Tesi: "Recycling organic wastes"

1

Lau, Kin-wah. "Management, disposal and recycling of waste organic solvents in Hong Kong /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19945139.

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2

Zhou, Ying. "Composting of food waste with Chinese medicinal herbal residues as a bulking agent to produce a high-end organic fertilizer with antipathogenic effect". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/221.

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Composting is a sustainable method to deal with huge amount of daily organic waste due to its robustness and easy operation. However, food waste (FW) as the main material in composting has disadvantages such as the heterogenous properties, high foreign matters contamination, high moisture content, low C/N ratio, poor structure, low porosity and high acidity during the initial phase of composting. These shortcomings not only influence degradation efficiency but also cease the composting process. Therefore, a bulking agent is required to increase the porosity and adjust the moisture content as well as C/N ratio of the composting mixture (Wong et al., 2010). For previous research, sawdust (SD) and tree barks were commonly used as the bulking agent in composting system but the demand for sawdust and tree barks significantly increased the cost of the composting process, and this has stimulated the demand of alternative substitutes. Therefore, the ideal situation is to find the bulking agent which is not only suitable for composting but is also a waste. Traditional Chinese medicine is widely used nowadays and huge amount of residues are accumulated and treated in landfilling (Wang and Li, 2013). According to previous research, only 5% of the active ingredients can be extracted from the medicinal plants which means there are still a large fraction of active ingredients remain in the herbal residues (Wu et al., 2013). In addition to the bulking property of Chinese medicinal herbal residues (CMHRs), it is assumed mature CMHRs compost have the ability to hinder regular metabolic pathway of phytopathogens after land application (Bernal-Vicente et al., 2008). The first experiment of this study investigated the formula between food waste, sawdust and CMHRs in order to achieve efficient composting. The experimental results demonstrated positively the use of CHMRs is a suitable candidate to co-compost with food waste. In terms of biodegradation decomposition efficiency and compost maturity, the treatment 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis) showed the best performance among all treatments with 67% organic matter degradation and 157% seed germination index. Only well-matured composting product can suppress plant diseases in soil since it has some microorganisms which can inhibit phytopathogens. The treatment 5:5:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis) also reached maturity but with a longer composting period; however, it was the treatment which could accommodate the highest quantity of food waste. The log copy number of the bacterial population was 7-8 initially, which decreased and stabilized along the composting. Results revealed that the CHMRs can be used as a bulking agent with food waste, and a dry weight ratio of 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs) would be optimum to achieve higher organic decomposition and faster maturity. However, the initial lower microbial population in the treatment, though without any adverse effect on the overall microbial decomposition, will warrant further work to indicate the total population is not a practical means to illuminate the effective microbial decomposition. Besides, the advantage in using CHMRs will need further experiment to indicate its potential pathogen suppression capability. Humification during co-composting of food waste, sawdust and CMHRs was investigated to reveal its correlation with compost maturity. The huge decrease in the treatment 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis) of aliphatic organics in humic acids (HA) demonstrated the degradation of the readily available organics, while an increase in aromatic functional groups indicated the maturity of compost. Disappearance of hemicellulose and weak intensity of lignin in the CMHRs treatments indicated that the lignin provided the nucleus for HA formation; and the CMHRs accelerated the compost maturity. Humic acid to fulvic acid (HA/FA) ratio of 1:1:1 treatment was the highest at the end of composting and showed a clear correlation with compost maturity as also evidenced through the presence of higher aromatic functional groups in the HA fraction. Pyr-TMAH-GC-MS results indicated that dominant groups were aliphatic and alicyclic esters and ethers at the early composting stages in all treatments. Long chain fatty acids were broken down into smaller molecular compounds earlier in treatment 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis), resulting from the faster decomposition rate. The complicated ring-structure components appeared dominantly at the later phase of composting. The peak intensities in treatment 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis) indicated that the composts became mature earlier than the other two treatments. In brief, the treatment with dry weight ratio 1:1:1 had greatest humification degree with more cyclic structures and stable final products at the end of composting. Water and acetone extract of composts with food waste and CMHRs were tested with their antipathogenic effect on two kinds of commonly found phytopathogens, Alternaria solani (A. solani) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum). Seventeen bacterial species and 22 fungal species were isolated and identified as prevalently existed microbes during composting process. The results of MIC50 indicated that the treatment with dry weight ratio 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis) required least concentration of composts extraction to kill half quantity of the phytopathogens, 16% for A. solani and 22% for F. oxysporum extracted by acetone. The phytopathogen suppression capacity of composts was partially due to antagonistic abilities from some of the isolated microorganisms as well as the inhibition of active compounds. As shown in the comparison, the interfere/compete between antagonistic microorganisms and target pathogens were more powerful than individually influenced by chemical compounds. However, the influencing factors should not be considered independently since antagonistic interactions between microbes in composts and phytopathogens are highly dependent on the abiotic properties of the composts and the alternative environment. In a word, the antipathogenic effects from composts were synergism of both antagonism and chemical factors. Suppressive capacity on phytopathogens is one of the major function of mature composts and the antipathogenic effect was stimulated when CMHRs was used as the bulking agent in composting process. The abiotic inhibitory rates of treatment 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis) indicated that more powerful bioactive components were remained at the end of composting than in the treatment 5:5:1 and control which had no CMHRs but plastic beads as the bulking agent. Hence sensitive and comprehensive analytical technique of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) was utilized to acquire a better understanding of the complicated structures of final composting products. Seven dominant among 22 active compounds with antibacterial/antifungal properties were obtained in the treatments with CMHRs while 17 kinds of compounds with higher contents were shared in all treatments, which should be derived from food waste. The bioactive components from CMHRs composting were mainly from the groups of alkaloids, flavonoids and coumarins. Mature composts were used as biofertilizer to protect plants (Brassica chinensis and Lycopersicon esculentum) from phytopathogenic infection. This study showed the crop yields were increased with the addition of mature CMHRs composts to acid soil, and 5% CMHRs compost was the optimum application rate, while at the higher application rate of 10% (dry weight basis, w/w) plant growth was inhibited which might be due to the higher salt contents and the phytotoxicity of alkaloids, flavonoids and coumarins in the CMHRs. According to the biomass results, Brassica chinensis was more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of phytopathogen inoculation, while nutrient supply was to a less extent due to the short growth period as compared to Lycopersicon esculentum. The present study showed clearly that mature compost provided Lycopersicon esculentum and Brassica chinensis sufficient nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Additionally, the advantage of using mature CMHRs compost as a soil conditioner was also observed for blocking phytopathogenic infection from plant roots. The mechanism was mainly derived from the bioactive components in mature CMHRs compost which inhibited phytopathogenic activities in soil. Many identified compounds were alkaloids, flavonoids and coumarins which have powerful antifungal and antibacterial abilities and most of them maintained during growth period though their amounts reduced greatly due to their photolytic and pyrolytic properties. Therefore, mature CMHRs compost can be the substitute to reduce the usage of fungicides and its associated environmental hazards. The present study demonstrates clearly the beneficial effects of using CMHRs as a bulking agent to co-compost with food waste with the additional phytopathogens suppression property. Therefore, it is concluded that Chinese medicinal herbal residues can be a good choice of bulking agent in food waste composting system. Organic matter degradation and humification process were accelerated by CMHRs addition and mature CMHRs compost had antipathogenic effect and protect plants from infection

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Chan, Man Ting. "Optimizing food waste composting process in fed-batch composter". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/217.

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Composting is considered as an effective and sustainable food waste treatment technology from the perspectives of volume reduction, stabilization and releasing the pressure on landfills. Community composter is a decentralized composting facility in fed-batch operational mode which is usually being installed in the backyard of institutes, hospitals, housing estate etc. to handle the food wastes generated daily. Albeit numerous operational issues including high initial acidity and oil content, poor decomposition and odor generation are commonly encountered in these facilities, which make it difficult to be accepted by the public. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to develop a composting mix formulation that can provide a solution to all these issues in a fed-batch food waste composting process. The first phase of this study aims at finding out an optimized formulation in a batch-scale food waste composting process through the use of alkaline amendments and microbial inoculum. For the first two experiments, artificial food wastes were prepared by mixing 1.3kg bread, 1kg boiled rice, 1kg cabbage, 0.5kg fully boiled pork and mixed with sawdust to obtain a C/N of 30 and adjusted moisture of the mixtures to 55%. The effect of different concentrations of zeolite compared to lime was studied in the first experiment. Zeolite was amended with food wastes and sawdust mixtures at 2% (ZI-2), 5% (ZI-5), 10% (ZI-10) to compare with lime in 2.25% (L-2.25) w/w (dry weight basis) and composted for 56 days. Results demonstrated that 10% of zeolite was optimal amendment rate compared to lower dosage of zeolite (2% & 5%) with stronger pH buffering capacity and greater decomposition efficiency. Addition of 2.25% of lime buffered the pH efficiently but increased the ammonia loss significantly which eventually reduced total nitrogen (TN) content of final product and posed odor emission problem. Amendment of 10% zeolite provided a higher adsorption affinity on ammonia resulting in 2.05% of TN value of final product which was higher than 1.72% of lime treatment. Furthermore, significantly higher seed germination 150% was achieved of ZI-10 compost compared to 135% of L-2.25 due to low ammonium content of product. The first experiment showed that application of less than 10% zeolite was not sufficient to buffer the acidity; as a result, organic matter decomposition was inhibited. However, the cost and reduction in treatment percentage of food waste in 10% application rate of zeolite is an issue of concern. To tackle this dilemma, food waste was amended with struvite salts at 1:2 molar ratio of MgO and K2HPO4 (Mg:P) with or without zeolite amended at either 5% or 10% amendment (Mg:P, Z5 + Mg:P & Z10 + Mg:P) and a control treatment with food waste only was also included. Results showed that treatment of Z10 + Mg:P was synergistically achieved of pH and EC buffering, and N conservation but not for the case of 5 % zeolite. Treatment of Z10 + Mg:P further reduced the N loss to 18% compared to 25% and 27% of Mg:P and Z5 + Mg:P respectively. However, there was insignificant difference in the final nitrogen content and decomposition rate among all treatments with struvite salts amendment. Comparing to the treatment of Z-10 of the first experiment to Z10 + Mg:P of the second experiment, Z-10 showed superior performance since better decomposition efficiency, shorter time to require to pass the GI (28 Days) and lower cost because of salts exclusion. To develop a multipurpose formulation for the fed-batch operational food waste composter, high lipids problem in food waste cannot be neglected because it is a critical factor to hinder the decomposition efficiency. Inoculation of oil degradative microorganisms was reported as an effective approach to facilitate the lipids. Therefore, the third experiment was to investigate the overall composting performance supplemented with 10% zeolite and microbial consortium. 10% zeolite with bacterial consortium significantly reduced the lipid contents from 7% to 1% compared to control treatments. Furthermore, treatments amended with 10% zeolite was proved to reduce ammonia emission and total volatile fatty acids level in the composting mass, therefore the total odor emission level can be reduced. Zeolite at 10% was found to be a suitable optimum additive for both synthetic and real-food wastes. Therefore, treatment of 10% zeolite with bacterial consortium is selected as an optimized formulation for further study of its application in a fed-batch composter. Following the food waste zeolite composting formulation obtained in Phase I, the aim of Phase II was to develop an ideal composting mix formulation for on-site commercial composters. Although the results have been demonstrated 10% zeolite with bacterial consortium facilitated the composting efficiency in batch composter, those amendments may be over-estimated if applied in a fed batch composter by using real food wastes. With this constraint, the applicability of these additives in commercial fed-batch composter needs to be assessed using locally generated food wastes. Treatments included food waste and sawdust mixtures at 4:1 mixing ratio (wet weight basis) were mixed with 2.25% of lime (L2.25), 10% of zeolite (Z10) and 10% zeolite with bacterial inoculum (Z10+O) and a control of food waste with sawdust mixture only was also included. 35 kg compost mixture was fed into each composter respectively daily for a period of 42 days. Only Z10+O was the most suitable composting mix for fed-batch food waste composting process with continuous sustained high temperature (55-60oC), optimal moisture (55%-60%), alkaline pH and low EC during the experimental period. Bacterial inoculum significantly improved the lipids decomposition from 22.16% (C) to 3.10% (Z10+O) after the composting period. In contrast, lime and zeolite alone treatments could not maintain the optimal pH that led to reduce degradation and longer stabilization period. Only compost taken from Z10+O treatment could be classified as mature compost. The aim of the third study phase was to examine an optimal application rate of food waste compost produced from decentralized food waste composter for plant. A plant growth experiment was conducted in this phase to evaluate the change in soil properties and plant growth of Brassica chinensis and Lycopersicon esculentum. The experiment was conducted in a loamy soil amended with 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% food waste compost amendment rate compared to the control soil with chemical fertilizer amendment only. Results indicated that 5% was the optimal application rate of food waste compost for both crops among all treatments which can be evidenced by the highest biomass production and nutrients value of the plant tissues. Plant available nutrients such as NH4+, NO3-, PO43- were proportionally increased with increase in compost application rate. However, 2.5% of the food waste compost did not provide sufficient nutrients for plant growth and 10% showed negative effects due to increased salts content. Plants amended with chemical fertilizer had relatively low biomass production compared to compost amended treatments due to soil compaction and fast leaching of nutrients. It can be concluded that application of 10% zeolite with microbial consortium is an ideal composting mix formulation for on-site commercial composters and 5% is an optimal application rate of food waste compost of Brassica chinensis and Lycopersicon esculentum

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Lau, Kin-wah, e 劉健華. "Management, disposal and recycling of waste organic solvents in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254056.

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5

Khalil, Wael R. "Hydrothermal decomposition and oxidation of the organic component of dairy, wood and sludge waste streams and treatment impacts on anaerobic gas production". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.

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The study presented in this thesis is part of a research effort that is focused on recovery and recycling of energy and material resources from organic waste products. The major objective of this study was to investigate the use of hydrothermal treatment at moderate temperatures (100-250°C) to disintegrate and oxidise the organic component of three waste streams: wastewater treatment sludge; wood waste; and simulated dairy waste. The purpose of disintegrating the organic matter was to achieve two objectives: (1) production of thermal decomposition organic by-products that could be used to enhance the production of anaerobic gas from the treated wastes; and (2) reduction of the quantity of the waste. The three wastes material selected in this research are generated in large quantities. The organic component of wood mostly consists of cellulose fibres. The dairy waste contains fat, proteins and hydrocarbons and the sludge contains fat, proteins, hydrocarbons, and fibres. The effect of adding the oxidant, H202, to reduce the organic content and enhance the thermal decomposition process was also investigated. The disintegration of organic particles was evaluated by assessing the conversion of the particulate chemical oxygen demand (PCOD) and the production of dissolved COD (SCOD). The reduction of the organic content was evaluated using the removal of the volatile solids (VS) and the total COD (TCOD) of the particulate and dissolved organic matter. The three waste types were subjected to hydrothennal treatment using various combinations of temperatures (100-250°C with increments of 50°C), reaction times (20, 40 and 60 minutes) and oxidant (H20 2) dosages (0, 50, 100 and 150% of the initial TCOD). The treated samples were mixed with seed microorganisms and incubated at 35°C in airtight serum bottles to achieve anaerobic gas production. The study confamed that hydrothermal treatment was capable of reducing the organic content of the three waste types effectively. The COD removals achieved were in the range of 1-85% for the sludge, 2-86% for the dairy waste, and 8-86% for the wood waste. The treatment efficiency was dependent on the reaction time, reaction temperature and amount of oxidant supplied. The decomposition of the organic paiiiculate matter was accompanied by the production of dissolved organic matter. The maximum accumulation of soluble organic matter (as measured by SCOD) was achieved when the majority of the particulate organic matter was decomposed. The maximum SCOD concentrations and the majority of the particulate organic matter removals were achieved as the TCOD removal reached 20% for the dairy waste, 40% for the sludge and 60% for the wood waste. The maximum SCOD concentrations were approximately 11,000 mg/L for the sludge (52% of the initial TCOD), 8,500 mg/L for the wood (32% of the TCOD), and 16,000 mg/L for the dairy waste (78% of the TCOD). The treatment by-products responded to anaerobic treatment and produced significant quantities of anaerobic gas. Even with the reductions in the organic content, hydrothermal treatment resulted in improved total gas production for all three waste sources. The total gas production from the wood waste was the most significant. The specific gas production for the untreated wastes was in the following order: dairy waste (0.44-0.55 mL/mg TCOD) >sludge (0.26-0.34 mL/mg TCOD) > wood (0.07-0.11 mL/mg TCOD). Following treatment, the specific gas production was in the following order: sludge (0.13-0.69 mL/mg TCOD) >dairy waste (0.11- 0.58 mL/mg TCOD) >wood (0.02-0.42 mL/mg TCOD). The improvement in gas production from the wood waste suggested that the organic by-products generated from the wood using hydrothermal treatment were more readily available for anaerobic gas production than the original organic component of the wood.

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Chan, Lap-shun, e 陳立信. "Biorecycling of waste in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1986. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31207534.

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Campos, Aloísio Torres de [UNESP]. "Análise da viabilidade da reciclagem de dejetos de bovinos com tratamento biológico, em sistema intensivo de produção de leite". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101909.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho econômico e a eficiência do tratamento biológico aeróbio, na redução e estabilização da matéria orgânica biodegradável, de dejetos líquidos de bovinos, visando a sua reciclagem na limpeza hidráulica das instalações dos animais (free stall) e sua posterior utilização nas áreas de produção de forragem. O trabalho foi desenvolvido nas instalações do Sistema Intensivo de Produção de Leite (SIPL) da Embrapa - Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Leite (CNPGL), situado no município de Coronel Pacheco, MG. Dois reatores com capacidade útil de 300 m3 cada um foram construídos para compor as unidades do processo de lodo ativado por batelada (LAB), com sistemas de aeração prolongada e intermitente. Esses reatores foram dimensionados para um tempo de detenção hidráulico de 24 dias, com diluição dos dejetos (fezes + urina) em água na proporção de 1:1. Em cada reator foi instalado um aerador-misturador submersível, regulados para períodos de aeração de nove minutos e não-aeração de 18 minutos. Uma motobomba de rotor aberto, com vazão de 60 m3/h, foi utilizada para reciclar o efluente tratado sobre os corredores dos galpões de confinamento free stall e promover a limpeza hidráulica dos dejetos, que retornam aos tanques de aeração por gravidade por meio de canaletas. A drenagem dos reatores foi processada por uma motobomba submersa, com vazão de 10 m3/h, conduzindo o efluente até as áreas de produção de forragem, por escoamento superficial. A caracterização dos efluentes foi realizada por meio de amostragens na entrada e no interior dos tanques de aeração, na saída da tubulação de irrigação e dos dejetos puros dos animais. Foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: pH, temperatura, óleos e graxas, DBO total e solúvel, DQO total e solúvel, sólidos totais fixos e voláteis sólidos...
The objective of this work was to evaluate the economic performance and efficiency of an aerobic biological treatment on the reduction and stabilization of the biodegradable organic matter of the bovine liquid manure. This effluent will be recycled in the hydraulic cleaning of the facilities (free stalls) and utilized in grass production areas. This work was done in the Embrapa - milk production intensive system (MPIS) facilities in Coronel Pacheco, state of Minas Gerais. Two reactors with capacity of 300 m3 each were built as the activated sludge sequencing batch reactor (SBR) units with prolonged and intermittent aeration. These reactors were dimensioned for a hydraulic retention time of 24 days with wastewater (manure + urine) dilution in water on the proportion of 1:1. In each reactor a submerged aerator-mixer was installed, with aeration and non-aeration periods of 9 and 18 minutes, respectively. A motor-pumping equipment with open rotor and flow of 60 m3/h was used for recycling the treated effluent on the halls of the free stall confinement facilities and to promote hydraulic cleaning of the effluent that will return to the aeration tanks by gravity conducted by channel structures. The drainage of the reactors was processed by a submerged motor-pumping equipment with flow of 10 m3/h driving the effluent to the grass production areas throughout superficial disposal. Effluent characterization was done by collecting samples on the entrance and the interior of the tanks, on the gate of the irrigation tubulation and on the bovine pure manure. There were analyzed the following parameters: pH, temperature, oils and fats, soluble and total BOD, soluble and total COD, volatile and total solids, sedimented solids, ammonia and total nitrogen, potassium, total phosphorus, magnesium and sodium. To evaluate the economic performance of the system, the costs, the annual investments... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Wang, Xuan. "Nitrogen conservation by struvite formation during composting process with food wastes". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/201.

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Food waste as a dominant fraction of municipal solid waste was in most of cases buried in landfills creating a burden on big cities with large populations such as Hong Kong. Composting provided an environmentally viable technology to divert food waste to resource utilization for the production of valuable organic fertilizer. The main problem associated with food waste composting was the intensive acidification prior the commencement of the composting process, which is commonly adjusted by the addition of alkaline materials such as lime. However, more than 50% of the initial nitrogen will be lost as ammonia, which not just reduces the nutrient value of the compost but also leads to serious odour generation. Therefore the objective of this study was to develop means to reduce the nitrogen loss through struvite formation. The first experiment of this research investigated the feasibility of controlling the nitrogen loss through struvite formation during food waste composting. Struvite forms when magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) salts exist in equimolar ratio at a slightly alkaline pH. Thus to fix the ammonia, MgO and K2HPO4 were added to food waste indifferent molar ratios (P1, 0.05M/kg MgO and 0.05M/kg K2HPO4; P2, 0.05M/kg MgO and 0.1M/kg K2HPO4) to induce struvite formation that can fix the compost-borne ammonia during composting. The pH of the composting mass of P1 was below 5 for more than one. However, the pH of P2 was controlled in a narrow range from 6.8 to 8.7. This slightly alkaline pH ensured a good microbial activity and improved the degradation rate as well as the precipitation of struvite. In treatment P2, the formation of struvite effectively reduced the nitrogen loss from 40.8% to 23.3% when compared to treatment with lime amendment. However, electrical conductivity (EC) of the compost increased to 6.4 mS/cm due to the addition of Mg and P salts. High salinity of the compost retarded seed germination which required further investigation to reduce the salinity while maintaining good nitrogen removal. To overcome this issue, lime as the more effective alkaline amendment, was supplemented in different concentrations along with struvite salts (to P1 treatment having less Mg salt that could reduce the salinity) to alleviate the low pH and struvite formation. The pH of the composting masses were effectively increased with increasing lime dosages and 2.25% lime was sufficient to maintain the pH in alkaline condition that significantly improved the degradation of active organic compounds resulting in increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soluble organic nitrogen (SON) contents. With 2.25% lime and struvite salts, ammonia emission was significantly reduced from 44.3 to 27.4% through struvite formation compared with lime alone treatment. Furthermore, the EC were also decreased from 5.21to 3.40 mS/cm when lime amendment rate increased from 0.75% to 3%. However, the ammonia emission increased with an increase in lime dosage. Interfering ions such as calcium and potassium were reported to affect the struvite formation and pH control. Therefore, in the subsequent experiment, the influence of different types of P salts was investigated to reduce the salinity as well as N loss. When K2HPO4, Na2HPO4 and H3PO4 were used as the supplementary P salts, there were no significant differences on nitrogen conservation. In addition, the results indicated that K+ and Na+ were attached on the surface of struvite rather than constituted the crystal structure. Compared with other P salts, the presence of K+ in K2HPO4 also made a contribution to total nutrient content that benefited the final product. When CaO was gradually substituted with MgO as pH amendment, ammonia emission was significantly reduced implying that Ca2+ ions would influence the struvite formation, either by competing for phosphate ions or by interfering with the crystallization. However, this negative effect could be ignored when the Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio was below 1:2. Considering the cost of MgO, supplementation of Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio at 1:2 (0.15M CaO and 0.3M MgO) with 0.05M K2HPO4 was identified as the optimum conditions (Treatment M0.3) that effectively reduced the nitrogen loss to 28% in contrast to 46% with lime addition. The significant reduction of ammonia emission through struvite formation was observed with the optimum condition that the odour unit (OU) of ammonia emission was reduced to 1.8×104 when compared with lime treatment (3.0×104) indicating a significant reduction of OIMAX (maximum odour index). Meanwhile, the well-controlled pH of this technology ensured the effective decomposition of organic matter that significantly reduced the emission of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) also. The population of total bacteria was also improved due to the addition of phosphate salts. The total nutrient content of struvite composts of treatment with optimum condition (M0.3) was 4.14% (1.5% N, 0.44% P and 2.2% K) that was higher than normal lime treated compost 2.92% (1.3% N, 0.34% P and 1.28% K). In pot experiment, soil was amended with composts at 0, 2.5%, 5% or 10% (w/w dry wt. basis). At the same application rate, the biomass yields of Chinese cabbage and cherry tomato plants were improved by struvite compost when compared tonormal compost. Considering the increasing salinity of soil with high application rate, the optimum dosage of 5% struvite compost is recommended. To conclude, a food waste composting technology was developed to achieve good nitrogen conservation and decomposition that alleviated odour issue and produced compost with higher nutrient contents, which increased its application value

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Fung, Shun On. "Reduction of odor generation through composting process control". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2007. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/827.

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Bertozzo, Fernanda [UNESP]. "Co-digestão anaeróbia de dejetos de bovinos e dois tipos de glicerina bruta". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101810.

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A glicerina bruta é um resíduo da produção de biodiesel de baixo valor agregado, no entanto, possui alto teor de carbono e potencial para produzir bons resultados se co-digerida de maneira anaeróbia com um material rico em nitrogênio como os dejetos de animais. Sendo assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a co-digestão de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros e dois tipos de glicerina bruta: bruta e bruta loira, em biodigestores anaeróbios operados em sistema semi-contínuo, sob delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições por tratamento, sendo DBL – dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + água; DBL+GB – dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + glicerina bruta + água; DBL+GL – dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + glicerina bruta loira + água. As cargas diárias foram iniciadas tanto no DBL+GB como no DBL+GL com 1,25% de glicerina bruta passando em seguida para 2,5; 5; 7,5, 10, 15 e 20%; os aumentos nas porcentagens foram graduais e realizados a cada 30 dias, sendo este o TRH estabelecido. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: pH, acidez volátil (AV), alcalinidade total (AT), relação AV/AT, temperatura, reduções dos teores de sólidos totais (ST) e de sólidos voláteis (SV), produção de biogás/dia, teor de metano (CH4), potencial de produção de biogás por quilograma: de substrato (m3 kg-1 subst.), de sólidos totais adicionados (m3 kg-1ST adic.), de sólidos voláteis adicionados (m3 kg-1 SV adic.) e de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros (m3 kg-1 dej.), teores de...
Crude glycerin is a waste from biodiesel production with a low added value, however, it has a high carbon content and potential to produce good results if it is co-digested with a rich nitrogen material as animal manures. This way, the aim of this study was the co-digestion evaluation of dairy cattle manures and two types of crude glycerin: crude and blonde crude, in anaerobic digesters operated in semi-continuous system, under experimental design entirely randomized with 5 repetitions for each treatment, DBL – dairy cattle manures + water; DBL+GB - dairy cattle manures + crude glycerin + water; DBL+GL - dairy cattle manures + blonde crude glycerin + water. Daily loads were initiated both in DBL+GB and DBL+GL with 1,25% of crude glycerin and then rising to 2,5; 5; 7,5, 10, 15 and 20%; increases in percentages were made gradually and every 30 days. The parameters assessed were: pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), total alkalinity (TA), VFA/TA ratio, temperature, removal of total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS), biogas production, methane rate (CH4), potential of biogas production per kilogram: of substrate (m3 kg-1 subst.), total solids added (m3 kg-1 TS add.), volatile solids added (m3 kg-1 VS add.) and dairy cattle manures (m3 kg-1 dej.), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbon and organic matter content and carbon/nitrogen ratio. Least Square Means statistics was used to analyze the data (p<0,05). DBL+GB and DBL+GL treatments provided increments in biogas production in relation to DBL in all crude glycerin percentages tested. CH4 contents have been satisfactory and always above 59%, in all treatments. The ST and VS removals from DBL were less than DBL+GB and DBL+GL, and in these, increases in crude glycerin quantities accompanied. Potentials of biogas production varied according to the analyzed parameter: per kg of substrate and per kg of manures were higher in DBL+GB and in DBL+GL ...

11

Campos, Aloísio Torres de. "Análise da viabilidade da reciclagem de dejetos de bovinos com tratamento biológico, em sistema intensivo de produção de leite /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101909.

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Orientador: Widsney Alves Ferreira.
Banca: Ademercio Antonio Paccola
Banca: Jorge de Lucas Junior
Banca: Rubens Carneiro Ulbanere
Banca: Roberto Maciel Cardoso
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho econômico e a eficiência do tratamento biológico aeróbio, na redução e estabilização da matéria orgânica biodegradável, de dejetos líquidos de bovinos, visando a sua reciclagem na limpeza hidráulica das instalações dos animais ("free stall") e sua posterior utilização nas áreas de produção de forragem. O trabalho foi desenvolvido nas instalações do Sistema Intensivo de Produção de Leite (SIPL) da Embrapa - Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Leite (CNPGL), situado no município de Coronel Pacheco, MG. Dois reatores com capacidade útil de 300 m3 cada um foram construídos para compor as unidades do processo de lodo ativado por batelada (LAB), com sistemas de aeração prolongada e intermitente. Esses reatores foram dimensionados para um tempo de detenção hidráulico de 24 dias, com diluição dos dejetos (fezes + urina) em água na proporção de 1:1. Em cada reator foi instalado um aerador-misturador submersível, regulados para períodos de aeração de nove minutos e não-aeração de 18 minutos. Uma motobomba de rotor aberto, com vazão de 60 m3/h, foi utilizada para reciclar o efluente tratado sobre os corredores dos galpões de confinamento "free stall" e promover a limpeza hidráulica dos dejetos, que retornam aos tanques de aeração por gravidade por meio de canaletas. A drenagem dos reatores foi processada por uma motobomba submersa, com vazão de 10 m3/h, conduzindo o efluente até as áreas de produção de forragem, por escoamento superficial. A caracterização dos efluentes foi realizada por meio de amostragens na entrada e no interior dos tanques de aeração, na saída da tubulação de irrigação e dos dejetos puros dos animais. Foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: pH, temperatura, óleos e graxas, DBO total e solúvel, DQO total e solúvel, sólidos totais fixos e voláteis sólidos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the economic performance and efficiency of an aerobic biological treatment on the reduction and stabilization of the biodegradable organic matter of the bovine liquid manure. This effluent will be recycled in the hydraulic cleaning of the facilities (free stalls) and utilized in grass production areas. This work was done in the Embrapa - milk production intensive system (MPIS) facilities in Coronel Pacheco, state of Minas Gerais. Two reactors with capacity of 300 m3 each were built as the activated sludge sequencing batch reactor (SBR) units with prolonged and intermittent aeration. These reactors were dimensioned for a hydraulic retention time of 24 days with wastewater (manure + urine) dilution in water on the proportion of 1:1. In each reactor a submerged aerator-mixer was installed, with aeration and non-aeration periods of 9 and 18 minutes, respectively. A motor-pumping equipment with open rotor and flow of 60 m3/h was used for recycling the treated effluent on the halls of the free stall confinement facilities and to promote hydraulic cleaning of the effluent that will return to the aeration tanks by gravity conducted by channel structures. The drainage of the reactors was processed by a submerged motor-pumping equipment with flow of 10 m3/h driving the effluent to the grass production areas throughout superficial disposal. Effluent characterization was done by collecting samples on the entrance and the interior of the tanks, on the gate of the irrigation tubulation and on the bovine pure manure. There were analyzed the following parameters: pH, temperature, oils and fats, soluble and total BOD, soluble and total COD, volatile and total solids, sedimented solids, ammonia and total nitrogen, potassium, total phosphorus, magnesium and sodium. To evaluate the economic performance of the system, the costs, the annual investments... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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Bertozzo, Fernanda 1981. "Co-digestão anaeróbia de dejetos de bovinos e dois tipos de glicerina bruta /". Botucatu, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101810.

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Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Júnior
Banca: Monica Sarolli S. M.Costa
Banca: Adriane de Andrade Silva
Banca: Marco Antonio M. Biaggioni
Banca: Sérgio Campos
Resumo: A glicerina bruta é um resíduo da produção de biodiesel de baixo valor agregado, no entanto, possui alto teor de carbono e potencial para produzir bons resultados se co-digerida de maneira anaeróbia com um material rico em nitrogênio como os dejetos de animais. Sendo assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a co-digestão de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros e dois tipos de glicerina bruta: bruta e bruta loira, em biodigestores anaeróbios operados em sistema semi-contínuo, sob delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições por tratamento, sendo DBL - dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + água; DBL+GB - dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + glicerina bruta + água; DBL+GL - dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + glicerina bruta loira + água. As cargas diárias foram iniciadas tanto no DBL+GB como no DBL+GL com 1,25% de glicerina bruta passando em seguida para 2,5; 5; 7,5, 10, 15 e 20%; os aumentos nas porcentagens foram graduais e realizados a cada 30 dias, sendo este o TRH estabelecido. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: pH, acidez volátil (AV), alcalinidade total (AT), relação AV/AT, temperatura, reduções dos teores de sólidos totais (ST) e de sólidos voláteis (SV), produção de biogás/dia, teor de metano (CH4), potencial de produção de biogás por quilograma: de substrato (m3 kg-1 subst.), de sólidos totais adicionados (m3 kg-1ST adic.), de sólidos voláteis adicionados (m3 kg-1 SV adic.) e de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros (m3 kg-1 dej.), teores de ...
Abstract: Crude glycerin is a waste from biodiesel production with a low added value, however, it has a high carbon content and potential to produce good results if it is co-digested with a rich nitrogen material as animal manures. This way, the aim of this study was the co-digestion evaluation of dairy cattle manures and two types of crude glycerin: crude and blonde crude, in anaerobic digesters operated in semi-continuous system, under experimental design entirely randomized with 5 repetitions for each treatment, DBL - dairy cattle manures + water; DBL+GB - dairy cattle manures + crude glycerin + water; DBL+GL - dairy cattle manures + blonde crude glycerin + water. Daily loads were initiated both in DBL+GB and DBL+GL with 1,25% of crude glycerin and then rising to 2,5; 5; 7,5, 10, 15 and 20%; increases in percentages were made gradually and every 30 days. The parameters assessed were: pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), total alkalinity (TA), VFA/TA ratio, temperature, removal of total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS), biogas production, methane rate (CH4), potential of biogas production per kilogram: of substrate (m3 kg-1 subst.), total solids added (m3 kg-1 TS add.), volatile solids added (m3 kg-1 VS add.) and dairy cattle manures (m3 kg-1 dej.), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbon and organic matter content and carbon/nitrogen ratio. Least Square Means statistics was used to analyze the data (p<0,05). DBL+GB and DBL+GL treatments provided increments in biogas production in relation to DBL in all crude glycerin percentages tested. CH4 contents have been satisfactory and always above 59%, in all treatments. The ST and VS removals from DBL were less than DBL+GB and DBL+GL, and in these, increases in crude glycerin quantities accompanied. Potentials of biogas production varied according to the analyzed parameter: per kg of substrate and per kg of manures were higher in DBL+GB and in DBL+GL ...
Doutor

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Maciel, Thais Monique de Souza [UNESP]. "Atributos da solução e do solo de cerrado após aplicação de resíduo da extração de celulose". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/111097.

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A grande expansão das indústrias e do mercado consumidor tem provocado, nas últimas décadas, a geração de elevadas quantidades de resíduos. Com a produção de papel e celulose, as indústrias do setor têm gerado diariamente grandes quantidades de resíduos sólidos e efluentes, constituindo-se em uma grande preocupação ambiental e econômica. No intuito de retornar com estes subprodutos de forma sustentável à natureza, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar, em casa de vegetação usando colunas de solo e ciclos de umedecimento, o efeito da aplicação de resíduos da extração de celulose nos atributos físicos do solo e químicos da solução e do solo, especialmente aqueles relacionados à dispersão de argila de dois Latossolos Vermelhos. O experimento foi implantado na Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira (UNESP), localizada no município de Ilha Solteira, SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com 7 tratamentos e 4 repetições, para cada solo. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1 – sem adição de calcário e resíduo (controle); T2 – 1,0 t ha-1 de calcário calcítico; T3 – 1,2 t ha-1 de dregs/grits; T4 – 0,8 t ha-1 de lama cal; T5 – 2,4 t ha-1 de cinza; T6 – 1,8 t ha-1 de dregs/grits + lama cal + cinza na proporção 1:3:6; T7 – 1,0 t ha-1 de dregs/grits + lama cal na proporção 1:3. O solo foi coletado e caracterizado química e físicamente antes do período do experimento. Durante o período de incubação foi avaliado o potencial matricial do solo por meio de tensiômetros e a composição química da solução extraída de cada solo estudado por extratores de solução. Após esse período, desmontando as colunas de solo, foram avaliados os atributos físicos: distribuição e estabilidade de agregados, porosidade do solo, densidade do solo, granulometria e também os atributos químicos solo: MO, pH, K, Ca, Mg, Na, H + Al, Al. A ...
The great expansion of industry and the consumer market has led, in recent decades, the generation of large amounts of waste. With the production of cellulose and paper the industries in the sector have generated daily large amounts of solid waste and effluents, thus becoming a major environmental and economic concern. In order to return with these by-products in a sustainable manner to nature, the purpose of the study was to evaluate, under greenhouse conditions, using soil columns and cycles of wetting, the effect of residues from the cellulose extraction in the soil physical and chemical attributes and chemical soil solution, especially those related to the scattering of two Oxisols different texture. The experiment was established at the Faculty of Engineering, Campus Ilha Solteira, University of Sao Paulo State (UNESP), located in the municipality of Ilha Solteira, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 7 treatments and 4 replicates for each soil. The treatments were: T1 - without the addition of lime and residue (control), T2 - 1.0 t ha-1 of limestone, T3 - 1.2 t ha-1 dregs/grits, T4 - 0.8 t ha-1 of lime mud; T5 - 2.4 t ha-1 ash, T6 - 1.8 t ha-1 dregs/grits + lime mud + ash in the ratio 1:3: 6, T7 – 1.0 t ha-1 dregs/grits + lime mud in the ratio 1:3. The soil was collected and characterized chemically and physically before the period of the experiment. During the incubation period was assessed soil matric potential by tensiometers and chemical composition of the extracted soil solution. After this period, dismounted the soil columns and the physical attributes were evaluated: distribution and aggregate stability, soil porosity, soil bulk density, particle size and also the soil chemical attributes: OM, pH, K, Ca, Mg, Na, H + Al, Al . The BS, CEC and Base saturation % were calculated. The results were analyzed by performing analysis of variance and ...

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Maciel, Thais Monique de Souza. "Atributos da solução e do solo de cerrado após aplicação de resíduo da extração de celulose /". Ilha Solteira, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/111097.

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Orientador: Marlene Cristina Alves
Co-orientador: Flavia Carvalho Silva Fernandes
Banca: Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho
Banca: Zigomar Menezes de Souza
Resumo: A grande expansão das indústrias e do mercado consumidor tem provocado, nas últimas décadas, a geração de elevadas quantidades de resíduos. Com a produção de papel e celulose, as indústrias do setor têm gerado diariamente grandes quantidades de resíduos sólidos e efluentes, constituindo-se em uma grande preocupação ambiental e econômica. No intuito de retornar com estes subprodutos de forma sustentável à natureza, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar, em casa de vegetação usando colunas de solo e ciclos de umedecimento, o efeito da aplicação de resíduos da extração de celulose nos atributos físicos do solo e químicos da solução e do solo, especialmente aqueles relacionados à dispersão de argila de dois Latossolos Vermelhos. O experimento foi implantado na Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira (UNESP), localizada no município de Ilha Solteira, SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com 7 tratamentos e 4 repetições, para cada solo. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1 - sem adição de calcário e resíduo (controle); T2 - 1,0 t ha-1 de calcário calcítico; T3 - 1,2 t ha-1 de dregs/grits; T4 - 0,8 t ha-1 de lama cal; T5 - 2,4 t ha-1 de cinza; T6 - 1,8 t ha-1 de dregs/grits + lama cal + cinza na proporção 1:3:6; T7 - 1,0 t ha-1 de dregs/grits + lama cal na proporção 1:3. O solo foi coletado e caracterizado química e físicamente antes do período do experimento. Durante o período de incubação foi avaliado o potencial matricial do solo por meio de tensiômetros e a composição química da solução extraída de cada solo estudado por extratores de solução. Após esse período, desmontando as colunas de solo, foram avaliados os atributos físicos: distribuição e estabilidade de agregados, porosidade do solo, densidade do solo, granulometria e também os atributos químicos solo: MO, pH, K, Ca, Mg, Na, H + Al, Al. A ...
Abstract: The great expansion of industry and the consumer market has led, in recent decades, the generation of large amounts of waste. With the production of cellulose and paper the industries in the sector have generated daily large amounts of solid waste and effluents, thus becoming a major environmental and economic concern. In order to return with these by-products in a sustainable manner to nature, the purpose of the study was to evaluate, under greenhouse conditions, using soil columns and cycles of wetting, the effect of residues from the cellulose extraction in the soil physical and chemical attributes and chemical soil solution, especially those related to the scattering of two Oxisols different texture. The experiment was established at the Faculty of Engineering, Campus Ilha Solteira, University of Sao Paulo State (UNESP), located in the municipality of Ilha Solteira, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 7 treatments and 4 replicates for each soil. The treatments were: T1 - without the addition of lime and residue (control), T2 - 1.0 t ha-1 of limestone, T3 - 1.2 t ha-1 dregs/grits, T4 - 0.8 t ha-1 of lime mud; T5 - 2.4 t ha-1 ash, T6 - 1.8 t ha-1 dregs/grits + lime mud + ash in the ratio 1:3: 6, T7 - 1.0 t ha-1 dregs/grits + lime mud in the ratio 1:3. The soil was collected and characterized chemically and physically before the period of the experiment. During the incubation period was assessed soil matric potential by tensiometers and chemical composition of the extracted soil solution. After this period, dismounted the soil columns and the physical attributes were evaluated: distribution and aggregate stability, soil porosity, soil bulk density, particle size and also the soil chemical attributes: OM, pH, K, Ca, Mg, Na, H + Al, Al . The BS, CEC and Base saturation % were calculated. The results were analyzed by performing analysis of variance and ...
Mestre

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Thomsson, Olof. "Systems analysis of small-scale systems for food supply and organic waste management /". Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/a185.pdf.

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Sahlström, Leena. "Recycled biowaste as a source of infection /". Uppsala : Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200670.pdf.

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Rothpfeffer, Caroline. "From wood to waste and waste to wood : aspects on recycling waste products from the pulp mill to the forest soil /". Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Soils, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200783.pdf.

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Costa, Antonio Marcos Tubiana de. "Codigestão anaeróbia de resíduos bovinos e suínos: caracterização química e produção de biofertilizante para uso em cultura de milho". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1116.

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Ao abordar o tema contaminação ambiental, logo se recorda a quantidade de resíduos domésticos e urbanos, que são gerados nas cidades e metrópoles, os quais muitas vezes não recebem nenhum tipo de tratamento. Porém, problemas de contaminação ambiental também estão vinculados à agricultura, onde são gerados resíduos orgânicos com elevados potenciais poluidores. Dessa forma, o projeto objetivou estudar o processo de codigestão anaeróbia de dejetos bovinos e suínos oriundos de sistemas de produção de suínos e atividade pecuária leiteira, como alternativa para tratamento destes tipos de matrizes, além de investigar a eficiência do biofertilizante produzido a partir das matrizes de resíduos em cultura de milho. Para isso, se coletaram amostras de dejetos de bovinos e suínos para caracterização e posterior utilização nos ensaios com tratamentos diferentes. Na sequência se fez a preparação das amostras para os ensaios utilizando-se de inoculos diferenciados (in natura, inoculo da rede de saneamento básico e inoculo isolado de dejeto bovino) com o propósito de avaliar a degradação dos dejetos via codigestão anaeróbia. Em cada ensaio citado se fizeram vinte tratamentos, via planejamento fatorial 2³, com seis pontos centrais, sendo as variáveis de entrada: tempo, fração de sólidos e razão de mistura; e as variáveis respostas (dependentes): pH, razão AV/AL, umidade, série de sólidos, razão SV/ST, redução de sólidos totais, DQO, redução de DQO, nitrogênio total, fósforo e potássio. Fez-se depois o estudo cinético do processo, se utilizando do ensaio in natura com proporção de mistura de 75% em dejeto suíno e 25% em dejeto bovino, com fração de sólidos de 8,9%, mediante Teste de Tukey. Após a estabilização da biomassa utilizada, fez-se a aplicação do biofertilizante em cultura de milho, comparando-se com fertilizante comercial (ureia), verificando-se o crescimento e desenvolvimento desta cultura. No planejamento fatorial se concluiu mediante análise de Tukey e considerando a importância de cada variável resposta que o ensaio in natura apresentou as melhores condições operacionais, pois se teve o maior número de variáveis respostas sendo consideradas satisfatórias, como razão AV/AL, razão SV/ST e redução da DQO. Observou-se durante o estudo cinético que a biomassa apresentou estabilização próxima aos vinte dias de tratamento, indicando a degradação orgânica dos dejetos em codigestão e produção de biofertilizante, o qual é mais estável e menos poluente ao ambiente, sendo utilizado como opção no processo de fertilização de culturas agrícolas como o milho. No que diz respeito à utilização do biofertilizante (40 kg.ha-1), notou-se semelhança deste se comparado à ureia (40 kg.ha-1) para o cultivo de milho, podendo ser uma alternativa interessante de destinação dos dejetos, diminuindo a poluição ambiental causada pelo manejo inadequado.
When discussing environmental contamination, just remember the amount of domestic and urban waste that are generated in towns and cities, which often do not receive any treatment. However, problems of environmental contamination are linked to agriculture, where organic waste with high potential polluters is generated. This way, the project had the objective of studying the anaerobic codigestion process of cattle and pig waste from the swine production systems and dairy farming activity, as an alternative to the treatment of these kinds of matrices, as well as to investigate the efficiency of biofertilizer matrices produced from the waste in cultured maize. For this, samples of manure from cattle and pigs were collected for characterization and subsequent use in the tests with different treatments. Then, the preparation of samples for the tests using the different inocula were made (in natura, inoculum of sanitation and inoculum isolated from bovine manure), in order to evaluate the degradation of waste via anaerobic codigestão. In each test mentioned twenty treatments were made, via 2³ factorial design with six central points, where the input variables: time, fraction of solids and mixing ratio; and the response variables (dependent): pH, ratio AV/AL, moisture, solids, ratio SV/ST, reduction of total solids, COD, reduction of COD, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It was made after the kinetic study of the process, using the test in natura mix ratio of 75% in swine manure and 25% in cattle manure with solid fraction of 8.9% by the Tukey test. After stabilization of the biomass used, there was the application of biofertilizers in crop maize compared with commercial fertilizer (urea), verifying the growth and development of this culture. In factorial design was completed by Tukey analysis and considering the importance of each variable response that the test in natura presented the best operating conditions, because it had the largest number of variable responses being considered satisfactory ratio as AV / AL, ratio SV / ST and COD reduction. It was observed during the kinetic study that biomass showed stabilization next to twenty days of treatment, indicating the degradation of organic waste in codigestão and biofertilizer production, which is more stable and less polluting to the environment, being used as an option in process fertilization of agricultural crops such as maize. Regarding the use of biofertilizers (40 kg.ha-1), this similarity was noted compared to urea (40 kg.ha-1) for the cultivation of maize and it may be an interesting alternative for allocation of waste, reducing environmental pollution caused by improper handling.

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Tavares, Ladiel Luiz Pedrozo. "Produção de lipase por Bacillus licheniformis (UCP 1014) a partir de meios a base de resíduo da indústria de sorvetes". Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2011. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=804.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O Bacillus licheniformis é uma bactéria versátil, e tem sido utilizada atualmente na produção de diversos produtos bitecnológicos. As lipases (E.C.3.1.1.3 ) são enzimas encontradas na natureza, podendo ser obtidas de fontes animais, vegetais e microbianas, sendo essas últimas bastante utilizadas devido a série de vantagens apresentadas frente as demais. A utilização de rejeitos industriais para produção e formulação de meios de produção de diversos bioprodutos, tem surgido como uma alternativa de minimizar o descarte de rejeitos das diversas indústrias de produção, principalmente as de origem alimentícia. Sorvetes são produtos alimentícios obtidos a partir de uma emulsão de gorduras e proteínas, com ou sem a adição de outros ingredientes e substâncias que tenham sido submetidas ao congelamento, a sua produção em larga escala gera resíduos sólido-líquidos com uma grande quantidade de gorduras e outros resíduos orgânicos. Neste trabalho, inicialmente foram realizados estudos para selecionar meio alternativo para produção de lipase por B. licheniformis (UCP 1014). E a seguir a formulação de um meio alternativo de produção, utilizando um resíduo da indústria de sorvete através de um planejamento fatorial de 24. Os ensaios ocorreram durante 96h, a 37oC Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o meio denominado de C (glicose 1,0%, peptona, 2,0%, extrato de levedura 0,5%, óleo de oliva, 1,0%, NaNO3 0,1%, KH2PO4 0,1%, MgSO4. 7H2O 0,05%), apresentando uma atividade lipolítica de 256 (U/ml)/min. Os ensaios referentes ao planejamento fatorial, indicaram que o ensaio 11 apresentou a maior atividade de 480 U/mL, para a lipase produzida. Os resultados obtidos sugerem o reaproveitamento de resíduos oleosos provenientes da indústria de sorvete para formulação e produção de lipase microbiana.
The bacterium Bacillus licheniformis is a versatile, and has been used currently in production of various bitecnológicos. Lipases ( E.C.3.1.1.3) are enzymes found in nature and may be obtained from animal sources, plants and microbes, the latter being widely used due to several advantages presented against the other. The use of industrial wastes for production and formulation of means of production of various bioproducts, has emerged as an alternative to minimize the disposal of tailings from various manufacturing industries, especially those from food. Ice creams are food products obtained from an emulsion of fats and proteins, with or without the addition of other ingredients and substances which have been subjected to freezing their production generates large-scale solid-liquid waste with a large amount of fat and other organic wastes. In this work I study was conducted to select an alternative means for lipase production by B. licheniformis (UCP 1014). And then the formulation of an alternative means of production, using waste from ice cream industry through a factorial design, 24. The tests occurred during 96h at 37oC The results indicated that the middle called C (glucose 1.0%, peptone 2.0%, 0.5% yeast extract, olive oil, 1.0%, NaNO3 0.1%, 0.1% KH2PO4, MgSO4. 7H2O 0.05%), indicating a lipase activity of 256 (U / ml) / min. Tests of the factorial design, the test indicated that 11 had the highest activity of 480 U / mL for lipase production. The results suggest the reuse of waste oil from the ice cream industry for the development and production of microbial lipase.

20

Johnson, Hailey E. "Co-utilisation of microalgae for wastewater treatment and the production of animal feed supplements". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003999.

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Microalgae have a variety of commercial applications, the oldest of which include utilisation as a food source and for use in wastewater treatment. These applications, however, are seldom combined due to toxicity concerns, for ethical reasons, and generally the requirement for cultivation of a single algae species for use as a feed supplement. These problems might be negated if a “safer” wastewater such as that from agricultural and/or commercial food production facilities were to be utilised and if a stable algae population can be maintained. In this investigation preliminary studies were carried out using an Integrated Algae Pond System (IAPS) for domestic wastewater treatment to determine the species composition in the associated High Rate Algae Ponds (HRAPs). The effect of different modes of operation, continuous versus batch, on nutrient removal, productivity and species composition was also investigated. Furthermore, indigenous species in the HRAP were isolated and molecularly identified as, Chlorella, Micractinium, Scenedesmus and Pediastrum. Additionally, the effect of the nor amino acid, 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMTBA) and its Cu-chelated derivative, on the growth and biochemical composition of Chlorella, Micractinium, Scenedesmus, Pediastrum and Spirulina was investigated. Species composition in the HRAP was stable under continuous operation with Micractinium dominating > 90% of the algae population. Under batch operation the population dynamic shifted; Chlorella outcompeted Micractinium possibly due to nutrient depletion and selective grazing pressures caused by proliferation of Daphnia. Higher species diversity was observed during batch mode as slower growing algae were able to establish in the HRAP. Nutrient removal efficiency and biomass productivity was higher in continuous mode, however lower nutrient levels were obtained in batch operation. HMTBA did not significantly affect growth rate, however treatment with 10 mg.L-1 resulted in slightly increased growth rate in Micractinium and increased final biomass concentrations in Chlorella, Micractinium and Spirulina (although this was not statistically significant for Micractinium and Spirulina), which are known mixotrophic species. Algae treated with Cu-HMTBA, showed reduced final biomass concentration with 10 mg.L-1, caused by Cu toxicity. Biochemical composition of the algae was species-specific and differed through the growth cycle, with high protein observed during early growth and high carbohydrate during late growth/early stationary phase. Additionally, 0.1 mg.L-1 HMTBA and Cu-HMTBA significantly reduced protein content in Chlorella, Micractinium, Scenedesmus and Pediastrum. In conclusion, operation of the HRAP in continuous culture provided suitable wastewater treatment with high productivity of an ideal species, Micractinium, for use in animal feed supplementation. This species had 40% protein content during growth (higher than the other species tested) and dominated the HRAP at > 90% of the algae population during continuous mode. Addition of HMTBA (> 1 mg.L-1) to algae cultivation systems and those treating wastewater, has the potential to improve productivity and the value of the biomass by enhancing protein content. Overall, the co-utilisation of microalgae for wastewater treatment and the generation of a biomass rich in protein, for incorporation into formulated animal feed supplements, represents a closed ecosystem which conserves nutrients and regenerates a most valuable resource, water.

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Silva, Ricardo Vandré Trótski Oliveira. "Resíduos de coco, acerola e caju para produção de carvão ativado". Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2015. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1088.

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Com o crescimento das atividades industriais e da população, aumentam também a quantidade de resíduos gerados que ocasiona problemas ambientais. No Brasil, produtor de bens na agroindústria, os problemas causados pelo acúmulo e destinação inadequada dos resíduos sólidos é de grande porte. A partir dessa problemática são criados mecanismos que incentivam a reutilização e reciclagem dos resíduos. É buscando desenvolver tecnologia inédita de matérias-primas alternativas que se produziu carvão ativado a partir de resíduos de coco, acerola e caju. Primeiramente coletou-se a fibra-de-coco seco e bagaços/cascas de acerola e do caju para posterior preparação desse material através da impregnação com ZnCl2, da ativação química e da realização de um teste de avaliação da eficiência do carvão. Foi produzido carvão ativado com todas as amostras, onde a aplicação na amostra de água coletada no rio Capibaribe (perto do túnel Chico Science), Recife, Pernambuco, apresentou redução da turbidez em 97,3 % usando o tratamento com 25 % de fibra-de-coco + 75 % de caju.
With the growth of industrial activities and population, also increases the amount of generated waste which causes environmental problems. In Brazil, a major producer of goods in the agricultural industry, the problems caused by the accumulation and improper disposal of solid waste are large. From this problematic, mechanisms that encourage the reuse and recycling of waste are created. It is seeking to develop new technology of alternative raw materials that are produced activated carbon from coconut waste, barbados cherry and cashew. Primarily, the collection of fiber-to-dry coconut and cake/shells from barbados cherry and cashew for later preparation of this material by impregnation with ZnCl2, chemical activation and conducting an evaluation test coal efficiency. The result, within all samples, was an activated carbon where the application in the water sample collected from the Capibaribe River (near Chico Science tunnel), Recife, presented a decrease in turbidity in 97.3% using treatment with 25% fiber- coconut + 75% cashew.

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Vaz, Ana Claudia Nüernberg. "Avaliação de dois modelos de vermicompostagem para gerenciamento de resíduos orgânicos crus e aplicação como tema de educação ambiental no ensino formal". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2554.

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Do total de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos gerados no Brasil, 51% são resíduos orgânicos dispostos em aterros sanitários ou lixões. A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos integra as Políticas Nacionais do Meio Ambiente e da Educação Ambiental. Isso indica o reconhecimento do resíduo sólido reutilizável e reciclável como um bem econômico, de valor social, promotor de cidadania, gerador de trabalho e renda. O resíduo orgânico gerado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR câmpus Curitiba, serviu como estudo de caso para avaliar o gerenciamento e tratamento de resíduos orgânicos utilizando a vermicompostagem e serviu como dinamizador da Educação Ambiental - EA para o ensino fundamental. Para o gerenciamento dos resíduos orgânicos em grande escala, como no Restaurante Universitário-RU da UTFPR, foi verificada a separação de resíduos na cozinha durante uma semana de resíduos crus, sobras do buffet e do prato. Os resíduos crus foram tratados em dois modelos de vermidigestores, um composto por caixas com o fundo modificado com furos e outro com barras. Os resíduos orgânicos crus mais gerados foram folhas de alface, repolho e cascas de pepino que formaram o substrato de alimento para os vermidigestores, e foram adicionados 10 kg de vermicomposto com 1,21 kg de minhocas da espécie Eisenia fetida por m2. O experimento foi planejado conduzido em 60 dias com uma aplicação de alimentação. A cada três dias foram retiradas amostras do vermicomposto e do lixiviado para analisar os seguintes parâmetros: temperatura; umidade; pH; quantidade de lixiviado; substâncias húmicas; coliformes; salmonella; relação C/N; macro e micronutrientes. Os resultados apresentaram temperatura média de 23ºC; a umidade média de 81%; o pH se manteve constante em 7,7; coliformes e salmonella foram encontrados abaixo do limite estabelecido e a relação média C/N no vermicomposto e do chorume foi de 10,8/1. A análise de micro e macro nutrientes indicou um fertilizante rico em nitrogênio e alta quantidade de ferro para os dois modelos. Observou-se que o modelo do vermidigestor com barras obteve melhor resultado quando avaliada a decomposição da matéria orgânica lábil, escoamento de lixiviado e reprodução da população de minhocas, sendo indicado para gerenciamento em grande escala. Para a aplicação em pequena escala, os dois modelos são adequados. A técnica da vermicompostagem foi aplicada em atividade de EA em escolas do ensino básico, as dificuldades e questionamentos dos professores, forneceram subsídios para o desenvolvimento de duas cartilhas: uma para o público infantil e outra para o público adulto.
Of the total urban solid waste generated in Brazil, 51% is organic waste disposed in landfills. The National Solid Waste Policy is part of the National Environmental Policy and articulates with the National Environmental Education Policy, and indicates the recognition of reusable and recyclable solid waste as an economic good, of social value, as a promoter of citizenship, a generator of jobs and income. The organic waste generated at the Federal Technology University of Paraná - UTFPR campus Curitiba, served as a case study to evaluate the management and treatment of organic waste using vermicomposting, which requires less space and serves as a promoter of Environmental Education - EE for teaching. For the management of large-scale organic waste, such as UTFPR University Restaurant-UR, the separation of residues in the kitchen was verified, the amount generated during a week of both raw and leftover waste from the buffet and dish. Two models of vermidigestors were used in duplicate, one consisting of boxes with the bottom modified with holes and another with bars. The most commonly generated raw organic residues were leaves of lettuce, cabbage and cucumber peels. Each of these vegetables was chopped separately to compose the food substrate, and to form the initial substrate that goes into the vermidigestores, 10 kg of humus were added with 1.21 kg of earthworms othe species Eisenia fétida per m2. The experiment was conducted in 60 days with only one feeding application. Samples of vermicompost and leachate were collected every three days to analyze the parameters temperature, humidity, pH, amount of leachate, humic substances, Coliforms, Salmonella, C / N ratio, macro and micronutrients. The results presented average temperature of 23ºC; The average humidity of 81%; The pH remained constant at 7.7; Coliforms and Salmonella were found below the established limit, and the mean C / N ratio in vermicompost and manure was 10.8 / 1. The analysis of micro and macro nutrients indicated a fertilizer rich in nitrogen and high amount of iron for both models. It was observed that the model of vermidigestor with bars obtained better result when evaluating the decomposition of the labile organic matter, leachate flow and reproduction of the earthworm population, being this model the one indicated for large scale management. For small scale application the two models are suitable. The box vermicomposting technique was applied in the EE activity from a primary school, identifying the difficulties and questions of the teachers, provided subsidies for the development of two booklets, one for the infantile public and another one for the adult public.

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Boshoff, Evette. "The story of waste - an organic waste recycling park in Pretoria". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31614.

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The main focus of the project is to tell the story of waste - to improve awareness and to help people grasp the colossal problem of landfill space running out! Currently, only 5% of the 3 million tons of waste, produced by Tshwane per year, is being recycled at landfill sites and yet 80% of the waste is recyclable! (Dekker, F. 2012) Where will we go with all of our waste when there’s no space left for landfill sites? What would happen if landfill sites start to take over our parks and green open spaces?! We need to start thinking green and recycle in order to prevent this from happening. The idea behind the design is to change the visitors’ perception of waste by allowing the visitors to go through a process of discovery in order to experience and become aware of the problem and value of waste in a fun and exciting way. The project is multifaceted with a variety of activities and spaces that contribute to the story of waste being told - educating the visitors about the endless possibilities of recycled waste and how they can make a difference by recycling and using waste as a resource.
Mini Disserration (ML(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Architecture
unrestricted

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Fourcroy, Elena. "Gouvernance territoriale pour l’anticipation et la résolution des conflits dans les projets de valorisation des digestats de méthanisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COMP2794.

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La bioéconomie et l'économie circulaire se sont imposées récemment comme des composantes majeures des politiques de transition écologique, énergétique et sociale de l'Union Européenne. Soutenu par ces politiques publiques, le secteur de la méthanisation connait, depuis quelques années, un essor remarquable. La méthanisation permet en effet de produire à la fois du gaz issu de sources renouvelables, et du digestat, un co-produit aux propriétés amendantes et fertilisantes utiles à l'agriculture. Le « retour au sol » du digestat est d'ailleurs considéré comme un élément clé de la circularité de la filière méthanisation. Cependant, de nombreuses controverses demeurent sur les impacts environnementaux et sanitaires du retour au sol de digestats, et des conflits générés par les externalités négatives avérées ou supposées de la valorisation des digestats affectent le développement de la filière. Nous employons une méthode qualitative, centrée sur des analyses de cas, pour explorer ce sujet encore très peu étudié dans la littérature scientifique. Nous tentons de comprendre, tout d'abord, la nature de ces conflits puis, comment les mécanismes de gouvernance territoriale permettent d'anticiper ou de résoudre ces conflits. Nos résultats montrent que les conflits émergent autour de certaines dimensions du capital territorial : préservation du capital naturel, inadéquation du capital infrastructurel, et oppositions autour du capital culturel. Ces conflits cristallisent souvent des situations antérieures tendues, à l'échelle locale ou régionale. L'activation de la proximité territoriale, à différentes échelles, locale, régionale et sous-régionale, avec l'aide, parfois, d'un ou plusieurs intermédiaires publiques ou privés, permet aux acteurs des territoires de se coordonner pour, à la fois, échanger des informations et mieux mobiliser le capital territorial pour produire et acquérir de nouvelles connaissances en cas d'incertitudes sur les impacts des digestats, et pour élaborer des visions politiques communes autour du développement de la filière
The bioeconomy and the circular economy have recently gained a major place in the European Union policies on the ecological, energy and social transition. Supported by these public policies, the biogas sector has experienced a remarkable growth in recent years. Biogas production makes it possible to produce both gas from renewable resources, and digestate, a by-product which amending and fertilizing properties are useful for agriculture. The “return to the soil” of digestate is considered as a key element of the circularity of the biogas sector. However, numerous controversies remain over the environmental and health impacts of returning digestates to the soil, and conflicts related to the actual or supposed negative externalities of digestates negatively impact the development of the sector. We use a qualitative method, centred on the analysis of case studies, to explore this topic, about which the scientific literature remains very scarce. We try to understand, at first, the nature of these conflicts, and secondly, how territorial governance mechanisms can anticipate or solve these conflicts. Our results show that conflicts emerge around certain dimensions of the territorial capital: the preservation of the natural capital, the inadequacy of the infrastructural and equipment capital, and oppositions around the cultural capital. These conflicts often crystallize previous tense situations, at a local or regional scale. The activation of territorial proximity, at different spatial scales, local, regional and sub-regional, with the intervention, sometimes, of one or more public or private intermediaries, allows stakeholders to coordinate in order to: exchange information and better mobilize the territorial capital, produce and acquire new knowledge in the event of uncertainty about the impacts of digestates, and develop common political visions on the development of the sector

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Queste, Jérôme. "Concertation et changements : le cas du recyclage desdéchets organiques à la Réunion". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAH009/document.

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Les interactions entre activités humaines et environnement constituent des enjeux d'action publique. Il s'agit de concilier des intérêts individuels et un environnement institué en intérêt général, en prenant en considération les multiples usages des objets naturels et les préoccupations d'acteurs hétérogènes. Le traitement de ces enjeux a constitué un laboratoire d'expérimentation de nouvelles modalités de gouvernance, fondés notamment sur une plus grande participation des parties prenantes des problèmes environnementaux et sur une relation renouvelée entre sciences et sociétés. En dépit d'études de cas probantes et d'un engouement suspect, ces modalités fondées sur des processus de concertation restent controversées. Leur efficience est débattue et leur articulation avec d'autres instruments d'action publique continue de poser problème.Le projet Girovar visait à promouvoir le recyclage des déchets organiques à la Réunion. Il nous a fourni une opportunité de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des dynamiques par lesquelles un processus de concertation est susceptible de contribuer à l'évolution des activités humaines posant un problème environnemental. Un suivi ethnographique du processus de concertation, puis, des situations d'échange des matières organiques en circulation, nous a permis de tester deux hypothèses de contribution au changement, l'une fondée sur l'apprentissage, l'autre sur le changement institutionnel.Le recyclage des déchets organiques représente un cas atypique d'interaction entre activités humaines et environnement. Son analyse nous a conduits à déplacer notre analyse des situations d'utilisation vers les transactions au cours desquelles ces objets sont mis en circulation, analyse pour laquelle nous avons mobilisé des outils de sociologie économique.Cette analyse a montré que le processus de concertation influence des dynamiques existantes via une diffusion d'informations, des apprentissages variés mais limités aux participants à la concertation et l'émergence d'un projet cohérent qui peut contribuer à légitimer des changements institutionnels et induire une coordination des acteurs économiques via une anticipation partagée. Ces résultats militent pour le maintien d'une certaine distance entre arènes de concertation et espaces de décision et de production institutionnelle. L'identité des participants au processus de concertation se révèle déterminant et devrait faire l'objet d'une attention particulière
Improving the interactions between economic activities and the environment is a contemporary challenge and has been a major research topic for the last decades. Current trends recommend to implement dialogue processes to contribute to adaptive governance systems, ensuring both sustainable use of natural resources and protection of ecosystems. Despite growing empirical case studies, political ideologies and emerging analytical framework, the relationships between dialogue processes and effective observed changes in the human-nature interactions still remain unclear.This research explored the mechanisms through which a dialogue process may contribute to effectives changes in the way human-nature interactions were organized. To address this question, we did apprehend human-nature interactions as economic activities and focused on the organization of the markets involving natural resources. Two hypothesis of contribution of dialogue processes to market organization change based on literature were set: The improvement of organizations and individuals actors skills, knowledge and information through collective learning and the evolution of market organization through institutional change.Our research was conducted using the Girovar project as a case-study. In la Réunion, this project implemented a dialogue process to explore collectively large-scale recycling scenarios to solve a growing environmental issue of organic waste treatment. Parallel ethnographic studies were conducted to analysis both the dialogue process and evolutions of effective economic transactions involving two types of organic wastes: poultry litter and green-waste compost.Our main results are that dialogue processes provide resources to operational actors but do not trigger change. These resources include knowledge exchange and technical learning but exclusively to dialogue participants. At a broader scale, assessing the credibility, saliency and legitimacy of the recycling solution provides a “rational myth” that contributes to institutional change at both institutional and operational level. These mechanisms, whose genericity should be further assessed, qualify dialogue processes as a relevant component of a broader adaptive governance system

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Barros, João Lúcio de. "Biocoque de eucalipto como fonte de energia renovável para uso siderúrgico /". Sorocaba, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190651.

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Orientador: Leandro Cardoso de Morais
Resumo: O Brasil se destaca na produção do ferro e aço, e principalmente na utilização de fontes renováveis como insumos energéticos para sua produção. O biocoque possui potencial para utilização de biomassas como insumos energéticos em alto fornos, em substituição aos tradicionais combustíveis fósseis, carvão e coque, porém, ainda é um material pouco conhecido cientificamente. O objetivo foi encontrar os parâmetros adequados para a produção, em escala laboratorial, do biocoque de casca e serragem da madeira de eucalipto. Também verificar suas principais características térmicas e físico-químicas, antes e após a produção do biocoque. Foi usado a casca e serragem de eucalipto para a produção do biocoque. Os materiais passaram por analises de umidade, analise imediata, analise elementar, poder calorífico, densidades, resistência mecânica, estabilidade dimensional, termogravimetria, microscopia MEV, espectroscopia FTIR e EDS, difratometria de raio-x e análises cinética. O biocoque para ambos os materiais foram prensados com força de 10 toneladas sob 180 °C de temperatura por 10 minutos, apresentando características físico-químicas adequadas para o uso. Os biocoques tiveram caracteristicas físicas adequadas a necessidade de uso com alta resistência mecânica, com aproximadamente 10 MPa para ambos os materiais e durabilidade acima de 99 %. A densidade aparente (1.350 kg.m-3) foi aumentada aproximadamente cinco vezes comparado ao valor inicial para o material particulado. Os materiais apres... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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CAMELIN, ENRICO. "Waste meets poor soils: perspectives on sewage sludge recycling". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2842501.

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SILVA, Alice Sabrina Ferreira da. "Avaliação do processo de compostagem com diferentes proporções de resíduos de limpeza urbana e restos de alimentos". Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17905.

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Submitted by Natalia de Souza Gonçalves (natalia.goncalves@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-20T14:56:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Alice_Silva (FINAL).pdf: 1981868 bytes, checksum: aa9f9dc8b3610b2ecf9a0894e58cfe5d (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-20T14:56:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Alice_Silva (FINAL).pdf: 1981868 bytes, checksum: aa9f9dc8b3610b2ecf9a0894e58cfe5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25
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No Brasil, há necessidade urgente de pesquisas para o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de técnicas que viabilizem a gestão sustentável de resíduos. Essa necessidade é especialmente grave nas áreas urbanas, devido ao aumento populacional e aos padrões de consumo. A biomassa residual corresponde a aproximadamente 50% dos resíduos sólidos urbanos e é proveniente principalmente das ações de limpeza urbana, como varrição e podas de áreas públicas, de preparo e consumo de alimentos. Praticamente toda biomassa residual gerada em áreas urbanas é disposta em lixões e aterros controlados, juntamente com os demais tipos de resíduos. Uma das alternativas para a destinação sustentável da biomassa residual urbana é a produção de adubo por meio da compostagem. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a melhor proporção entre biomassa residual do serviço de limpeza urbana e os resíduos de alimentos dos restaurantes e cantinas do campus do UFPE para a produção do adubo orgânico de melhor qualidade em menor tempo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, distribuídos entre proporções diferentes de material vegetal (MV) e resíduo de alimentos (RA): T1 = Material vegetal (MV) 100% + resíduos de alimentos (RA) 0% (v/v); T2 = 90% MV + 10% RA; T3 = 80% MV + 20% RA; T4 = 70% MV + 30% RA; T5 = 60% MV + 40% RA; T6 = 50% MV + 50% RA. Foram realizados testes de compostagem em pilhas de 50 kg de material vegetal e resíduo de alimentos, por um período de 120 dias. Durante o período de compostagem, foram realizadas análises das concentrações de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e Carbono orgânico total, bem como monitoramento de pH, temperatura e umidade das pilhas. O tratamento T6 apresentou qualidade superior entre os demais tratamentos, em termos nutricionais. O T3 não apresentou diferenças significativas no tempo de estabilização comparado aos tratamentos T4, T5 e T6, tendo atingido relação C/N de 18/1 em apenas 30 dias. Esses resultados sugerem que, com uma proporção de 20% RA e 80 de MV em apenas 30 dias de estabilização, o composto orgânico estaria pronto para uso, o que poderia otimizar o uso de mão de obra e diminuir a necessidade de água para umidecer as pilhas, além de finalizar o processo mais rapidamente.
In Brazil, there is an urgent need for research to the development and improvement of techniques that enable the sustainable management of waste. This need is particularly acute in urban areas, due to population growth and consumption patterns. The residual biomass corresponds to approximately 50% of municipal solid waste and comes mainly from urban cleaning activities, such as public areas sweeping and pruning, preparation and consumption of food. Virtually all biomass waste generated in urban areas is disposed in open dumps and controlled landfills along with other types of waste. One alternative for sustainable biomass disposal of urban waste is the production of manure by composting. This study aimed to identify the best ratio between residual biomass of urban sanitation services and food waste from campus of UFPE restaurants and canteens, for the production of organic fertilizer better quality in less time. The experimental design was completely selected, with six treatments and four replications, distributed among different proportions of plant material (PM) and waste food (WF): T1 = plant material (PM) 100% + waste food (WF) 0% (v / v); T2 PM = 90% PM + 10% WF; T3 = 80% PM + 20% WF; T4 = 70% PM + 30% WF; T5 = 60% PM + 40% WF; T6 = 50% MV+ 50% WF. Composting tests were performed on batteries 50 kg of plant material and residual food for a period of 120 days. During the composting period, analyzes were made of concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and total organic carbon and pH monitoring, temperature and humidity of the batteries. The T6 treatment showed superior quality among other treatments, nutritionally. T3 no significant differences in the stabilization time compared to treatment T4, T5 and T6, reaching C / N ratio of 18/1 in just 30 days. These results suggest that, with a ratio of 20% of WF and 80 of PM in just 30 days of stabilization, the organic compound would be ready for use, which could optimize the use of manpower and reduce the need for water to humidify the batteries, and complete the process more quickly.

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Rostek, Andrew. "Composting | KC". Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32710.

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Master of Landscape Architecture
Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Jason S. Brody
Kansas City is currently under achieving in its capacity of divert recyclable and compostable solid waste from city landfills. The city recycling system provides free access to single family residents, but it does not provide access to high density residential and commercial land uses commonly found Downtown. To solve this dilemma, KCDC has studied the current solid waste systems in the city, and developed its [re]considered proposal through a MARC Solid Waste Management District grant to improve Kansas City waste diversion. This is achieved through a system of links, clusters and nodes which will help to promote and facilitate greater recycling (KCDC 2015 Fall Studio 2015) Compost | KC seeks to answer if the organic nodes as proposed in can effectively compost residential organic waste in down town Kansas City. As part of this system, the organic node at 12th and Holmes functionally demonstrates the potential feasibility and benefits of residential compost of organic solid waste. Through the site design, the proposed organic node creates an integrated system of residential organic waste collection, processing and utilization. Collected form a 15 minute radius the waste is processed into a rich organic compost that is used in various ways to improve soil quality for stormwater management, carbon sequestration, and increased biomass production in and around the site. To compost the organic waste, the site contains a series of in-vessel composting drums, agitated compost piles connected to greenhouses, and an external maturing pile visibly demonstrating and educating the public composting benefits. Managed through a local non-profit organization, compost is used to grow a variety of produce and nursery stock sold to help fund the site management. Organic waste is brought to the site by organized collection with apartment complexes and free public drop-off points. By incentivizing access, ease and appeal of composting in Kansas City for residences, the organic node at 12th and Holmes achieves the goals of both the site design and [re] considered proposals. By meeting those goals, the organic node helps to increase organic waste diversion and increase education and awareness about the benefits of composting in downtown Kansas City.

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Mendes, Leandro Antunes. "Avaliação das transformações químicas e do potencial agronômico de biofertilizantes líquidos produzidos a partir de resíduos agroindustriais para o manejo sustentável em agricultura orgânica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75135/tde-16012018-093426/.

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Nas últimas duas décadas a produção de alimentos utilizando menos insumos sintéticos tem atraído a atenção em muitos campos, como indústria e pesquisa. Esta forma de produção é conhecida como agricultura orgânica e enaltece a ausência de produtos químicos industrializados no sistema produtivo agropecuário. Uma prática útil e de baixo custo é o emprego de biofertilizantes, principalmente pelo fato da crescente procura por tecnologias de produção que apresentem redução de custos e uma melhora na qualidade de vida. Esses fatos, contudo, têm incentivado pesquisadores e produtores rurais a experimentarem biofertilizantes preparados a partir da digestão aeróbia ou anaeróbia de materiais orgânicos em substituição aos fertilizantes minerais. Biofertilizante é a designação dada ao efluente líquido obtido da fermentação aeróbia ou anaeróbia da matéria orgânica e água, cujo produto final contém células vivas ou latentes de microrganismos. Assim, neste trabalho, os biofertilizantes foram preparados a partir dos resíduos orgânicos em quatro misturas (esterco bovino + bagaço de laranja (M1); cama de frango + bagaço de laranja (M2); esterco bovino + cama de frango (M3) e esterco bovino + cama de frango + bagaço de laranja (M4), que foram caracterizados em diversas etapas quanto à acidez, condutividade elétrica, concentração de macro e micronutrientes, teor de matéria orgânica e de substâncias húmicas, atributos de qualidade sanitária (coliformes termotolerantes, totais e E. colli) dentre outros e foi testado o potencial agronômico de biofertilizantes associados ao sistema convencional de manejo e a técnica do cultivo hidropônico, com o objetivo de contribuir para o menor consumo de reservas naturais de nutrientes do planeta. Os resultados mostraram que a mistura M3 produziu o melhor biofertilizante por obter os melhores resultados biométricos quando aplicado à cultura, demonstrando que foi possível a produção de um bom biofertilizante em relação ao potencial agronômico.
In the last two decades, there has been a worldwide trend in producing food using less synthetic inputs. This form of production is known as organic agriculture and it praises the absence of industrialized chemicals in the agricultural production system. A useful and low-cost practice is the use of biofertilizers, mainly due to the growing demand for production technologies that reduce costs and provide a better quality of life. However, those facts have encouraged researchers and farmers to experiment biofertilizers prepared from aerobic or anaerobic digestion of organic materials instead of mineral fertilizers. Biofertilizer is the name given to the liquid effluent obtained from aerobic or anaerobic fermentation of organic material and water, and the final product contains live cells or latent microorganisms. In this work, the biofertilizers were prepared from the organic residues in four mixtures (cow manure + orange bagasse (M1), poultry + orange bagasse (M2), cow manure + poultry (M3) and cow manure + poultry + orange bagasse (M4)), which were characterized in several stages regarding acidity, electrical conductivity, concentration of macro and micronutrients, organic material and humic substances content, antibacterial activity (thermotolerant coliforms, total and e-coli) among others, to test the agronomic potential of biofertilizers associated with the conventional management system and the hydroponic cultivation technique, in order to contribute to a lower consumption of natural nutrients reserves from the planet. The results showed that the mixture M3 produced the best biofertilizer, because of the biometric results when it was applied to the crop, demonstrating to be a successful biofertilizer in terms of agronomic potential.

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Bojor, Olire Innocent. "Evaluation of an alternative organic waste disposal system in Chevron-Escravos : a case study / O.I. Bojor". Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2586.

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Mbeng, Lawrence O. "The impact of public attitudes and behaviour on the effective valorisation of household organic waste into agricultural compost : case study Limbe and Douala - Cameroon". Thesis, University of Northampton, 2009. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2834/.

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Building on the development of a research agenda, the research used best practices in the UK and other developed countries to design the aims and objectives from which the methods were developed. Based on the research agenda, trends in household behaviour in Cameroon were examined in order to identify, and generate baseline information to provide a sound evidence base essential for robust policy development in education, capacity building in composting involving the third sector organizations in Cameroon. To determine attitudes, Q methodology was used. Factor analysis produced nine and eight factors representing distinct behavioural patterns of public concerns, opinions and beliefs in household waste management in Douala and Limbe. Interpreting these factors revealed 12 attitudes to household waste management practices and this will be used to design strategies. A waste composition analysis found the organic fraction >60% with the lowest per capita waste generation (0.86 kg) in the high income residential area (HIRA) and the highest (1.38 kg) in the low income residential area (LIRA) of Douala in the wet season. In the dry season, the medium income residential area (MIRA) had the highest (1.11 kg) with the lowest (0.71 kg) in the HIRA. For both seasons in Limbe, HIRA had the highest while the LIRA had the lowest. Pearson correlation and regression was used to show the relationship between waste generation and household size. The research determined barriers and success factors for composting as part of a strategy. Barriers included household hazardous waste (HHW) and odour at composting sites because more than 50% of the composted waste was food waste with high humidity especially in the wet season. This affected public acceptance to composting. A success factor is that the market for compost is increasing and is expected to increase to 30% by 2013. Added to this, more than 50% of the participating households showed positive intentions and willingness to composting. Hence, composting is expected to be a major economic activity for Cameroonians and become a national practice

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Macêdo, Lúcia Paula Martins Prado de. "Viabilidade da produção de carvão ativado a partir de resíduos alternativos". Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2012. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=802.

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As fibras-de-coco (Cocos nucifera) quando destinadas em aterros sob condições anaeróbias, provocam a emissão de metano, um dos mais importantes gases de efeito estufa. Neste trabalho, são propostos usos das fibras-de-coco misturadas em diferentes relações com resíduos alternativos, com o objetivo de mitigar os impactos provocados pelos resíduos, possibilitando a produção de carvão ativado. Como alternativa, fez-se a proposição de se utilizar a relação coco/resíduo igual a 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 e 0/100, coletando-se os resíduos de laranja, banana, caju e acerola (bagaço e cascas) nos locais apropriados. Para análise imediata foram determinados os teores de cinzas (a 600 C) e umidade (a 105 C) segundo a norma ASTM D-1762/64, os teores de material volátil (a cinza em mufla a 950 C) e de carbono fixo, segundo a norma ASTM D-1762/64, e o poder calorífico, segundo a norma ABNT-NBR 8633/84, dos diversos tratamentos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística onde foi possível elaborar gráficos que demonstrassem a relação entre as determinações realizadas, indicando a mistura da fibra-de-coco com acerola e com banana a mais promissora.
The coconut fibers (Cocos nucifera) when intended in landfills under anaerobic conditions, cause the emission of methane, one of the most important greenhouse gas. In this work, is proposed the use of coconut fiber mixed in different ratios with alternative waste in order to mitigate the impacts caused by waste, enabling the production of new products. As an alternative, it was proposed to do the relationship coconut / residue equal to 100/0, 75/25 50/50 25/75 and 0/100 by collecting the waste orange, banana, and cashew acerola (pulp and peel) in the appropriate places. For immediate analysis were determined the ash content (600 C) and humidity (105 C)ASTM D-1762/64, the levels of volatile material (ash in a muffle furnace at 950 C) and fixed carbon, ASTM D-1762/64, and calorific power, according to ABNT-NBR 8633/84, the various treatments. The data were submitted to statistical analyzes where it was possible to draw graphs that demonstrate the relationship among the measurements performed, indicating the mixture of coconut fiber with cherry and banana the most promising.

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Al, Saheb Ahmad Abdul Rahman. "Total Organic Carbon Reduction of Sorting by-Product Fractions". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-24132.

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The drive of the EU countries and most of the world towards a circular economy and togenerate zero waste raised a need to study more efficient and less costly treatment processes. The treatment of secondary and by-product fractions to convert them from what is considered waste to a resource will contribute to the movement towards zero waste and circular economy. The fines fraction of construction and demolition waste (CDW) contains high organic materials measured as total organic carbon TOC above the allowed landfilling levels that are allowed for landfilling in Sweden, yet lower organic matter than is required for energy recovery by incineration. The need for new processes to reuse and recycle materials have emphasized the work of thisstudy, this thesis research aims to develop viable, simple treatment methods and pathways ofrecycling systems to convert by-products that are considered waste to reusable and treatable fractions by reducing the total organic carbon TOC. Which have been defined in the researchquestion of this study “How can functional recycling become more effective through the development of innovative treatment pathways for by-products of the recycling system”? and its sub-questions. This study examined a fines fraction from the CDW sorting in Norway using mechanicalseparation methods including single and combined sequential processes of air classificationand float/sink density separation. Using single process batch separation of float/sink had produced a 73.80% weight of the original fines fraction, with reduced TOC from originally 35.54% DM to 4.09% DM which can be considered to be landfilled as non-hazardous provided that it meets all other leachateanalysis criterion, on the other hand, the process produced concentrated the organic carbon inthe float fraction giving a TOC of 40.14% DM to consider treating it with energy recovery. Using a single separation process of high air velocity with the zigzag air classification has lowered the TOC of 19.49% weight of the treated fraction to 1.8% DM from 35.54% DM of the original fines fraction, which can be considered to be landfilled as inert waste if it meetsall other leachate analysis criterion, or can be considered to be used in road base layers, and concentrated the organic carbon in the other fraction to TOC of 19.90% DM that which need further treatment. Using sequential air classification followed by float/sink sequentialseparation produced different low TOC fractions suitable for landfilling in the categoriesinert, non-hazardous, and hazardous waste in Sweden and concentrated the organic content toTOC levels of 20-48% DM TOC which can be considered for energy recovery recycling. The use of sequential density separation processes can lead to better results and can be controlled more to produced better fractions. The conclusion of this study, using float/sink and airclassification separation methods as single or combined sequential processes had successfully produced two fractions firstly the reduced the total organic carbon separated fraction to be suitable the landfilling requirements in Sweden at the same time concentrated the organicmaterial of the other fraction to be suitable for incineration.

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Chan, Kit Yan. "Dietary exposure, human body loadings, and health risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants at two major electronic waste recycling sites in China". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/943.

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Silva, Daniele Mozzini. "Lodo de curtume na composição de substratos para produção de mudas de reflorestamento". Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 2012. http://bdtd.unoeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/425.

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The use of tannery sludge in agriculture represents an alternative disposal of this waste sustainably This study aims to evaluate the use of tannery sludge as a component of commercial substrate, to produce seedlings for reforestation of four native species (Angico red and white, and mutamba mastic) and an exotic (eucalyptus). In this study the incorporation of five doses (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) Slurry commercial tannery in a substrate used for the growth of different plant species suitable for reforestation. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse seedling growth. After seeding in substrate packaged in tubes, according to each treatment, was accompanied on plant development, for 120 days, with periodic assessments of height and final evaluation of biomass (roots and shoots) in plants, as was also the levels of macro and micronutrients and accumulation of chromium in the leaf tissue. Of the five forest species assessed three (mastic, mutamba and eucalyptus) responded positively to the addition of up to 25% of tannery sludge in commercial substrate for seedling production. There were significant adjustments by the regression analysis for the absorption of phosphorus, boron and manganese from the incorporation of the residue in most species evaluated. Occurred phyto-extraction of chromium substrate with significant linear fit in three forest species evaluated.
A utilização do lodo de curtume na agricultura representa uma das alternativas de disposição deste resíduo de forma sustentável Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o emprego do lodo de curtume como componente de substrato comercial, para produção de mudas de reflorestamento de quatro espécies florestais nativas (Angico vermelho e branco, mutamba e aroeira) e uma exótica (eucalipto). Neste estudo foi avaliada a incorporação de cinco doses (5, 10, 15, 20 e 25%) de lodo curtume em substrato comercial utilizado para o crescimento de diferentes espécies de plantas apropriadas para reflorestamentos. O experimento foi conduzido em estufas de crescimento de mudas. Após a semeadura em substrato acondicionado em tubetes, de acordo com cada tratamento, foi acompanhado o desenvolvimento das mudas, durante 120 dias, com avaliações periódicas de altura e avaliação final de produção de biomassa (raiz e parte aérea) nas plantas, como também foram avaliados os teores de macro e micronutrientes e o acúmulo de cromo no tecido foliar. Das cinco espécies florestais avaliadas, três (aroeira, mutamba e eucalipto) responderam positivamente a adição de até 25% de lodo de curtume no substrato comercial para produção de mudas. Ocorreram ajustes significativos pela analise de regressão para absorção de fósforo, boro e manganês, proveniente da incorporação do resíduo, na maioria das espécies avaliadas. Ocorreu fito-extração de cromo do substrato com ajuste linear significativo em três espécies florestais avaliadas.

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Weddfelt, Erika. "Recyling potential of phosphorus in food : a substance flow analysis of municipalities". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-78998.

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In this study the opportunities to recycle the phosphorus contained in food handling were identified in four municipalities in the county of Östergötland. The aim was to map the flow and find out whether there were differences between municipalities with food processing industries generating large amounts of waste or phosphorus rich wastewater, or if there were differences between municipalities of different size. It was also investigated to what extent the agricultural demand of phosphorus could be covered by recycling of phosphorus from the food handling system. The result showed that between 27% and 73% of the phosphorus was found in the sludge from wastewater treatment, and that between 13% and 49% of the phosphorus was found in the centrally collected organic waste. This corresponded to 11% of the phosphorus demand on arable land in municipalities with food processing industries generating large amounts of waste or phosphorus rich wastewater, and 8% of the phosphorus demand on arable land in municipalities without such industries.

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Queste, Jérôme. "Concertation et changements : le cas du recyclage desdéchets organiques à la Réunion". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAH009.

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Les interactions entre activités humaines et environnement constituent des enjeux d'action publique. Il s'agit de concilier des intérêts individuels et un environnement institué en intérêt général, en prenant en considération les multiples usages des objets naturels et les préoccupations d'acteurs hétérogènes. Le traitement de ces enjeux a constitué un laboratoire d'expérimentation de nouvelles modalités de gouvernance, fondés notamment sur une plus grande participation des parties prenantes des problèmes environnementaux et sur une relation renouvelée entre sciences et sociétés. En dépit d'études de cas probantes et d'un engouement suspect, ces modalités fondées sur des processus de concertation restent controversées. Leur efficience est débattue et leur articulation avec d'autres instruments d'action publique continue de poser problème.Le projet Girovar visait à promouvoir le recyclage des déchets organiques à la Réunion. Il nous a fourni une opportunité de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des dynamiques par lesquelles un processus de concertation est susceptible de contribuer à l'évolution des activités humaines posant un problème environnemental. Un suivi ethnographique du processus de concertation, puis, des situations d'échange des matières organiques en circulation, nous a permis de tester deux hypothèses de contribution au changement, l'une fondée sur l'apprentissage, l'autre sur le changement institutionnel.Le recyclage des déchets organiques représente un cas atypique d'interaction entre activités humaines et environnement. Son analyse nous a conduits à déplacer notre analyse des situations d'utilisation vers les transactions au cours desquelles ces objets sont mis en circulation, analyse pour laquelle nous avons mobilisé des outils de sociologie économique.Cette analyse a montré que le processus de concertation influence des dynamiques existantes via une diffusion d'informations, des apprentissages variés mais limités aux participants à la concertation et l'émergence d'un projet cohérent qui peut contribuer à légitimer des changements institutionnels et induire une coordination des acteurs économiques via une anticipation partagée. Ces résultats militent pour le maintien d'une certaine distance entre arènes de concertation et espaces de décision et de production institutionnelle. L'identité des participants au processus de concertation se révèle déterminant et devrait faire l'objet d'une attention particulière
Improving the interactions between economic activities and the environment is a contemporary challenge and has been a major research topic for the last decades. Current trends recommend to implement dialogue processes to contribute to adaptive governance systems, ensuring both sustainable use of natural resources and protection of ecosystems. Despite growing empirical case studies, political ideologies and emerging analytical framework, the relationships between dialogue processes and effective observed changes in the human-nature interactions still remain unclear.This research explored the mechanisms through which a dialogue process may contribute to effectives changes in the way human-nature interactions were organized. To address this question, we did apprehend human-nature interactions as economic activities and focused on the organization of the markets involving natural resources. Two hypothesis of contribution of dialogue processes to market organization change based on literature were set: The improvement of organizations and individuals actors skills, knowledge and information through collective learning and the evolution of market organization through institutional change.Our research was conducted using the Girovar project as a case-study. In la Réunion, this project implemented a dialogue process to explore collectively large-scale recycling scenarios to solve a growing environmental issue of organic waste treatment. Parallel ethnographic studies were conducted to analysis both the dialogue process and evolutions of effective economic transactions involving two types of organic wastes: poultry litter and green-waste compost.Our main results are that dialogue processes provide resources to operational actors but do not trigger change. These resources include knowledge exchange and technical learning but exclusively to dialogue participants. At a broader scale, assessing the credibility, saliency and legitimacy of the recycling solution provides a “rational myth” that contributes to institutional change at both institutional and operational level. These mechanisms, whose genericity should be further assessed, qualify dialogue processes as a relevant component of a broader adaptive governance system

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Maccaferri, Cristian. "Valorization and recycling of raw materials through a waste management system, case of study Koinonia Community, Lusaka, Zambia". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13571/.

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This thesis presents the implementation and the optimization of a waste management system (WMS) in the Koinonia community (that is sited in the Chilanga district near Lusaka), showing the challenges that must be faced, implementing a WMS in a developing country. In the first part of the thesis it will be contextualized the waste management in the Zambian economy showing how a diversification involving the it could fit with the needs of the Nation. In the second part it will be treated the waste management hierarchy through the illustration of some European policies (like Circular Economy Package) and best practice (like WtE in Sweden). In the third part it will be analyzed the case of study Koinonia community where it has been spent three month. The object of the study was how to make the waste management system economical sustainable, the various issue regarding this subject are described by some reports wrote at the beginning of the experience and at the end. In addition, the chapter presents a study about the waste production in Chilanga and the data collected by means the interview with the waste aggregator present in the city. Concluding, it is showed a proposal of evolution of the waste management system which consist in install a phv (Photovoltaic) system that will feed an ecological island of low dimension.

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O'Brien, Brendan J. "Physicochemical Properties of Residuals from Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Manure and Food Waste: Nutrient Cycling Implications and Opportunities for Edible Mushroom Cultivation". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1015.

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Organics recycling is increasing in New England as multiple states have enacted laws to divert organic materials, including food scraps and food processing residuals, away from landfills. Anaerobic digesters on dairy farms represent an attractive approach to food waste recycling because existing infrastructure is in place and co-digestion of dairy manure with food waste can increase renewable biogas production. In addition, anaerobic digestion results in effluents that can be separated into solid and liquid residual materials, or 'digestates'. Screw-press separated solids consist of lignocellulosic biomass resistant to microbial degradation during anaerobic digestion. These separated solids are typically recycled on farms as animal bedding before returning to the digester, whereas remaining liquid digestates are typically spread as fertilizer for nearby feed crops or pasture fields. Within this model, anaerobic digestion is not a nutrient management solution and repeated land application of digestate nutrients can create eutrophication risk over time. Alternative models are needed where digestate materials are converted into valuable products to be sold off-farm, enabling the removal of nutrients to help meet nutrient management goals. In this thesis, I address two research questions related to the pursuit of such alternative models. First, how do physicochemical characteristics of digestate materials vary across full-scale systems in the region, including systems with and without food waste as a substantial proportion of feedstock, and how do these variations affect the potential for conversion of digestates into valuable products (e.g., soil amendments)? Second, can separated digestate solids be used for commercial cultivation of gourmet oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) to produce food for human consumption, providing synchronous nutrient recovery and food production? Results from my first research chapter indicate that increasing food waste inputs (and thus diversification of feedstock recipes) will likely increase the variability of some solid and liquid digestate characteristics and can result in greater contamination with synthetic particles, with implications for nutrient recovery efforts and associated products. My second research chapter shows that screw-press separated digestate solids can offset non-local substrate ingredients to a degree while achieving oyster mushroom yields comparable to commercial recipes. Furthermore, this strategy could divert nutrients away from land adjacent to digesters and directly into safe, nutritious, protein-rich food for humans, while also producing a useful spent mushroom substrate product.

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Mollatt, Michelle Claire. "Ecological food sense : connections between food waste flows and food production in Enkanini Informal Settlement, Stellenbosch". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86550.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In situ Informal Settlement Upgrading (ISU) was explored in this thesis, focussing on its relevance to waste service upgrading options immediately available and practically implementable for residents of Enkanini, a poorly serviced township (slum) in Stellenbosch, South Africa. Household food waste (kitchen scraps) was chosen as a key point of entry for exploring the context and viability of in situ improvement of solid waste management services in the area. This was done by investigating ways biological and social aspects of soil quality and food waste management can be incrementally improved in the settlement. Transdisciplinary methodology, Participatory Action Learning and Social Learning perspectives, combined with ecological thinking were used to explore different methods of managing food waste in Enkanini. A food waste collection pilot project was initiated in Enkanini by the Stellenbosch Municipality in 2012. The project was modified and continued in 2013, which served as the case study for this thesis. In 2013, food waste was collected by 56 households over five months. It was treated with Bokashi Effective Micro-organisms (Bokashi EM) containing yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, actinomycetes and photosynthetic bacteria. The Bokashi EM partially fermented the waste before it was used for composting or feeding to Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Laboratory testing of food waste, compost, soils and larvae waste residue determined the safety, potential and sustainability of food waste for recycling and contribution to local urban agriculture by closing the organic waste loop, and for generating an income stream. A total of 5851kg food waste was collected, saving 6m3 landfill space. Households generated 5,2kg - 9,6kg food waste per week. Extrapolating this lower figure for all of Enkanini (about 2400 households), about 50,2 tonnes of food waste could be generated per month. If this were collected and recycled or composted, this would save 51,2m3 landfill space per month. The most commonly cited benefit of food waste collections by participants was reduction of vermin in or around their homes. Laboratory testing indicated that some samples had high levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. No traces of Salmonella were found in food waste, compost and soil samples, and most were within acceptable limits for heavy metals. It was cautioned that vegetables grown on soils or compost with high E. coli be washed or cooked before consumption. Following socially and ecologically sustainable management of Enkanini’s food waste requires a combination of waste management methods. Options include localised composting - burying EM treated food waste in soil; in situ container composting of waste and adding this to soil; processing of EM treated food waste by Black Soldier Fly larvae (and their subsequent use as feed for chickens or fish); and finally by anaerobic digestion for generation of biogas and effluent fertiliser in local biodigestors. The thesis showed that biological elements (such as bacteria and soil nutrients) have impacts on residents in communities and these need to be considered significant. The thesis suggests ecological elements be considered as indicators or building blocks for ISU locally, nationally and internationally. Keywords: in situ incremental upgrading, food waste management, Effective Micro-organisms, social learning, urban agriculture, closed-loop systems, organic waste management, informal settlements.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In situ Opgraderingsprojek vir Informele Nedersetting (OIN) is in hierdie tesis ondersoek, met die fokus om die relevansie van afval diens opgradering opsies prakties te implementeer vir die inwoners van Enkanini, Stellenbosch, Suid Afrika, 'n gemeenskap met swak dienslewering. Huishoudelike kombuis voedselafval is gekies om die konteks en lewensvatbaarheid van in situ verbetering van vaste afval bestuur dienste te ondersoek. Dit is bereik deur maniere te ondersoek om die biologiese en sosiale aspekte van die kwaliteit van grond en voedselafval bestuur in die nedersetting te verbeter. Transdissiplinêre metode, Deelnemende Aksie Leer en Sosiale Leerprosesse, gekombineer met ekologiese denke, is gebruik is om verskillende metodes van die bestuur van voedselafval in Enkanini te verken. 'N Enkanini voedselafval versamelingsprojek is in 2012 deur die Stellenbosch Munisipaliteit begin. Dit is in 2013 aangepas en vir hierdie studie gebruik. Gedurende vyf maande in 2013 is voedselafval deur 56 huishoudings ingesamel. Dit is behandel met Bokashi effektiewe mikro-organismes (EM Bokashi) met gis, melksuur bakterieë, aktinomisete en fotosintetiese bakterieë. Die Bokashi EM het die afval gedeeltelik gegis voordat die afval gebruik was vir kompos of voeding aan Swart Soldaat Vlieg (Hermetia illucens) larwes. Voedselafval, kompos, grond en larwe oorskot laboratourim toetse het die veiligheid bepaal, asook die potensiaal en volhoubaarheid van die afval vir herwinning en die bydrae tot die plaaslike stedelike landbou deur middel van die organiese afval siklus, en vir inkomste generering. 5851kg voedselafval is ingesamel en 6m³ se opvullingsruimte bespaar. Die huishoudings het 5,2kg – 9,6kg voedselafval per week gegenereer. Die laer syfer in aggeneem, kan sowat 50,2 ton voedsalafval per maand in Enkanini (ongeveer 2400 huishoudings) gegenereer word. As dit ingesamel, herwin of gekomposteer was, sou 51,2 m³ opvullingsruimte per maand bespaar word. Die belangrikste voordeel van die voedselafval versamelings was die vermindering van knaag en aasdiere rondom wonings. Laboratoriumtoetse het hoë vlakke van Escherichia coli (E. coli) bakterieë in sommige monsters gevind. Geen spore van Salmonella is in die voedselafval, kompos en grondmonsters gevind nie en meeste was binne die aanvaarbare perke vir swaar metale. Die gemeenskap is gewaarsku om groente wat in die grond of kompos gekweek is voor verbruik in chloorwater te was of kook. Die sosiale en ekologies volhoubare bestuur van Enkanini se voedselafval vereis 'n kombinasie van afval bestuursmetodes. Opsies sluit gelokaliseerde kompos - begrawe EM behandelde voedsel afval in die grond; in situ houer kompos afval en die toevoeging van hierdie tot die grond; verwerking van EM behandelde voedselafval deur Swart Soldaat Vlieg larwes (en hul daaropvolgende gebruik as voer vir hoenders of vis); en uiteindelik deur mestvergisting vir die generasie van biogas en kunsmis in biovergisters. Die tesis toon dat biologiese elemente (soos bakterieë en voedingstowwe in grond)'n impak het op die gemeenskap se inwoners en as n belangrik faktor beskou moet word. Die tesis dui ekologiese elemente as n toekomstige aanwysers aan indien OIN plaaslik, nasionaal of internasionaal oorweeg word. Sleutelwoorde: in situ toenemende opgradering, kos afval bestuur, effektiewe mikro-organismes, sosiale leerproses, stedelike landbou, geslotestelsel-sisteme, organiese afval, informele nedersettings.

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Sanches, Luis Aurelio. "Uso de efluente de silagem na adubação do capim Marandu /". Ilha Solteira, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180704.

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Orientador: Leandro Coelho de Araujo
Resumo: A produção de efluente na ensilagem de capins tropicais é elevada, devido a alta umidade destes materiais. O efluente proporciona perdas de massa seca total e lixiviação dos nutrientes, tornando-se um potencial poluente ambiental, quando o seu acúmulo ocorre de forma concentrada no solo ou mananciais. Cada vez mais há preocupação com o manejo correto de resíduos agrícolas, e seu uso na agricultura tem sido uma forma eficiente de evitar destinações indevidas e, principalmente, acúmulos em locais específicos, além de contribuir na fertilização de lavouras, uma vez que a procura por alternativas para substituição dos fertilizantes minerais é crescente. Tendo em vista a importância da conservação ambiental, tanto como os elevados custos dos fertilizantes minerais que desestimulam a adubação de pastagens por parte dos produtores, objetivou-se verificar o potencial do efluente de silagem de capim Mombaça (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça) como adubo orgânico, no estabelecimento do capim Marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu). O trabalho foi realizado em vasos de 10 dm3 sob casa de vegetação na Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira – UNESP, o solo utilizado foi o NEOSSOLO QUARTIZARÊNICO Órtico. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e uma testemunha. Os tratamentos corresponderam as doses de 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mL de efluente dm-³ de solo, mais um tratamento com adubos minerais nas quantidades de 100, 60 e 50 mg dm-3 de NPK. Os tratamentos foram a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The effluent production in tropical grass ensiling is high due to the high humidity of these materials. The effluent provides losses of total dry mass and leaching of the nutrients, becoming a potential environmental pollutant when its accumulation occurs in a concentrated way in the soil or springs. Increasingly, there is a concern about the correct management of agricultural waste and its use in agriculture has been an efficient way to avoid undue allocations and accumulations in specific places, as well as to contribute to the crops fertilization, since the search for alternatives to substitute mineral fertilizers is increasing. According to the importance of environmental conservation, as well as the high costs of mineral fertilizers that discourage the fertilization of pastures by the producers, the objective was to verify the agricultural potential of the Guinea grass effluent as organic fertilizer in the establishment of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. The work was carried out in pots of 10 dm3 under greenhouse. NEOSSOLO QUARTIZARÊNICO Órtico was the soil used. The design was completely randomized with four replicates and one control. The treatments corresponded to doses of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mL of effluent dm-3 of soil, plus a treatment with mineral fertilizers in amounts of 100, 60 and 50 mg dm-3 of NPK. The treatments were applied immediately after the uniformity cut and after 28 and 35 days of regrowth of the subsequent cycles. The number of tillers, plant height, c... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Maldonado, Carlos Alberto Baca. "Fertilidade do solo, nutrição e crescimento de plantas de eucalipto ao longo de 46 meses após aplicação de lodo de esgoto". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-04042011-142159/.

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Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação de lodo de esgoto, com ou sem adubo nitrogenado e, ou, fosfatado, sobre os atributos químicos do solo e o crescimento e nutrição de plantas de eucaliptos até aos 46 meses após aplicação do resíduo. Em dezembro de 2004 foi estabelecido um experimento de campo com quatro doses de lodo de esgoto (0; 7,7; 15,1 e 23,1 t ha-1, base seca, equivalentes a 0, 50, 100 e 150% do recomendado, com base no critério do N), nitrogênio (0; 46,9; 95,1 e 142 kg ha-1, equivalentes a 0, 33, 67 e 100% do N recomendado) e fósforo (0; 27,7; 53,6 e 84 kg ha-1, equivalentes a 0, 33, 67 e 100% do P2O5 recomendado), em esquema fatorial 4x4x4, com confundimento e duas repetições. Devido ao baixo teor de potássio no lodo, foi aplicado 188 kg ha-1 de K2O (100% do recomendado) em todas as parcelas. Foram realizadas coletas de solo aos 4, 14, 21 e 34 meses após a aplicação do lodo, nas camadas de 0-0,10; 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m de profundidade, exceto aos 4 meses que foi feita até 90 cm de profundidade. Nas amostras coletadas aos 4 e aos 34 meses foram realizadas análises de pH em CaCl2, N-total, P (resina), Ca, Mg e K trocáveis, acidez total e matéria orgânica. Aos 14, 21 e 34 meses foram determinados o N-amoniacal e N-nitrato pelo método Kjeldahl. Teores extraíveis de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn foram obtidos pelo método do DTPA e teores semitotais, por solubilização ácida (HNO3 + HCl), em forno microondas, sendo os elementos quantificados por espectrometria de massa com plasma (ICP-MS). Análises de amostras de folhas foram feitas aos 4 e 43 meses, de amostras de folhedo, trimestralmente e de amostras de serapilheira, aos 46 meses após aplicação do lodo, para determinar macro e micronutrientes. A decomposição do folhedo (método de bolsas de decomposição) foi avaliada aos 45, 90, 160, 230 e 300 dias. A altura e o diâmetro na altura do peito das árvores foram medidos aos 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 33 e 44 meses após plantio, e, então, determinado o volume de madeira. Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados por modelos de superfície de respostas, em função das doses de lodo, nitrogênio e fósforo. As doses de lodo promoveram melhorias nos atributos de fertilidade do solo. Os teores de C-orgânico e de P, K, Ca e Mg trocáveis aumentaram na camada de 0 a 10 cm de profundidade. Os teores de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, extraíveis e semitotais, aumentaram nas camadas até 40 cm de profundidade. Os teores de C-orgânico aos 34 meses foram superiores aos teores obtidos aos 4 meses, enquanto que os valores de pH diminuíram. Os teores de N total e amoniacal aumentaram com as doses de lodo e de fertilizante nitrogenado, com maior acúmulo na camada de 0-10 cm. Não foi observado potencial de lixiviação de N-NO3-. As doses de lodo aumentaram os teores de N e de P nas folhas do eucalipto, assim como o adubo nitrogenado e fosfatado, respectivamente, mantendo teores adequados nas folhas recém-maduras do eucalipto. Os teores de Cu, Mn, Fe e Zn nas folhas de eucalipto foram aumentadas com as doses de lodo e se correlacionam com teores desses metais extraídos do solo com DTPA. O estudo de superfície de resposta, permitiu constatar que a aplicação de lodo, com base na dose recomendada pelo critério do N, pode propiciar a redução de 33% no uso do adubo fosfatado e 100% do adubo nitrogenado, sem prejuízos ao crescimento e à nutrição do eucalipto, com aumento da produtividade de madeira
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sewage sludge, with or without mineral nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer on the soil chemical properties, nutrition and growth of Eucalyptus plants up to 46 months after sewage sludge application. Therefore, in December 2004 was established a field experiment with four doses of sewage sludge (0, 7.7, 15.1 and 23.1 t ha-1, dry base), N (0, 46.9; 95.1 and 142 kg ha 1) and phosphorus (0, 27.7, 53.6 and 84 kg ha-1 P2O5), in a randomized block design in factorial design 4x4x4 with two repetitions. Due to low content of potassium (K) in the sewage sludge was applied 188 kg ha-1 K2O in all plots. Samples of soil were collected at 4, 14, 21 and 34 months after sludge application, from the 0-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m layers, except at 4 months which was made up to 0.90 m depth. Samples collected at 4 and 34 months were analyzed for pH in CaCl2 0.01 mol L-1, total N, available P (resin), Ca, Mg and K contents, total acidity and organic matter. At 14, 21 and 34 months were determined ammonia-N and nitrate-N by the Kjeldahl method. Extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were obtained using the DTPA solution, and semi-total levels dissolution by acid (HNO3 + HCl), in a microwave oven, and analyzed by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Analysis of leaf samples were made at 4 and 43 months, samples of leaf litter, quarterly and litter at 46 months after sludge application, to determine macro and micronutrients. The decomposition of leaf litter (method of decomposition bags) was evaluated at 45, 90, 160, 230 and 300 days. The height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees were measured at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 33 and 44 months after planting, and then determined the volume of wood. The results were evaluated by surface models of responses, depending on the sludge doses, nitrogen and phosphorus. The growth of the plants was adjusted by growth curves. The sludge application promoted improvements in the attributes of soil fertility. The content of organic C and P, K, Ca and Mg increased in the 0 to 10 cm depth. The contents of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, extractable and semitotals increased in layers up to 40 cm depth. The levels of organic C to 34 months were higher than levels found at 4 months, while the pH decreased. The levels of total N and ammonia increased with doses of sludge and fertilizer, with higher accumulation at 0-10 cm. There was no potential leaching of N-NO3-. Both the sludge as fertilizer applied increases the levels of N and P of eucalyptus leaves, maintaining appropriate levels in recently matured leaves. The Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in eucalyptus leaves were increased with sludge doses and are correlated with concentrations of DTPA metals extracted from soil. The response surfaces study, allowed to prove that the application of sludge, based on the recommended dose by the N criterion, can provide a 33% reduction in the phosphate fertilizer and 100% of nitrogen fertilizer, without damage to the eucalyptus nutrition and growth, with increase wood productivity.

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Damanhuri, Enri. "Etude de l'influence des modalites de recyclage des lixiviats sur la cinetique de degradation des ordures menageres". Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077028.

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Le recyclage des lixiviats accroit la cinetique de decomposition de la matiere organique et augmente considerablement le taux de bioconversion gazeux en seduisant correlativement la charge polluante vehiculee par les lixiviats

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Gripon, Layla. "Contribution au recyclage et à la valorisation des matières plastiques issues des déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques contenant des retardateurs de flamme bromés". Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MTLD0014.

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Les retardateurs de flammes bromés (RFB) sont ajoutés aux polymères pour améliorer leur résistance à l’inflammabilité. Mais certains d’entre eux sont aujourd’hui considérés comme polluants organiques persistants (POP). Pour éviter que ces substances se propagent dans les flux de recyclage, les matières plastiques dont la concentration en brome est trop élevée (> 2000 ppm) sont généralement incinérées pour détruire les polluants qu’elles contiennent. L’objectif de ces travaux est de trouver une solution pour recycler la matière plastique contenant des RFB tout en respectant les réglementations. L’étude s’est focalisée sur un lot d’acrylonitrile-butadiène-styrène (ABS) issu d’un gisement réel de déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques qui présente une concentration en POP environ quatre fois supérieure au seuil autorisant le recyclage. Des méthodes de traitement physico-chimiques permettant d’extraire les RFB ont donc été étudiées. Les extractions solides-liquides sous agitation et utilisant l’éther diéthylique ainsi que la dissolution-précipitation de la matière ont permis d’abaisser la concentration en POP sous le seuil réglementaire. Une étude poussée sur l’extraction avec du CO2 supercritique a également été menée et a montré son efficacité pour extraire les RFB mais des optimisations sont encore nécessaires. L’impact environnemental du recyclage de la matière a également été évalué en tenant compte des procédés de pré-traitement étudiés précédemment. L’optimisation de la consommation d’énergie et de solvant est nécessaire pour que le recyclage devienne plus viable que l’incinération. Les propriétés de la matière traitée montrent qu’elle pourrait être facilement recyclable. Elle présente néanmoins une résilience amoindrie qui pourra être améliorée lors d’une étape de formulation. Enfin, une application de cette matière dans une structure bicouche a été proposée afin d’améliorer son esthétisme et ses propriétés mécaniques. De bonnes adhésions avec un ABS et un ABS/PC vierges ont été obtenues expérimentalement garantissant de bonnes propriétés au multicouche
Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are added to polymers to enhance their flammability resistance. But some of them are nowadays considered as persistent organic pollutants (POP). To avoid their propagation into recycling streams, plastic materials which bromine concentration is too high (> 2000 ppm) are generally incinerated to destroy the pollutants they contain. The objective of this work is to find a solution to recycle BFR containing plastics materials while respecting the regulations. The study is focused on an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) batch coming from real waste electrical and electronic equipment which contains a POP concentration about four times higher than the regulation limit authorizing recycling. Physico-chemical methods were studied to extract BFR. Solid-liquid extractions with stirring and diethyl ether as well as the dissolution-precipitation method lowered the POP concentration under the regulatory limit. A detailed study on supercritical CO2 extraction was performed and showed its efficiency to remove BFR, but optimizations are still needed. The recycling environmental impacts were also evaluated considering the pre-treatment processes studied previously. The energy and solvent consumptions need to be optimized in order to make the recycling process more viable compared to incineration. The treated plastic material showed that it can be easily recycled. Nevertheless, its impact strength could be improved during a formulation step. Finally, a practical application of this material in a bilayer structure was proposed to enhance its mechanical and esthetic properties. Good adhesions were obtained with virgin ABS and ABS/PC materials guaranteeing satisfactory properties to the bilayer structure

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Bertils, Elsa, e Herman Elvingson. "Utveckling av marknader för avfallsbaserade resurser : En fallstudie på återanvändning av komplexa avfallsströmmar ur ett värdekedjeperspektiv". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157430.

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Immense amounts of waste are generated daily by our society, and the management of these streams is a critical societal function. Part of this work is reusing and recycling materials with attractive properties, which is also an imperative step towards circular material flows. Although, the reuse of waste-based resources entails a conflict between efficient use of resources and minimal environmental toxicity, which hampers the reuse. The labeling of a resource as waste also makes using or trading the resource problematic, both regarding regulations, but also concerns from the society regarding toxicity or quality. A way of increasing the reuse of waste streams is initiating and organizing a functioning trade with the material. This study aims at clarifying how new markets for waste base products can emerge and evolve. This aim is formulated as identifying the functions that needs to be fulfilled for a new market for waste-based products to function, and what can be done to fulfill these functions. The study is designed as a case study including four cases where waste in some way is put back to use through trade. This reuse is studied as a market, with buyers, seller and brokers encased in institutions. To expose the role of policy instruments in organizing waste-based markets, there is one specific policy instrument per case for which the effect is analyzed deeper. The main empirics has been collected through interviews with actors on the four case markets, aiming to identify typical events in the evolution of the markets, and what is perceived as important as of today. The case markets are residual sludge from biogas production and from waste water treatment being used as fertilizer, and the residual gravel from waste incineration in Sweden and Denmark being used as a construction material. On these markets, the degree of actual trade varies, as well as the maturity of the markets. By studying and comparing four markets for waste-based resources, and considering the perspectives from actors at different ends of the respective resources value chain, twelve market functions have been identified within three market components. The component institutions and networks contain functions not directly related to the supply- or demand-side of the markets but rather the legitimacy and authorization process, ability of the actors to identify with their roles in the value chain, and how certifications and actor-initiatives can form common grounds for actors in the value chain. In the component supply the waste producer’s responsibility and means of influence over the quality and quantity of the resource is identified as functions. Brokers might play a critical role and policy instruments is needed to increase the producers means of influencing the waste streams, and to regulate the use of the resource. In the component of demand marketing, systems for quality assertion, and niche management are identified as methods to fulfill critical functions. Waste based resources by nature appears as a secondary material flow in a process, and therefore it is not naturally integrated in the business model of any actor. The waste-label forces the resource to comply to rules and regulations perceived problematic, while buyer demands are perceived as unfairly promoting virgin resources and getting societal acceptance of the resource is an uphill battle. By studying the behaviors and needs of market actors, and the role of policy instruments during the course of market evolution, opportunities has been identified as to how policy instruments can fulfill the varying key market functions. For each of the identified functions, it is suggested how policy instruments can contribute, or help the market actors, to fulfill the function.
Idag genereras stora mängder avfall från många delar av det mänskliga samhället och att hantera dessa flöden är en viktig samhällsfunktion. En del i det arbetet är att återanvända och återvinna material med tillräckligt attraktiva egenskaper, vilket är ett viktigt steg i utvecklingen mot mer cirkulära materialflöden. Återanvändning av avfallsbaserade resurser innebär dock en konflikt mellan effektiv resursanvändning och minimering av föroreningar i omgivande miljöer, vilket bromsar återanvändningen. Att ett material benämns som avfall medför också att det blir problematiskt att använda och handla med, jämfört med produktklassade material och varor, både på grund av lagstiftning och ökad oro från omgivningen gällande föroreningsinnehåll och bristande kvalitet. En metod för att uppnå ökad återanvändning av avfallsflöden är att initiera och organisera en fungerande handel med materialen. Denna studie syftar till att utreda just hur nya marknader för avfall kan uppstå och utvecklas, vilket formuleras som att identifiera funktioner som behöver vara uppfyllda för att en ny marknad för avfallsbaserade resurser ska fungera och vad som kan göras för att uppfylla dessa funktioner. Studien är utformad som en fallstudie och omfattar fyra fall där avfall på ett eller annat sätt kommer åter i bruk via handel. Denna återanvändning studeras som en marknad, med köpare, säljare och mellanhänder som omges av institutioner uppsatta av både myndigheter och från annat håll. För att synliggöra styrmedels roll i att organisera en avfallsbaserad marknad har det på varje marknad lyfts fram ett specifikt styrmedel vars roll har studerats mer ingående. Den huvudsakliga empiriinsamlingen har utförts genom intervjuer med respondenter från viktiga aktörer på de fyra marknaderna, vilka har syftat till att både identifiera typiska händelser som har lett till förändringar på marknaderna tidigt i marknadens utveckling och vad som upplevs viktigt på marknaderna idag. De studerade marknaderna är rötrester från biogasproduktion respektive avloppsrening som används som gödselmedel inom jordbruket, samt slaggrus från avfallsförbränning som används som konstruktionsmaterial i samhället i Sverige respektive Danmark. På dessa marknader sker handel i olika stor utsträckning och marknaderna befinner sig i olika skeden av utveckling. Genom att studera och jämföra fyra marknader för avfallsbaserade resurser, och ta hänsyn till behov och perspektiv från aktörer på olika platser i resursernas värdekedja har tolv funktioner identifierats inom tre marknadskomponenter. Komponenten institutioner och nätverk berör funktioner som inte är direkt kopplade till köpare eller säljare. Här presenteras att handel måste vara tillåtet och tillståndsprocessen snabb och förutsägbar, vilket innebär att politiska målsättningar behöver gå i linje med marknadens utveckling. Ytterligare funktioner är vikten av att samtliga inblandade i handeln är medvetna om sin roll i värdekedjan och hur certifieringar och branschinitiativ på ett bra sätt kan skapa naturliga mötesplatser för aktörer i hela värdekedjan. Inom marknadskomponenten tillgång har avfallsproducentens ansvar och rådighet över avsättning och kvalitet och kvantitet hos avfallsflödet identifierats som viktiga funktioner. Mellanhänder kan komma att spela en viktig roll och styrmedel kan behövas både för att öka producenters rådighet över avfallsflödet och för att med avseende på föroreningshalter reglera användningen av det. Inom marknadskomponenten efterfrågan är marknadsföring, system för kvalitetssäkring och spårbarhet samt skapande av nischer identifieras som metoder för att uppfylla betydande funktioner. Avfallsbaserade resurser uppstår till sin natur som ett biflöde till en annan process och är därför inte en tydlig del av någon aktörs affärsmodell. Avfallsklassningen gör också att resursen måste passera regelverk som upplevs problematiska, samtidigt som användares krav upplevs premiera jungfruliga produkter och det finns en förtroendemässig uppförsbacke hos potentiella användare. Genom att studera olika aktörers beteende och behov på marknaderna, samt vilken roll styrmedel upplevs ha spelat under marknadernas utveckling så har möjligheter identifierats gällande hur styrmedel kan uppfylla de olika funktionerna. För samtliga identifierade funktioner presenteras förslag på hur styrmedel kan bidra till, eller möjliggöra för marknadsaktörer, att uppfylla den aktuella funktionen.

47

Lundgren, Kristina. "Impact of fly specific bacteria on fly larvae composting". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-377636.

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About one third of all edible food is wasted globally each year. This calls for improvements in resource and waste management. An interesting solution for organic waste is fly larvae composting, which both produces protein in the form of larvae and a nutrient rich residue. The larvae can be used as animal feed while the residue can be applied as an organic fertilizer, thus recycling the nutrients. Fly larvae composting with the black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is relatively new, but there is extensive research on how the treatment is affected by different parameters, e.g. temperature, moisture and type of organic waste that is treated. The role of bacteria has only been the topic of a few studies in recent years but has shown promising positive effects on larval growth. This study investigated the impact of bacteria isolated from BSF eggs on fly larvae composting of food waste by BSF larvae. The study was done in two experimental phases. In phase I, groups of three bacteria were added to each treatment together with the larvae and only single treatments were executed; in phase II triplicates of promising groups of three, two or single bacteria were evaluated. The results of phase I suggested that selected groupings of bacteria could either decrease or increase the bioconversion ratio and in general decrease the reduction ratio of the food waste, while the survival ratio did not seem to be impacted. However, in phase II no significant difference (p<0.05) between the treatments with bacteria and the control were found for any evaluated variables. Interestingly, the variation in resulting bioconversion ratio and reduction ratio (on a VS basis) was found to be reduced when one or more bacteria were present. The coefficient of variation in bioconversion ratio was 9.5% for the control compared to between 2.5% and 6.1% for treatments with bacteria. For the reduction ratio the variation was reduced from 5.6% and to between 0.9% and 4.6% for the bacteria treatments. Hence, seeding with bacteria may improve stability of the process, which is especially interesting when scaling up the process.
Globalt slängs ungefär en tredjedel av all ätbar mat. Därmed finns ett stort behov av säker och hållbar avfallshantering. En intressant lösning för organiskt avfall är fluglarvskompostering, som både producerar protein i form av larver och en näringsrik behandlingsrest. Larverna kan exempelvis användas som djurfoder medan behandlings-resten kan användas som gödselmedel, vilket innebär att näring kan återvinnas. Fluglarvskompostering med amerikansk vapenfluga (BSF), Hermetia illucens, är en relativt ny teknik men det finns redan omfattande forskning på hur olika processparametrar, t.ex. temperatur och vattenhalt, påverkar processen. Bakteriers roll har studerats endast i ett fåtal studier men de indikerar att tillsats av bakterier kan ha en positiv inverkan på larvernas tillväxt. Den här studien har därför undersökt hur tillsats av bakterier isolerade från BSF ägg påverkar fluglarvskompostering av matavfall med BSF larver. Studien gjordes i två experimentella delar. I fas I undersöktes effekten av tillsats av bakteriegrupper om tre bakterier till matavfallet samtidigt med larverna; i fas II utfördes triplikat av lovande bakteriegrupper med tre, två eller enstaka bakterier. Resultaten från fas I indikerade att olika bakteriegrupper antingen kunde höja eller sänka bioomvandlingskvoten och generellt gav en minskning i materialreduktions-kvoten medan överlevnadsgraden inte verkade påverkas i samma utsträckning. I fas II observerades däremot ingen signifikant skillnad (p<0,05) mellan någon av bakteriebehandlingarna och kontrollen för samtliga processvariabler. Variationen i resulterande bioomvandlingskvot och materialreduktionskvot (på VS basis) var dock lägre för bakteriebehandlingarna jämfört med kontrollen. Variationen i bioomvandlings-kvot var 9,5% för kontrollen jämfört med 2,5-6,1% för bakteriebehandlingarna. För materialreduktionskvoten minskade variationen från 5,6% till mellan 0,9% och 4,6%. Detta tyder på att tillsats av bakterier kan förbättra stabiliteten hos fluglarvskompostering, vilket är särskilt intressant vid uppskalning av processen.

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Fernandez, mena Hugo. "Modélisation des flux de biomasse et de nutriments dans les territoires agricoles : simulation et évaluation de scénarios appliqués à un cas d’étude en France". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0960/document.

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Nourrir une population mondiale croissante dans un contexte de changements globaux pose de nouveaux défis à l’agriculture en termes d’efficience de production et d’impacts environnementaux. Rendre les systèmes agro-alimentaires plus soutenables nécessite de mieux recycler la biomasse et les nutriments, c’est-à-dire de tendre vers des flux de fertilisants, de produits végétaux, d’aliments du bétail, de coproduits et de déchets plus circulaires. À ce titre, il est nécessaire de développer de nouveaux outils pour mieux explorer et évaluer les échanges de matières entre les fermes et leurs partenaires économiques amont et aval dans les territoires. Dans le travail présent, l’état de l’art concernant les méthodes d’analyse, de modélisation et d’évaluation environnementale des flux de biomasse et d’éléments minéraux à différentes échelles est réalisé. Le modèle multi-agents FAN (« Flows in Agricultural Network») qui simule les flux des matières entre les fermes et leurs partenaires économiques dans les territoires agricoles a été développé. Les processus de FAN sont expliqués en détail et une analyse de sensibilité des variables clefs est présentée. Par ailleurs, le modèle FAN a été appliqué à un cas d’études en France pour évaluer la performance des scénarios contrastés visant à améliorer l’efficience d’utilisation des éléments minéraux, développer le recyclage de la matière, favoriser la production du biogaz ou reconcevoir les systèmes de production. Les sorties de simulations des scénarios sont analysées en termes de production alimentaire et énergétique, de flux de matières et de logistique, de cycle des nutriments et d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Ce travail montre l’utilité des outils de prospective et modèles multi-agents pour améliorer la durabilité des systèmes agricoles et des chaines alimentaires, pour créer et évaluer des solutions collectives tendant vers l’économie circulaire et pour prendre en charge les interactions entre acteurs économiques au sein des chaines et filières alimentaires complexes
Feeding the growing global population in a context of global change raises new challenges for agriculture regarding its production efficiency and impacts on natural resources. Solutions for towards farming sustainability require to improve nutrient and biomass recycling in agro-food systems, i.e. to move from linear to more circular flows of fertilizers, crop products, feedstuff, by-products and organic wastes. Innovative tools exploring material exchanges between farms and their upstream and downstream partners in agro-food systems at the local scale are needed. In the present work, the state of the art about analysis methods, models and environmental tools addressing nutrient and biomass flows at different scales is reviewed. The FAN (“Flows in Agricultural Network”) model, an agent-based model that simulates a range of material flows among farms and their partners within agricultural districts is developed. FAN processes are explained in details and a sensitivity analysis to some key variables is performed. In addition, the FAN model is applied to a French case-study to assess the performances of contrasted scenarios aiming to enhance nutrient use efficiency, recycling strategies, biogas production and system redesign. The outcomes from the scenario simulation are analyzed are assessed in terms of food provisioning, nutrient cycling and greenhouse gas emissions. This work shows the usefulness of prospective, agent-based tools for greater farming and food-chain sustainability, to design and evaluate collective solutions for circular economy and to account for interactions among economic actors within complex agro-food systems

49

Sharma, Neeta. "Recycling of organic wastes through earthworms for crop growth". Thesis, 1986. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/12345678/3161.

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50

"Recycling of agro-industrial wastes by vermiculture". Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5887199.

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Abstract (sommario):

by Ng Ki Chi.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-145).
Acknowledgments
Abstract
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Waste Management in Hong Kong --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Sources of Organic Wastes and Their Characteristics --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Animal manure --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sewage sludge --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Food waste --- p.7
Chapter 1.3 --- Organic Waste Recycling --- p.9
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Organic wastes for land application --- p.9
Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Animal manure --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Sewage sludge --- p.12
Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Plant residue --- p.14
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Composting --- p.15
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Biogas production --- p.16
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Organic wastes as feedstuffs or feed supplements --- p.18
Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- Animal manure --- p.18
Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- Sewage sludge --- p.19
Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- Plant residue --- p.20
Chapter 1.3.4.4 --- Biological products from waste conversion --- p.21
Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives and Outlines of the Present Study --- p.26
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Vermiculture of Eisenia foetida and Pheretima asciatica on Different Agro- industrial Wastes --- p.29
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.29
Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Collection of materials --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preparation of earthworms --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Culture trial --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Harvesting of earthworms --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.5 --- "Chemical analysis of bedding material, wastes and worm tissues" --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.38
Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.38
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Chemical properties of organic wastes and bedding material --- p.38
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Heavy metal contents in bedding material and organic wastes --- p.41
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Effects of organic wastes on worm growth --- p.43
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Effects of organic wastes on protein contents and protein yields --- p.47
Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusions --- p.49
Chapter Chapter 3 --- "Effects of Soybean Waste, Pig Manure and Digested Sludge on the Quality of Worm Meal From Eisenia foetida and Pheretima asciatica" --- p.53
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.53
Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.59
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Collection of materials --- p.59
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Preparation of earthworms --- p.59
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Experimental design and setup --- p.59
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Harvesting of earthworms --- p.61
Chapter 3.2.5 --- Chemical analysis of worm tissues --- p.61
Chapter 3.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.63
Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.63
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Effects of wastes on worm growth --- p.63
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Nutrient contents of earthworms from different wastes --- p.69
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Heavy metal contents in earthworm tissues --- p.72
Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.81
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Worm Meal as Protein Source for Fish Diet --- p.82
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.82
Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.85
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Preparation of experimental diets --- p.85
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Feeding experiment --- p.88
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Chemical analysis --- p.90
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.90
Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.90
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Growth response --- p.90
Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Growth --- p.91
Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Mortality --- p.95
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Tissue chemical composition --- p.95
Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Nutritional contents --- p.97
Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Heavy metal contents --- p.97
Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.99
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Worm Worked Bedding as Potting Media for Plant Growth --- p.103
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.103
Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.106
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Preparation of potting media --- p.106
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Chemical analysis of potting media --- p.106
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Plant growth experiment --- p.107
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Tissue analysis --- p.109
Chapter 5.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.109
Chapter 5.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.109
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Chemical properties of potting media --- p.109
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Plant growth status --- p.114
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Heavy metal contents in plant tissues --- p.119
Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.125
Chapter Chapter 6 --- General Conclusions --- p.126
References --- p.130

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