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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Real Driving Emission":
1
Engelmann, Danilo, Yan Zimmerli, Jan Czerwinski e Peter Bonsack. "Real Driving Emissions in Extended Driving Conditions". Energies 14, n. 21 (4 novembre 2021): 7310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217310.
The real driving emission (RDE) testing for certification of vehicles is performed in conditions that are well defined in legislation. For emissions inventories and for research, the influences of some extended driving conditions on emissions are an interesting issue. In the present work, some examples of RDE results from two common passenger cars with gasoline and diesel propulsion are given. The varying driving conditions were “winter/summer”, “mild/aggressive”, and “higher altitude/slop”. The driving conditions: “winter”, “aggressive”, and “higher slope/altitude” generally require more energy, cause higher fuel consumption, and therefore, higher CO2-emissions. The condition of “winter driving”, especially in the urban type of operation, may cause some longer phases with not enough warmed-up exhaust aftertreatment and consequently some increased gaseous emissions. The DPF eliminates the nanoparticles (PN) independently on the driving conditions. Nevertheless, the DPF regeneration has an influence on the CO2-normality of the trip. The CO2-normality primary tolerance range can also be exceeded with aggressive driving. The elaborated results confirm the usefulness of the existing legal limits for the driving conditions of RDE homologation tests.
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Claßen, Johannes, Stefan Pischinger, Sascha Krysmon, Stefan Sterlepper, Frank Dorscheidt, Matthieu Doucet, Christoph Reuber et al. "Statistically supported real driving emission calibration: Using cycle generation to provide vehicle-specific and statistically representative test scenarios for Euro 7". International Journal of Engine Research 21, n. 10 (10 luglio 2020): 1783–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087420935221.
The progression of emission legislation has intensified the efforts of the automotive industry to develop improved exhaust gas after-treatment systems. The requirement to fulfill Euro 6d-TEMP in real-world driving scenarios, the already significant calibration effort for Euro 6d and the Euro 7 emission standards in discussion have significantly increased the work load for calibration engineers and the requirements for testing resources. Many original equipment manufacturers are implementing taskforces in order not to have to discard the planned start of production for their products, and some are even already forced to reduce their product portfolio. This is due to the diverse testing matrix required to cover all possible real driving emissions test scenarios. One big challenge is the extension and possible variation of boundary conditions regarding ambient temperatures, traffic conditions, road gradients and other varying driving resistances. Moreover, the test duration can cause considerable differences in the measured emissions, even if the same route is driven repeatedly. Addressing these challenges makes the application of a dedicated, event-targeted emission calibration mandatory. Since only a few sequences of the time-consuming road tests are relevant for improving the emission calibration, the methodology presented in this article focuses on the exact reproduction of these emission events on an emission chassis dynamometer with the aim of implementing calibratable solutions for these events. This is done using a real driving emission-cycle-generator which creates real driving emission compliant severe test scenarios and which focuses on the statistical relevance related to the typical product specific operation. The underlying generation process accesses a large database with real driving emission measurement results focusing on vehicle- or vehicle-group-specific challenges, using statistical approaches. It will be demonstrated how this procedure reduces test time and how it helps to tackle the substantial real driving emission work-load, while providing a dependable base to achieve real driving emission legislation compliance.
3
Guo, Dong, Jinbao Zhao, Yi Xu, Feng Sun, Kai Li, Juan Wang e Yuhang Sun. "THE IMPACT OF DRIVING CONDITIONS ON LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN REAL-WORLD DRIVING". Transport 35, n. 4 (29 settembre 2020): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12168.
To accurately estimate the effect of driving conditions on vehicle emissions, an on-road light-duty vehicle emission platform was established based on OEM-2100TM, and each second data of mass emission rate corresponding to the driving conditions were obtained through an on-road test. The mass emission rate was closely related to the velocity and acceleration in real-world driving. This study shows that a high velocity and acceleration led to high real-world emissions. The vehicle emissions were the minimum when the velocity ranged from 30 to 50 km/h and the acceleration was less than 0.5 m/s2. Microscopic emission models were established based the on-road test, and single regression models were constructed based on velocity and acceleration separately. Binary regression and neural network models were established based on the joint distribution of velocity and acceleration. Comparative analysis of the accuracy of prediction and evaluation under different emission models, total error, second-based error, related coefficient, and sum of squared error were considered as evaluation indexes to validate different models. The results show that the three established emission models can be used to make relatively accurate prediction of vehicle emission on actual roads. The velocity regression model can be easily combined with traffic simulation models because of its simple parameters. However, the application of neural network model is limited by a complex coefficient matrix.
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Merkisz, Jerzy, Jacek Pielecha e Remigiusz Jasiński. "Remarks about Real Driving Emissions tests for passenger cars". Archives of Transport 39, n. 3 (30 settembre 2016): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/08669546.1225449.
New test procedures for determining exhaust emission from passenger vehicles will be introduced in 2017. For several years, the European Commission has been developing new procedures, which aim is to perform tests in road conditions. The purpose is to determine the real values of emissions, which are not always reflected by the level of emissions obtained in the laboratory. Proper and accurate procedures for determining emissions in real traffic conditions (RDE – Real Driving Emission) have not yet been approved (as opposed to Heavy Duty Vehicles for which such conditions already exist), but there are proposals that are currently being analyzed by major research centers in Europe. There are many differences between those proposals such as determining road emission or research methodology related to emission measurement of hydrocarbons. The work compares the results of emissions measured in road tests using the latest legislative proposals related to passenger cars. The results are shown in relation to the used measurement method: classic method of determining exhaust emission; uses all measurement data determining the mass of harmful compounds and distance travelled during the test; method of averaging the measuring windows (MAW – moving average windows), also in the literature called EMROAD method, which determines the measurement windows (on the basis of carbon dioxide emissions from the WLTC test) and on its basis determines the road emission in RDE test; generalized method of instantaneous power (Power Binning), known in the literature as CLEAR – Classification of Emissions from Automobiles in Real driving, determines road emissions on the basis of generalized instantaneous power during the RDE test.
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Song, Jingeun, e Junepyo Cha. "Analysis of Driving Dynamics Considering Driving Resistances in On-Road Driving". Energies 14, n. 12 (9 giugno 2021): 3408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123408.
Internal combustion engine emissions are a serious worldwide problem. To combat this, emission regulations have become stricter with the goal of reducing the proportion of transportation emissions in global air pollution. In addition, the European Commission passed the real driving emissions–light-duty vehicles (RDE-LDV) regulation that evaluates vehicle emissions by driving on real roads. The RDE test is significantly dependent on driving conditions such as traffic or drivers. Thus, the RDE regulation has the means to evaluate driving dynamics such as the vehicle speed per acceleration (v·apos) and the relative positive acceleration (RPA) to determine whether the driving during these tests is normal or abnormal. However, this is not an appropriate way to assess the driving dynamics because the v⋅apos and the RPA do not represent engine load, which is directly related to exhaust emissions. Therefore, in the present study, new driving dynamic variables are proposed. These variables use engine acceleration calculated from wheel force instead of the acceleration calculated from the vehicle speed, so they are proportional to the engine load. In addition, a variable of driving dynamics during braking is calculated using the negative wheel force. This variable can be used to improve the accuracy of the emission assessment by analyzing the braking pattern.
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Huang, Junfeng, Jianbing Gao, Yufeng Wang, Ce Yang e Chaochen Ma. "Real-World Pipe-Out Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Passenger Cars". Processes 11, n. 1 (27 dicembre 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010066.
The analysis of real-world emissions is necessary to reduce the emissions of vehicles during on-road driving. In this paper, the matrix of gasoline direct injection passenger cars is applied to analyze the real-world emissions. The results show that high acceleration and high speed conditions are major conditions for the particulate number emissions, and the particulate number emissions are positively correlated with torque and throttle opening. The catalyst temperature and saturation are important factors that affect nitrogen oxide emission. The nitrogen oxide emissions of low speed and low torque conditions cannot be ignored in real-world driving. The carbon dioxide emissions are positively correlated with acceleration, torque and throttle opening. Once the vehicles are in the acceleration condition, the carbon dioxide emissions increase rapidly. The vehicles with higher average emission factors are more susceptible to driving behaviors, and the differences in the emission factors are more obvious, leading to an increase in the difficulty of emission control.
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Ro, Seungcheon, Junhong Park, Myunghwan Shin e Jongtae Lee. "Developing On-Road NOx Emission Factors for Euro 6b Light-Duty Diesel Trucks in Korean Driving Conditions". Energies 14, n. 4 (16 febbraio 2021): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041041.
This study aimed to develop on-road NOx emission factors for Euro 6b light-duty diesel trucks (LDDTs) in Korea. On-road NOx emissions were measured using portable emissions measurement systems and compared with those measured using the Korean Driving Cycle (KDC), the conventional laboratory test used to develop emission factors. To ensure the representativeness of the LDDTs emission factors, five vehicles of three models were driven along two real driving routes for total traveled mileage of 2280 km. On-road NOx levels were 2.1 to 6.9 times higher on average than those measured using the KDC because the latter does not cover the wide variability in vehicle speed and relative positive acceleration, common in real driving conditions. The lean-NOx trap was found to have disappointingly low NOx reduction efficiency in on-road driving. The on-road NOx emission factors by vehicle speeds developed in this study were comparable to the COPERT 4 factors.
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Luján, José Manuel, Carlos Guardiola, Benjamín Pla e Varun Pandey. "Impact of driving dynamics in RDE test on NOx emissions dispersion". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, n. 6 (1 novembre 2019): 1770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019881581.
EU6D emission regulation intends to bridge the gap between laboratory tests and the real driving conditions by introducing real drive emission testing. It requires the measurement of real drive emission to be an additional type approval test in order to take into account the influence of road profile, ambient conditions and traffic situations. An important amendment has been included in Commission regulation (European Union) 2016/646, limiting the driving dynamics and hence avoiding the biased testing of the vehicle. In this work, a drive cycle generator has been developed to synthesise cycles meeting all the regulatory requirements of the real drive emission testing. The generator is based on the transition probability matrix obtained from each phase of the World harmonised Light vehicle Test Procedure cycle. Driving dynamics have been varied based on real drive emission regulations, and several trips have been generated with dynamics ranging from soft to aggressive. A direct injection compression ignition 1.5 L engine with a state-of-the-art aftertreatment system has been utilised to run the generated synthetic cycles. The analysis of the results obtained in the tests (all of them complying with real drive emission restrictions in terms of driving dynamics) points out a noticeable 60% relative dispersion in the NO x emissions downstream of the catalyst. The contribution of the proposed method lies not only in the fact that it synthesises driving cycles as stochastic process and is capable of tuning the driving dynamics based on real drive emission regulations, but it also presents the range of dispersion possible in NO x emissions solely due to the driving dynamics. The methodology followed in the present work could be an essential step in future engine developments, where testing engine prototypes on the entire range of driving dynamics in the engine test bench facility could provide interesting insights about the expected NO x emissions in real drive emission testing.
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Skobiej, Kinga, e Jacek Pielecha. "Plug-in Hybrid Ecological Category in Real Driving Emissions". Energies 14, n. 8 (20 aprile 2021): 2340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082340.
Transportation, as one of the most growing industries, is problematic due to environmental pollution. A solution to reduce the environmental burden is stricter emission standards and homologation tests that correspond to the actual conditions of vehicle use. Another solution is the widespread introduction of hybrid vehicles—especially the plug-in type. Due to exhaust emission tests in RDE (real driving emissions) tests, it is possible to determine the real ecological aspects of these vehicles. The authors of this paper used RDE testing of the exhaust emissions of plug-in hybrid vehicles and on this basis evaluated various hybrid vehicles from an ecological point of view. An innovative solution proposed by the authors is to define classes of plug-in hybrid vehicles (classes from A to C) due to exhaust emissions. An innovative way is to determine the extreme results of exhaust gas emission within the range of acceptable scatter of the obtained results. By valuating vehicles, it will be possible in the future to determine the guidelines useful in designing more environmentally friendly power units in plug-in hybrid vehicles.
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Zhang, Yi, Ran Zhou, Shitao Peng, Hongjun Mao, Zhiwen Yang, Michel Andre e Xin Zhang. "Development of Vehicle Emission Model Based on Real-Road Test and Driving Conditions in Tianjin, China". Atmosphere 13, n. 4 (7 aprile 2022): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040595.
Based on the demand of vehicle emission research and control, this paper presents the development of a portable vehicle measurement system (PEMS) based on SEMTECH-DS and ELPI+, the vehicle emission tests carried out on actual roads, and the data obtained for the establishment and validation of a vehicle emission model. Based on the results of the vehicle emission test, it was found that vehicle driving conditions (speed, acceleration, vehicle specific power (VSP), etc.) had a significant impact on the pollutant emission rate. In addition, local driving cycles were generated and the frequency distribution of VSP-bin under different cycles was analyzed. Then, through the establishment of an emission rate database, calculation of emission factors and validation of the emission model, a vehicle emission model based on actual road driving conditions was developed by taking VSP as the “surrogate variables”. It showed that the emission factor model established in this study could better reflect the vehicle transient emissions on the actual road with high accuracy and local adaptability. Through this study, it could be found that due to the great differences in traffic development modes and vehicle driving conditions in different cities in China, the emission model based on driving conditions was a better choice to carry out the research on vehicle emission in Chinese cities. Compared with directly applying international models or quoting the recommended values of relevant macroscopic guidelines, the emission factor model established in this study, using actual driving conditions, could better reflect the vehicle transient emissions on the actual road with high accuracy and local adaptability. In addition, due to the rapid development of China’s urban traffic and the rapid change of driving conditions, it was of great significance to regularly update China’s urban conditions to improve the accuracy of the model, no matter which model was chosen.
Det här projektet handlar om att utveckla en metod för real driving emission (RDE). RDE är ett komplement till Worldwide Light Duty Test Procedure (WLTP) som kommer att ersätta New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Dessa cykler och metoder används för att mäta personbilars avgaser. Huvudanledningen till varför NEDC ska bytas ut är för att körcyklerna inte längre är realistiska och reflekterar inte hur en bil presterar egentligen. Detta har lett till att bilar har högre bränsleförbrukning och högre avgasutsläpp när dom körs i trafiken jämfört med resultaten från NEDC.Metoden utvecklades genom hänvisningar till den officiella WLTP rapporten. Tillsammans med Vehicle Emission gruppen från AVL fastställdes en komplett steg för steg metod.Utrustningen som användes förseddes av AVL och flera tester av varje steg av metoden genomfördes för att förfina metoden så mycket som möjligt. Bilen som användes var en SAAB 9-5 2.0l bensin.Resultaten visade att både bilen och testet inte mötte kriterierna för RDE och godkändes inte av programmet som användes för att utvärdera testet. Detta var delvis för att kriterierna för RDE är strikta och delvis för att ingen pre och post test genomfördes eftersom det tar mycket tid för att dom testerna ska bli godkända.I överlag ger WLTP och RDE potentiella bilköpare en bättre detaljerad sammanfattning av hur bra bilen presterar i trafiken jämfört med NEDC. This project is about developing a method for real driving emission (RDE). RDE is a complement to Worldwide Light Duty Test Procedure (WLTP) which will replace the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). These cycles and procedures are used for measuring emissions for light duty vehicles. The main reason why NEDC is being replaced is because the driving cycles does not reflect how vehicles are normally driven. This has resulted in vehicles having higher fuel consumption and emitting more poisonous gases when driven on actual roads compared to the results from the NEDC.The method was developed by referring to the laws of the official WLTP report written by EU. Together with the Vehicle Emissions team at AVL a complete step by step method was established.All the equipment and instruments were provided by AVL and several tests of each step of the method was made to perfect the method as much as possible. The vehicle that was used was a 2005 SAAB 9-5 2.0l petrol.The results displayed that the car and the test did not meet the criteria for RDE and was not passed by the evaluating software. This was partly because the driving criteria for RDE are strict and can be difficult to achieve and partly because no pre and post test was made since it can take several tries before those tests are passed.Overall, WLTP and RDE give buyers a more detailed and better conclusion of how a car performs on the road compared to NEDC.
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Samuel, Stephen. "Transient vehicle emission levels and fuel economy in real-world driving conditions". Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444341.
Nguyen, Thi Yen Lien, Trung Dung Nghiem e Minh Quý Cao. "Impact of the driving cycle on exhaust emissions of buses in Hanoi". Technische Universität Dresden, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32626.
The impact of driving cycle on exhaust emissions of buses in Hanoi was presented in this article. A typical driving cycle of buses in Hanoi was developed based on the real-world driving data, and it also was assessed that has a good conformity with the real-world driving data. The typical driving cycle and European Transient Cycle part 1 (ETC-part1) were used to estimate vehicle emission according to different driving cycles. The obtained results showed that emissions level of CO, VOC, PM, CO2 and NOx of the buses were very different between two driving cycles, especially CO2 and NOx. This paper, therefore, reconfirms the necessity of the development of the typical driving cycle before conducting the emission inventory for mobile sources. Tóm tắt: Tác động của chu trình lái tới sự phát thải của xe buýt tại Hà Nội đã được trình bày trong bài báo này. Một chu trình lái đặc trưng của xe buýt Hà Nội đã được xây dựng dựa trên dữ liệu hoạt động ngoài thực tế của phương tiện, và chu trình lái này cũng đã được đánh giá có sự phù hợp rất cao với dữ liệu lái ngoài thực tế. Chu trình lái đặc trưng và chu trình thử ETC-part1 được sử dụng để đánh giá phát thải của phương tiện theo các chu trình lái khác nhau. Các kết quả đạt được cho thấy mức độ phát thải CO, VOC, PM, CO2 và NOx của xe buýt rất khác nhau giữa hai chu trình lái, đặc biệt là CO2 và NOx. Do đó, bài báo khẳng định sự cần thiết phải xây dựng chu trình lái đặc trưng trước khi thực hiện kiểm kê phát thải đối với nguồn động.
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Riley, Richard James Acklom. "Developing real driving CO2 emission factors for hybrid cars through on road testing and microscale modelling". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17410/.
Vehicle type approval CO2 emission figures form the basis for many countries’ national policy to reduce transport's contribution to anthropogenic climate change. However, it has become increasingly apparent that the vehicle type approval testing procedure used in Europe is not fit for purpose. There is, therefore, a need for representative real world emission factors that can be used to inform consumers, aid policy makers and provide an accurate benchmark from which type approval figures can be compared. In this work, two methods are explored to assess their feasibility to provide robust CO2 emission figures. The first is on-road vehicle activity tracking, using data collected from the vehicle controller area network. This method was chosen as it has the potential to provide large quantities of cheap, reliable data and has been demonstrated by recording over 40 parameters during testing of a third-generation Toyota Prius. This data has been used to analyse the vehicle powertrain control and provide a clear understanding of the control mechanisms that balance the engine and electrical power systems, present a comparison of the emissions of conventional and hybrid taxis giving local policy makers the underlying evidence required to introduce strong policies to reduce urban emissions from taxis and build a microscale emission model for accurate and detailed emission forecasts. The second method is microscale vehicle modelling, defined as very short time step models (1 second or less) that capture vehicle and location specific details within the model. The model requires vehicle speed and road gradient data as input and outputs second-by-second cumulative and total fuel consumed and CO2 emissions. The model has been validated against independent data (chassis dynamometer data collected by Argonne National Laboratory) and is now a powerful tool to help assess the effects of local policies (geofences, changes in the speed limit, incentives for hybrid vehicle uptake) or schemes (eco-driving) on the CO2 emissions from hybrid vehicles. This work has further developed these two methods in two ways. Firstly, by demonstrating the accuracy of controller area network data collected in vehicle activity tracking. Secondly, by demonstrating the precision of emission models built using real-world data, despite the data noise caused by real world conditions. In conclusion, these methods are well suited to providing representative real world CO2 emission factors, especially if the methods are combined. This is because vehicle activity tracking can provide the large amount of data needed for vehicle modelling and a vehicle model can provide situation specific emission factors, which, in contrary to many current emissions factors, are not only dependent on vehicle average speeds.
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Hambarek, Djamel Eddine. "Développement d'une méthodologie d'essais dynamiques appliquée à la mise au point moteur". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDN0035.
Les travaux de cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrivent dans le contexte d’évolution desnormes de dépollution des moteurs thermiquescouplée aux exigences de baisse de la consommation des véhicules. La méthodologie développée tente de répondre avec un processus industriel efficace aux exigences d’émissions en roulage réel, dites RDE (Real Driving Emissions). La méthode proposée est basée sur la technique des plans d’expériences dynamiques utilisant les suites à faible discrépance : les résultats d’essais sont utilisés afin d’entraîner un modèle de réseau de neurones type LSTM capable de prédire l’historique des sorties (les masses de polluants CO, HC, NOx) pour chaque combinaison donnée en entrée. Le modèle est utilisé ensuite pour nourrir une boucle d’optimisation basée sur un algorithme génétique afin de mettre au point les cartographies moteur optimales.Les travaux se focalisent sur la phase de mise en action du moteur, qui est comprise entre l’instant de démarrage et l’instant où le système de post-traitement est amorcé, c’est-à-dire lorsque le catalyseur a atteint la température lui permettant d’être efficace. Cette phase est capitale car elle concentre l’essentiel des émissions lors d’un cycle d’homologation : la mise en action doit donc sans cesse être optimisée pour répondre aux nouvelles contraintes réglementaires. Elle constitue donc un champ d’application de la méthodologie à la fois cohérent et pertinent. Les résultats montrent des améliorations notables concernant les CO, HC et Nox en comparaison de la méthode classique (essais en régime permanent) The work of this thesis responds to the context of the evolution of engine depollution norms together with the increase of the clientrequirements. It proposes a complete methodology of engine calibration considering dynamic effects with the aim of an efficient control in terms of emissions and performances. The method is divided into four steps: the dynamic design of experiments generating a set of RDE (Real Driving Emissions) cycles and dynamic variations of engine parameters using low discrepancy sequences: test results are used to train a dynamical model using LSTM neural network to predict output dynamic variations(CO, HC, NOx, Exhaust flow and temperature). The trained model is used in an optimization loop to calibrate the engine parameters using a genetic algorithm. The catalyst warm-up phase is the chosen phase for the development of the method. It is the phase occuring from engine start until the catalyst is the most efficient. It is indeed the phase with the most important emissions which is coherent with the aim of the engine calibration. The results showed noticeable improvements of CO, HC and Nox reduction compared to the steady state (baseline) method
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Mahler, Kay [Verfasser]. "Innermotorische Kaltlaufoptimierung des Dieselmotors im Hinblick auf erweiterte Real-Driving Emissions Bedingungen / Kay Mahler". München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219477052/34.
Dizayi, Buland Ibraheem Azeez. "Fuel spray, engine deposit and real driving emissions analysis of heavy duty trucks using used cooking oil as a fuel". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13411/.
The current project represents the first attempt to test the environmental performance of the direct utilisation of purified used cooking oil as a fuel in a heavy goods vehicle under real world driving conditions. The properties of the used cooking oil were different from those of petroleum diesel (PD) standards however, its heat value, carbon footprint reduction potential and low cost were the key incentives driving it’s use as a fuel. The current research was a collaborative project between Convert to Green (C2G), the fuel provider, the United Biscuits Midlands Distribution Centre, the heavy goods vehicle provider and the University of Leeds as the scientific consultant and research executor. The brand of used cooking oil was Convert to Green Ultra-biofuel (C2G UBF) tested on a Mercedes-Benz EURO 5 emissions standard compliant 44 tonne articulate heavy goods vehicle (HGV). The HGV was modified for on-board UBF heating and mixing with PD. UBF was heated by heat recovery from the engine cooling system. The results showed that the UBF/PD blending ratio was 0.845 as a journey average for the entire test series. However, the HGV was recorded to run on 100% UBF at steady high speed on the M1 motorway in the Midlands region of the UK. There were no discernible deficiencies in the HGV’s performance or its traction effort. Nevertheless a slight increase in specific fuel consumption (SFC) was detected for the blended fuel. Engine durability, combustion chamber deposits and maintenance frequency were not affected by the UBF content in the fuel. Although the engine technology was designed to suppress particulate matter (PM) within the combustion process, the use of blended UBF further reduced the tailpipe PM emissions compared to the use of PD. Carbon monoxide emissions decreased when using the blended fuel, while nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide increased compared to PD emissions. The benefits of UBF utilisation as a fuel lie in the huge carbon savings and reduced PM emissions when compared to the use of PD as well as its use in providing a cost effective fuel supply and waste management technique.
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Benedetto, Francesco. "Real Driving Emissions: analisi e sperimentazione di metodologie di selezione dei percorsi su strada e di definizione di cicli di laboratorio". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.
La presente tesi si occupa di identificare la metodologia utilizzata per la definizione di percorsi Real Driving Emissions.
Nel particolare sono stati individuati due percorsi, uno in piano, definite RDE Moderate Track ed uno in quota, definito RDE Extended Track.
Si è anche eseguita una analisi dei cicli su banco a rulli NEDC e WLTC in ottica Real Driving Emissions.
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Farwick, zum Hagen Ferdinand H. [Verfasser]. "Investigation of Brake Wear Particle Emissions on the Dynamometer and the Vehicle under Real-Driving Simulation / Ferdinand H. Farwick zum Hagen". Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2020. http://d-nb.info/121438983X/34.
Arndt, Michael, Helmut Tschöke, Michael Baade, René Berndt, Frank Bunar, Boris Bunel, Gernot Graf et al. Real Driving Emissions: Gesetzgebung, Vorgehensweise, Messtechnik, Motorische Maßnahmen, Abgasnachbehandlung, Auswirkungen. Springer Vieweg, 2019.
How the Pentagon became the world's largest single greenhouse gas emitter and why it's not too late to break the link between national security and fossil fuel consumption. The military has for years (unlike many politicians) acknowledged that climate change is real, creating conditions so extreme that some military officials fear future climate wars. At the same time, the U.S. Department of Defense—military forces and DOD agencies—is the largest single energy consumer in the United States and the world's largest institutional greenhouse gas emitter. In this eye-opening book, Neta Crawford traces the U.S. military's growing consumption of energy and calls for a reconceptualization of foreign policy and military doctrine. Only such a rethinking, she argues, will break the link between national security and fossil fuels. The Pentagon, Climate Change, and War shows how the U.S. economy and military together have created a deep and long-term cycle of economic growth, fossil fuel use, and dependency. This cycle has shaped U.S. military doctrine and, over the past fifty years, has driven the mission to protect access to Persian Gulf oil. Crawford shows that even as the U.S. military acknowledged and adapted to human-caused climate change, it resisted reporting its own greenhouse gas emissions. Examining the idea of climate change as a “threat multiplier” in national security, she argues that the United States faces more risk from climate change than from lost access to Persian Gulf oil—or from most military conflicts. The most effective way to cut military emissions, Crawford suggests provocatively, is to rethink U.S. grand strategy, which would enable the United States to reduce the size and operations of the military.
Capitoli di libri sul tema "Real Driving Emission":
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Wenig, Markus, Dominik Artuković e Christian Armbruster. "vRDE – Virtual Real Driving Emission". In Proceedings, 19–36. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16754-7_2.
Rivera-Campoverde, Néstor, José Muñoz Sanz e Blanca Arenas-Ramirez. "Low-Cost Model for the Estimation of Pollutant Emissions Based on GPS and Machine Learning". In Proceedings of the XV Ibero-American Congress of Mechanical Engineering, 182–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38563-6_27.
AbstractThis paper presents a novel method for estimating pollutants emitted by vehicles powered by internal combustion engines in real driving, without the need for extensive measurement campaigns or the use of instrumentation in the vehicle for long periods of time; for which it is based on the positioning and speed signals generated by the GPS (Global Positioning System) and the machine learning application. To obtain the training data and validation of the model, two road tests are carried out using the Euro 6 directives for the estimation of pollutants through RDE (Real Driving Emissions), in which a portable emission measurement system is used, and a recorder that stores data from OBD (On Board Diagnostics) and GPS. Based on the data obtained in the first route, the vehicle’s performance is determined and, through automatic learning, the model that estimates polluting emissions is generated, which is validated with the data from the second route. When comparing the results generated by the model against those measured in the RDE, relative errors (%) of 0.0976, −0.2187, 0.2249 and −0.1379 are obtained in the emission factors of CO2, CO, HC and NOx respectively. Finally, the model is fed with data obtained in 1218 km of random driving, obtaining similar results to models based on OBD and closer to the real driving conditions generated by models such as the IVE (International Vehicle Emissions).
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Wang, Xiaowei, Xiaojun Jing e Jingyuan Li. "Cold Start Emission Characteristics and Its Effects on Real Driving Emission Test". In Application of Intelligent Systems in Multi-modal Information Analytics, 873–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15740-1_114.
Frenzel, Holger, Erwin Achleitner, Grit Krüger, Gerd Rösel e Robert Wiench. "Direkteinspritzsysteme für Ottomotoren zur Erfüllung der Real Driving Emission". In 10. Tagung Diesel- und Benzindirekteinspritzung 2016, 281–99. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-15327-4_14.
Naber, Dirk, A. Kufferath, M. Krüger, R. Maier, S. Scherer e H. Schumacher. "Measures to fulfill “real driving emission (RDE)” with Diesel passenger cars". In 17. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium, 423–46. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16988-6_34.
Naber, Dirk, A. Kufferath, M. Krüger, S. Scherer, H. Schumacher e M. Strobel. "Solutions to fulfill “Real Driving Emission (RDE)” with diesel passenger cars". In Proceedings, 285. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13255-2_21.
Zhu, Qinggong, Dongdong Guo, Fulu Shi, Zhengjun Yang e Jiaxin Luo. "Study on Real Road Driving Emission Characteristics of Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles". In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 367–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7945-5_26.
Plogmann, Justin, Ariane Gubser e Panayotis Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler. "Remote Sensing Measurements and Simulations for Real Driving Emission Characterization of Vehicles". In Proceedings, 277–91. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37011-4_23.
Atti di convegni sul tema "Real Driving Emission":
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Sato, Susumu, Jiaxin Chen, Chanpaya Eang, Kotaro Tanaka e Takeshi Tange. "Effects of Different Driving Behavior during Actual Road Driving on Ammonia Emissions from Gasoline Vehicles". In 2023 JSAE/SAE Powertrains, Energy and Lubricants International Meeting. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-32-0095.
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Three-way catalysts are used in gasoline vehicles for simultaneous purifying nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon in recent years. However, the reduction of ammonia emission generated in the three-way catalyst is pressing issue. In EURO 7, ammonia will also be subject to the Real Driving Emissions regulation, and its emissions must be reduced. Previous studies have shown that ammonia emissions are higher under fuel-rich conditions, suggesting that differences in driving behavior have a significant impact on ammonia emissions in real-world driving, which includes various driving environments. In this study, driving tests were conducted on a direct- injection gasoline vehicle equipped with a three-way catalyst and Portable Emission Measurement System and Sensor-based Emission Measurement System to investigate the actual ammonia emissions on actual roads. Sensor-based Emission Measurement System includes the system that can measure ammonia and nitrogen monoxide concentrations independently with high accuracy. Two drivers were used to analyze the effects of different driving behaviors on ammonia emissions. The results showed that ammonia emissions in real world driving largely affected by the lean-rich conditions of three-way catalyst and increased for the driver who drove more aggressively because he/she entered, and fuel cut conditions and the rich condition more frequently during deceleration and acceleration.</div></div>
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Wang, Xin, Daisy Thomas, Yunshan Ge, Wenlin Yu, Bin Song, Xiaoliu Xu, Sikai Zheng et al. "Proceedings of Real Driving Emission (RDE) Measurement in China". In WCX World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0653.
Eom, Myungdo, Junhong Park e Doo-Sung Baik. "Study on Real Driving Emission for Light-duty Vehicle". In Mechanical Engineering 2015. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.90.03.
Park, Jeonghyun, Byeonghee Choi, Sungwoon Choi, Bada Kim, Chul-hee Lee, Daeyup Lee, Sangil Kwon, Taekho Chung e Jongtae Lee. "Development of Indoor Test cycle for Real Driving Emissions of Light Duty Vehicles". In 2023 JSAE/SAE Powertrains, Energy and Lubricants International Meeting. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-32-0025.
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Since the emission gap of nitrogen oxides between the measurements in the indoor emission certification test and the driving in real road conditions has revealed to be significant, the RDE(Real Driving Emissions) regulations of exhaust emissions in real road driving in Europe were adopted in 2017 at the Euro 6d-TEMP stage and gradually strengthened thereafter. Many countries including Korea are applying equivalent and similar regulations.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In order to identify whether vehicles in use comply with the emission standards within the exhaust emissions warranty period, it is necessary to add real road tests to ongoing in-use inspections. Thus, a study on the development of an indoor test cycle in order to use for in-use inspection instead of an real road test becomes required while satisfying RDE criteria.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This study shows that the RDE test conducted in real road driving can be simulated in an indoor chassis dynamometer, and confirms that the RDE regulations including dynamic characteristics were satisfied.</div></div>
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Kant, Chander, Prashant Kumar, Shyamsher Saroj, Ajay Arora, Dr Maya Chakradhar, M. Sithananthan, Ajay Harinarain, Mukul Maheshwari e Mrinmoy Kalita. "Comparative Study of Real Driving Emission with Different Gasoline & Diesel Fuel Blends Using Portable Emission Measurement Equipment on IOCL Faridabad Specific RDE Compliant Route". In Symposium on International Automotive Technology. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-26-0356.
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">India has recently shifted from BSVI 1.0 emissions norms to BSVI 2.0 RDE (Real Drive Emission) norms ready with implementation of conformity factors for the measurement of on-road emissions. The discrepancies between emission values measured in the laboratory (under controlled ambient conditions) and actual emission values on the road (under real driving conditions) will be reduced with the implementation of BSVI 2.0.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Fuel impacts the vehicular tail pipe emission in a greater way and various regulated emission pollutants are reduced significantly. Government initiated fuel formulations like oxygenated fuels (E10 & E20) and OMCs (IOCL) initiated differentiated diesel fuels plays significant role in achieving the targets for real driving emissions. Current study was performed on BSVI gasoline port fuel injection vehicle, gasoline direct injection vehicle and diesel vehicle on RDE compliant route (Faridabad specific – route formulated by Indian Oil R&D Centre) with different set of test fuels as per IRDE BS6 2.0 (Indian Real Drive Emissions) norms. The on-road emissions data was generated with AVL make RDE PEMS equipment (Portable Emission Measurement System) along with post processing of the collected data as per RDE test procedure.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The test vehicle was driven on-road as per RDE compliant route & boundary conditions and conformity factors were calculated in each case for CO & NO<sub>x</sub> pollutants. Reference CO2 values were measured on standard regulatory legislative test cycle i.e., Modified Indian Driving Cycle on chassis dynamometer. Distance specific as well as CO2 window specific emissions were measured during the whole RDE trip and the RDE test passed with all fuel formulations and significant reduction was observed in major regulated tail pipe emissions. The study supports the fact that various novel fuel formulations can support the automotive OEM’s in meeting the stricter RDE emission regulation in terms achieving the better conformity factors for the emitted tail pipe emission.</div></div>
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Mamakos, Athanasios, Andreas Klug, Gerald Steiner, Michael Peter Huber, Michael Hofbauer e Peter Fischer. "Real driving emissions sampling system for brake wear particle measurement". In EuroBrake 2022. FISITA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/eb2022-ebs-010.
"Brake wear is well recognized as one of the dominant sources of traffic-induced particulate matter emissions. A first standardized measurement methodology is currently being developed by UNECE's Particle Measurement Program. The approach is based on isolated single brakes on dedicated brake test beds, where the test conditions can be tightly controlled. However, the actual real-world emission behaviour of a brake system is influenced by many changing factors depending on the vehicle and a multitude of surrounding conditions. This makes real driving emissions measurement of brake dust a highly relevant but also very challenging task, considering minimal impact of the measurement setup on the emission behaviour. In this paper, we show the design of a novel brake particle sampling system with minimal influence on the thermal behaviour of the brake, supported by numerical simulation studies. The proposed setup covers only part of the brake disc on one side and allows for installation with minimal interventions at the brake mount and rim. The particle-collecting grommet and the sampling line were carefully designed to minimize larger particle losses. The sampling system was implemented in a commercial passenger car and equipped with particulate matter measurement instruments, closely following the ongoing standardization for brake dyno emission testing. Repeated real driving tests on a test track were successfully performed with different sampling flow rates. The results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach, indicating promising particulate matter collection efficiency with sufficiently high sampling flow. "
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Rapone, M., L. Della Ragione e G. Meccariello. "Characterization of real world bus driving behavior for emission evaluation". In 8th International Conference on Engines for Automobiles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-24-0112.
Donateo, Teresa, e Mattia Giovinazzi. "Some Repeatability and Reproducibility Issues in Real Driving Emission Tests". In Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-5020.
Liessner, Roman, Robert Fechert e Bernard Bäker. "Derivation of Real Driving Emission Cycles based on Real-world Driving Data - Using Markov Models and Threshold Accepting". In 3rd International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006291701880195.
Sriramulu, Yoganandam, Senthil Kanagaraj, Manikandan R e Karthikeyan KJ. "Determination of Climatic Boundary Conditions for Vehicular Real Driving Emission Tests". In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0758.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Real Driving Emission":
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Kwon, Jaymin, Yushin Ahn e Steve Chung. Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Roadside Transportation Related Air Quality (STARTRAQ) and Neighborhood Characterization. Mineta Transportation Institute, agosto 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2010.
To promote active transportation modes (such as bike ride and walking), and to create safer communities for easier access to transit, it is essential to provide consolidated data-driven transportation information to the public. The relevant and timely information from data facilitates the improvement of decision-making processes for the establishment of public policy and urban planning for sustainable growth, and for promoting public health in the region. For the characterization of the spatial variation of transportation-emitted air pollution in the Fresno/Clovis neighborhood in California, various species of particulate matters emitted from traffic sources were measured using real-time monitors and GPS loggers at over 100 neighborhood walking routes within 58 census tracts from the previous research, Children’s Health to Air Pollution Study - San Joaquin Valley (CHAPS-SJV). Roadside air pollution data show that PM2.5, black carbon, and PAHs were significantly elevated in the neighborhood walking air samples compared to indoor air or the ambient monitoring station in the Central Fresno area due to the immediate source proximity. The simultaneous parallel measurements in two neighborhoods which are distinctively different areas (High diesel High poverty vs. Low diesel Low poverty) showed that the higher pollution levels were observed when more frequent vehicular activities were occurring around the neighborhoods. Elevated PM2.5 concentrations near the roadways were evident with a high volume of traffic and in regions with more unpaved areas. Neighborhood walking air samples were influenced by immediate roadway traffic conditions, such as encounters with diesel trucks, approaching in close proximity to freeways and/or busy roadways, passing cigarette smokers, and gardening activity. The elevated black carbon concentrations occur near the highway corridors and regions with high diesel traffic and high industry. This project provides consolidated data-driven transportation information to the public including: 1. Transportation-related particle pollution data 2. Spatial analyses of geocoded vehicle emissions 3. Neighborhood characterization for the built environment such as cities, buildings, roads, parks, walkways, etc.
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On the Behavior of the Start and Stop System in European Real Driving Emissions Tests and Its Effect on Greenhouse and Tailpipe Emissions. SAE International, marzo 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-5024.
The Start/Stop (S/S) system is a technology that switches off the engine without the intervention of the driver when the vehicle is stopped. The goal of this device is to eliminate the consumption of fuel associated with the idling of the engine and, consequently, save carbon dioxide (CO2) and pollutant emissions. However, its effectiveness is related to the percentage of the total driving time with the vehicle stopped. Moreover, even if the S/S system is installed and the vehicle is stopped, the S/S system can be inhibited by the condition of the vehicle like, for example, a too low state of charge of the battery. This investigation evaluates the actual effect of S/S on tailpipe gaseous emissions in Real Driving Emissions tests compliant with the new European Regulations (E-RDE). The investigation is based on data from on-road and on-track RDE tests performed with a Portable Emission Measurement System on a diesel sports utility vehicle (SUV). From the analysis of these data, the reduction of emission guaranteed by the S/S system was found to be quite lower than the potential in the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) test due to the limited activation of the S/S system in real driving tests. Moreover, the analysis put into evidence that the saving associated with the S/S could be counterbalanced by the engine restart especially if the stop time is shorter than a certain threshold.
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Development of an Adaptive Efficient Thermal/Electric Skipping Control Strategy Applied to a Parallel Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle. SAE International, marzo 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0737.
In recent years automobile manufacturers focused on an increasing degree of electrification of the powertrains with the aim to reduce pollutants and CO2 emissions. Despite more complex design processes and control strategies, these powertrains offer improved fuel exploitation compared to conventional vehicles thanks to intelligent energy management. A simulation study is here presented aiming at developing a new control strategy for a P3 parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. The simulation model is implemented using vehicle modeling and simulation toolboxes in MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed control strategy is based on an alternative utilization of the electric motor and thermal engine to satisfy the vehicle power demand at the wheels (Efficient Thermal/Electric Skipping Strategy - ETESS). The choice between the two units is realized through a comparison between two equivalent fuel rates, one related to the thermal engine and the other related to the electric consumption. An adaptive function is introduced to develop a charge-blended control strategy. The novel adaptive control strategy (A-ETESS) is applied to estimate fuel consumption along different driving cycles. The control algorithm is implemented on a dedicated microcontroller unit performing a Processor-In-the-Loop (PIL) simulation. To demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of the A-ETESS, the same adaptive function is built on the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS). The PIL results showed that the proposed strategy ensures a fuel economy similar to ECMS (worse of about 2% on average) and a computational effort reduced by 99% on average. This last feature reveals the potential for real-time on-vehicle applications.
