Tesi sul tema "Région de Photodissociation"
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Champion, Jason. "Photoevaporation des disques protoplanétaires par les photons UV d’étoiles massives proches : observation de proplyds et modélisation". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30392/document.
Testo completoProtoplanetary disks are found around young stars, and represent the embryonic stage of planetary systems. At different phases of their evolution, disks may undergo substantial mass-loss by photoevaporation: energetic photons from the central or a nearby star heat the disk, hence particles can escape the gravitational potential and the disk loses mass. However, this mechanism, and the underlying physics regulating photoevaporation, have not been well constrained by observations so far. The aims of this thesis are to study photoevaporation, in the specific case when it is driven by far-UV photons, to identify the main physical parameters (density, temperature) and processes (gas heating and cooling mechanisms) that are involved, and to estimate its impact on the disk dynamical evolution. The study relies on coupling observations and models of disks being photoevaporated by UV photons coming from neighbouring massive star(s). Those objects, also known as "proplyds", appear as disks surrounded by a large cometary shaped envelope fed by the photoevaporation flows. Using a 1D code of the photodissociation region, I developed a model for the far-IR emission of proplyds. This model was used to interpret observations, mainly obtained with the Herschel Space Observatory, of four proplyds. We found similar physical conditions at their disk surface: a density of the order of 10 6 cm and a temperature about 1000 K. We found that this temperature is maintained by a dynamical equilibrium: if the disk surface cools, its mass-loss rate declines and the surrounding envelope is reduced. Consequently, the attenuation of the UV radiation field by the envelope decreases and the disk surface, receiving more UV photons, heats up. Most of the disk is thus able to escape through photoevaporation flows leading to mass-loss rates of the order of 10 -7 solar mass per year or more, in good agreement with earlier spectroscopic observations of ionised gas tracers. Following this work, I developed a 1D hydrodynamical code to study the dynamical evolution of an externally illuminated protoplanetary disk. [...]
Zannese, Marion. "Haute excitation de molécules dans les régions irradiées de formation stellaire et planétaire observées par le James Webb Space Telescope". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP082.
Testo completoRadiative feedback from massive stars, which heats and disperses the gas in the surrounding cloud, is a dominant mechanism limiting stellar and planetary formation. Indeed, observations show that only 1-5% of the mass of molecular clouds is converted into stars. In this thesis, I focused on the neutral, warm and irradiated regions between ionized and cold molecular media. In particular, I investigated how the excitation at the formation of certain molecules (OH, CH+ and CH3+) enabled simple and robust diagnostics to constrain the physical and chemical parameters of these regions. To do this, I coupled detailed gas modeling, using quantum dynamics data, with analysis of observations from the James Webb Space Telescope. The spectral coverage, high sensitivity and angular resolution of the JWST give unprecedented access to the chemistry and microphysics of the small-scale substructures of photodissociation regions (PDR) and the warm regions of protoplanetary disks (inner region or photoevaporated wind). My thesis is part of the analysis of data from the PDRs4All program observing the Orion Bar and protoplanetary disks in the line of sight (in particular d203-506).In preparation for the observations, I first concentrated on predicting what the JWST might detect. I studied the prompt emission of rotationally excited OH produced by the photodissociation of water. To this end, I used the Meudon PDR code, which self-consistently calculates the radiative transfer, the chemistry and the heat balance in PDRs. By implementing prompt emission in this code, we then show that only sufficiently dense and warm environments allow OH excitation at formation. The second part of my thesis presents the analysis of spectra obtained with the JWST. The signatures of highly excited molecules at formation observed in these data and analyzed with single-zone excitation models, based on quantum dynamics data, have revealed a particularly active chemistry in warm, irradiated regions. In the Orion Bar and d203-506, we reveal the detection of OH, CH+ and CH3+ as well as their excitation at formation, allowing us to constrain the chemistry in action. Indeed, OH rotational emission, previously modeled and detected in the mid-infrared, reveals the photodissociation of water. The near-infrared emission of OH and CH+ traces the formation and excitation of these species by chemical pumping via reactions with H2: X + H2 → XH* + H. These emission lines reveal a very active water formation and destruction cycle in d203-506 (O <=> OH <=> H2O), as well as the beginning of the carbon chemistry chain (C+ → CH+ → CH2+ → CH3+) in the PDR and disk. Excitation models have enabled us to identify the observed excitation processes and translate the measured line intensities into formation and destruction rates of these species. They also enable us to constrain the physical conditions of the medium, and can be used to determine locally, from the intensity of the observed lines, the intensity of the UV field (for the photodissociation of water) or the density of the gas (for prompt emission), which are essential ingredients determining the initial conditions of stellar and planetary formation. These new diagnostics will be key to the analysis of many JWST observations, since these processes are expected to be detected in a multitude of astrophysical objects with warm, irradiated regions (protostars, outflow, planetary nebulae, etc.)
González, García Manuel. "Pompage infra-rouge de raies moléculaires dans les régions de photodissociation". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112274.
Testo completoAstrochemistry is one branch of astrophysics who studies chemical reactions in the Universe. Low densities and temperatures in this medium make possible reactions that only occur in space. Submillimetric lines help us to learn about physical and chemical conditions of the places where they are generated. Nowadays two missions which will look for this kind of transitions are being preparated: Herschel (launched on May, 14th 2009) and ALMA (completely operational in 2014). So we need models to preparate and interpretate observations. Meudon PDR code is a code which exists since twenty years ago. It describes an interstellar cloud at 1D at the stationnary state, calculating thermal balance, population balance, radiative transfer and chemistry. The goal of this thesis is to make the Meudon PDR code able to describe Herschel and ALMA data. To do so we have started from the ancien version of the code (the 2006 one), where radiative transfer in the lines was calculated in an approximate way, and the grain model was quite ugly. We have used DUSTEM code , which permits us to choose the grain size distribution and the grain composition, and we have coupled it to the Meudon PDR code. We have recalculated the grain temperature distribution and the emissivity of dust at every wavelength. Afterwards we have integrated these emissivities in the continuum transfer in PDR, so we can calculate infrared intensity at every point. Finally we have improved line transfer with the help of exact computation of the infrared pum! ping term. All these modifications allow us to determinate in a performant way the excitation of all the species included in Meudon PDR code. We have studied two astrophysical objects: S140 and M~82. In the case of S140 our modifications have permitted us to determinate the specific intensities of the more important transitions of water molecule. We have also been able to predict that the continuum radiation of dust is absorbed in part by the water molecule, so this effect has to be taken into account if we want to correctly model the specific intensity of a transition, because otherwise we could be missing a very important par of the signal. This effect is not important for lines with strong optical dephts, but those lines are the most easily detectables by the futur instruments as Herschel. The models of M~82 that we have done had permitted us to see that if we want fit properly the column densities of HCO^{+} and HOC^{+} we need a combination of small and large clouds. Observations fournished by ALMA will be caracterised by a high angular resolution, which will permit us to validate this hypothese. In both cases our modifications help us to describe these objects with precision, and they let us to deduce some important physical properties of the observed objects. We propose a freeware instrument to prepare and interpretate future observations made with Herschel and ALMA
Montillaud, Julien. "Évolution physico-chimique des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques dans les régions de photodissociation". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1541/.
Testo completoPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) play a major role in the physics and chemistry of photodissociation regions (PDRs) in our galaxy. In these environments, the physical conditions and in particular the UV radiation field drive the evolution of PAHs. It was proposed that very small dust grains are also related to this evolution. We propose here an investigation of these evolution scenarios by combining chemical and physical studies with astrophysical studies of these species in PDRs. In this work, I present my contribution to the development of PDR modeling tools, and their application to the analysis of data obtained with the Spitzer infrared space telescope and the Herschel space observatory. New constraints are provided concerning the morphology and energetics of the reflection nebula NGC 7023. The need for a good description of PAH evolution in PDR models is emphasized. In addition, I developed a model dedicated to the study of the charge and hydrogenation states of PAHs in PDRs. It was applied to three PAHs of different sizes and showed that species containing up to 54 carbon atoms quickly loose their hydrogen atoms to form pure carbon clusters. I conclude that theoretical and experimental studies are needed to quantify the reactivity of neutral PAHs with hydrogen, the recombination of PAH cations with electrons and the dissociation of superhydrogenated species. The last part of this work is dedicated to the study of evaporating very small carbonaceous grains (eVSGs) observed in PDRs. A fitting tool for the analysis of PAH and eVSG emissions in the mid-infrared spectral domain is presented and used to connect the evaporation of eVSGs and the local UV radiation field in several PDRs. Considering PAH clusters as models for eVSGs, I computed their evaporation properties using theoretical methods based on statistical physics. I used these properties to model their evolution in astrophysical environments and showed that the properties of PAH clusters are consistent with the observational constraints. Guidelines are proposed for a simpler modeling of these species in the perspective of their inclusion in PDR models. Thanks to the Herschel observatory and to the future facilities like the JWST and SPICA space missions or the ALMA interferometer, data with unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution will provide new observational constraints. Their analysis will require to further understand the physical and chemical evolution of PAH species
Montillaud, Julien. "Évolution physico-chimique des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques dans les régions de photodissociation". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697363.
Testo completoFossé, David. "Les hydrocarbures dans le milieu interstellaire : des nuages sombres aux régions de photodissociation". Paris 6, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003543v2.
Testo completoCompiègne, Mathieu. "Etude de l'évolution des poussières interstellaires dans les régions dominées par le rayonnement". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00159882.
Testo completoArab, Heddy. "Evolution des poussières interstellaires : apport des données de l'observatoire spatial Herschel". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829096.
Testo completoPilleri, Paolo. "Impact de l'évolution des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycyliques sur la physique et la chimie des régions des photodissociation : une étude dans l'infrarouge et le millimétrique". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1079/.
Testo completoPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a major constituent of interstellar matter, containing about 20% of the total carbon in our Galaxy. PAHs are known to play a major role in the chemistry and the physics of photo-dissociation regions (PDRs). In these environments, the evolution of PAHs is driven by the UV field and it has been proposed to be linked to that of very small dust particles and small molecular hydrocarbons. In this work, we provide further insights into these evolutionary scenarios by combining the analysis of infrared (IR) data from ISO, Spitzer and AKARI space telescopes with new observations in the far-IR and sub-mm domains obtained with Herschel as well as in the millimeter domain using the IRAM ground-based telescopes. We have developed a new analysis method for the mid-IR spectro-imagery observations that allows to study the photo-processing of evaporating Very Small Grains (eVSGs) in PDRs. This procedure provides an estimate of the fraction of carbon locked in eVSGs compared to all atoms in the AIB carriers. This quantity is found to be related to the UV radiation field and can therefore be used as a tracer of its intensity in both resolved and unresolved sources. The obtained results are also consistent with a scenario in which eVSGs are destroyed by the UV field, giving birth to free PAHs. The results of the mid-IR analysis are compared with near-IR and millimeter observations, showing that the destruction process of eVSGs may be a source of production of small hydrocarbons. An accurate modelling of hydrocarbon chemistry in PDRs is needed to quantitatively test this scenario. We used the IRAM 30m telescope to search for the specific rotational signatures of an individual PAH, corannulene, in the millimeter spectrum of the Red Rectangle nebula. The comparison of the derived upper limit for detection with models allows to constrain the maximum abundance of small PAHs in this source. This provides evidence that these small species are under-abundant in the envelopes of evolved carbon stars and constrains the formation mechanisms of PAHs in these environments. The results of the mid-IR analysis are combined with observations of several gas species in the far-IR and sub-millimeter with Herschel and in the millimeter with IRAM to study the geometry, energetics, and dynamics of the PDRs in the reflection nebula NGC~7023. Further progresses on this topics await for more Herschel data but also for the forthcoming JWST and SPICA space missions and the ALMA interferometer
Fossé, David. "LES HYDROCARBURES DANS LE MILIEU INTERSTELLAIRE : DES NUAGES SOMBRES AUX REGIONS DE PHOTODISSOCIATION". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003543.
Testo completoMaillard, Vincent. "Modèle des fronts de photoevaporation dans les régions de formation d'étoiles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLO003.
Testo completoThe conditions of formation of stars is a fundamental question of astrophysics. The star formation rate (SFR) is linked to the mass of molecular gas by the Schmidt-Kennicutt relation. However, a star applies some feedbacks on its parent cloud in the form of winds, jets and radiation. They sweep their environment, destroying other star formation sites, but can also compress and destabilize them, triggering the formation of new stars. My thesis focused on the radiative feedback, which is vastly dominated by the one of massive stars. It creates an expanding region where the gas is ionized close to the star, followed by a region where the chemistry is dominated by photons capable of dissociating molecular hydrogen (photodissociation region, or PDR) which includes a layer of atomic hydrogen, which is too hot to form stars. Its width informs us about the fraction of gaz unable to form stars. Numerous models describe the physics and chemistry of PDRs by looking for a stationary state, and neglecting the gas dynamics. However, new observations made by Hershel in excited CO, and by the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) in CH+ and SH+ have changed the stationary vision of PDR structure by highlighting the role of the gas dynamics. The edge of clouds is found to be a high-pressure environment, which is strongly correlated to the impinging UV field intensity. The photo-evaporation mechanism is capable of reproducing those features: with the high-speed evaporation of hot ionized gas, the rocket effect makes a pressure wave propagate inside the cloud, explaining the high pressures observed. By the erosion of the cloud, the border withe the ionized medium, the ionization front (IF) advances into the neutral medium. PDR models have to be updated to take into account the propagation of the IF.We built a semi-analytical model of the transition between atomic and molecular gas (H/H2) including the advancing IF. We obtained that the width of the atomic region is reduced compared to static models. It can also disappear if the IF velocity exceeds a threshold value, leading to the merging of the IF and the H/H2 transition. We found analytical formulas to estimate this threshold as well as the total column density of atomic H. By comparing our theory to PDRs observations, we showed that the dynamical effects are strong, especially in the case of weakly illuminated PDRs such as the Horsehead.To prepare for the JWST observations of H2, we have implemented the computation of H2 levels in the Hydra code, which is a hydro-dynamic, time dependent code that models the physics and chemistry of photo-evaporating PDRs. The precedent study allowed to conclude that dynamical effects bring some H2 in a hotter and more illuminated region. The reduction of the IF-H/H2 distance reduces the intensity absorbed by dust, which is then converted to UV-pumping of H2 (amplification by a factor 6 for the Orion Bar, but not efficient in the Horsehead).In addition, we studied ALMA observations of the Horsehead with high spatial resolution. They show a great proximity between the IF and the CO line emission, usually present deep in the cloud. We find an upper limit of a few hundred astronomical units for the width of the atomic region. We find that isobaric, static and stationary Meudon PDR models reproduce the width of the atomic region within the limit found, and so does the dynamical models. These observations therefore do not allow us ton constrain dynamical effects.We performed a study on high spectral resolution observations of rotation-vibration lines of H2 made by the IGRINS spectrograph. We show that the line ratios do not constrain well the physical conditions, but that the population of the states of H2 are much influenced by relaxation rates induced by collisions, unlike the classical picture of a cascade mainly dominated by radiation after the UV pumping
Stephán, Gwendoline. "Modélisation de la chimie dans les régions de formation d'étoiles massives avec des PDRs internes". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEO012/document.
Testo completoConditions leading to the formation of high-mass stars are still under investigation but an evolutionary scenario has been proposed: As a cold pre-stellar core collapses under gravitational force, the medium warms up and enters the hot molecular core (HMC) phase. The forming central proto-star accretes materials, increasing its mass and luminosity and eventually it becomes sufficiently evolved to emit UV photons which irradiate the surrounding environment forming a hyper compact (HC) and then a ultracompact (UC) HII region. At this stage, a very dense and very thin internal photon-dominated region (PDR) forms between the HII region and the molecular core.Information on the chemistry allows to trace the physical processes occurring in these different phases of star formation. Therefore, chemistry also allows the determination of the evolutionary stage of astrophysical objects through the use of chemical models including the time evolution of the temperature and radiation field. So far, few studies have investigated internal PDRs and only in the presence of outflows cavities. Thus, these unique regions around HC/UCHII regions remain to be examined thoroughly.My PhD thesis focuses on the spatio-temporal chemical evolution in HC/UC HII regions with internal PDRs as well as in HMCs. The purpose of this study is first to understand the impact and effects of the radiation field, usually very strong in these regions, on the chemistry. Secondly, the goal is to study the emission of various tracers of HC/UCHII regions and compare it with HMCs models, where the UV radiation field does not impact the region as it is immediately attenuated by the medium. Ultimately we want to determine the age of a given region using chemistry in combination with radiative transfer. To investigate these transient phases of massive star formation, we use the astrochemical code Saptarsy optimized and improved during this PhD thesis. Saptarsy is a gas-grain code computing the spatio-temporal evolution of relative abundances. It is based on the rate equation approach and uses an updated Ohio State University (OSU) chemical network. Moreover, Saptarsy works along with the radiative transfer code RADMC-3D via a Python based program named Pandora. This is done in order to obtain synthetic spectra directly comparable to observations using the detailed spatio-temporal evolution of species abundances.In addition to comparing a HC/UCHII region to a HMC model, we obtain models for different sizes of HII regions, for various densities at the ionization front and for two different density profiles. We investigate the critical dependance of the abundances on the initial conditions and we also explore the importance of the emission coming from the envelope for various species. We find that among the dozen of molecules and atoms we have studied only four of them trace the UC/HCHII region phase or the HMC phase. They are C+ and O for the first and CH3OH and H218O for the second phase. However, more species could be studied to probe and identify these phases
Parikka, Anna. "Properties and evolution of dense structures in the interstellar medium". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112221/document.
Testo completoIn this thesis I present a study of two kinds of dense ISM structures: compact cold sources detected by Planck and dense condensations in a photodissociation region (PDR), namely the Orion Bar detected by ground-based and Herschel telescopes. Both kinds of structures are closely related to star formation. The cold sources are investigated as potentially gravitationally bound, prestellar, objects. The Orion Bar is a highly FUV-illuminated (G0=104) prototypical PDR, with several known protoplanetary disks, illuminated by the young Trapezium stars.First I introduce a paper published in A&A: The Physical state of selected cold clumps. In this paper we compared the Herschel dust continuum observations from the open time key program Galactic Cold Cores to ground based molecular line observations from the 20-m radio telescope of the Onsala Space Observatory in Sweden. The clumps were selected based on their brightness and low dust color temperatures (T=10-15 K). We calculated the virial and Bonnor-Ebert masses and compared them to the masses calculated from the observations. The results indicate that most of the observed cold clumps are not necessarily prestellar.Then I move on to the warm and dense condensations of the ISM. In my study of the Orion Bar, I use observations from PACS instrument on board Herschel from the open time program Unveiling the origin and excitation mechanisms of the warm CO, OH and CH+. I present maps of 110”x110” of the methylidyne cation (CH+ J=3-2), OH doublets at 84 µm, and high-J CO (J=19-18). This is the first time that these PDR tracers are presented in such a high spatial resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio. The CH+ and OH have critical densities (1010 cm-3) and upper level energy temperatures (250 K). In addition the endothermicity of the CH+ + H2 reaction (4300 K) that forms CH+ is comparable to the activation barrier of the O + H2 reaction (4800 K) forming OH. Given these similarities it is interesting to compare their emission. The spatial distribution of CH+ and OH shows the same clumpy structure of the Bar that has been seen in other observations. The morphology of CH+ and H2 confirms that CH+ formation and excitation is strongly dependent on the vibrationally excited H2, while OH is not. The peak in the OH 84 µm emission corresponds to a bright young object, identified as the externally illuminated protoplanetary disk 244-440.Finally, I study the high-J CO in the Orion Bar. I also introduce low- and mid-J CO observations of the area. The high-J CO morphology shows a clumpy structure in the Bar and we establish a link between the dense core of the clumps, traced in CS J=2-1 by Lee et al. (2013) and in H13CN by Lis and Schilke (2003). We also show that the high-J CO is mainly excited by the UV heating
Chevance, Mélanie. "Physical processes in the interstellar medium of the Magellanic Clouds". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC242/document.
Testo completoThe interstellar medium (ISM) plays a major role in galaxy evolution. Feedback from stars, in particular, drives several processes responsible for the global properties of a galaxy. However, the efficiency of these processes is related to the properties and structure of the different gas and dust ISM phases and remains uncertain. Due to the increased sensitivity and resolution of the new far-infrared (FIR) and submillimeter facilities (such as the Herschel Space Observatory, SOFIA and ALMA, in particular), it now becomes possible to study in detail the interplay between star formation and the surrounding ISM phases. This work focuses on the physical properties of the gas in the Magellanic Clouds. The Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud, our closest neighbors, both at subsolar metallicity, are good laboratories to study the interaction between star formation and environment.The 30 Doradus region, in the Large Magellanic Cloud, one of the most massive and active star forming region known in our neighborhood, is first studied in detail. We use the FIR and mid-infrared tracers, provided by the space telescopes Herschel and Spitzer, to bring constrains on the pressure, radiation field and 3D structure of the photo-dissociation regions (PDR) in this extreme region, using the Meudon PDR code. This modeling allows us to estimate the fraction of molecular gas not traced by CO, also known as the "CO-dark" molecular gas.We apply this method to other star forming regions of the Magellanic Clouds, which are characterized by different environmental conditions. This study allows us to evaluate key diagnostics of the gas heating and cooling of low metallicity resolved starburst regions. This is a first step toward understanding similar but unresolved regions, in high-redshift galaxies
Karr, Jean-Philippe. "Optique quantique dans les microcavités semi-conductrices. Spectroscopie de l'ion moléculaire H2+". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00347825.
Testo completoJ'aborde dans la deuxième partie mes activités théorique et expérimentale autour de la spectroscopie de l'ion H2+. Le but de l'expérience, qui a débuté en 2003 à l'université d'Evry, est de mesurer la fréquence d'une transition vibrationnelle à deux photons sans effet Doppler, et de la comparer à des prédictions théoriques précises pour en déduire une nouvelle détermination du rapport mp/me. Je décris les progrès des calculs de haute précision sur l'ion H2+ (niveaux d'énergie non relativistes, structure hyperfine), ainsi que le dispositif expérimental mis en place et les perspectives de l'expérience.