Articoli di riviste sul tema "Recyclage distribué"

Around the world freshwater is increasingly scarce, and Texas is no different. Texas continuously operates at a shortage, where freshwater supply cannot meet demand. Projections show that this deficit will increase over the next decade, which would cause billions of dollars in losses for the Texas economy. But Texas is in a unique position to correct its water problems and take corrective measures to avoid such losses. Innovations around hydraulic fracturing in the oil and gas industry, namely recyclable “produced water” and the burgeoning “water midstream” sector will play an important role in remediating Texas’ freshwater scarcity concern. Furthermore, the technological advancements in recyclable produced water, combined with an effective business model and operational infrastructure of the water midstream sector, would generate a consistent source of freshwater for industrial, manufacturing, and agricultural uses that will mitigate the strain on natural freshwater sources. Private actors continue to fund and build facilities to gather, recycle, and distribute produced water; but there are barriers to expansion of these systems. While the private sector has a foundational blueprint to utilize recyclable produced water, there are business, legal, environmental, and regulatory concerns that must be addressed by the Texas government to pioneer a sustainable water future that will greatly benefit Texas’s economy and residents. The Texas government must adopt a proactive approach to thi

Using carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur sourced from thiourea to co-doped TiO2 (C,N,S-TiO2), was prepared via hydrothermal method using precursors of titanyl sulfate TiOSO4, obtained by decomposition of ilmenite ore in Binh Dinh. The material used to make the substrate is glass and distributed onto it is silicone and photocatalytic. The structure and properties of materials system were investigated by modern physicochemical analysis methods including scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, diffuse reflection spectroscopy UV-Vis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and nitrogen isothermal adsorption. The photocatalytic ability of materials system after being carried by silicone is demonstrated by decomposing tetracycline (10 mg/L) in aqueous solution with the yield more than 88% efficiency after 6 hours under visible light irradiation. The optimum dose of the photocatalyst was 0.6 g/L under visible light irradiation. The results indicated that C, N, S co-doped TiO2 demonstrated the highest photocatalytic efficiency and a perspective recyclable potential when it is distributed onto silicone.

Manajemen pengelolaan sampah dengan pola 3R (reuse, reduce dan recycle) belum berjalan optimal, karena sistem pemilahan sampah belum terlaksana secara terpadu. Sampah yang sudah dipilah sejak level rumah tangga belum tentu akan ditangani secara terpisah ketika telah sampai di tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA). Pemutusan rantai distribusi sampah rumah tanggal menuju TPA melalui pembuatan eco-enzym pada level rumah tangga adalah salah satu solusi alternatif. Eco-enzym kaya akan manfaat, serta mudah dan murah untuk diaplikasikan pada level rumah tangga. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan 3 model pendekatan, yaitu Partisipatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Entrepreneurship Capacity Building (ECB), dan Teknologi transfer (TT). Ketiga model tersebut diaplikasikan melaui penggalian permasalahan smapah rumah tangga, peningkatan wawasan manfaat ekonomi sampah, dan peningkatan kapasitas pembuatan eco-enzym.

In this paper, an energy management strategy for electric vehicles equipped with fuel cell (FC), battery (BAT), and supercapacitor (SC) is considered, aiming at improving the whole performance under a framework of vehicle to network application. In detail, based on wavelet transform and equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), the demand power of vehicles is optimized to enhance the lifespan of fuel cell, fuel economy, and dynamic performance of electric vehicles. The wavelet transform is used to separate the high-frequency power in order to provide a peak power and recycle the braking energy. The equivalent consumption minimization strategy is used to distribute the low-frequency power to fuel cell and battery for minimizing the hydrogen consumption. Obtained results are studied using an advanced vehicle simulator, and its effectiveness of the strategy is confirmed, which provides a fundamental control method for the IOV application.

Various techniques have been used in distributed file systems for data availability and stability. Typically, a method for storing data in a replication technique-based distributed file system is used, but due to the problem of space efficiency, an erasure-coding (EC) technique has been utilized more recently. The EC technique improves the space efficiency problem more than the replication technique does. However, the EC technique has various performance degradation factors, such as encoding and decoding and input and output (I/O) degradation. Thus, this study proposes a buffering and combining technique in which various I/O requests that occurred during encoding in an EC-based distributed file system are combined into one and processed. In addition, it proposes four recovery measures (disk input/output load distribution, random block layout, multi-thread-based parallel recovery, and matrix recycle technique) to distribute the disk input/output loads generated during decoding.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang sebuah platform donasi pakaian yang terintegrasi sehingga dapat memfasilitasi proses pengumpulan, penjulan kembali, distribusi donasi, dan daur ulang (collect, resale, re-donate, dan recycle) berbasis teknologi informasi secara melingkar atau circular. Sistem ini dirancang untuk mempermudah proses pengumpulan donasi dan penjualan produk fashion kembali sehingga selain mendapatkan nilai ekonomi dari barang yang dijual kembali, juga dapat memperpanjang usia dari produk fashion tersebut, sebelum pada akhirnya dilakukan proses daur ulang. Juga kemudian hasil donasi (baik berupa dana tunai mapun barang) dapat didistribusikan oleh penerima manfaat seperti yatim dan dhuafa. Selain donasi dalam bentuk produk pakaian juga difasilitasi donasi dalam bentuk dana tunai. Pelaporan jumlah donasi juga disediakan dalam sistem ini untuk meningkatkan transparansi dan akuntabilitas. Sistem ini menjadi mendesak untuk dibangun mengingat masih banyaknya kesulitan untuk melakukan proses donasi (terutama dalam bentuk barang seperti produk fashion) yang mudah, transparan, dan akuntabel dalam satu buah sistem yang terintegrasi seperti yang dibuat pada penelitian ini. Sistem ini dirancang dengan mengikuti tahapan Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model. Proses perancangan divisualisasikan dengan menggunakan Unified Modeling Language (UML). Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan beberapa pendekatan seperti literatur review, analisis, perancangan, dan implementasi. Aplikasi yang dibuat diberi nama Berbagi Barang Berkah. Sistem ini mengadopsi konsep circular fashion yang merupakan penggunaan kembali sumber daya yang sudah dimiliki oleh industri fashion untuk digunakan dan diedarkan kembali secara bertanggung jawab dan efektif selama mungkin. Penelitian ini menghasilkan sebuah platform donasi yang terintegrasi, mulai dari proses pengumpulan barang, pelaporan barang donasi, dan pejualan serta pembelian barang donasi.

Dampak dari tidak optimalnya manajemen sampah pada Kelurahan Jakamulya yang selalu terkena banjir akibat sampah dan Situ Wo yang tidak bisa menampung air. Upaya-upaya untuk mengelola sampah dari sumbernya sudah dilakukan dengan bank sampah namun belum optimal. Tujuan Program Kemitraan Wilayah Kota Bekasi adalah peningkatan partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengelolaan Sampah dengan konsep 3R (reuse, recycle, reduce). Berdasarkan hasil penerapan program PKW dapat disimpulkan bahwa operasional Bank sampah Mutiara Pondok Suryamandala di Kelurahan Jakamulya Kota Bekasi berbasis TPS 3R menjadi kunci penanganan sampah berbasis masyarakat (komunal) sangat efektif untuk pengelolaan sampah yang langsung masyarakat sebagai pengelola plus (pemilik home industri). Tanpa system komunal ini mustahil sampah dapat diatasi dengan tuntas atau berkelanjutan. Membudayakan cara pembuangan sampah yang baik mulai dari lingkungan rumah tangga hingga dengan cara menyerahkan sampah ke Bank Sampah adalah metoda efektif di tingkat masyarakat yang akhirnya akan memandirikan masyarakat dalam mengelola sampahnya sendiri. Menata TPS 3R menjadi pusat pemanfaatan sampah organik dan anorganik secara maksimal merupakan program pengelolaan sampah berbasis komunal yang secara pasti akan memotong mata rantai distribusi sampah dari TPS 3R ke tempat pembuangan akhir.

This study discusses the oxidation induration and swelling behavior of chromium-bearing vanadium titanomagnetite pellets (CVTP) with Co2O3 additions. The reduction swelling index (RSI) and compressive strength of reduced CVTP (CSRC) were investigated with simulated coke oven gas (COG). The results show that the compressive strength (CS) of CVTP decreases from 2448 to 1983 N and the porosity of CVTP increases from 14.86 to 22.49% with increasing Co2O3 additions. The Co2O3 mainly exists in the form of CoFe2O4 in both of CVTP and reduced CVTP, and the CoFe2O4 is hard to be reduced by thermodynamic calculation. The Co-bearing phase mainly distributes on gap edges and among adjacent hematite grains. Many cracks and pores distribute along the grain boundaries and damage the connection of hematite grains. The CSRC decreases from 901 to 376 N, and RSI of reduced CVTP increases from 5.87 to 9.05% with increasing Co2O3 additions. The Co2O3 addition facilitates the aggregation and diffusion of metallic iron particles, and the aggregations of metallic iron thicken the lamellar crystals. The pores and interval of grains enlarge with increasing Co2O3 additions. This study can supply the theoretical and technical basis for the utilization of CVTP and waste residue-bearing cobalt with COG recyclable technology.

Indonesia is the second largest producer of waste after China with an estimated 0.48-1.29 million metric tons per year. Based on data from the Environment, Hygiene and Landscaping Agency (DLHKP), as of 2022 the Klotok Final Management Site (TPA) receives as much as 140 tons of waste per day, the waste is included in organic waste and inorganic waste. Meanwhile, inefficient waste handling can cause water quality in an area to be very poor and contain toxic waste and garbage that is allowed to accumulate can cause flooding and endanger public health. One of the community organizations that cares about waste processing is the Melati Waste Bank in Kediri City. The Melati Waste Bank is productive in carrying out activities to reduce waste in Kediri City, this is evidenced by the process of sorting waste, processing sorted waste, then distribute the product into the society. Unfortunately the efforts are under the expectations of the management and volunteers of the Melati Waste Bank are due to lack of interest in purchasing waste recycling products. This research uses qualitative methods using triangulation techniques where research is carried out by interviews. So as to obtain the results that consumer behavior in purchasing waste recycling products is based on environmental knowledges, recycle behavior and government regulations related to restrictions on the use of single-use plastics.

Penggunaan tanaman tradisional sebagai obat-obatan tidak kalah dibanding bahan obat kimiawi karena penggunaan bahan alami justru tidak menimbulkan efek samping yang berlebihan. Masih terbatasnya penelitian terkait rantai pasokan obat herbal melatarbelakangi penelitian ini sebagai salah satu alternatif solusi dari permasalahan yang terjadi pada proses rantai pasokan obat herbal. Dalam penelitian ini diusulkan sebuah model Sistem Pendukung Pengambilan Keputusan Cerdas berbasis website dengan menggunakan metode Green Supply Chain Operation Reference, Fuzzy Analytic Network Process dan Algoritme Genetika dengan objek penelitian pada industri obat herbal. Sistem yang diusulkan merupakan sebuah sistem penunjang keputusan yang ditingkatkan kinerjanya dengan menambahkan elemen kecerdasan buatan ke dalamnya yang terdiri atas empat bagian utama, yaitu: sistem manajemen dialog, sistem manajemen basis data, sistem manajemen basis model, dan elemen kecerdasan buatan. Pada simulasi sistem diperoleh hasil untuk karbon footprint sebanyak 602 kg sementara total environment footprint sebesar 4.181 kg, recycle waste material menjadi pilihan pertama pakar pada alternatif pengembangan rantai pasok hijau sementara jarak terpendek untuk jalur distribusi sejauh 1014 km. Berdasarkan pengujian load test, aplikasi berjalan baik dengan waktu rata-rata selama 9.28 detik. Hasil dari penelitian adalah sebuah aplikasi online yang dapat diakses pada situs www.herbal.biz.id dengan melakukan registrasi user terlebih dahulu.<br /><br />Kata Kunci: Algoritme Genetika, Fuzzy Analytic Network Process, obat herbal, rantai pasok.

Masalah sampah merupakan masalah penting yang dapat merusak keseimbangan ekosistem lingkungan. Berdasar perhitungan Bappenas dalam buku infrastruktur Indonesia pada tahun 1995 perkiraan timbulan sampah di Indonesia sebesar 22.5 juta ton dan akan meningkat lebih dari dua kali lipat pada tahun 2020 menjadi 53,7 juta ton (Mungkasa, 2004). Penerapan 3R atau reuse, reduce dan recycle sampah merupakan salah satu program terbaik dalam rangka pelestarian lingkungan hidup karena mengedepankan penanganan sampah dari sumbernya. Pengolahan sampah organik tuntas di tempat bila digulirkan secara terpadu bisa menuntaskan permasalahan sampah dari sumber yang pada akhirnya mendapat mendukung tercapainya kondisi lingkungan yang sehat, bersih dan nyaman. Akan tetapi ternyata pengolahan sampah dengan sistem pemilahan sampah belum terlaksana secara terpadu. Sampah yang sudah dipilah sejak level rumah tangga belum tentu akan ditangani secara terpisah ketika telah sampai di tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA).Pemotongan alur distribusi sampah menuju TPA adalah cara yang efektif dan mempercepat pemrosesan sampah menjadi produk yang lebih bermanfaat. Cara efektif tersebut dapat direalisasikan melalui pembuatan eco-enzyme yang dapat diterapkan pada level rumah tangga. Eco-enzyme adalah ekstrak cairan yang dihasilkan dari fermentasi sisa sayuran dan buah-buahan dengan substrat gula merah. Prinsip proses pembuatan eco-enzyme sendiri sebenarnya mirip proses pembuatan kompos, namun ditambahkan air sebagai media pertumbuhan sehingga produk akhir yang diperoleh berupa cairan yang lebih disukai karena lebih mudah digunakan.

Dans cet article de synthèse les quantités de matière sèche ingérées de fourrages distribués à l’auge, ainsi que leur digestibilité, sont comparées chez différentes espèces d’herbivores domestiques (ovins, caprins, bovins, cerfs, lamas, chevaux). Par rapport au poids vif des animaux c’est avec les fourrages pauvres que les écarts de quantités ingérées sont les plus importants, à l’avantage surtout des cervidés et des caprins. Pour les foins tardifs de graminées des écarts notables se maintiennent. Pour les foins de bonne qualité, toutes les espèces comparées, sauf les lamas, donnent des résultats identiques. Les résultats sont aussi exprimés par rapport au poids métabolique (PV0,75). Des éléments d’information et d’explication sont donnés à travers la durée journalière d’ingestion, le contrôle physiologique de l’ingestion, la durée de rumination, le mécanisme de comminution des aliments et la salivation. Pour ce qui concerne les digestibilités il existe des différences notables entre espèces. Ces différences, faibles pour les fourrages de bonne qualité, s’accroissent au fur et à mesure que la qualité des fourrages comparés diminue. Le classement des espèces est alors net, dans l’ordre décroissant : lamas, bovins, caprins, ovins, cerfs, chevaux. Les différences observées sont expliquées à partir de l’importance relative des différents sites de digestion, de l’intensité variable de la digestion microbienne, des temps de séjour des digesta dans le tube digestif, et de l’efficacité des recyclages d’azote et de minéraux. L’ingestion de matière organique digestible exprimée par rapport au poids métabolique des animaux donne une bonne idée des possibilités de couverture de leurs besoins par les différentes espèces. De ce point de vue les animaux à grand format sont largement avantagés, bovins et chevaux étant comparables. Parmi les animaux à petit format les ovins sont théoriquement désavantagés par rapport aux caprins, aux cerfs et aux lamas. Lorsqu’ils sont en liberté, les petits ruminants sont donc obligés d’ingérer des aliments plus digestibles que les gros ruminants.

Penerapan 3R atau reuse, reduce dan recycle sampah merupakan salah satu program terbaik dalam rangka pelestarian lingkungan hidup karena mengedepankan penanganan sampah dari sumbernya. Akan tetapi ternyata pengolahan sampah dengan sistem pemilahan sampah belum terlaksana secara terpadu. Sampah yang sudah dipilah sejak level rumah tangga belum tentu akan ditangani secara terpisah ketika telah sampai di tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA). Inilah yang terjadi pada kebanyakan TPA di Indonesia. Pemotongan alur distribusi sampah menuju TPA adalah cara yang efektif dan mempercepat pemrosesan sampah menjadi produk yang lebih bermanfaat. Cara efektif tersebut dapat direalisasikan melalui pembuatan eco-enzyme yang dapat diterapkan pada level rumah tangga. Dengan adanya pembuatan eco-enzyme maka akan mewujudkan eco-enzyme yang merupakan kelompok masyarakat yang sadar lingkungan. Pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian ini dilakukan melalui 2 (dua) kegiatan utama: 1) Pelatihan pengolahan sampah melalui pembuatan eco-enzyme, 2) Focus Group Discussion pembentukan eco-community guru-guru Kimia Kota Bengkulu. Kegiatan dilakukan di SMAN 5 Kota Bengkulu yang diikuti oleh 23 Orang Guru Kimia yang tergabunga dalam MGMP Kimia Kota Bengkulu. Para peserta kegiatan sangat antusias dengan kegiatan yang dilakukan, karena sampah organic yang selama ini dibiarkan begitu saja. Namun dengan adanya kegiatan pengabdian ini, guru-guru kimia terutama Ibu-Ibu dapat memanfaatkan limbah tersebut dan menjadikannya eco-enzym. Manfaat yang bisa diperoleh dengan adanya eco enzyme yakni untuk mencuci pakaian, pembersih kamar mandi, hand sanitizer, pembersih lantai serta pembersih pestisida pada buah dan sayur.

In an endeavor to assist the Banda Aceh City Government in effective waste management, a group of lecturers and students from Syiah Kuala University (USK) has introduced an innovative waste management solution in the form of a digital-based waste collection and disposal application named e-tikbroh.yak. This application is designed to pick up pre-sorted waste from users, including individuals and communities, and then distribute the segregated waste to collectors and partners who have ordered or purchased it for various productive purposes. The distribution of this application to the community is considered essential as it streamlines the waste management process by promoting waste sorting and implementing the 3 R (Reduce-Reuse-Recycle) waste management concept, thereby fostering a conscious approach to waste management. Furthermore, e-tikbroh.yak creates new employment opportunities within the community, both as application couriers and by generating additional income through the collection of sorted waste. To expand its reach and accessibility, the e-tikbroh.yak application will soon be made available on the Play Store and web browsers for non-Android smartphone users in Banda Aceh City. Following its public introduction, a User’s Acceptance Test (UAT) was conducted to ensure the effective and optimal functioning of the application system. This paper aims to elucidate two key aspects: 1) introducing e-tikbroh.yak to the community and partners, and 2) assessing the application's performance through the User Acceptance Test (UAT) procedure. The outcome of the UAT demonstrated that the people of Banda Aceh City found the application's operation to be smooth and user-friendly.

Permasalahan sampah adalah masalah berkelanjutan yang mengharuskan adanya solusi-solusi, baik segi pengelolaan maupun menyikapi sampah itu sendiri. Permasalahan yang ditemukan di desa langung kecamatan Meureubo adalah tidak tersedianya bak TPS untuk menanampung sampah masyarakat yang ada didesa Langung. Selain itu, sangat terbatasnya distribusi container sampah di wilayah desa Langung. Lokasi desa juga berada jauh dari jalur lintas truk sampah, masyarakat desa belum memiliki budaya tertip sampah, dan masyarakat desa belum paham program teknik 3R. Tahapan pemecahan masalah yang dilaksanakan adalah melakukan pendampingan pembangunan dua unit Bak Sampah Gampong (BSG). BSG bersifat permanen yang merupakan TPS milik desa. Selanjutnya adalah mengadakan penyuluhan pemahaman tentang klasifikasi sampah dan teknik 3R. Yaitu pendampingan penyuluhan peningkatan pengetahuan dan pemahaman program Zero waste dengan formulasi 3R. Selanjutnya mengadakan demo pembuatan kompos. Untuk dapat mengukur pemahaman warga maka dilakukan tes menggunakan angket setelah dilakukan penyuluhan. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu warga antusias mengumpulkan sampah ke TPS BSG, warga memahami cara pembuatan kompos dari sisa sayuran. Selain itu warga memahami konsep Zero waste dan teknik 3R. Diperoleh hasil berdasarkan analisis angket diperoleh 84% responden memiliki pemahamann kategori sangat paham.Kata kunci: Bak Sampah Gampong; Zero Waste; Aplikasi Teknik 3R; Pengelolaan Sampah.AbstractWaste problem is a continuous problem that requires solutions, both in term of management and addressing the waste itself. Thes problem that was found in the Langung village of meureubo sub-district was teh unavailability of a polling station to collect community waste in the Langung village. In addition, the very limited distribution of garbage containers in the Langung village area. The location of the village is also far from the garbage truck lane, the village community does not yet have a culture of trash, and the village community does not understand the 3R engineering program stages of solving the problem carried out is to assist in the construction of two trash bin Gampong (BSG) units. BSG is permanent, which is a village TPS. Next is holding an edication about understanding waste classification and 3R techniques. Namely counseling increasing knowledge and understanding of the zero waste program with the 3R formulation. Next is holding a compost demostration. To be able to measure the understanding of citizens, then the test was done using a questionnaire after counseling. The result obtained are the residents enthusiastic about collecting garbage to TPS BSG. The residents understand how to make compost from the rest of the vegetables. Beside, the residents understand the consept of Zero waste and 3R techniques. The results obtained from the questionnaire analysis analysis showed that 84% of respondents had a very understanding category.Keyword: Trash Bin Gampong; Zero Waste; 3R Engineering Applications; Waste Management.

Environmentally compatible production practices are conscious efforts to design and retrofit nursery container growing areas to improve irrigation and nutrient efficiency, and reduce exposure of ground and surface water supplies to contaminated effluent. Irrigation of ornamental crops in containers can be very inefficient, using large quantities of water and fertilizer. Irrigation water and fertilizer use efficiencies are directly related to each other. Improving irrigation efficiency improves nutrient efficiency and reduces water volume and nutrients leaving production beds. Increasing efficiency can be accomplished in many ways. Grouping plant species and container sizes into blocks with similar water requirements improves efficiency. Redesigning overhead sprinkler systems to accomplish uniform distribution across growing beds or replacing worn nozzle orifices can significantly reduce application variability. Low volume/low pressure systems that distribute water directly into containers and apply less water in a specific amount of time compared to overhead sprinkler application, will conserve water. Applying irrigation in short cycles rather than long cycles improves wetting in substrates and conserves electrical energy, water and directly reduces nutrient leaching from containers. Creating microclimates in nurseries to optimize light or reduce container temperatures, disease pressure and crop stress can improve water and nutrient efficacy. Flow of water running off growing areas must be engineered to slow velocity, filter and contain effluent. Strategies should be site-specific. Capture, containment and recycling of irrigation water has been a common practice in many nurseries in the U.S., as a means to provide adequate water supplies. Vegetative filter strips adjacent to beds and containment basins have been installed at nurseries to reduce contaminants in runoff before water enters recycle irrigation supplies. In areas with sandy soils, some nurseries have developed closed systems where drainage channels and collection basins are lined to prevent nitrogen movement from runoff into shallow groundwater.

This study delves into the complexities of managing a global supply chain. It examines the supply chain strategy employed by Nestle to produce and distribute its popular coffee brand, Nescafe. The main focus is on evaluating the key challenges faced by the company, including post-COVID-19 issues, sustainability concerns, climate change, and supplier profitability. In response to these challenges, Nestle has implemented a structured approach to develop a resilient, sustainable, competitive supply chain for Nescafe. The Nescafe Plan, a global sustainability initiative, has provided a competitive advantage to Nescafe’s supply chain. This initiative involves collaboration with suppliers, distributors, and customers at all levels, ensuring accountability and promoting ethical practices. Results show significant positive impacts, including local sourcing of coffee, reduced carbon emissions, and water withdrawal. Nescafe operates its coffee supply chain based on a lean strategy, ensuring supply and demand stability. Customer demand for Nescafe’s products is well-predicted, allowing for unique positioning, high service levels, and cost efficiency. To enhance supply chain resilience, Nescafe focuses on mitigating internal and external risks in coffee lands, addressing issues like labour shortage, child labour risks, climate change, and natural disasters. The study also explores Nestle’s approach to supply chain outsourcing and supplier selection processes. Furthermore, the study examines Nestle’s commitment to sustainable development, encompassing economic, environmental, and social aspects. The company invests in economic development by situating production in developing countries and ensuring growth and long-term success for stakeholders. To continue its journey towards sustainability, Nestle has set ambitious goals for the future, aiming for recyclable packaging, zero net gas emissions, and 100% sustainably produced materials by 2030. The company also plans to empower 10 million young people with economic opportunities globally by the same year. Generally, this study provides valuable insights into the strategies adopted by Nestle to create a resilient and sustainable global supply chain for Nescafe, offering lessons for other manufacturing companies seeking to achieve future success through effective supply chain management.

Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (FRC) marks a significant change in construction technology, providing a way to create more long-lasting, environmentally friendly, and creative building materials. This study explores the many benefits, difficulties, and potential opportunities of FRC, emphasizing its importance in improving building methods. FRC is a composite material that combines various fibers including steel, glass, synthetic, and natural fibers with concrete to increase structural stability by increasing tensile strength, fracture resistance, and impact resilience. Sustainable FRC emphasizes the use of recycled or natural fibers to reduce environmental implications, encourage waste reduction, and conserve resources. Exploring recyclable resources like steel fibers from scrap steel or used tires offers a sustainable option to typical reinforcing materials. This method not only reuses trash but also reduces the carbon footprint linked to new steel production, aiding in achieving sustainable development objectives. The use of natural fibers like as jute, sisal, bamboo, and flax in FRC provides biodegradable, renewable, and low-carbon-footprint alternatives, improving the eco-friendliness of building materials. Although FRC has promise benefits, certain obstacles hinder its broad use. It is crucial to evenly distribute fibers in the concrete mix to provide the appropriate mechanical qualities, requiring improved mixing procedures for consistent dispersion. Moreover, the resilience of natural fibers in the alkaline concrete setting is a notable obstacle, leading to investigations on surface treatments to improve fiber compatibility and lifespan. In the future, combining smart technology with FRC is set to transform the building sector. Advancements like self-healing concrete, conductive fibers, and shape memory alloys provide materials that can repair themselves, monitor structural health in real-time, and enhance mechanical performance. The progress highlights the capability of FRC to enhance sustainability and efficiency in building while incorporating intelligent features to prolong the lifespan and dependability of structures. This study thoroughly examines the environmental advantages, mechanical improvements, problems, and future prospects of FRC. Ongoing research and development are being used to address obstacles in integrating FRC into construction practices, which shows promise in creating more resilient, sustainable, and innovative building solutions. This marks a significant advancement in the search for advanced construction materials.

Increasing healthier food demand and trend in consumption are causing the failure towards reaching food security. In response to current food crisis, the project proposed to shorten current food chain to transform local food system where the producer meets the consumer. This project aims to be a model to educate people through grow – distribution – cons umption – recycle to create food security for the community. Response to site is use as design method where the response results from the environment and site. Green and sustainable architecture are use as design approach to ensure the sustainability of the program and building. This project intend to be the hub for community and acts as a contribution to green space for the city and community. Constructions and materials design to adapt sustainable concept using renewable energy such as solar energy and by recycling food waste efficiently, in addition to minimize the use of artificial lights and air conditioner resulting to the façade designed to maximize natural ventilation throughout the building. Dynamic building designs are expected to increase visitors as education and culinary destination also as a community center for Rawa Belong community, consistent with the proposed program on this project such as the workshop area for learning, the restaurant and cafe area as a culinary attraction, and a multifunctional area for community activities.AbstrakPada generasi milenial banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi gagalnya mencapai keseimbangan pangan, seperti perubahan permintaan dan tren konsumsi. Dalam upaya merespon kondisi krisis pangan global secara lokal, proyek mengusulkan transformasi sistem pangan dimana rantai makanan disingkat menjadi produsen bertemu secara langsung dengan konsumen. Proyek ini diharapkan mampu menjadi contoh dan mengedukasi masyarakat melalui fungsi tanam - distribusi - konsumsi - daur ulang untuk mewujudkan keseimbangan pangan masyarakat. Metode perancangan adalah respon terhadap tapak, dimana hasil rancangan yang dihasilkan berasal dari kebutuhan kawasan dan tapak itu sendiri. Sistem hijau dan bekerlanjutan dipilih sebagai pendekatan secara arsitektur untuk mewujudkan keberlanjutan proyek dan bangunan. Rancangan pada tapak adalah menjadikan proyek sebagai wadah kegiatan masyarakat dan kontribusi Ruang Terbuka Hijau bagi kota dan komunitas masyarakat Rawa Belong. Konstruksi dan penggunaan material dirancang sesuai dengan konsep keberlanjutan dengan memperhatikan efisiensi dan daur ulang energi terbarukan seperti cahaya matahari dan limbah pangan serta minim penggunaan penerangan artifisial dan penyejuk udara sehingga dinding fasad dibuat agar bisa memberikan ventilasi alami pada seluruh ruangan. Rancangan bangunan yang bersifat dinamis diharapkan mampu meningkatkan pengunjung sebagai tujuan edukasi dan wisata kuliner serta kegiatan masyarakat di Rawa Belong dan sekitarnya, sesuai dengan program yang diusulkan pada proyek seperti area lokakarya untuk belajar, area restoran dan kafe sebagai daya tarik kuliner, dan area multifungsi untuk kegiatan masyarakat.

The Ancol Gen Beach is one of the beaches located in the waters of Lampung Bay, offering a variety of activities in the surrounding aquatic environment. These activities have led to an increase in pollution, particularly in the form of marine debris. The distribution of non-submerged marine debris tends to drift and ultimately ends up along the shoreline. This research was conducted from December 2021 to June 2022 at Ancol Gen Beach, Pesawahan, Teluk Betung Selatan, Bandar Lampung. The study aimed to classify and identify the types and weights of marine debris most commonly found at Ancol Gen Beach. Sampling of marine debris was carried out using the line transect method spanning the coastline. The research results revealed that the dominant type of marine debris was single-use plastic, followed by recyclable plastics, textiles, rubber, paper, glass, wood, metal, and hazardous waste (B3). The highest density of marine debris occurred during the rainy season, with a count of 50,020 pcs/m² and a weight of 160,525 g/m². In contrast, the lowest density of marine debris was observed during the dry season, with 15,450 pcs/m² and a weight of 53,250 g/m². The accumulation of macro marine debris along Ancol Gen Beach is suspected to be transported by surface currents and river flows in the vicinity of the shoreline. Keywords: Ancol Gen, Macro-sized, Marine debris, and Seasson. Abstrak Pantai Ancol Gen merupakan salah satu pantai yang berada di perairan Teluk Lampung yang memiliki beragam aktivitas di sekitar perairan tersebut. Aktivitas-aktivitas yang ada menyebabkan peningkatan pencemaran salah satunya berupa sampah laut. Distribusi sampah laut yang tidak tenggelam ke dasar perairan akan hanyut dan berakhir di sepanjang pantai. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2021- Juni 2022 dan bertempat di Pantai Ancol Gen, Pesawahan, Teluk Betung Selatan, Bandar Lampung. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasi dan mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis serta berat sampah laut yang paling banyak ditemukan di Pantai Ancol Gen. Pengambilan sampel sampah laut menggunakan metode line transek yang membentang sepanjang pantai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis sampah laut didominasi oleh sampah jenis plastik sekali pakai, kemudian diikuti oleh sampah plastik daur ulang, tekstil, karet, kertas, kaca, kayu, logam, dan sampah B3. Kepadatan jumlah sampah laut paling tinggi berada di musim hujan sebanyak 50.020 pcs/ m² dan berat sampah laut sebesar 160.525 g/m², sedangkan kepadatan jumlah sampah laut terendah di musim kemarau sebanyak 15.450 pcs/m² dan berat sampah laut sebesar 53.250 g/m². Akumulasi sampah laut makro yang tersebar di sepanjang Pantai Ancol Gen diduga terbawa oleh arus permukaan laut dan aliran sungai yang berada di sekitar pantai tersebut. Kata Kunci : sampah laut, makro, musim, pantai Ancol Gen.

AbstractDue to rapid urbanization, solid waste management (SWM) has become a significant issue in several developing countries including Thailand. Policies implemented by the Central Thai Government to manage SWM issues have had only limited success. This article reviews current municipal waste management plans in Thailand and examines municipal waste management at the local level, with focus on the Tha Khon Yang sub-district surrounding Mahasarakham University in Mahasarakham Province. Within two decades this area has been converted from a rural to an urban landscape featuring accommodation for over 45,000 university students and a range of business facilities. This development and influx of people has outpaced the government’s ability to manage municipal solid waste (MSW). There are significant opportunities to improve local infrastructure and operational capacity; but there are few mechanisms to provide and distribute information to improve community participation in waste management. Many community-based waste management projects, such as waste recycling banks, the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle), and waste-to-biogas projects have been abandoned. Additionally, waste from Tha Kon Yang and its surrounding areas has been transferred to unsanitary landfills; there is also haphazard dumping and uncontrolled burning of waste, which exacerbate current pollution issues.

There are many benefits to producing insects for food and feed; they require fewer resources to produce, process, and distribute. The digested and undigested waste along with insect feces (i.e., frass) from the mass production of insects can be considerable. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) digestion of organic residue produces frass that is high in macronutrients that are desirable for plants, potentially serving as a partial replacement for fertilizer or growing media, such as peat. Arugula and lettuce were grown in greenhouse pot studies with treatments comprised of BSFL frass (BSF), vermicompost (VC), and peat, and compared to a 100% peat control (CP). Yield, productivity, greenness, and tissue nutrient concentrations were measured. Arugula and lettuce produced the highest fresh weight and dry weight in the BSFL treatments. Primary macronutrients (N, P, K) and Mg in both crops were also highest in the BSFL treatments. Secondary macronutrients (Ca, Mg, S) and micronutrients produced more variable results (B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn). Lettuce produced larger yields but had much lower concentrations of nutrients compared to arugula. In small amounts, 10–20%, BSFL frass can serve as a good replacement for peat in leafy green crops. It is an especially beneficial way to recycle organic side streams in different industries and reduce waste production overall.

Combining Black political economy and solidarity economy theories and practices provides alternative models for group development based on recognizing and developing internal (to the individual and to the community) capacities and creating mechanisms that equitably produce, distribute, recycle, and multiply local expertise and capital within communities of color, especially Black, communities—creating a solidarity economy of caring community for survival (successful social reproduction), sustainability, and liberation. The history of mutual aid, cooperative ownership, and economic democracy among African Americans demonstrates how economic cooperation and solidarity economics have enabled Blacks to address human needs, generate income, and at the same time be family and community friendly, in reaction to anti-Blackness and racial economic inequality. Cooperatives enable low-income residents, women, immigrants, and people of color (who often are without any avenue to gain income or assets) to provide affordable, quality goods and services in ecologically sustainable ways and generate jobs, stabilize their communities, and accumulate some assets. The history of African American cooperative ownership demonstrates that Black Americans have been successful in creating and maintaining collective and cooperatively owned enterprises that often provided not only economic stability for members and their communities but also developed many types of human and social capital and developed community-wide well-being. I discuss how this helps us to define an economics of abundance and explore possibilities for achieving economic liberation in the twenty-first century. JEL Classification: J15, B54, P13

Eco-fashion clothes offer considerable promise to reduce clothing waste associated with improving consumer profits and the health of the community. The aim of this paper is to explore the consumer purchase behaviour toward Eco-fashion clothes made of recycled materials. The clothing waste is increasing each year and there is a lack of landfill sites for disposing of them. This resulted in governments encourage industries markets to recycle more. However, it is necessary to support the clothing recycling technology program, and the achievement of those markets depends on consumer demand for these products. Hence, understanding consumer behaviour toward Eco-fashion clothes made of recycled materials can provide a basis to develop effective guidelines for disposal and purchase recycled clothes. This study applied the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) as the foundation of the consumer’s behaviour. A two-stage mixed-method approach was explored. Statistical analysis was commenced through direct logistic regression. The model was tested via structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Overall, findings reveal that the most significant factor on purchase intention of Eco-fashion clothes is the positive attitude which was followed by the perceived behavioural control and then subjective norms on the construct intention. Furthermore, there is a strong connection to sustainable disposal clothing behaviour and purchase behaviour toward Eco-fashion clothes. Hence, strengthening people attitude in order to purchase Eco-fashion clothes made of recycled contents as a sustainable trend is applicable to help reduction of clothing waste. This happens when people’s need is along with these clothes. The implications of this study can be examined from an educational and managerial perspective to form an effective strategy to encourage an increased rate in the disposal of clothing toward recycling and development policies to improve recycling technology programs. Therefore, it can lead to produce clothes made of recycled materials based on the consumer's needs and distribute them in the fashion market

Every researcher aspires to finish their research with a top-notch research paper. The only way for people to understand how hard you worked is through your writing. Your methods for presenting the facts and your writing style all come together to provide a complete picture of you, regardless of whether you write an abstract, a research paper, research proposals, or a thesis. Given the extreme importance of a research paper, here are some guidelines that can make the challenging process of writing easier. Step 1: Decide on site of Submission Don’t: Begin writing your manuscript without knowing where you will submit it. Do: Pick a journal early on in the process, aligning the scope and depth of your research to the requirements of the journal. Failure to choose the journal that is “best fit” can delay the publishing of your data and force you to spend a lot of time and effort reformatting your paper. Step 2: Convert your figures into their final form Don’t: Avoid losing track of your data. Do: The first and most important stage is to finalize your figures because they will be closely related to every portion of your paper. Pay close attention to the appropriate use of colour, figure size, desired fonts, and the placement of labels and text. Don’t: Subject your reader to all of your frustrations and inadequacies. Do: Pay attention to your findings rather than your errors and failures. Using chronological order might not be the best option. Organize your figures in a reasonable way to present the “story”. Don’t: Create composite figures with ambiguous titles. Do: Create each figure with a single, distinct point in mind and identify that point in the figure’s title. Don’t: Make it difficult for the reader to follow the data in your figures. Do: Position figure panels so that the viewer’s eyes will naturally follow the correct sequence. Remember that figure panels will be correspondingly sized for publication. Don’t: Avoid cutting corners while submitting your figures. Do: Submit high-resolution figures. Reviewers may assume that you worked hastily and carelessly both in the lab and on the computer if the figures are hazy. Step 3: Compose Legends, Materials, and Methods Don’t: Write these sections until the article has been completed. Do: Write your figure legends and materials and methods section as soon as you have a clear idea of your figures. Include a brief summary of your data in the order it appears in each figure legend. Legends shouldn’t completely repeat the information in the material and methods section, but they should help make the figures understandable on their own. On the other hand, the methods section must be thorough and contain sufficient information to enable the reader to reproduce the studies that you are reporting. Step 4: Compose your title and abstract Don’t: Lose the concentration you attained while finalizing your figures. Do: Write the abstract before the results section, as instructed. Use the journal’s abstract word limit to your advantage, not against it. Concentrate on the title once your abstract has been finalized. What will or won’t entice readers to your article is the title. Inaccuracy could lower your article’s recall in your field because it will be utilized to index your material. Instead of being a descriptive sentence, the title should be a brief label that summarizes exactly what the manuscript is related to. Step 5: Summarize Your Findings Don’t: Repeat the information from the section on materials and methods, since this is not the appropriate place to discuss the relevance of your findings. Do: Clearly explain your data in the order that it appears in the figures. If as all possible, group the results into sections with headings that closely resemble the titles of your figures. Readers benefit greatly from a one sentence summary at the end of each subsection. Step 6: Compose your discussion Don’t: Emphasize results that could be interpreted as incidental findings or reiterate the results section. Do: Place your research findings in a broader scientific perspective. Discuss their contributions to the field and provide justifications for any facts that conflict with prior research. The discussion should be written in a scholarly and professional manner. Step 7: Compose the introduction and reference sources of your work Don’t: Neglect to highlight the significance of your research. Do: Define the unanswered questions that determine the research’s direction. Don’t: Be sloppy while giving author credit, identifying potential conflicts of interest, or disclosing author information. Do: Spend the effort needed to guarantee that the coauthors and other collaborators, as well as anyone else referenced in the paper, are appropriately credited. Check the journal’s instructions for further clarification on these matters. Step 8: Draft the cover letter Don’t: Consider the cover letter as a formality with minimal significance. Do: Give the cover letter some thought. You get the chance to speak directly to the editor(s) and reviewer(s) and share with them why you think your work is significant and deserves to be published in their journal. The cover letter is customarily addressed to the journal’s editor in chief. Don’t: Merely recycle old cover letters. Do: If necessary, edit reused cover letters. Make sure to adjust research-related statements as appropriate to match the journal’s requirements. Step 9: Submission of Manuscript Do not: Submit without consulting anyone else. Do: Once you have a strong draft, ask for feedback from your peers and then modify and edit as necessary. Don’t: Submit without obtaining the required permissions. Do: Distribute a copy to each coauthor and get their permission before publishing. Don’t: Overlook raising up issues with copyright. Do: Specify in the statement that the work has not been submitted to or is presently being reviewed by another journal. Review the policies and procedures of the desired journal after you’ve finished the previous steps. Upload your cover letter, text, and figures as directed by the journal, then hit SUBMIT! Step 10: Reply to the Reviewers Don’t: Upon reviewing the article, avoid looking for biases and malicious intentions. Do: Begin by assuming that the reviewer was objective and invested a significant amount of time comprehending your work. After all, this is the most likely situation; assuming the opposite is apparently pointless. If a reviewer’s tone strikes you as snarky, dismiss it and concentrate on the comment’s main point. Don’t: React to these criticisms in a hurried manner, not even to your coauthors. Avoid stirring any possibly sensitive emotions. Do: Compose a thoughtful reply to the criticism and a list of modifications and follow-up activities. This editorial addresses the ways to structure a manuscript. Similar to how an artist may thoughtfully choose a frame to best display a work of art, authors need to think about how they will display their research contribution.

Introduction Figure 1 The counter-Terrorism advertising campaign of London’s Metropolitan Police commodifies some everyday items such as mobile phones, computers, passports and credit cards as having the potential to sustain terrorist activities. The process of ascribing cultural values and symbolic meanings to some everyday technical gadgets objectifies and situates Terrorism into the everyday life. The police, in urging people to look out for ‘the unusual’ in their normal day-to-day lives, juxtapose the everyday with the unusual, where day-to-day consumption, routines and flows of human activity can seemingly house insidious and atavistic elements. This again is reiterated in the Met police press release: Terrorists live within our communities making their plans whilst doing everything they can to blend in, and trying not to raise suspicions about their activities. (MPA Website) The commodification of Terrorism through uncommon and everyday objects situates Terrorism as a phenomenon which occupies a liminal space within the everyday. It resides, breathes and co-exists within the taken-for-granted routines and objects of ‘the everyday’ where it has the potential to explode and disrupt without warning. Since 9/11 and the 7/7 bombings Terrorism has been narrated through the disruption of mobility, whether in mid-air or in the deep recesses of the Underground. The resonant thread of disruption to human mobility evokes a powerful meta-narrative where acts of Terrorism can halt human agency amidst the backdrop of the metropolis, which is often a metaphor for speed and accelerated activities. If globalisation and the interconnected nature of the world are understood through discourses of risk, Terrorism bears the same footprint in urban spaces of modernity, narrating the vulnerability of the human condition in an inter-linked world where ideological struggles and resistance are manifested through inexplicable violence and destruction of lives, where the everyday is suspended to embrace the unexpected. As a consequence ambient fear “saturates the social spaces of everyday life” (Hubbard 2). The commodification of Terrorism through everyday items of consumption inevitably creates an intertextuality with real and media events, which constantly corrode the security of the metropolis. Paddy Scannell alludes to a doubling of place in our mediated world where “public events now occur simultaneously in two different places; the place of the event itself and that in which it is watched and heard. The media then vacillates between the two sites and creates experiences of simultaneity, liveness and immediacy” (qtd. in Moores 22). The doubling of place through media constructs a pervasive environment of risk and fear. Mark Danner (qtd. in Bauman 106) points out that the most powerful weapon of the 9/11 terrorists was that innocuous and “most American of technological creations: the television set” which provided a global platform to constantly replay and remember the dreadful scenes of the day, enabling the terrorist to appear invincible and to narrate fear as ubiquitous and omnipresent. Philip Abrams argues that ‘big events’ (such as 9/11 and 7/7) do make a difference in the social world for such events function as a transformative device between the past and future, forcing society to alter or transform its perspectives. David Altheide points out that since September 11 and the ensuing war on terror, a new discourse of Terrorism has emerged as a way of expressing how the world has changed and defining a state of constant alert through a media logic and format that shapes the nature of discourse itself. Consequently, the intensity and centralisation of surveillance in Western countries increased dramatically, placing the emphasis on expanding the forms of the already existing range of surveillance processes and practices that circumscribe and help shape our social existence (Lyon, Terrorism 2). Normalisation of Surveillance The role of technologies, particularly information and communication technologies (ICTs), and other infrastructures to unevenly distribute access to the goods and services necessary for modern life, while facilitating data collection on and control of the public, are significant characteristics of modernity (Reiman; Graham and Marvin; Monahan). The embedding of technological surveillance into spaces and infrastructures not only augment social control but also redefine data as a form of capital which can be shared between public and private sectors (Gandy, Data Mining; O’Harrow; Monahan). The scale, complexity and limitations of omnipresent and omnipotent surveillance, nevertheless, offer room for both subversion as well as new forms of domination and oppression (Marx). In surveillance studies, Foucault’s analysis is often heavily employed to explain lines of continuity and change between earlier forms of surveillance and data assemblage and contemporary forms in the shape of closed-circuit television (CCTV) and other surveillance modes (Dee). It establishes the need to discern patterns of power and normalisation and the subliminal or obvious cultural codes and categories that emerge through these arrangements (Fopp; Lyon, Electronic; Norris and Armstrong). In their study of CCTV surveillance, Norris and Armstrong (cf. in Dee) point out that when added to the daily minutiae of surveillance, CCTV cameras in public spaces, along with other camera surveillance in work places, capture human beings on a database constantly. The normalisation of surveillance, particularly with reference to CCTV, the popularisation of surveillance through television formats such as ‘Big Brother’ (Dee), and the expansion of online platforms to publish private images, has created a contradictory, complex and contested nature of spatial and power relationships in society. The UK, for example, has the most developed system of both urban and public space cameras in the world and this growth of camera surveillance and, as Lyon (Surveillance) points out, this has been achieved with very little, if any, public debate as to their benefits or otherwise. There may now be as many as 4.2 million CCTV cameras in Britain (cf. Lyon, Surveillance). That is one for every fourteen people and a person can be captured on over 300 cameras every day. An estimated £500m of public money has been invested in CCTV infrastructure over the last decade but, according to a Home Office study, CCTV schemes that have been assessed had little overall effect on crime levels (Wood and Ball). In spatial terms, these statistics reiterate Foucault’s emphasis on the power economy of the unseen gaze. Michel Foucault in analysing the links between power, information and surveillance inspired by Bentham’s idea of the Panopticon, indicated that it is possible to sanction or reward an individual through the act of surveillance without their knowledge (155). It is this unseen and unknown gaze of surveillance that is fundamental to the exercise of power. The design and arrangement of buildings can be engineered so that the “surveillance is permanent in its effects, even if it is discontinuous in its action” (Foucault 201). Lyon (Terrorism), in tracing the trajectory of surveillance studies, points out that much of surveillance literature has focused on understanding it as a centralised bureaucratic relationship between the powerful and the governed. Invisible forms of surveillance have also been viewed as a class weapon in some societies. With the advancements in and proliferation of surveillance technologies as well as convergence with other technologies, Lyon argues that it is no longer feasible to view surveillance as a linear or centralised process. In our contemporary globalised world, there is a need to reconcile the dialectical strands that mediate surveillance as a process. In acknowledging this, Giles Deleuze and Felix Guattari have constructed surveillance as a rhizome that defies linearity to appropriate a more convoluted and malleable form where the coding of bodies and data can be enmeshed to produce intricate power relationships and hierarchies within societies. Latour draws on the notion of assemblage by propounding that data is amalgamated from scattered centres of calculation where these can range from state and commercial institutions to scientific laboratories which scrutinise data to conceive governance and control strategies. Both the Latourian and Deleuzian ideas of surveillance highlight the disparate arrays of people, technologies and organisations that become connected to make “surveillance assemblages” in contrast to the static, unidirectional Panopticon metaphor (Ball, “Organization” 93). In a similar vein, Gandy (Panoptic) infers that it is misleading to assume that surveillance in practice is as complete and totalising as the Panoptic ideal type would have us believe. Co-optation of Millions The Metropolitan Police’s counter-Terrorism strategy seeks to co-opt millions where the corporeal body can complement the landscape of technological surveillance that already co-exists within modernity. In its press release, the role of civilian bodies in ensuring security of the city is stressed; Keeping Londoners safe from Terrorism is not a job solely for governments, security services or police. If we are to make London the safest major city in the world, we must mobilise against Terrorism not only the resources of the state, but also the active support of the millions of people who live and work in the capita. (MPA Website). Surveillance is increasingly simulated through the millions of corporeal entities where seeing in advance is the goal even before technology records and codes these images (William). Bodies understand and code risk and images through the cultural narratives which circulate in society. Compared to CCTV technology images, which require cultural and political interpretations and interventions, bodies as surveillance organisms implicitly code other bodies and activities. The travel bag in the Metropolitan Police poster reinforces the images of the 7/7 bombers and the renewed attempts to bomb the London Underground on the 21st of July. It reiterates the CCTV footage revealing images of the bombers wearing rucksacks. The image of the rucksack both embodies the everyday as well as the potential for evil in everyday objects. It also inevitably reproduces the cultural biases and prejudices where the rucksack is subliminally associated with a specific type of body. The rucksack in these terms is a laden image which symbolically captures the context and culture of risk discourses in society. The co-optation of the population as a surveillance entity also recasts new forms of social responsibility within the democratic polity, where privacy is increasingly mediated by the greater need to monitor, trace and record the activities of one another. Nikolas Rose, in discussing the increasing ‘responsibilisation’ of individuals in modern societies, describes the process in which the individual accepts responsibility for personal actions across a wide range of fields of social and economic activity as in the choice of diet, savings and pension arrangements, health care decisions and choices, home security measures and personal investment choices (qtd. in Dee). While surveillance in individualistic terms is often viewed as a threat to privacy, Rose argues that the state of ‘advanced liberalism’ within modernity and post-modernity requires considerable degrees of self-governance, regulation and surveillance whereby the individual is constructed both as a ‘new citizen’ and a key site of self management. By co-opting and recasting the role of the citizen in the age of Terrorism, the citizen to a degree accepts responsibility for both surveillance and security. In our sociological imagination the body is constructed both as lived as well as a social object. Erving Goffman uses the word ‘umwelt’ to stress that human embodiment is central to the constitution of the social world. Goffman defines ‘umwelt’ as “the region around an individual from which signs of alarm can come” and employs it to capture how people as social actors perceive and manage their settings when interacting in public places (252). Goffman’s ‘umwelt’ can be traced to Immanuel Kant’s idea that it is the a priori categories of space and time that make it possible for a subject to perceive a world (Umiker-Sebeok; qtd. in Ball, “Organization”). Anthony Giddens adapted the term Umwelt to refer to “a phenomenal world with which the individual is routinely ‘in touch’ in respect of potential dangers and alarms which then formed a core of (accomplished) normalcy with which individuals and groups surround themselves” (244). Benjamin Smith, in considering the body as an integral component of the link between our consciousness and our material world, observes that the body is continuously inscribed by culture. These inscriptions, he argues, encompass a wide range of cultural practices and will imply knowledge of a variety of social constructs. The inscribing of the body will produce cultural meanings as well as create forms of subjectivity while locating and situating the body within a cultural matrix (Smith). Drawing on Derrida’s work, Pugliese employs the term ‘Somatechnics’ to conceptualise the body as a culturally intelligible construct and to address the techniques in and through which the body is formed and transformed (qtd. in Osuri). These techniques can encompass signification systems such as race and gender and equally technologies which mediate our sense of reality. These technologies of thinking, seeing, hearing, signifying, visualising and positioning produce the very conditions for the cultural intelligibility of the body (Osuri). The body is then continuously inscribed and interpreted through mediated signifying systems. Similarly, Hayles, while not intending to impose a Cartesian dichotomy between the physical body and its cognitive presence, contends that the use and interactions with technology incorporate the body as a material entity but it also equally inscribes it by marking, recording and tracing its actions in various terrains. According to Gayatri Spivak (qtd. in Ball, “Organization”) new habits and experiences are embedded into the corporeal entity which then mediates its reactions and responses to the social world. This means one’s body is not completely one’s own and the presence of ideological forces or influences then inscribe the body with meanings, codes and cultural values. In our modern condition, the body and data are intimately and intricately bound. Outside the home, it is difficult for the body to avoid entering into relationships that produce electronic personal data (Stalder). According to Felix Stalder our physical bodies are shadowed by a ‘data body’ which follows the physical body of the consuming citizen and sometimes precedes it by constructing the individual through data (12). Before we arrive somewhere, we have already been measured and classified. Thus, upon arrival, the citizen will be treated according to the criteria ‘connected with the profile that represents us’ (Gandy, Panoptic; William). Following September 11, Lyon (Terrorism) reveals that surveillance data from a myriad of sources, such as supermarkets, motels, traffic control points, credit card transactions records and so on, was used to trace the activities of terrorists in the days and hours before their attacks, confirming that the body leaves data traces and trails. Surveillance works by abstracting bodies from places and splitting them into flows to be reassembled as virtual data-doubles, and in the process can replicate hierarchies and centralise power (Lyon, Terrorism). Mike Dee points out that the nature of surveillance taking place in modern societies is complex and far-reaching and in many ways insidious as surveillance needs to be situated within the broadest context of everyday human acts whether it is shopping with loyalty cards or paying utility bills. Physical vulnerability of the body becomes more complex in the time-space distanciated surveillance systems to which the body has become increasingly exposed. As such, each transaction – whether it be a phone call, credit card transaction, or Internet search – leaves a ‘data trail’ linkable to an individual person or place. Haggerty and Ericson, drawing from Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of the assemblage, describe the convergence and spread of data-gathering systems between different social domains and multiple levels (qtd. in Hier). They argue that the target of the generic ‘surveillance assemblage’ is the human body, which is broken into a series of data flows on which surveillance process is based. The thrust of the focus is the data individuals can yield and the categories to which they can contribute. These are then reapplied to the body. In this sense, surveillance is rhizomatic for it is diverse and connected to an underlying, invisible infrastructure which concerns interconnected technologies in multiple contexts (Ball, “Elements”). The co-opted body in the schema of counter-Terrorism enters a power arrangement where it constitutes both the unseen gaze as well as the data that will be implicated and captured in this arrangement. It is capable of producing surveillance data for those in power while creating new data through its transactions and movements in its everyday life. The body is unequivocally constructed through this data and is also entrapped by it in terms of representation and categorisation. The corporeal body is therefore part of the machinery of surveillance while being vulnerable to its discriminatory powers of categorisation and victimisation. As Hannah Arendt (qtd. in Bauman 91) had warned, “we terrestrial creatures bidding for cosmic significance will shortly be unable to comprehend and articulate the things we are capable of doing” Arendt’s caution conveys the complexity, vulnerability as well as the complicity of the human condition in the surveillance society. Equally it exemplifies how the corporeal body can be co-opted as a surveillance entity sustaining a new ‘banality’ (Arendt) in the machinery of surveillance. Social Consequences of Surveillance Lyon (Terrorism) observed that the events of 9/11 and 7/7 in the UK have inevitably become a prism through which aspects of social structure and processes may be viewed. This prism helps to illuminate the already existing vast range of surveillance practices and processes that touch everyday life in so-called information societies. As Lyon (Terrorism) points out surveillance is always ambiguous and can encompass genuine benefits and plausible rationales as well as palpable disadvantages. There are elements of representation to consider in terms of how surveillance technologies can re-present data that are collected at source or gathered from another technological medium, and these representations bring different meanings and enable different interpretations of life and surveillance (Ball, “Elements”). As such surveillance needs to be viewed in a number of ways: practice, knowledge and protection from threat. As data can be manipulated and interpreted according to cultural values and norms it reflects the inevitability of power relations to forge its identity in a surveillance society. In this sense, Ball (“Elements”) concludes surveillance practices capture and create different versions of life as lived by surveilled subjects. She refers to actors within the surveilled domain as ‘intermediaries’, where meaning is inscribed, where technologies re-present information, where power/resistance operates, and where networks are bound together to sometimes distort as well as reiterate patterns of hegemony (“Elements” 93). While surveillance is often connected with technology, it does not however determine nor decide how we code or employ our data. New technologies rarely enter passive environments of total inequality for they become enmeshed in complex pre-existing power and value systems (Marx). With surveillance there is an emphasis on the classificatory powers in our contemporary world “as persons and groups are often risk-profiled in the commercial sphere which rates their social contributions and sorts them into systems” (Lyon, Terrorism 2). Lyon (Terrorism) contends that the surveillance society is one that is organised and structured using surveillance-based techniques recorded by technologies, on behalf of the organisations and governments that structure our society. This information is then sorted, sifted and categorised and used as a basis for decisions which affect our life chances (Wood and Ball). The emergence of pervasive, automated and discriminatory mechanisms for risk profiling and social categorising constitute a significant mechanism for reproducing and reinforcing social, economic and cultural divisions in information societies. Such automated categorisation, Lyon (Terrorism) warns, has consequences for everyone especially in face of the new anti-terror measures enacted after September 11. In tandem with this, Bauman points out that a few suicidal murderers on the loose will be quite enough to recycle thousands of innocents into the “usual suspects”. In no time, a few iniquitous individual choices will be reprocessed into the attributes of a “category”; a category easily recognisable by, for instance, a suspiciously dark skin or a suspiciously bulky rucksack* *the kind of object which CCTV cameras are designed to note and passers-by are told to be vigilant about. And passers-by are keen to oblige. Since the terrorist atrocities on the London Underground, the volume of incidents classified as “racist attacks” rose sharply around the country. (122; emphasis added) Bauman, drawing on Lyon, asserts that the understandable desire for security combined with the pressure to adopt different kind of systems “will create a culture of control that will colonise more areas of life with or without the consent of the citizen” (123). This means that the inhabitants of the urban space whether a citizen, worker or consumer who has no terrorist ambitions whatsoever will discover that their opportunities are more circumscribed by the subject positions or categories which are imposed on them. Bauman cautions that for some these categories may be extremely prejudicial, restricting them from consumer choices because of credit ratings, or more insidiously, relegating them to second-class status because of their colour or ethnic background (124). Joseph Pugliese, in linking visual regimes of racial profiling and the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes in the aftermath of 7/7 bombings in London, suggests that the discursive relations of power and visuality are inextricably bound. Pugliese argues that racial profiling creates a regime of visuality which fundamentally inscribes our physiology of perceptions with stereotypical images. He applies this analogy to Menzes running down the platform in which the retina transforms him into the “hallucinogenic figure of an Asian Terrorist” (Pugliese 8). With globalisation and the proliferation of ICTs, borders and boundaries are no longer sacrosanct and as such risks are managed by enacting ‘smart borders’ through new technologies, with huge databases behind the scenes processing information about individuals and their journeys through the profiling of body parts with, for example, iris scans (Wood and Ball 31). Such body profiling technologies are used to create watch lists of dangerous passengers or identity groups who might be of greater ‘risk’. The body in a surveillance society can be dissected into parts and profiled and coded through technology. These disparate codings of body parts can be assembled (or selectively omitted) to construct and represent whole bodies in our information society to ascertain risk. The selection and circulation of knowledge will also determine who gets slotted into the various categories that a surveillance society creates. Conclusion When the corporeal body is subsumed into a web of surveillance it often raises questions about the deterministic nature of technology. The question is a long-standing one in our modern consciousness. We are apprehensive about according technology too much power and yet it is implicated in the contemporary power relationships where it is suspended amidst human motive, agency and anxiety. 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