu. Lanomenclature a vite connu de multiples transformations, qui se sont traduites par de nombreuxdéclassements d’établissements. Ainsi, le régime déclaratif n’a pas cessé de croître, tandis que lacréation en 2009 de l’enregistrement, intermédiaire entre la déclaration et l’autorisation, a conduità une réduction drastique de ce dernier régime. La transposition de directives européennesrécentes a encore renforcé ce processus, avec l’entrée d’une nouvelle nomenclature. Rarement unetelle régression du droit de l’environnement a été atteinte, d’autant qu’elle est amplifiée par unedissociation marquée entre les installations classées et le milieu récepteur
The imperial decree of October 15th 1810 established the first national regulation on classifiedfacilities. It laid the ground for French law on the industrial environment by creating the firstnomenclature. An analysis of over 140 nomenclature texts published since then has providedinsight into a certain number of societal developments. Indeed, the nomenclature system has beena powerful social marker for more than two centuries. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the lawhas depended greatly on the nomenclature system. While its original objective was to fosterfreedom of enterprise, it gradually evolved towards a law protecting third parties, in particularregarding property rights. The Act of December 19th 1917 on classified facilities furtherstrengthened this purpose, generally placing the focus first on third parties and then on theenvironment. The act also favored workers’ health and safety, which had been ignored until then.On the other hand, the act abolished the principle of preliminary authorization by introducing adeclaration scheme for the benefit of operators. The Act of July 19th 1976 on classified facilities forenvironmental protection took over and modernized all of these provisions but without reallyintroducing any innovation. The nomenclature system rapidly underwent a series oftransformations that generally resulted in the decommissioning of numerous facilities. Thedeclaration scheme continued to expand. However, the creation of the registration scheme in 2009,which is somewhere between the declaration and authorization schemes, has led to a dramaticreduction in the reach of the latter. The transposition of recent European directives has spurredthis process by introducing a new nomenclature. Never before has such a regression onenvironmental law been reached, especially since it is combined with a marked separation betweenclassified facilities and the receiving environment

Comment se déploie le pouvoir dans les périphéries d’un État dit autoritaire ? À partir d’une ethnographie menée entre 2013 et 2019 dans deux régions de basses terres éthiopiennes, cette thèse complète les études de sociogenèse de l’État sur le temps long pour restituer par l’ethnographie les dynamiques contemporaines de formation de l’État. Des paysans, sélectionnés sur la base de leur appartenance identitaire réifiée, sont expropriés violemment par l’État pour attribuer leurs terres à des investisseurs. Des fonctionnaires procèdent à leur autocritique devant des cadres partisans qui détermineront de la poursuite de leur carrière, voire de leur maintien en liberté. Non loin de ces cadres partisans, des expatriés occidentaux installés dans les mêmes bâtiments co-conçoivent et financent les programmes qui mènent à l’expropriation des paysans pré-cités. Des combats meurtriers dans les campagnes empêchent les fonctionnaires de mener à bien les relevés de terrain prévus dans le cadre de ces programmes. De longues réunions permettent cependant aux agents de l’État de vanter les bienfaits de la formalisation des droits fonciers aux paysans, et d’appeler au travail commun pour le développement. Cette thèse articule ces phénomènes, tous liés à la mise en place d’un cadastre au Bénishangul-Gumuz et à Gambella, pour saisir certaines des dynamiques de l’exercice du pouvoir d’État au concret. Depuis ces espaces intégrés sur le tard à l’ensemble éthiopien et marqués par la prédation et la violence d’État, l’étude ethnographique propose une compréhension du déploiement de l’État, en analysant la mise en marché de la ressource foncière, les formes de conflictualité politique et les dynamiques de légitimation du régime, notamment internationales, qui en découlent
How is political power deployed on the peripheries of an “authoritarian” state ? Based on field work carried out between 2013 and 2019, this thesis builds on studies of the sociogenesis of the state by analysing contemporary processes of state formation through an ethnographic lens. In the western lowlands of Ethiopia, where this study was conducted, land is often seen as a free resource waiting to be developed. On the basis of reified ethnic categories, land belonging to selected peasants is therefore expropriated by the state and transferred to investors. This process of expropriation is staged under the guise of land registration and is carried out by a range of actors. In this landscape, civil servants engage in self-criticism sessions before political cadres who will determine the course of their careers, and who have the power to send them to jail. Working alongside these cadres, western donors design and fund development programmes that directly contribute to peasant land expropriation. In rural areas, fighting sometimes prevents civil servants from carrying out land surveys scheduled as part of these programmes. Nevertheless, peasants are frequently gathered in long meetings where civil servants praise the benefits of land registration and call for common efforts towards development. This thesis brings together these various social events and their contribution to the formation of a cadastre in the countryside of Benishangul-Gumuz and Gambella. It demonstrates some concrete dynamics of state power in regions that were integrated relatively recently into the Ethiopian polity, and where state power has often been violent and predatory. Ethnographic data reveal how state power is deployed through the marketing of land as a resource and the development of tensions over land ownership into political conflicts. Consequently, this work also sheds light on how the current regime is concretely legitimized, notably through its international relations

The main goal of this work is to evaluate the market value of the Internet domain, Fotečky.cz, at the 1st in January 2012, for the purpose of subsquent selling the domain on the market to the potential buyer. To correct evaluation, method of multi-period excess earnings and method of the license analogy are used.

This study explores the changing nature of filial piety in contemporary society in rural China. With the economic, social and political upheavals that followed the Revolution, can 'great peace under heaven' still be found for the rural Chinese family as in the traditional Confucian proverb,"make yourself useful, look after your family, look after your country, and all is peaceful under heaven"? This study explores this question, in terms not so much of financial prosperity, but of non-tangible cultural values of filial piety, changing familial and gender roles, and economic migration. In particular, it examines how macro level changes in economic, social and demographic policies have affected family life in rural China. The primary policies examined were collectivisation, the hukou registration system, marketization, and the One-Child policy. Ethnographic interviews reveal how migration has affected rural family structures beyond the usual quantifiable economic measures. Using the village of Meijia, Sichuan province, as a paradigmatic sample of family, where members have moved to work in the cities, leaving their children behind with the grandparents, the study demonstrates how migration and modernization are reshaping familial roles, changing filial expectations, reshuffling notions of care-taking, and transforming traditional views on the value of daughters and daughters-in-law. The study concludes that the choices families make around migration, child-rearing and elder-care cannot be fully explained by either an income diversification model or a survival model, but rather through notions of filial piety. Yet the concept of filial piety itself is changing, particularly in relation to gender and perceptions about the worth of daughters and the mother/ daughter-in-law relationship. Understanding these new family dynamics will be important for both policy planners and economic analysts.

La déontologie des avocats émane-t-elle d’eux à raison des nécessités de l’exercice ou des autorités politiques parce qu’elle touche une tâche régalienne ? La France a peu hésité. S’inspirant notamment de THEODOSE puis JUSTINIEN, empruntant aux carolingiens et à la chevalerie une morale religieuse, les rois à compter de Saint LOUIS ont légiféré d’autant que la naissance des juridictions royales à la fin du XIIIème siècle stabilise le rôle et le titre de l’avocat. Les coutumes et les « stiles » complètent ce dispositif. Ces principes (loyauté, indépendance, respect) se transformeront au cours des époques en « usages ». Tant que l’avocat est un membre de l’institution judiciaire ayant vocation d’en devenir un cadre la déontologie reposait sur un consensus. La vénalité des charges lui ôtant cette promotion, le transforme en simple « auxiliaire », rétif aux injonctions au point de fomenter d’improbables grèves. Imprégné de la grandeur fantasmée de ses ancêtres antiques il préfère consolider son rang social (noblesse, préséance). A partir de LOUIS XIV la déontologie se fige. La Révolution balaie cet héritage multiséculaire. Pressés par les concepts de liberté et de gratuité les constituants, majoritairement avocats, suppriment la profession et les Parlements honnis. Des « défenseurs officieux », souvent sans foi ni loi, se substituent aux avocats. La déontologie disparut pendant vingt ans. Rétablis avec réticence par NAPOLEON, ces « factieux » lutteront tout le XIXème contre l’Etat pour la maîtrise des « usages » fragilisant un peu plus ceux-ci déjà traversés par les courants sociétaux (émancipation, nationalité). Le décret de 1920 régla cette situation qui faillit engloutir les Ordres. Jamais plus jusqu’en 1971 les avocats ne participeront à la définition de leurs règles. Tout au plus une association (ANA) fera avec succès des propositions. Les guerres illustrèrent le pouvoir d’intervention du Prince dans la déontologie en la suspendant, l’aménageant en profondeur (interdiction des juifs) ou en créant des institutions pérennes (CAPA). La France Libre conserva de Vichy tout ce qui ne heurtait pas des principes fondamentaux. Les années 54/57 introduisirent des modifications libérales (droit de manier des fonds, de s’associer, de réclamer des honoraires impayés). Il est un endroit où l’Etat n’a pas renoncé à l’avocat fonctionnaire : l’outre-mer. L’Algérie mise à part, « prolongement naturel de la France », dans les autres pays sous domination française, dans un désordre total, sans cette unité rêvée, la France a, dans l’indifférence des Ordres, créé une paradéontologie évoquant vaguement l’avoué. En dépit d’une prolifération législative la France n’a pas plus réussi à imposer une déontologie universelle. Usant de procédés imaginatifs renouvelés, les gouverneurs ont, principe de réalisme oblige, tout inventé pour sauver un système notoirement défaillant jusqu’à l’inadmissible (interdiction de plaider pour les indigènes). Dans les années 1930/1936 la République se résolut à instaurer des « barreaux libres », grosso modo calqués sur ceux de métropole, tentative libérale sans lendemain à raison de la guerre puis des conflits de décolonisation. Il faudrait réserver un sort à part à l’Algérie, « prolongement naturel de la France ». La Loi du 31 décembre 1971 en créant un « avoué plaidant » redouté par les caciques a initié une réforme profonde du rôle de l’avocat et posé ainsi les jalons d’une évolution ultérieure de la déontologie (institution d’une représentation nationale -CNB, octroi à celle-ci du pouvoir législatif en la matière). C’est néanmoins sans les avocats que fut publié le décret de déontologie en 2005. Une déontologie aussi linéaire s’explique par le souci pour le Prince d’assurer jusqu’à l’infini détail la perfection de sa mission de juger, une métaphysique du parfait. La marchandisation du droit, l’extension du domaine de l’avocat, l’industrialisation des acteurs contrarient cet objectif. La France tranchera-t-elle enfin ?
Is ethics of lawyers emanating from them because of the necessities of its exercise or from the political authorities because it touches a sovereign task? France has not hesitated. Inspired in particular by THEODOSIUS and JUSTINIAN, borrowing Carolingians and chivalry religious morals, kings from St. Louis have legislated especially as the birth of royal courts at the end of the thirteenth century stabilized the role and title of the lawyer. The customs and the "stiles" completed this device. These principles (loyalty, independence, respect) will change over time into "uses". As long as the lawyer is a member of the judicial institution with a vocation to become executive, the deontology was based on a consensus. The venality of the offices depriving him of this promotion, transforms him into a simple "auxiliary", wayward to the point of stirring unlikely strikes. Impregnated with the fantasized grandeur of his ancestors in the antiquity he prefers to consolidate his social rank (nobility, precedence). From LOUIS XIV the deontology (ethics) freezes. The Revolution sweeps away this multisecular heritage. Pressed by the concepts of freedom and gratuitousness, the constituents, mostly lawyers, suppress the profession and the parliaments that are being hated. "Unofficial defenders", often without faith or law, take the place of lawyers. Ethics disappeared for twenty years. Reluctantly reinstated by NAPOLEON, these "factious" struggle all the nineteenth against the state for the control of "uses" weakening them (already in butte to societal currents: emancipation, nationality) a little more. The decree of 1920 settled this situation, which almost engulfed the Orders. Never again until 1971 will lawyers participate in the definition of their rules. At most one association (ANA) will make successful proposals. The wars illustrated the Prince's power of intervention in deontology by suspending it, overhauling it (prohibiting Jews) or creating permanent institutions (CAPA). “France Libre” preserved from Vichy everything that did not conflict with fundamental principles. The years 54/57 introduced liberal modifications (the right to wield funds, to associate, to claim unpaid fees). It is a place where the state did not give up to make the lawyer a civil servant: overseas. Except for Algeria, a "natural extension of France", in other countries under french domination, in a total disorder, far from its dreamed unity, France has, in the indifference of the bar associations, created a paradeontology vaguely evoking the “avoué”. Despite a legislative abundance, France has no more succeeded in imposing a universal code of ethics. Using renewed imaginative processes, the governors have, as required by a principle of realism, all invented to save a notoriously failing system until the inadmissible (prohibition to plead for the natives). In the years 1930/1936 the Republic resolved to establish "free bars", roughly modeled on those of metropolis, a liberal attempt without a future because of the war and the conflicts of decolonization. The Law of December 31, 1971 creating a "pleading-solicitor" dreaded by the caciques initiated a profound reform of the role of the lawyer and laid the groundwork for a subsequent evolution of ethics (institution of a national representation -CNB granting it legislative power in this area). It was nevertheless without the lawyers that the decree of ethics was published in 2005. Such a linear deontology is explained by the concern for the Prince to ensure to the infinity detail the perfection of his mission to judge, a metaphysics of the perfect. The commodification of the law, the extension of the field of the lawyer, the industrialization of the actors contradict this objective. Will France finally decide ?

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系碩博士班
97
The main concept of this study is to develop a portable optical scanner system and obtain the reliable point clouds of the scanned object by using the optical 3D scanners and laser line. To register the fragments of the point clouds in the different time zone, we propose a novel method to locate cameras positions. We use optical markers to fulfill the processes, every fragment belong to point clouds can be merge into one scene. The developed system is based on the principle of stereo vision and camera calibration. This scanner consists of two IEEE 1394 cameras and one laser line projector. The complete procedure for scanning an object has through the operations of camera calibration, image processing, image rectification, and depth calculation. Outcomes of this research prove to be useful and reliable to be used in reverse engineering.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
105
The appearance of the medical image reform the method of surgery, which makes Minimally-Invasive Surgery become more and more popular. Though we use CT image to make sure where the lesions are, Doctors actually perform surgery by their experience. Take the VP Shunt Surgery for example, doctors who are lack of experience may cause some conditions, including mal-position, repeated insertions or infection, which is not safe and stable enough for the patients. Last year we developed a Robotic Surgical Navigation System, using a robot arm and a laser pointer, combined with the CT images’ information, 3D-printed skull and MATLAB GUI interface, planning a complete clinical surgery process for the doctor. However, there still room for improvement for clinical needs, for example, we should put the Fiducial Marker on the patient’s face while CT scanning, and can’t take away the marker until the surgery begin in the process, which is inconvenient for both the patients and doctors. This year, we combine the Robotic Surgical Navigation System developed last year with 3D Scanner, Register software and some numerical inputs / outputs and calculations, expect to create a process for No-marker Registration Robotic Navigation System apply in VP Shunt Surgery on Hydrocephalus patient. Not only solve the problem of marker, but also make the system more automatic, making the surgery more accurate and efficient.

碩士
國立聯合大學
電機工程學系碩士班
103
In recent years, breast cancer has become a serious problem leading female people death. There are many ways for breast cancer screening in clinical in which the infrared (IR) image has been suggested in medical applications as a potential assessment tool for early diagnosis and chemotherapy response monitoring of breast diseases. Observation of differences between the heat maps in long term is useful to help assess the growth of breast cancer cells and detect breast cancer earlier, wherein the multi-time infrared image alignment technology is a necessary step. However, there is no clear boundary on the infrared images and the subject's posture is different for each shot. It cannot adhesive markers on a body surface for a very long period, and it is hard to find anatomic fiducial markers on a body surface. In other words, it’s difficult to detect and match features in an IR sequence images. To overcome these problems, an automatic marker-free longitudinal infrared image registration algorithm is proposed by following two stages. The first stage：Two automated feature detections with different type of automatic feature points are developed respectively. The concept of connected component automatically is utilized to find out the vascular branch points. On the other hand, for filling up a deficiency of vascular branch points, the modified Harris corner detection algorithm is proposed in this study which overcomes the aforementioned problems and avoids the clustered problem by using adaptive nonmaximal suppression. Preliminary results show that the proposed methods successfully identify the representative feature points of IR breast images. The second stage：Based on two different types of feature to establish the Shape Context descriptor and then utilizing rigorous matching to obtain the correct region matching vector for removing mismatch points arising by lenient matching. Finally, the competitive winner-guided optimal corresponding algorithm is used to complete longitudinal infrared image registration. The robust of the proposed algorithm is verified by three different ways. First, the edges of the deformed images computed by the canny edge detector are superimposed onto the target image for intuition evaluation and we compute the exaltation of MI values for objectively evaluation. Second, compare the performance of registration between manual mode and the proposed algorithm by ten sequences of infrared images for difference subjects. The results show that the proposed algorithm contains certain accuracy. The mean error is about 0.9051pixels. Finally, we used DS-HPS algorithm to calculate the effective volume of high temperature tissues and compare with the previous studies. The results show that curve of the proposed algorithm is more close to chemotherapy curve than the previous one and proving the proposed algorithm on chemotherapy subjects has good consequent.

Bildgesteuerte, perkutane Interventionen stellen bei vielen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Fragestellungen eine Alternative zum chirurgischen Vorgehen dar. Hierbei kommen bevorzugt die Sonographie und die Computertomographie (CT) zum Einsatz. Zu den Indikationen für eine gezielte Nutzung der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) zählen Befunde, die sich mit anderen Modalitäten nicht ausreichend darstellen lassen, die fehlende Strahlenexposition (CT) sowie Alleinstellungsmerkmale wie der hervorragende native Weichteilkontrast oder die Möglichkeiten zur Darstellung von Temperaturen oder Diffusionsprozessen. Zu den Nachteilen zählen die langen Messzeiten, das starke Magnetfeld sowie die räumliche Enge in den meist röhrenförmigen Geräten, die ein interventionelles Vorgehen oft erschweren. Stereotaktische Führungs- und Navigationshilfen sind kein notwendiger Bestandteil der interventionellen Ausrüstung, ermöglichen jedoch oft eine gezieltere Planung, bessere Visualisierung oder vereinfachte Durchführung, insbesondere gegenüber einer rein kognitiven Einbeziehung der MRT-Informationen. Assistenzsysteme für geschlossene MRT-Geräte sind meist rahmenbasiert und beschränken sich auf bestimmte Regionen, z. B. die Mamma, die Prostata oder das muskuloskelettale System. Diese Arbeit beschreibt hingegen eine leistungsstarke rahmenlose Assistenztechnik (Navigation), die sich praktisch in beliebigen Körperregionen einsetzen lässt. Der Operateur orientiert sich dabei anhand von hochwertigen MRT-Ansichten, die gemäß der in Echtzeit erfassten Nadellage aus einem kurz zuvor erhobenen Referenzdatensatz reformatiert werden. Ausgehend von der Implementierung an einem speziellen offenen MRT-System (0,5 T) werden interventionelle Komponenten und Methoden beschrieben, die erfolgreich auf ein herkömmliches MRT-System (1,5 T) übertragen wurden. Die Einschränkungen des geschlossenen Systems führten dabei zu einer speziellen Registrierungstechnik mit Hilfe einer kompakten, frei positionierbaren Referenzplatte mit resonanten Miniatur-Hochfrequenzspulen (semiaktiv) als MR-Positionsmarker. Im Vordergrund stand die systematische Prüfung der Marker hinsichtlich Signalverhalten und Sicherheit sowie die Zuverlässigkeit und Genauigkeit einer vollautomatischen, bildbasierten 3D-Lokalisation unter experimentellen und klinischen Randbedingungen. Gegenüber herkömmlichen, passiven (Kontrastmittel-) Markern zeichnet sich die semiaktive Technik dadurch aus, dass sie gleichzeitig, auch mehrere, beliebig über das gesamte Messvolumen verteilte Marker, praktisch unabhängig von sämtlichen anatomischen Strukturen lokalisieren kann. Sowohl die Festlegung einer Position (ein Marker) oder einer Ebene (drei Marker) wie auch die navigierte Platzierung einer Nadel zeigten im Experiment ausreichend hohe Genauigkeiten. Auf Basis einer zeitlich optimierten (Subsekunden-) Markerbildgebung konnte experimentell eine robotisch geführte Nadel direkt im MRT bildgebend verfolgt werden, was weitere Anwendungen der Lokalisationstechnik in Aussicht stellt. Navigierte Biopsien an einem Gewebephantom zeigten nach ausschließlich stereotaktischer Positionierung – ohne Kontrollbildgebung – unabhängig vom Erfahrungsgrad der medizinischen Anwender ausreichend hohe Trefferquoten. Gleichzeitig lieferte die Studie wertvolle, auch anwenderspezifische Erkenntnisse über die Bedienbarkeit sowie den Zeitbedarf für einzelne Interventionsschritte. Im Vergleich mit anderen prototypischen oder kommerziellen Systemen zeigte sich die vorgestellte Assistenztechnik – am Beispiel muskuloskelettaler Interventionen – als klinisch flexibel einsetzbar.

(Eng) The submitted master's thesis discusses non-conventional signs and trade marks, which have grown in significance, especially from the perspective of marketing, traders and law, as was demonstrated by the recent amendments of the European trade mark law. The main aim of this thesis is to identify the particularities of non-conventional signs and obstacles to their registration from the perspective of the selected jurisdictions and consequently, to evaluate the reasons and justifications of the countries' approach. After a historical overview of trade mark functions and the development of law in the studied jurisdictions, the thesis is concerned with outlining the theoretical legal basis of trade mark protection in the European Union, Canada, Australia and the United States of America. The main focus of the thesis lies in the specific effects of the law on the individual types of non-conventional signs and trade marks, with a particular emphasis on the decisions of offices and courts, especially the Court of Justice of the European Union. The analysis includes sounds, scents, shapes and colours, as well as motion marks, holograms, position marks and tactile signs. The main part of the thesis is subdivided into several sections in order to grasp the particularities and singularities of each type...

The thesis analyses selected aspects of domain-name law, mainly from the perspective of trade-mark law. It discusses the evolution of the domain-name system and how it operates as background to a more detailed discussion of the theoretical classification of domain names. The thesis then examines the interplay between trade marks and domain names, and the resolution of domain-name disputes resulting from the inherent tension between these two systems. The main principles of domain-name dispute resolution are identified by way of an analysis of the panel decisions handed down in terms of the international Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) and the South African domain name dispute resolution regulations. This analysis always addresses, too, the extent to which national trade-mark law principles (with reference to the laws of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America) apply, and the extent to which this is appropriate.
Private Law
LL.D.

The thesis analyzes and compares the selected information systems on industrial property focused on trademarks and industrial designs. These are the selected systems of the Industrial Property Office of the Czech Republic, the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, the World Intellectual Property Organization, the US Patent and Trademark Office and the Swedish Patent and Registration Office. The work is divided into seven parts. The first part describes the terminology and the environment of trademarks and industrial designs. The second part lists the types of international classification, which is followed by the third part, which describes the international treaties and agreements. The fourth part presents selected institutions and their analyzed systems. The fifth part deals with the analysis and the sixth section summarizes trends in the disclosure of trade marks and industrial designs. The last seventh part of the work shows an impact of the protection of trademarks and industrial designs in the business. The analysis showed that the national databases of the Industrial Property Office of the Czech Republic were top rated. The worst evaluation acquired databases of the US Patent and Trademark Office. Key words Industrial property, trademark, industrial design, information system,...