Articoli di riviste: "Real property – european union countries"

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Wołowiec, Tomasz. "LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PROPERTY TAXATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION". International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 1, n. 3 (30 giugno 2018): 231–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2179.

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A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on real estate that the owner is required to pay. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the real estate property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This is in contrast to a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible property. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Real estate properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. In Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occupied apartments.

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TKACHYK, Fedir. "The role of real estate tax in the fiscal policy of the European Union and economic reconstruction of Ukraine". Economics. Finances. Law 5/2, n. - (30 maggio 2022): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.5(2).4.

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Introduction. In the modern conditions of economic development, an important task is to study the specific features of real estate tax administration in the European Union in order to implement best practices in the Ukrainian system, especially during martial condition and postwar reconstruction of Ukraine. European experience shows that the real estate tax, using the right approach, can become one of the important provisions of the revenue side of budgets at various levels. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the theoretical and applied provisions of real estate taxation in the European Union and the formation of measures for effective administration of real estate tax in modern Ukrainian fiscal practice. Results. The paper examines the current features of real estate taxation in the European Union. Emphasis is placed on specific procedures for applying real estate tax rates in some European countries. A comparative analysis of the elements of real estate tax in the European Union and Ukraine is conducted. The monitoring of system-wide trends in the development of property taxation in the European Union and Ukraine revealed a high degree of compliance of domestic and European property tax systems. In particular, in Ukraine, as well as in the EU member states, there is an increasing role of property taxes in the fiscal policy of the state and municipalities. Attention is drawn to the controversial provisions and prospects of riches taxation, which can serve as a potential in solution budget problems of national economies. Conclusions. The actual normative positions on optimization of property taxation in Ukraine in the conditions of martial condition are systematized. The conducted research made it possible to form scenarios for strengthening the fiscal potential of the real estate tax in Ukraine, taking into account the experience of the European Union in the period of economic recovery.

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Boitan, Iustina Alina. "Residential property prices’ modeling: evidence from selected European countries". Journal of European Real Estate Research 9, n. 3 (7 novembre 2016): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-01-2016-0001.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to contribute to the relatively narrow existing residential real estate literature by developing and validating several univariate forecasting models, to reliably anticipate future house price dynamics across several European Union (EU) countries. Design/methodology/approach The research approach relies on the time series analysis, by using the Box–Jenkins autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) methodology to explore the trends of residential property prices in selected EU countries and to obtain a snapshot of the potential signs of change to be witnessed by domestic residential markets on a short time-period. The analysis has been performed distinctly for each country in the sample, to account for country-specific past and future trends as well as similarities in their house price growth rate evolutions. The models were estimated for a broad sample of quarterly observations during 1990-2015, while the forecast horizon ranged between the third quarter of 2015 and the fourth quarter of 2016. Findings The findings suggested that residential property prices’ real growth rate can be modeled through the Box–Jenkins method for France, The Netherlands, Sweden and UK. The pattern of Italy’s residential property prices’ real growth rate cannot be explained by means of univariate ARIMA models, being more suited for multivariate models. Originality/value The article subscribes to the need for timely, high-frequency and quality data about house price trends in Europe, to increase the accuracy of forecasts and prevent the appearance of bubbles on real estate market. It compares residential property prices’ dynamics across European countries to identify housing markets with similar patterns of their prices.

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Zaradkiewicz, Kamil. "Future of the Euromortgage conceptPart 1: Solutions in selected European countries". Nieruchomości@ I, n. I (31 marzo 2023): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.3036.

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Since the 1960s, there has been discussion regarding the introduction of a flexible real estate pledge law in Europe that could serve to ensure security above all for cross-border loans. Although this issue is not currently undergoing detailed analysis, due to a number of significant changes in variousEuropean legislations, including in Polish law, anticipating new solutions in mortgage law, it is worth considering anew whether they and which ones might constitute a possible model for future security in rem in European Union law. The first section of the article outlines the historical background of solutions breaking with the Roman model of accessory pledge rights, and presents a few selected modern mortgage systems, in which there has been a significant departure from the principle of pendency of collateral security on real estate above all the German, Slovenia, Swiss, French, Estonian and Hungarian systems. Slovenian practice may be taken as an example of solutions that have not worked out in practice due to abuses related to the establishing of a non-accessory pledge right to the detriment of creditors seeking the satisfaction of other debts from the property of the owner of the encumbered property.

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Laskowska, Elwira. "Property Tax Systems in Selected European Union Countries and the Proposed Tax Reform in Poland". Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 15, n. 4 (31 dicembre 2015): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2015.15.4.61.

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The purpose of this article is to compare the property tax systems applied in the European Union countries in the context of the proposed tax reform in Poland. In addition, an attempt was made at identifying the advantages and disadvantages of this reform. The results of the analyses allow us to conclude that the experience of the countries where the cadastral property taxation system is applied corroborates the validity of introducing such a system in Poland. The importance of the cadastral property tax in terms of budgetary revenues in individual EU countries varies because of the different way of determining the so-called property tax value (the tax value of the real estate). Nevertheless, determination of the tax in relation to the value of the property will allow for a more equitable distribution of the tax burden, especially with the application of a tax relief and preference system for taxpayers. The related literature exposes certain social unrest associated with the increase of the tax burden due to the introduction of the cadastral tax. However, it should be noted that, as a consequence, such burden will be correlated with the financial situation of the taxpayer. In addition, the possible increase in the tax revenues paid to the local government budgets is hardly a negative effect of the proposed tax reform, while the high cost of the creation of cadastre, perceived as a disadvantage, is a natural consequence of economic changes in the country, in particular, in the case of justified future benefits.

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Dema, Dmytro, Inna Shubenko e Serhii Davydchuk. "LOCAL TAXATION: THE CURRENT STATE AND EXPERIENCE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES". Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University, "Economics" Series 1, n. 28(56) (30 marzo 2023): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2311-5149-2023-28(56)-69-76.

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The paper examines the formation of local taxation system in Ukraine. It has been established that the number of local taxes and fees has been significantly reduced due to the evolution in the local taxation system. Currently the list of local taxes and fees comprises two local taxes, namely the property tax and the single tax, as well as two local fees including the tourist fee and the vehicle parking fee. It is determined that the basis for local budget revenues is formed by the tax receipts which tend to increase, with the simultaneous decrease in proceeds from state administration bodies. The personal income tax is considered to be the one having the strongest effect on the formation of local budget revenues. The analysis results determine that tax revenues from local taxes and fees have a growing tendency, however they are not budget-forming for the local budgets so far. The overall increase tax revenues to local budgets are observed from the property tax and a decrease in its component – transport tax. Local fees are proved to have a negligible effect on the formation of local budget revenues. It was determined that the local authorities have no power to lay local taxes and fees, preventing them to influence the amount of tax revenues to their budgets. The administration of local taxes and fees is negatively affected by the war, since real estate objects are exempt from taxation, and there observed a decline in the entrepreneurial activity. The insufficient work of local self-government bodies in attracting local taxation opportunities provided by the decentralization reform to strengthen the local budgets financial capacity has been substantiated in the study. It is proposed to strengthen the local self-government bodies’ role in the administration of local taxes and fees, in particular by giving them an opportunity to independently choose the objects of taxation on their territories.

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Belikova, Ksenia Michailovna. "Theoretical and practical aspects of legal qualification of virtual property in Russia and abroad". Юридические исследования, n. 7 (luglio 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2021.7.35869.

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The subject of this research is the theoretical and practical aspects of legal qualification of virtual property – digital online objects (cryptocurrencies, game property, user accounts, etc.) in Russia and abroad. Virtual property is viewed through the prism of the concept of “asset” / “economic asset”, established in the national and foreign legislation and doctrine. Real right to game objects in online games are considered through the lens of John Locke’s labor theory of property (acquisition), M. Radin’s theory of personality, theories of utilitarianism (deterrence of negative behavior and economic efficiency), law enforcement practices and legislation (South Korea, China, etc.). Real right to online accounts (Google, Yahoo etc.) are examined in the context of allowability of transferring personal and business accounts from the perspective of property and conventional law. The relevance, theoretical and practical importance of this research is are substantiated by supplementing the tangible objects of proprietary right with digital, created in modern reality with the use of digital technologies (cryptocurrencies, tokens, etc.), which requires clarification of their legal regime in the context of the effective legislation of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, ideas for its amendment, and law enforcement practice. The author concludes that the legal doctrine of a number of countries, distinguishing tangible and intangible, virtual objects (game objects, user accounts) recognized the existence and legal status of virtual property (Hong Kong, European Union, South Korea, Russian Federation, Taiwan), qualifying it as the analogue of digital information and content; legally - movable (Taiwan) or other (Russian Federation) property; property (the European Court of Human Rights) or utilitarian (mandatory) digital (Russian Federation) rights; economically – virtual (financial, in form of future income), and material (in form of commercial ties, domain names, etc.) assets (the European Court of Human Rights, Russian Federation).

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Zimčík, Petr. "Economic Growth and Budget Constraints: EU Countries Panel Data Analysis". Review of Economic Perspectives 16, n. 2 (1 giugno 2016): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2016-0007.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to identify the impacts of different taxes and expenditures on economic growth. The research is focused on 20 selected European Union Member States. These countries are equally divided into four groups based on their average tax burden as presented in the World Tax Index. A comparison of fiscal attributes among these groups is important for the analysis. Annual government finance data from the years 1995 to 2012 are used for an empirical study. The indicators observed are real GDP change, the composition and volume of total government expenditures, tax quotas of individual taxes and total budget balance. These indicators are used within an endogenous growth model together with capital stock and an approximation of human capital. A panel regression with fixed effects is used as an analytic tool. The main results are that an increase in social contributions, property, production and personal income tax quotas has an adverse effect on economic growth.

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Haxhija, Hejli. "The Challenging Relationship between Contemporary Art and Intellectual Property". Jus & Justicia 14, n. 1 (2020): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.58944/jkee1030.

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Nowadays, the contemporary concept of intellectual property rights is a challenging problem, because it includes many ideas like innovation, invention, copyright, trademark and creativity and/or others of this kind. The legislation of intellectual property right is one of the most challenging ones not only in Albania but also in the most developed countries. A successful entrepreneur (Craig Venter) thinks that it is the key to the economic development and prosperity. Intellectual property plays a crucial role while being applied in business, biotechnology and artificial intelligence. Its legislation is very recent and needs to be updated or modified so that countries should be able to anticipate any gaps of the legal framework that may be generated in future due to innovation and invention. Soon, Albania is going to join the European Union, so addition to the efforts to ratify the domestic legislation with the Acquis Communautaire, the government is facing with another huge challenge. According to the international reports “Mapping the Real Routes of Trade in Fake Goods”, the country has become a main path for international transit regarding counterfeit goods. The vigilance of domestic intuitions is underperforming they are incapable to stop this phenomenon.

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Kałążny, Adam. "Should the state aid prohibition impact the property tax legislation in EU member states?" Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Law Series” 111, n. 3 (30 settembre 2023): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2023l3/7-12.

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Purpose of the article is to present the problem of applying the state aid rules (binding in EU) to the nonharmonized taxes such as property taxes, which differ strongly between Member States. The tax exemption from the real estate tax for the railway infrastructure which was introduced in Poland will be a subject to the investigation of Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). CJEU should answer to the question if the tax exemption from property tax in one Member State may be treated as a prohibited benefit granted to the entrepreneurs, having in mind that the same kind of property may be taxed significantly lower, or even not taxed at all in the other EU Member States. The verdict of CJEU will be important for the Polish entrepreneurs, but also will be significant for the tax policy in the EU. In case of the CJEU judgment declaring that the property tax exemption introduced by Poland constitutes illegal state aid it will be necessary to consider whether countries that do not tax the certain categories of property (or tax them at a very low level) do not grant illegal state aid to their entrepreneurs.

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Movchan, Roman, Andrii Vozniuk, Maria Burak, Vitalii Areshonkov e Dmitriy Kamensky. "Criminal law counteraction to land pollution in the EU countries: searching for the optimal model". Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, n. 42 (30 luglio 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.42.06.2.

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The main goal of the article is to study both advantages and disadvantages of the approaches of the European Union (EU) states to criminal law prevention of land pollution. As a result of this an optimal legislative model should be developed to protect this element of the environment from criminal encroachment, which can be further used by the EU states in improving existing or creating new rules aimed at criminal law protection of land resources from pollution or the creation of new rules aimed at criminal law protection of land resources from pollution. The following research methods have been used to study criminal law provisions of the selected countries, to prove the stated hypotheses and to formulate conclusions: comparative law, system analysis, formal-logical, dialectical and modeling method. As a result of the study of various models of criminal law protection of land resources embodied in the legislation of nineteen European Union states, it has been proved that: 1) such protection should be carried out by a single universal rule on criminal liability for pollution not only of land but also of other components of the environment (water, air, forest); 2) only such land pollution shall be considered criminal, which has led to real (non-potential) damage to the environment, human health or property damage; 3) liability for land pollution should be differentiated depending on: a) weather guilty person’s act was intentional or negligent; b) what the consequences of land pollution have been.

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Pijanowska, Justyna, e Michał Brożyna. "Wybrane aspekty prawne obrotu zasobami ziemi rolniczej w Polsce po zmianie prawa w 2016 roku". Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, n. 123 (28 ottobre 2018): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2018.123.20.

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On 30 April 2016 restrictions on the purchase of agricultural land by entities from European Union countries were to end. Therefore, the Act on shaping the agricultural system was changed. During the legislative work, it was pointed out that the legislator, wanting to protect native agricultural market participants (Polish individual farmers and agricultural entrepreneurs) against foreign entities interested in accessing Polish agricultural real estate, (we are talking here only about citizens and entrepreneurs from other EU Member States) de facto introduced regulations that limited access to this market also to Polish citizens or made it difficult. The aim of the study is to indicate these new regulations, the introduction of which caused or may cause difficulties in the practice of application of law consisting in the inability of the property to acquire agricultural real estate by interested entities that are Polish citizens

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Beck, Krzysztof. "DETERMINANTS OF INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE: AN INVESTIGATION WITH BMA FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION". CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (24 settembre 2018): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1131.

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The empirical literature on the determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) is vast and comprehensive, yet as authors failed to properly account for model uncertainty it has brought inconsistent and conflicting results. To resolve this issue, Bayesian model averaging was applied to investigate the robustness of 48 potential determinants of bilateral IIT for the panel of 26 European Union countries over the 1999-2011 period. Application of BMA demonstrated that 11 of them are robust determinants of IIT, namely real GDP products, trade openness, membership in the European Union and the Euro area, corruption, and differences in factor abundance. Among the factors of production, the key role in the determination of IIT patterns can be assigned to the differences in human capital. Yet, transportation cost and cultural similarity have no impact on the IIT patterns.

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Beck, Krzysztof. "Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade: An Investigation with Bma for the European Union". Journal of International Business Research and Marketing 5, n. 6 (2020): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.56.3003.

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The empirical literature on determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) is vast and comprehensive, yet as the authors failed to properly account for model uncertainty it has brought inconsistent and conflicting results. To resolve this issue, Bayesian model averaging was applied to investigate the robustness of 48 potential determinants of bilateral IIT for the panel of 26 European Union countries over the 1999-2011 period. Application of BMA demonstrated that 11 of them are robust determinants of IIT, namely real GDP product, trade openness, membership in the European Union and the Euro area, corruption, and differences in factor abundance. Among the factors of production, the key role in the determination of IIT patterns can be assigned to the differences in human capital. Yet, transportation cost and cultural similarity have no impact on the IIT patterns.

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Goncharova, Alina, Svitlana Fursa, Valentina Chuikova, Olga Danylenko e Nataliia Hlushchenko. "Research of the experience of legal regulation and use of European inheritance certificates of the regulation on succession". Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S3 (22 ottobre 2021): 554–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns3.1553.

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The article reveals the problems of inheritance with a foreign element. In the modern world without borders, people change their residence, own real estate, keep bank accounts, and possess other property in different countries. This cannot but have consequences for succession. This, in turn, can create some difficulties, cause disputes between the heirs, and will undoubtedly affect the costs of registration of the inheritance. Another common problem is that a will made in one country may not have legal effect in another country where it must be executed. These and many other issues could not remain unresolved at the level of the European Union. A unified approach to solving many inheritance issues was found through the adoption of Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on the jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition, and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession. This provision came into effect on August 17, 2015, and applies to cases of inheritance arising after this date. Inheritance cases are formalized by one competent authority (court or other instance) in one state.

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Maydanyk, R., N. Popova e N. Maydanyk. "EUROPEANIZATION AND RECODIFICATION. USUFRUCT". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, n. 119 (2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2021/4.119-8.

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The article examines the features of usufruct in the European countries of Romano-Germanic law, determines the terms for the implementation in the Law of Ukraine of the best practice of usufruct in terms of Europeanization and Recodification. The peculiarities of usufruct in some countries of Romano-Germanic law, particularly in Germany, France, Poland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Georgia, Moldova and Russia are studied. Usufruct, which is a flexible and universally recognized in the legal systems of Western Europe property right of personal possession for use, which is treated as an independent property right to another's property in the countries of Roman legal family or a kind of easement in the countries of German legal family, remains unknown to most countries – republics of the former Soviet Union. The law of Ukraine also does not provide for the institution of usufruct and regulates the relationship of long-term use of someone else's real estate through a number of limited property rights (emphyteusis, superficies, the right to economic management, the right to operational management) and obligational legal structures (usually land lease and property management). The authors came to the conclusion that it is necessary to introduce the institute of usufruct into the Ukrainian law by supplementing the Civil Code of Ukraine with a new chapter "Uzufruct", the framework provisions of which are proposed in this paper. In the law of Ukraine it is expedient to recognize usufruct as an independent, different from easement, real right of personal possession for use, which serves as a general provision on emphyteusis (the right to use someone else's land for agricultural purposes). In this regard, the provisions of Chapter 32 of the Civil Code of Ukraine on usufruct should be applied to relations under emphyteusis, unless otherwise provided by the provisions of the Central Committee on emphyteusis and does not follow from its essence. According to its purpose, the legal structure of the usufruct can perform any functions of personal possession for the use of another's property, which allows the use of this legal structure in any area of property use, regardless of whether the purpose is income or other socially useful result (charity, etc.). The absence of usufruct in the national law hinders the effective transformation of legal titles on a state and municipal property by waiving the right of economic management and the right of operative management in terms of recodification of the civil legislation, and does not promote formation of the full-fledged land market and its steady development in the terms of cancellation of the moratorium on sale of the agricultural lands, conducting commodity of agricultural production in Ukraine. Regarding the recodification and cancellation of the Commercial Code, usufruct is the most acceptable replacement of the right of economic management and the right of operative management. Along with long-term lease and property management, the usufruct is functionally similar to the right to economic management and the right to operational management. Unlike property management and lease, usufruct provides for paid or gratuitous use of property in the user's own interest (usufructuary), imperatively defined by law, the content of the rights of participants and a list of grounds for their termination under the rules of property rights.

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Wnukiewicz-Kozłowska, Agata, e Urszula Dorota Drozdowska. "Causal Effect Relationship in Medical Cases. An Old Problem in a New Scenario. Commentary to CJEU Judgment (Second Chamber) of 21 June 2017, N.W. & Others V. Sanofi Pasteur MSD & Others, Case C-621/15, EU:C:2017:484. Approbative Gloss". Review of European and Comparative Law 46, n. 3 (21 agosto 2021): 263–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.12264.

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This commentary evaluates the problem in assessing the role of a causal connection between damage and the use of a defective medical product, specifically a vaccine. The judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the Sanofi Pasteur Case, which allowed the possibility of recognizing damage claims, even in cases where the prevailing scientific theory claims that there is no scientific evidence of a causal link between a vaccination and the disease, became a base for consideration. Consequently, procedural solutions (such as the standard of proof required, the admissibility of prima facie evidence reasoning and other solutions in cases of an uncertain causation) remain to be decided by national law. The authors assessed two legal systems: the French and Polish legal systems in the context of how to resolve these dilemmas and to describe the impact of the above-mentioned judgment on the case-law of French and Polish courts as regards the application of Directive 85/374/EEC. As a result, they concluded that the most important interpretative motive has become the individual interest of the vaccination’s victim as a consumer of medical services. It seems to be in accordance with Directive 85/374/EEC, which is motivated by the necessity of approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning the liability of the producer for damage caused by the defectiveness of his products. However, since the existing divergences may distort competition and affect the movement of goods within the common market and entail a differing degree of protection of the consumer against damage caused by a defective product to his health or property, in countries belonging to the European Union, the authors wonder how the commented judgment will affect the further development of consumers protection against defective vaccines.

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Khachatrian, Valentyna, Anton Nepytaliuk, Mykola Pasichnyi, Olha Nasibova e Julia Tabenska. "Demographics’ Impact on Economic Growth in Central Europe and the Baltic States". ECONOMICS 11, s1 (1 dicembre 2023): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2023-0062.

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Abstract To ensure sustainable development and public welfare, the complex impact of demographic factors on macroeconomic dynamics should be investigated properly. Moreover, a few of the Sustainable Development Goals are interconnected robustly with demographic issues. There are some trends (e.g., substantial increase in longevity, rapidly lowered fertility, etc.) common for most advanced and emerging market economies. We examined the impact of selected socio-demographic factors on the real GDP per capita growth rates in a sample of the Baltic states and the Central European countries that have experienced economic transformations in the 1990s and either entered or declared their intentions to join the European Union in the future. We investigated general demographic dynamics in the region from 1960 to 2021. Due to the data availability, our special attention was focused primarily on the highlighted countries’ socio-demographic and macroeconomic variables from 2000 to 2021. We suggested that there was a certain interdependence between the working age population stratum specific weight, the elderly demographic dependency ratio, public healthcare spending, gross capital formation, and the real GDP per capita growth rates. In addition, we propose the main priorities for social and demographic policy in the field of well-being improvement. The potential ways to enhance the model – regarding healthcare, education, and the general profile of fiscal policy – have been disclosed as well.

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Liubchych, Anna, Olena Savchuk e Tetyana Berkutova. "Problems of Legal Competency of Innovative Infrastructure Subject within the Format of Assistance to Entrepreneurship in Forestry Legal Relations: Expediency of European Union Experience Implementation". European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, n. 2 (1 giugno 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n2p69.

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At present there is observed a change in world economy and development of evolving market relations in society alongside the transition of economy to innovative mode of development. Innovation infrastructure subjects act as obligatory participants of innovative relationships. According to the Law of Ukraine “On Investment Activity”, art.5, the subjects of innovative activities are physical and (or) juridical persons of Ukraine, physical and (or) juridical persons of foreign states, persons without citizenship, associations of the mentioned persons who conduct innovative activities in Ukraine and (or) involve property and intellectual values, invest their own or borrowed finances for realizing innovative projects in Ukraine[1]. Entrepreneurship is considered a leading component in the processes of stable development of forest resources under conditions of market liberalization of utilizing natural resources and forest in the EU. Attracting investments to this sphere is to be based on recognition of all kinds of forestry operations as business activities with corresponding remuneration of these activities’ results. Besides, improvement of financial mechanism is an integral condition of ecologically balanced use of forestry, because at present it acts as an impeding factor of efficient development of forestry into the EU countries. Investment provision improvement is possible under favorable credit and financial preconditions for financing the processes of restoring forest resources potential. It is possible to improve investment attractiveness of forestry business, especially for foreign investors, on the premise of real implementation of elements of modern ecological management into business practices. Keywords: EU countries, foreign experience, entrepreneurship, forests, forestry legal relations, innovations, innovative activities, innovative infrastructure, subjects.[1] Law of Ukraine “On investment activities”. The Verkhovna Rada Bulletin, 2002, no 36, p. 266.

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Kurz, Dariusz, Damian Głuchy, Michał Filipiak e Dawid Ostrowski. "Technical and Economic Analysis of the Use of Electricity Generated by a BIPV System for an Educational Establishment in Poland". Energies 16, n. 18 (13 settembre 2023): 6603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16186603.

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In the face of ongoing climate changes and the current geopolitical situation, Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are continuously gaining popularity in many countries. Objectives related to environmental protection and the use of RES set by different countries all over the world, as well as by the European Union (EU), are becoming priorities for many. The increase in the installed capacity of photovoltaic systems has been growing steadily for several years, leading to the creation of new systems accompanying PV installations; this phenomenon has also been observed in Poland. This paper presents a photovoltaic system in the form of a bicycle shed next to a school building as an example of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) without connection to the power grid. It was shown that the energy consumption profile should be properly correlated with the production profile, otherwise significant losses occur. Alternative methods to improve the correlation of production and energy consumption by using SCADA systems or building automation to properly manage the electricity generation and consumption installation were also proposed. Furthermore, it was shown that adopting a fixed discount rate in financial analyses can distort the picture of real profits. An analysis of the changes in the NPV ratio using variable discount rates was carried out when analyzing the entire life of the solar plant.

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21

Zhuravel, Mariana. "INCREASING YOUR CYBERSECURITY AWARENESS: UNDERSTANDING CYBERCRIME AND FINDING WAYS TO FIGHT IT". Legal Ukraine, n. 2 (27 febbraio 2020): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37749/2308-9636-2020-2(206)-2.

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Abstract (sommario):

Dependency on global cyberspace is rapidly increasing nowadays. Virtual reality generates opportunities for enterprises, governments and individuals; however it also poses significant threats to security on different levels including the national level, whereby key state infrastructures can become a target of cyber attacks. This was seen during the Covid-19 pandemic when the healthcare system in a number of countries experienced cyber threats, which in the example of the Czech Republic, led to severe disruption of the medical processes in a hospital. Thus, cybercrime can cause detrimental effects not only to individuals or business entities, but also to a large group of stakeholders. Infinite cyberspace, the anonymous character of cyber attackers, advances in technology and a lack of cyber security measures in place – these all give cybercrime a sophisticated and aggressive nature and as a result, make us more vulnerable to it. This article will consider different categories of cybercrime, namely, crimes against the person; crimes against property, and crimes against the government, drawing examples from real life cases. This will be followed by an exploration of the methods which should be employed in the fight against cybercrime. In addition, the EU legislative framework will be considered as an example of legal measures against cybercrime. Key words: Internet, cyberspace, cybercrime, cyber attack, cyber threat, cybersecurity, ransomware, cyber terrorism, European Union legal framework, NIS Directive, ENISA, ways.

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22

Dudás, Attila. "The rules on foreigners’ right to acquire ownership of agricultural land in Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian law". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Law = Agrár- és Környezetjog 17, n. 33 (22 dicembre 2022): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21029/jael.2022.33.20.

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Abstract (sommario):

The paper gives an overview of the rules on the acquisition of ownership of agricultural land by foreigners in Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia. Slovenia and Croatia initiated their accession to the European Union at different times and under different conditions, while Serbia is not yet a member state of the Union, but has been a candidate country for several years, and the harmonization of its national law with the acquis communautaire has been under way for some time. These circumstances determine the right of foreigners, in particular natural persons and legal entities from the European Union, to acquire ownership of agricultural land in these countries. In Slovenia non-EU natural persons and legal entities cannot acquire ownership of agricultural land. In contrast, Slovenia opened its real estate market rather early to EU citizens and legal entities. Only the Association Agreement provided for a transitional period of four years during which they could not acquire ownership of agricultural land. From 2003 onwards, citizens and legal entities from the EU are entitled to acquire land ownership without restriction. The Accession Treaty prescribed no moratorium. Similarly to Slovenia, non-EU natural persons and legal entities may not acquire ownership of agricultural land in Croatia either. The Accession Treaty provided for a seven-year moratorium on the acquisition of ownership of agricultural land by EU citizens and legal entities. The primary moratorium expired on 30 June 2020. However, the EU Commission approved an extension of the moratorium for another three years. Thus, EU citizens and legal entities are still unable to acquire ownership of agricultural land until 30 June 2023. Foreigners’ right to acquire ownership of agricultural land is in general excluded in Serbian law as well. The Stabilization and Association Agreement from 2008 provided for the liberalization of the real estate and land markets for EU citizens and legal entities. However, in 2017 the Serbian legislature amended the Act on Agricultural Land only few days before the expiry of the moratorium on ownership included in the Stabilization and Association Agreement. Nominally, the amendments were intended to introduce explicit regulation on the right of EU citizens and legal entities to acquire ownership of agricultural land, as required by the Stabilization and Association Agreement. However, instead of extending the same conditions applicable to the domestic natural persons and legal entities to those from the EU, the legislator specified additional set of conditions applicable only to the latter. It, in fact, excludes legal entities from the right to acquire property, as they cannot be registered family farmers, and makes the right of natural persons subject to conditions that effectively exclude their acquisition of ownership by 1 September 2027 due to the calculation of deadlines.

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23

YAVARI, Asadollah, e Saeedeh MAZINANIAN. "Privacy in Cyberspace: Islamic Republic of Iran Perspective". Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, n. 1 (31 marzo 2020): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v11.1(47).25.

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Abstract (sommario):

Privacy is one of the cornerstones of the realization of human rights in a democratic system and is defined as a realm of everyone's life, is not accessible to others. Thus, privacy in cyberspace has a similar definition. Since privacy and data protection have different definitions for business owners, governments, and the general public, unlike other areas of law, which have well-established legal concepts, norms, and principles, privacy and data protection is an area of law that is not currently consolidated. The right to privacy, therefore, falls into two normative frameworks: preventing violation of the privacy of others, and training and guidance on secrecy. Data protection and privacy are not limited to one legal area. Data protection and privacy laws include areas of intellectual property, competition, and part of cybercrime. Since the level of individuals' privacy is determined by the national laws of each country or political entities such as the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the European Court of Justice, through the EU's General Data Protection Regulations applicable since 2018, the European Union (EU) has set criteria that will have a major impact on data protection and privacy laws in other countries. Furthermore, as privacy is one of the strongest recommendations of Islam, the law of cybercrime (2009), the law of freedom to access to information (2010), the charter of citizens' rights (2016) is supported in the positive laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran as well as in the constitution. The most important question in this article is what is the scope of privacy in cyberspace and to what extent do laws and regulations support it? Therefore, this descriptive-analytical study analyzes the concept of privacy and the scope of its right in the laws and regulations of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the challenges that the right of privacy faces.

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24

Leszek Wilk. "Criminal aspects of tax delinquency". Archives of Criminology, n. XXXI (1 gennaio 2009): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2009i.

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Abstract (sommario):

There is a common opinion that fiscal offence has no criminal character but is merely an administrative offence and consists only of petty deeds of little social noxiousness. This opinion is not accurate with regard to basic types of tax crimes which very often are varieties of common frauds or forgery that may seriously endanger financial transactions of a country or local government. They are characterised by the fact that the tax procedures and legal structures are faked or falsely initiated and employed to commit or de facto to camouflage offences of criminal character. One example could be tax fraud involving simulation of a series of transactions which have no real economic of commercial significance and serve to fake alleged tax obligations and to initiate the procedure of VAT and ultimately to obtain from the Treasury substantial amounts of unjust VAT refunds under false pretences. These are in fact ordinary criminal offenses committed with the use of tax refund procedures. Possibility of moving VAT free goods between countries of the European Union with the lack of adequate monitoring mechanisms in the Member States resulted in a dangerous increase in the number of organized frauds, which are simply regarded as a mechanism “embedded” in the EU VAT system. They are referred to as tax carousels or carousel frauds. Tax law, its mechanisms, and its procedures are sometimes used not only for this type of criminal extortion of property from the tax authorities but also as for a so-called money laundering and legalization of illegal incomes. Generally, tax offences shows more and more close links with strictly criminal offences, it is becoming more and more organised, professionalism of the perpetrators is increasing, and even a growth in brutalization of such crimes can observed. This should change a traditional approach to tax crime.

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25

Solonenko, Yu. "Family business: comparison with non-family, key differences and features of operation". Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 71, n. 4 (2021): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2021.04.140.

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Abstract (sommario):

One of the traditional methods of the investigation of family business, as the most common and sustainable form of management in the world, is its comparison with the activities of non-family businesses. This approach makes it possible` to introduce into the analysis a fairly large list of indicators, which in turn increases the understanding of the functioning of both family and non-family companies. In this paper the investigation of family enterprises is carried out on the basis of developments of leading foreign scientists and the table is formed. Thus, the invesstigation demonstrates significant differences between family and non-family business, which are reflected in the general indicators, structural organization, forms of ownership, management, theoretical justification of doing business, business goals, available resources of the firm. Differences in both interior and exterior of the operation of these business facilities are defined. In general, the family business is socially oriented, aimed at stable moderate growth, resilient in times of crisis, adaptive, risk-averse, aimed at the long-term perspective of existence in order to pass it on to the next family generation. Analyzing the social systems of economically successful countries, such as the United States, Japan, the European Union, the Persian Gulf and East Asia, we find that the main form of ownership belongs to the family business. More detailed analysis of the economic systems of these countries reveals the formation of the balance between the ownership structure and the power structure. The ownership structure is characterized by large percentage of independent private owners, where the family form of ownership is widely represented in the leading sectors of the economy, and the family business itself is the dominant form of entrepreneurship. It is the family business that configures the property system within a single country, forming powerful social stratum of independent owners who control the main resources of the state. The presence of this layer results in the evolution of power democracy, where state institutions do not have declarative powers, but operate in real formal democracy. The level of real democracy (democracy) in the country is determined not by freedom-loving articles of the Constitution, but by the number of independent owners in the state. Family businesses and independent family owners are closely linked to local communities, are an integral part of them, providing jobs and employment in the regions, which is the basis for economic prosperity of local communities and the country as a whole.

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26

Solonenko, Yu. "Family business: comparison with non-family, key differences and features of operation". Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 71, n. 4 (2021): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2021.04.140.

Testo completo

Abstract (sommario):

One of the traditional methods of the investigation of family business, as the most common and sustainable form of management in the world, is its comparison with the activities of non-family businesses. This approach makes it possible` to introduce into the analysis a fairly large list of indicators, which in turn increases the understanding of the functioning of both family and non-family companies. In this paper the investigation of family enterprises is carried out on the basis of developments of leading foreign scientists and the table is formed. Thus, the invesstigation demonstrates significant differences between family and non-family business, which are reflected in the general indicators, structural organization, forms of ownership, management, theoretical justification of doing business, business goals, available resources of the firm. Differences in both interior and exterior of the operation of these business facilities are defined. In general, the family business is socially oriented, aimed at stable moderate growth, resilient in times of crisis, adaptive, risk-averse, aimed at the long-term perspective of existence in order to pass it on to the next family generation. Analyzing the social systems of economically successful countries, such as the United States, Japan, the European Union, the Persian Gulf and East Asia, we find that the main form of ownership belongs to the family business. More detailed analysis of the economic systems of these countries reveals the formation of the balance between the ownership structure and the power structure. The ownership structure is characterized by large percentage of independent private owners, where the family form of ownership is widely represented in the leading sectors of the economy, and the family business itself is the dominant form of entrepreneurship. It is the family business that configures the property system within a single country, forming powerful social stratum of independent owners who control the main resources of the state. The presence of this layer results in the evolution of power democracy, where state institutions do not have declarative powers, but operate in real formal democracy. The level of real democracy (democracy) in the country is determined not by freedom-loving articles of the Constitution, but by the number of independent owners in the state. Family businesses and independent family owners are closely linked to local communities, are an integral part of them, providing jobs and employment in the regions, which is the basis for economic prosperity of local communities and the country as a whole.

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27

Salihu, Ekrem. "Fiduciary Transfer of Ownership in Order to Secure the Satisfaction of Claim to Contemporary Right - Proposal De Le Lege Ferenda". European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, n. 1 (30 marzo 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms-2019.v4i1-524.

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Abstract (sommario):

Fiduciary transfer of ownership in order to secure the claim satisfaction represents the form of non-possessory securing of claim satisfaction, which is experiencing the Renaissance in the transition countries and in the contemporary right. This form of non-possessory pledge right is not regulated by law in our own right, nor does it enjoy legal protection. Fiduciary transfer of property on the contemporary right and legal circulation is experiencing affirmation because of the essential advantages in relation to the real means of securing the claim satisfaction. The most important advantage of fiduciary agreements in relation to the pledge (mortgage) is the efficiency of the fulfilment of the claims, because there are no extensively long court proceedings in this institution. In addition to the fiduciary agreement, unlike the pledge right, the object that is subject to the fiduciary agreement, the debtor may keep such property under possession and may use it for the fulfilment of the obligations towards the creditor, thus offering practical benefits to the debtor itself. In the Republic of Kosovo, fiduciary agreements and fiduciary transfer of ownership are not regulated at positive rates. The author of this paper is committed to regulate this legal institute with positive provisions, i.e. the issuance of a special law for this institute, or the same to be included in the new Civil Code of Kosovo, as it is about an institute which has been applied for a long time by countries of the continental system and is experiencing renaissance also in the countries of the region (Slovenia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Croatia). The regulation of this institute with positive provisions would have a positive effect on legal circulation and faster economic development in Kosovo. At the same time, regulation of this institute with positive provisions would enable alignment and approximation of the Kosovo legislation with the European Union legislation. In this paper we will present the reasons why this institute should be regulated by special law or incorporated in the new Civil Code of Kosovo. However, despite the fact that local positive provisions do not particularly regulate the fiduciary transfer of ownership institution in order to secure the satisfaction of claim, nevertheless, this institute is not entirely excluded. Thus, the Law on Obligational Relationship of the Republic of Kosovo, in Article 429 provides for the ceding in order to secure "Where ceding is made in order to secure the claim satisfaction of the concessionaire against the cedant, the concessionary is obliged to behave with the care of a good economist, namely of a good housekeeper on the collection of ceded application and after the collection is completed, after keeping as much as it is needed to meet its demands against the cedant, shall hand him over the surplus.

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28

Galiano-Garrigós, Antonio, María Domenech-Mataix, Ángel Benigno González-Avilés e Carlos Rizo-Maestre. "Evaluation of Energy Performance and Comfort: Case-Study of University Buildings with Design Adapted to Local Climate". Sustainability 13, n. 13 (25 giugno 2021): 7155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137155.

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Abstract (sommario):

One of the main strategies to reduce countries’ energy bills is to invest in efficient buildings. To achieve this objective, the European Union Member States have developed different methodologies to evaluate building energy performance, which are often supported by simulation tools. These tools are based on calculation engines that use databases and simplifications to attempt to bring their results close to real building performance and are mostly designed to be used at the end of the process, neglecting their role in project decision-making processes. To compensate for this situation and to obtain the most accurate results, the methodologies recommend previous work during the building design phase to adopt passive design solutions that learn from experience and aim to adapt the building design to the local climate. However, these design solutions are difficult to adopt while working with medium to large public buildings and are often not properly understood by the simulation tools. In addition, new BIM methodologies are being implemented, starting to enable proper interaction between the designer and the results, and opening up the option of introducing other types of calculations, such as building comfort, in the calculation process. Among the group of countries with limited simulation tools that are starting to be substituted is Spain, which recently launched its first BIM-based energy simulation tool. This tool aims to compensate for the limitations of the former simulation tools and opens up the option of performing comfort calculations by sharing information with other programs. The objective of this research is to evaluate, from different perspectives, the performance of this new simulation tool on three buildings at the University of Alicante. These were chosen as university campuses are responsible for large groups of buildings and belong to the group of stakeholders interested in obtaining efficient and comfortable buildings. These case studies are defined by their extreme adaptation to design recommendations for mild-warm weather. At the end of the process, the difference is measured between simulation and real building performance. The results obtained show that simulation still differs greatly from real building performance from the energy performance point of view, while the comfort evaluation shows results that are closer to the reality of the buildings.

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29

KHRIDOCHKIN, Andriy. "Features of legal support of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union". Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Economics, Management and Law 6 (2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2707-8620-2022-6-131-137.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract. The article deals with the peculiarities of public administration in the field of intellectual property and the conceptual foundations of its procedures in the countries of the European Union. The conceptual foundations of the formation and development of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union are revealed. The pluralism of approaches to determining public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the European Union countries is analyzed. The legal framework of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is presented. A modern analysis of the legislation of the European Union for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, including: copyright and related rights; protection of rights to inventions; utility models; industrial designs; brands; geographical indications; branded names; plant varieties; layout of semiconductor products; commercial secrecy; as well as legislation on civil law and customs ways to protect intellectual property rights in the European Union, the practice of application. It is established that in the national legal systems of European countries the regulation of public relations in the field of intellectual property is given considerable attention. At the same time, neither universal international treaties nor national legal regulation in the field of intellectual property can ensure the effectiveness of legal protection of the results of intellectual creative activity. The acts of the European Communities on Public Administration in the field of intellectual property are analyzed. The process of improving public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is analyzed and the legal framework of this process is presented. The conclusion was made on the relevance of the study of problems of public administration in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union. Key words: European Union, Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Right, Procedure, Public Administration, Community Court, European Communities, Intellectual Property Sphere.

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30

Kowalewska, Ewa, e Marcin Burzec. "Tax Incentives for Food Donations – a General Overview". Review of European and Comparative Law 50, n. 3 (9 settembre 2022): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.14145.

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Abstract (sommario):

The study analyses tax law regulations in force in Poland and in selected European Union countries which may influence attitudes of entrepreneurs (taxpayers) in taking actions aimed at preventing food waste. This analysis demonstrates that all countries investigated in this study have made attempts to develop and implement various measures to combat the problem of food waste. At the same time, it is worth noting that properly constructed tax preferences are an important factor in preventing food waste, which is part of the sustainable development strategy implemented by European Union countries. In this respect, actions must be long-term and they should be based on various legal measures. Further changes in this area will be determined by some key factors. These include the need to use tax law regulations or to determine economic and social trends. Directions of activities of the state, local government and non-governmental organizations for counteracting food waste will also set course for these changes. Achieving sustainable development also at the stage of using food already produced should be based on optimization of all related processes, and thus also financial (mainly tax) processes. Therefore, attention should be paid in particular to the tax legislation in force in Poland and in selected European Union countries, i.e. the Act on tax on goods and services and the Act on corporate income tax.

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31

Varul, Paul. "Dear reader",. Juridica International 30 (13 ottobre 2021): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/ji.2021.30.00.

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Abstract (sommario):

This is the thirtieth issue of Juridica International. The first was published back in 1996, and, in general, one issue has been published each year since then. While 2007, 2008, 2014, and 2017 saw the publication of two issues each, no year has failed to feature. Though serving as a journal of the University of Tartu, Juridica International is also the only peer-reviewed legal journal published in Estonia to enjoy broad international distribution. Thus, for 26 years, it has been the calling card of Estonian jurisprudence on the world stage. However, it has been more than that. The involvement of foreign authors is just as important as the aim of providing Estonian authors with an opportunity to participate in international scientific discussion. There is every reason to be proud of the fact that the journal’s 30 issues have featured authors from 25 other countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, United Kingdom, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine, and the USA. Among the authors are many who are in the uppermost echelon of the world’s leading professors in their field. In its first years, one of the main goals for Juridica International was to introduce and analyse the legal reforms carried out in Estonia, which were of vital interest to foreign readers as well; however, this has not been the case for a long time now. Today, the primary focus is on participation in international legal discussion, wherein, alongside the development of national law, great emphasis is placed on European Union law and other cross-border regulation whose reach extends between countries. That said, the purpose of introducing the development of Estonian law and legal thinking at international level has not been discarded. After all, Estonia is still highly noteworthy as a country of successful reforms, not least legal reforms. Therefore, a matter of ongoing interest is whether this country, which has succeeded so well with groundbreaking reforms, can be as successful in a stable situation across the board. The range of topics covered in the 30 issues of Juridica International is very wide; no important area of law has been neglected, and listing all of them would take too long. What could be highlighted above all are topics related to European Union law and the Constitution of Estonia, but also crucial are the writings on many issues related to aspects of the law of obligations, property law, company law, penal law, competition law, personal data protection, media law, medical law, international law, and several other fields. Significant attention has been paid to the possibilities for harmonisation of law and mutual interactions, both between countries and between distinct branches of law. Likewise, the writings have considered key general issues of law, such as its interpretation, the effect of justice policy on legislative drafting, and the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. The ability to publish a journal – and a reason to do so – exists only if readers are interested in that journal. What makes me the happiest is that, over the years, readers’ interest has increased and the geographical area within which people read Juridica International has grown. Most certainly, the fact that for quite some time the journal has been available online has contributed to this. A big ‘thank you’ to all of the readers! I also want to thank every one of the authors, the members of the editorial board, and my colleagues who have made it possible to publish 30 quality issues of Juridica International. I especially wish to highlight the contribution of the foreign members of the editorial board – professors Christian von Bar, Werner Krawietz (1933–2019), Erik Nerep, and Thomas Wilhelmsson – whose participation in the board’s work has played an important role in securing the solid international reputation of the journal. I hope for continued enthusiasm on the writers’ part and interest among readers for the next 30 issues!

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32

Golić, Zorica. "FINANCE AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: THE FIFTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE FINANCIAL SECTOR". ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА ЕКОНОМСКОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА У ИСТОЧНОМ САРАЈЕВУ 8, n. 19 (10 febbraio 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/zrefis1919067g.

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Abstract (sommario):

A true artificial intelligence (AI) system is something that "learns" from the data it stores, in order to perform tasks and solve problems that typically require human intelligence - either with the help of a human expert or independently. The area of AI is an interdisciplinary field, which has been designated as a strategic area in the European Union (EU) approach and a key driver of economic development that can bring solutions to many social challenges and problems. Due to its nature and its tendency to be digitally advanced and smarter with analytics, the financial sector is one of the early adopters of AI and expects multiple benefits from its application, that is, the ability to provide better service in the shortest time possible and at a lower cost. AI in the financial sector is based on an understanding of the business needs of financial organizations, institutions and markets and the ability to connect with technological capabilities. They are powerful tools that completely transform this sector. The basic idea of this paper is to consider where the real value of AI in the financial sector is, i.e. what are the practical aspects and business implications of AI in the financial sector globally. It is common knowledge that evolving technologies have always had a strong impact on the sectors in which they are applied because they give them the opportunity to improve existing manufacturing processes, services, customer experiences, operate more efficiently, achieve cost savings, etc. The aim of this paper is to identify areas of application of AI in the financial sector, and to explore leading AI applications that are changing the financial ecosystem, transforming the financial sector and that have the potential to significantly improve many of its functions. The paper further highlights other implications of AI implementation in the financial sector such as employment - job creation and termination of existing AI-influenced employment, the scope and potential of application in developing countries, the problem of regulation and use in the best interests of man, and the importance of properly managing specific AI risks.

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33

Borkowski, Andrzej. "Obrót nieruchomościami w Unii Europejskiej wobec swobody przepływu kapitału". Prawo 323 (29 dicembre 2017): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.323.17.

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Abstract (sommario):

Real property trade in the European Union and free movement of capitalThe subject matter of this article is to selectively discuss the basic factors affecting the freedom of real property trade within the common market of the European Union. The guaranties securing thefreedom to acquire by union foreigners real property in the member states follow directly from the provisions of TFEU. The set of treaty regulations relating to internal market freedoms holds a key role in the process of realising the fundamental purposes of the European Union. The free movement of capital has profound meaning for the realisation of all the treaty freedoms. Deviations from the rule, which allow for limiting the freedom and which result from the will of the member states, are acceptable within the legal system of the European Union only in exceptional circumstances provided by that law. There are two groups of conditions required for alawful deviation from the rule of the free movement of capital. The first group covers the considerations resulting directly from the Treaty. The second includes the circumstances deemed lawful pursuant to the formula of imperative requirements of the public interest.

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34

Almudhaf, Fahad, e J. Andrew Hansz. "International Real Estate Review". International Real Estate Review 14, n. 1 (30 aprile 2011): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100134.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study investigates systematic monthly return regularities in the listed equity returns of twelve European property companies.? Significant monthly effects exist in all sampled countries with Germany as the single exception. Furthermore, the findings provide evidence of abnormally high December returns, or a December effect, in four international indices (FTSE EPRA/NAREIT international Europe, Euro-zone, Global, and North America) and five European countries (Finland, France, Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom). With the exception of Switzerland, the well-documented January effect is absent from all European property company equity returns.

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35

Lane, Philip R. "The Real Effects of European Monetary Union". Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, n. 4 (1 agosto 2006): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.4.47.

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Abstract (sommario):

We explore the impact of European monetary union on the economies of the member countries. Inflation differentials across the euro area have been persistent, such that cumulative real exchange rate movements across the euro area have been quite substantial. The adoption of the euro has indeed contributed to greater economic integration; however, economic linkages with the rest of the world have also been growing strongly, such that the relative importance of trade within the European monetary union has not dramatically increased. In terms of future risks, a severe economic downturn or financial crisis in a member country will be the proving ground for the future political viability of the euro.

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36

Adamuscin, A. "Investing in European market real property through reits". Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 18, n. 1 (1 marzo 2010): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10189-010-0001-9.

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Abstract (sommario):

Investing in European market real property through reitsFor institutional and private investors, investing in real estate represents an attractive form of the consignment of their money. Real estate provides a regular source of income in the form of the rent from or interest on the credit provided. At the same time, real estate is a good investment instrument, because it provides diversified contributions and security against inflation for investors. In their efforts to diversify risk, investors are expressing growing interest in investing in the whole European Union. The success of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in the U.S. also opened the door for investing in this market for small investors, which is the reason for the development of this type of investment company in the European arena. One problem concerning the development of European real estate investment funds is the unsolved issue of the harmonization of the legislation and regulatory safety measures, which would enable the creation of a common market for new investment products in Europe.

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37

Tashian, Roman I., Bohdan P. Karnaukh e Iryna O. Dzera. "Trends in the Development of Property Law: The Civil Law of Ukraine and the Experience of European Union Countries". Global Journal of Comparative Law 10, n. 1-2 (25 giugno 2021): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-10010008.

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Abstract The article deals with the problems of the development of property law in the legislation of Ukraine considering the experience of the countries of the European Union (EU). It is emphasised that the development of property law of Ukraine is determined primarily by the European tendencies of harmonisation, convergence and Europeanisation of the rights of EU Member States. The scientific doctrine of EU countries in the field of development and improvement of property law has been researched. The authors extrapolate the experience of regulation of property law in the EU countries on the development of the legal system of Ukraine. The principles of European property law are analysed: these are the principles of specificity, openness and transparency. It is concluded that recognising the existence of an EU system of substantive law will allow introducing appropriate substantive remedies that can successfully exist in addition to legal obligations.

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Helmut Kury, Krzysztof Krajewski e Joachim Obergefell-Fuchs. "Crime in Germany and Poland in the Period of Transformation (Selected aspects)". Archives of Criminology, n. XXII (7 luglio 1996): 7–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak1996a.

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Among the negative side-effects of the fall of "Realsozialismus" in Central and Eastern Europe and the process of political, social and economic transformations initiated in 1989 there was a deterioration of internal safety in those countries. According to a popular opinion, this was manifested, among other things, by a growth - a rapid one in many instances - in the extent and intensity of crime, and also in negative changes of its structure which consisted in a particularly fast growth of tle most serious crime or emergence of its new and very dangerous forms, hitherto unknown in those countries. From this viewpoint, criminological literature in all those countries without exception has recently been presenting an extremely pessimistic picture of a growing threat of crime which can at any moment get out of control. As a consequence, fear of crime is growing in societies involved, and appeals can be heard more and more often from politicians that “law and order” be instituted. The present paper does not aim at negating either the growth of crime in post-Communist societies itself or the negative changes of the structure of crime. It is our aim first of all to compare the state of crime that follows from the two basic modern sources of information on this area, that is oflicial statistics of crime and victimization surveys, and to point to some related problems. The analysis is limited to two countries, Germany and Poland. Concerned in the former case is, of course, mainly analysis of phenomena found in the new federal lands of united Germany, that is the territory of former GDR, but also consequences of the union for the state of crime in Germany as a whole. One of the basic problems posed by analysis of extent, intensity and dynamics of reported crime, that is crime recorded in oflicial statistics in countries of Central and Eastern Europe, is reliability of statistical data from the period of “Realsozialismus” which serve as the point of departure of all comparisons. The growth in reported crime in the territory of former GDR has indeed been dramatic after 1990; yet the point of departure for comparisons involved here are GDR police statistics which showed the extent of reported crime as 10% of that in “old” FRG. Today, German criminologists agree that GDR crime statistics were regularly “improved” for ideological and political reasons, the real extent of crime being much higher there. Similar problems can be found in Poland where a rapid growth in reported crime took place only once in principle, that is in 1990. Later on, the extent of reported crime became stabilized at the new level “established” in 1990. It is highly improbable that the impact of social and economic reform on crime in Poland was limited to a “big bang” in 1990 and then ceased. Also here, we dealt rather with a specific statistical artifact and not with a single rapid growth in the extent of crime. What also speaks for this thesis is the fact that crime used to be “under-recorded” in police statistics in Poland as well through a policy of extremely selective reception by the police of information about offenses. Abandonment of this practice after 1989 resulted in a serious growth of recorded crime. Appraising the dynamics of reported crime in Central and Eastern Europe, one should also bear it in mind that the growth in crime there not necessarily followed the breakdown of “Realsozialismus”. In many countries, former USSR in particular, the growth in crime actually preceded change. Also in recent years, Central and East-European statistics have by no means been showing a constant and rapid growth in reported crime. There were rather fluctuations (if quite rapid at times), followed by a recent downward trend in some of the countries involved. Still another important problem is comparison of the extent of reported crime in post-Communist and in developed Western societies. Discussing the “flood” of crime in Central and Eastern Europe, one tends to forget that in most cases, the actual extent of crime in the region is still much lower than in most countries of Western Europe. Comparison of the situation in Germany and Poland may serve as an example here. I ulated. As far as possible, the state of crime in post-Communist societies should also be appraised on the basis of sources other than the official statistics. Helpful here can be first of all data from victimization surveys, alas still a rarity in Central and Eastern Europe. Yet basing on available data for Germany and Poland (chiefly from the International Crime Survey of 1992) it can be stated that victimization surveys show an extent of real crime much higher than the one that follows from official statistical data. This means a very high dark number of crime in Poland and elsewhere in the region, caused probably by the people’s very low tendency to report facts of victimization to the police. At any rate, from data on victimization it follows that the extent of real crime in Poland is higher as compared to Germany. This is not to say, though, that crime in Poland “breaks all the records”. With some exceptions concerning chiefly offenses against property such as theft and pickpocketing, Poland has an average extent of crime judging by European “standards'” in this respect. Basing on data from victimization surveys, also the territorial differentiation of the extent of crime in Germany and Poland can be analyzed. The basic problem in Germany is the noticeable difference between southern and northern lands, the latter having a much higher extent of crime, and also the process of the new lands “catching up” with or even “outstripping” the old ones in this respect during the last five years. Quite distinct regularities can also be found in Poland; some of them are known from earlier literature. Thus first of all, there is a noticeably higher extent of crime in Western and Northern Territories of Poland and a low extent in Wielkopolska region. It is interesting to correlate those regularities with selected demographic and socio-economic data on individual regions of the two countries. In Germany, unfavorable values of those indices found in the north of “old” FRG and in former GDR are rather explicitly correlated with a higher extent of crime. In Poland where territorial differentiation of the indices is less distinct, some regularities in this respect can nevertheless be found, too. At the samo time it seems, though, that the extent of crime in Poland is the highest in regions where, due to specific local features, the social costs of reform are the greatest and most painful.

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Crucini, Mario J., Chris I. Telmer e Marios Zachariadis. "Understanding European Real Exchange Rates". American Economic Review 95, n. 3 (1 maggio 2005): 724–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201332.

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We study good-by-good deviations from the Law-of-One-Price (LOP) for over 1,800 retail goods and services between all European Union (EU) countries for the years 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990. We find that for each of these years, after we control for differences in income and value-added tax (VAT) rates, there are roughly as many overpriced goods as there are underpriced goods between any two EU countries. We also find that good-by-good measures of cross-sectional price dispersion are negatively related to the tradeability of the good, and positively related to the share of non-traded inputs required to produce the good. We argue that these observations are consistent with a model in which retail goods are produced by combining a traded input with a non-traded input.

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Lazíková, Jarmila. "The Notion of the European Union Trademark". EU agrarian Law 8, n. 1 (1 luglio 2019): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eual-2019-0004.

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AbstractThe EU trademark law has recorded the important changes in the last years. The Community trademark in the past and the EU trademark at the present have become very popular legal measures not only in the EU Member States but also in the third countries. Its preferences are increasing year to year. The EU trademark may consist of a sign that fulfils two main attributes. Firstly, there is a distinctive character. Secondly, there is a capability of being represented on the Register of the EU trademarks. The second attribute is new and replaced the previous attribute - capability of being represented graphically. The interpretation of the above mentioned attributes is not possible without the judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It is necessary to take into account the kind of trademark, list of the goods and services, which should be signed by the trademark, and its perception by the public. The paper includes the main judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union related to the interpretation of the sign that may be registered as the EU trademark. They are very helpful in the application practice of the European Union Intellectual Property Office and the national offices of the intellectual property as well.

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Kisielińska, Joanna. "THE LEVEL OF INVESTMENT IN FARMS IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES". Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 18, n. 2 (30 giugno 2019): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2019.18.2.17.

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The aim of the study presented in the paper was to assess the level of investment in farms in European Union countries. The assessment applied the reproduction rate, fixed-asset reproduction rate and the investment rate. Studies were performed for all farms and farms divided into classes according to economic size (KS6 classification). The study covered years 2007–2016. As significant changes were observed in individual years, the study period was divided into two equal sub-periods, for which average values of the ratios were determined. The studies showed that the level of investment in farms as taken jointly for all EU countries is not enough to reproduce their assets in both sub-periods. What needs to be positively assessed is the fact that the values of all indicators grow as the economic size of farms grows. The level of reproduction and multiplication of property in Polish farms is lower than the EU average for economically weaker farms, but it is usually higher for the stronger ones.

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Lucarelli, Bill. "Intra-eurozone Payments Imbalances: Implications for the TARGET2 Payments System". Review of Radical Political Economics 49, n. 3 (17 luglio 2017): 343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613417703972.

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In the wake of the recent European debt crisis, there have emerged serious payments imbalances between the core/surplus countries and the peripheral/deficit countries, which threaten the internal cohesion of the eurozone. In the absence of political union or fiscal federalism, these centrifugal dynamics appear to be irreversible. This article examines the role performed by the TARGET2 (Trans-European Automated Real Time Gross Settlement Express Transfer System) payments system and the very real possibility of default by the indebted, peripheral countries as a result of the imposition of austerity policies by the European Central Bank (ECB)/European Union (EU)/International Monetary Fund (IMF) (Troika). It is proposed that the current, neoliberal path toward austerity and wage repression (or internal devaluation) is ultimately unsustainable and, indeed, self-defeating. JEL Classification: B5, B14, B16, B23

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STRIELKOWSKI, Wadim, e Felix HÖSCHLE. "EVIDENCE FOR ECONOMIC CONVERGENCE IN THE EU: THE ANALYSIS OF PAST EU ENLARGEMENTS". Technological and Economic Development of Economy 22, n. 4 (21 maggio 2015): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2014.890138.

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This paper discusses the evidence of economic convergence in the European Union during the past several decades and consecutive EU enlargements. We cluster different member states of the European Union by groups representing countries that joined the EU together and analyze whether these clusters converge against each other. In addition, we analyse whether there is a convergence within different groups of countries. We employ real GDP per capita in its seasonally adjusted version as the measure of convergence. Our results reveal that there is not much evidence about the existence of economic convergence within the European Union.

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Sari, Leni Panca Mustika, Ihwan Satria Lesmana e Risma Eka Desiyani. "ANALISIS INFLASI DAN KURS TAHUNAN DALAM MELIHAT KONDISI RIIL EKSPOR KOPI INDONESIA DI 5 (LIMA) NEGARA UNI EROPA". National Conference on Applied Business, Education, & Technology (NCABET) 2, n. 1 (31 ottobre 2022): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46306/ncabet.v2i1.74.

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This research aimed to analyze annual inflation and exchange rates in view of the real condition of Indonesian coffee exports in 5 (five) European Union Countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and Netherlands) in 2016-2019. This research method with a qualitative approach and uses secondary data. The results of this study is, inflation condition in Indonesia and 5 (five) European Union Countries using the formula for calculating the consumer price index in 2016-2019 is Indonesia’s average annual inflation of 3,12% and the annual average inflation of 5 (five) European Union Countries at 1,5% and classified into the type of mild inflation.The condition of the annual axchange rate in export activities is a type of exchange rate pegged to the Dollar/USD and tends to fluctuate. Indonesia’s low inflation and rising exchange rate cuase the volume and value of exports to increase and when the highest exchange rate occurs, it causes a decrease in the volume and value of coffee exports in 5 (five) European Union Countries

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Mahmutefendic, Tahir. "The Eu Enlargement. How to be Like the Irish and not the Greek?" ECONOMICS 7, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2019-0021.

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Abstract Apart from the former EFTA members (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and a few former republics of the Soviet Union (Bjelorussia, Moldova and Ukraina) the countries of the Western Balkans are the only European states outside of the European Union. They are very keen to join the Union. The Balkans have always been the poorest part of Europe. The appeal of the wealthy European Union is apparent. Access to the largest market in the world, investment, modern technologies and generous regional funds give a hope that by joining the EU the Western Balkans countries will join the rich club. At the moment performance of the Western Balkan countries does not guarantee that they will become rich by joining the European Union. Their current production and trade structure makes it likely that the Western Balkan countries will be locked in inter-industry trade in which they will export products of low and medium technological and developmental level and import products of high technological and developmental level. This might lead to divergence rather than convergence between them and the European Union. In other to overcome this problem the Western Balkan countries need to conduct radical reforms in the public sector, fiscal policy, industrial trade and investment policy. They also need to tackle corruption, simplify administrative procedure, strenghten property rights and the lawful state. All this with the aim to change economic structure and shift from achievements of the second and third to fourth technological revolution. Only if these reforms are successfuly implemented the Western Balkan countries can hope to avoid the Greek scenario and possibly experience the Irish scenario.

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Okoń-Horodyńska, Ewa, Anna Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz, Rafał Wisła e Tomasz Sierotowicz. "Gender in the creation of intellectual property of the selected European Union countries". ECONOMICS & SOCIOLOGY 8, n. 2 (20 settembre 2015): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2015/8-2/9.

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Boiarchuk, С. М. "Protection of intellectual propertyrights: peculiaritiesofimplementation in Ukraine, the USA and some countries of the European Union (Germany, France)". Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, n. 6 (27 dicembre 2023): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.06.32.

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In our work, we consider the peculiarities of the protection of intellectual property rights in Ukraine, USA and EU countries (Germany, France). Intellectual property is a unique creation of the human mind and one of the important achievements of every developed and democratic country. The field of law in the field of intellectual property is currently in a state of active and unceasing development: legislative norms are constantly regulated, the experience of successful countries in the field of intellectual property is analyzed and borrowed. Taking into account the possibilities of modern technologies, intellectual property rights are increasingly subject to violations, which determines the specifics of their protection in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union (USA, Germany, France). Taking into account the above and on the basis of scientific approaches and legally established provisions, the concepts of «intellectual property», «intellectual property right», «protection of intellectual property rights» have been defined. In the course of the analysis of national and foreign legislation, normative legal acts were established, according to which intellectual property rights were established in the studied countries. Detailed attention is paid to the peculiarities of the protection of intellectual property rights in Ukraine, the USA, Germany and France, and to the identification of similar features and opportunities for borrowing better experience in the protection of intellectual property rights. Attention is focused on the peculiarities of judicial protection in Ukraine under the conditions of martial law. The article analyzes the methods of protecting intellectual property rights, taking into account the peculiarities of Ukraine, the USA, Germany and France, namely, the civil-law, criminal and administrative means of protection of Ukraine and the USA, the organizational and economic mechanisms of Germany and Ukraine, proposed for even more effective protection intellectual property rights and the reduction of violations in this area, to implement the successful experience of France regarding the obligation of citizens to patent and obtain a license for inventions and the experience of the French Republic in improving the judicial system and judicial protection of intellectual property rights.

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Andrade, João Sousa, e António Portugal Duarte. "Optimum currency areas, real and nominal convergence in the European Union". Notas Económicas, n. 42 (27 dicembre 2015): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-203x_42_1.

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It is well known and widely accepted by economists that the characteristics of the countries of the European Monetary Union (EMU) created in 1999 did not match the requirements of an Optimum Currency Area (OCA). The only criteria for membership of the EMU were nominal. A strict level of convergence in inflation and interest rates was imposed. In addition to the nominal convergence, a process of convergence of nominal and real incomes in the new monetary area was expected to be generated with the monetary integration. After summarizing the criteria for a successful currency area in the context of the OCA theory, we study the real and nominal convergence process for an older group of countries (11) to establish whether or not these countries satisfy the conditions of an OCA. We apply ADF tests, together with the Schmidt-Phillips tests, and we estimate the fractional differential process to overcome the disadvantages of the traditional tests, to test for nominal and real convergence. We conclude that a process of real divergence and nominal convergence does exist, and suggest this is a source of genuine imbalance in the European integration process that can destroy the harmonious development of the European Monetary Union.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183‑203X_42_1

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Al-Jaberi, Prof Dr Sattar Jabbar. "Iraq and the European Union towards a Strategic Partnership". ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 220, n. 2 (8 novembre 2018): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v220i2.487.

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The Iraq's relations with the European Union countries of the oldest and surest Iraq's foreign relations, in spite of the damage to those relationships during certain time periods, and sometimes degradation several considerations, they quickly return to normal, the importance of Iraq's strategy for European countries on the one hand, and interest in Iraq, the European its relations On the other hand . The EU played an important role in Iraq in the era after 2003, through important political relations with the Iraqi government, and try to achieve a real partnership in the political, economic and cultural fields, and interested in EU areas of human rights, and civil society organizations, and strengthen the Iraqi security capacity and we will try in this Find the study of the positions of the European Union countries of Iraq, and then try the European Union and Iraq to establish a strategic partnership between them.

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Sootak, Jaan. "Dear reader",. Juridica International 28 (13 novembre 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/ji.2019.28.00.

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A large proportion of the articles in Juridica International this year is dedicated to criminal law. A paper that truly addresses the issues of legal dogmatics in this field in depth with regard to delict of negligence was contributed by Laura Feldmanis. Raimo Lahti’s article on the criminal liability of a legal person is written from the standpoint of criminal and comparative law, while Frieder Dünkel’s approach to German sanction law should provide plenty of interest and joy of discovery for legal scientists and practitioners alike. Thomas Weigend’s submission, in turn, takes a rather unique look at the material element in criminal law and criminal procedure. He focuses his attention on truth and values. Andres Parmas has considered Estonian criminal law in relation to the dogmatics of international criminal law. All of these articles are an outgrowth of presentations made at a jubilee conference that took place at the University of Tartu. I would like to take the opportunity here to thank everyone who participated in the conference – especially, of course, the speakers. In addition, two articles on medical law had their beginnings in presentations at the conference. One of them, by Henning Rosenau, is squarely in the domain of classic medical law, bringing together discussion of human rights and of issues connected with reproductive medicine. The other medical-law article, by Henning Lorenz, draws particular attention to an addition to German criminal law that has made waves (and met a lot of criticism) in the fields of criminal law, medical law, and legal policy in general: criminalising assisted suicide. This topic has been subject to intense discussion also in the media of Estonia and other countries. I can happily say on behalf of both myself and the editorial board that, at the same time, the new issue offers plenty to read also for those less interested in criminal and medical law. Self-driving cars are a matter of interest not only to engineers but also for lawyers. Taivo Liivak’s ‘What Safety are We Entitled to Expect of Self-driving Vehicles?’ considers some of the issues that we will soon face on the streets on a daily basis. Private law is represented in the article ‘A Half-built House? The New Consumer Sales Directive Assessed as Contract Law’. This piece on consumer protection and contract law was submitted by Kåre Lilleholt, who holds the title Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Tartu. A paper jointly authored by Ilya Ilin and Aleksei Kelli, ‘The Use of Human Voice and Speech in Language Technologies: The EU and Russian Intellectual Property Law Perspectives’, examines the legal protection of intellectual property. The field of constitutional law is represented too, by Ivo Pilving’s presentation of an approach to fundamental rights in the context of European Union law in ‘Parallele Anwendbarkeit von Grundrechtecharta der EU und nationalen Grundrechten’. Still more colours are added to the legal palette by Märt Maarand, with his article ‘The Concept of Recovery of Credit Institutions in the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive’, and by the paper ‘Is Full Preference for a Secured Claim in Insolvency Proceedings Justified?’, by Anto Kasak.

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