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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Rats as laboratory animals"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 30 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Rats as laboratory animals"

1

Odenweller, C. M., C. T. Hsu, E. Sipe, J. P. Layshock, S. Varyani, R. L. Rosian e S. E. DiCarlo. "Laboratory exercise using "virtual rats" to teach endocrine physiology." Advances in Physiology Education 273, n. 6 (dicembre 1997): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.1997.273.6.s24.

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Animal experimentation is limited in many curricula due to the expense, lack of adequate animal facilities and equipment, and limited experience of the teachers. There are also ethical concerns dealing with the comfort and safety of the animals. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a "dry laboratory" using "virtual rats." The "virtual rat" eliminates the obstacles inherent in animal experimentation, such as inadequate budgets, as well as avoiding important animal rights issues. Furthermore, no special materials are required for the completion of this exercise. Our goal in developing this dry laboratory was to create an experience that would provide students with an appreciation for the value of laboratory data collection and analysis. Students are exposed to the challenge of animal experimentation, experimental design, data collection, and analysis and interpretation without the issues surrounding the use of live animals.

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2

Gürlek, Ali. "Rats As Laboratory Animals In Chronic Studies". Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 100, n. 6 (novembre 1997): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199711000-00052.

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3

Temoçin, Sadun, Hüseyin Beydağı, Sedat Akar e S. Sadi Kurdak. "Exercise Methods in Small Laboratory Animals (Rats)". European Journal of Therapeutics 5, n. 2 (1 giugno 1994): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.58600/eurjther.1994-5-2-1080-arch.

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Lots of study about exercise were performed in recent years. Small laboratory animals, especially rats are used widely in these studies. Several exercise models about small laboratory animals were explained, and some special methodological examples used in physiological research were presented in this review.

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4

Kunstýř, I., F. Jelínek, U. Bitzenhofer e W. Pittermann. "Fungus Paecilomyces: a new agent in laboratory animals". Laboratory Animals 31, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1997): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367797780600260.

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The fungus Paecilomyces has not yet been considered a health problem in laboratory animals. However, this agent known as a 'spoiler' of fruit beverages and other foodstuffs is an opportunistic pathogen especially in immunocompromised humans. Since 1985, we have isolated Paecilomyces, most probably P. variotti, from six laboratory animal species, mainly rats. In about 90% of cases the organism was localized in the respiratory tract and there are some other findings favouring the hypothesis of an airborne infection. During this long observation period no consequences for the health of rats in one closed 'infected' SPF breeding unit (A) could be observed. In a controlled histological study on five infected rats, no lesions attributable to this mycotic agent could be detected. However, a self-limiting spontaneous outbreak of papular skin lesions associated with Paecilomyces was observed in a breeding colony (F) of hairless mice. The role of this fungus in an acute outbreak of respiratory signs in another colony of conventional rats (B) was considered to be secondary. Bearing in mind its occasionally harmful role in humans, relatively high resistance to disinfectants and toxigenicity, this new agent should be monitored and considered a potential health risk for laboratory animals.

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5

Birke, Lynda. "Who—or What—are the Rats (and Mice) in the Laboratory". Society & Animals 11, n. 3 (2003): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853003322773023.

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AbstractThis paper explores the many meanings attached to the designation,"the rodent in the laboratory" (rat or mouse). Generations of selective breeding have created these rodents. They now differ markedly from their wild progenitors, nonhuman animals associated with carrying all kinds of diseases.Through selective breeding, they have moved from the rats of the sewers to become standardized laboratory tools and (metaphorically) saviors of humans in the fight against disease. This paper sketches two intertwined strands of metaphors associated with laboratory rodents.The first focuses on the idea of medical/scientific progress; in this context, the paper looks at laboratory rodents often depicted (in advertising for laboratory products) as epitomizing medical triumph or serving as helpers or saviors. The second strand concerns the ambiguous status of the laboratory rodent who is both an animal (bites) and not an animal (data).The paper argues that, partly because of these ambiguous and multiple meanings, the rodent in the laboratory is doubly "othered"—first in the way that animals so often are made other to ourselves and then other in the relationship of the animal in the laboratory to other animals.

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6

Dragan, Sergey P., Igor A. Veselovsky, Dmitriy B. Komarov e Aleksey V. Bogomolov. "METHOD FOR FORMING BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS". Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture 15, n. 4 (30 agosto 2023): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-6649-2023-15-4-11-28.

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Background. The solution of a number of applied problems requires extrapolation of the medical and biological effects of exposure to extreme physical factors from animals on humans based on the results of experimental studies of the behavioral reactions of animals under the influence of such factors. The specificity of such studies is the need for preliminary formation of the necessary behavioral responses in a large group of laboratory animals, which requires significant time costs. Purpose. The purpose of the study was to reduce the time of formation of behavioral reactions in laboratory animals during experimental studies. Materials and methods. The experimental setup consists of five vertically located functionally independent identical three-beam (Y-shaped) radial labyrinths with an electric field, sensors for recording animal movements, generators of sound and light stimuli, and a control unit. The animal can move freely within all three rays. During the experiment, the time of the animal’s transition from the dangerous (starting) arm to the safe (target) arm and the number of erroneous actions performed in this case are automatically recorded. The number and duration of cycles and series of the experiment is set by software, which allows you to adjust the start time of the experiment autonomously, without the participation of the operator. To test the operability of the installation, a series of experiments was carried out to teach rats the reaction of active avoidance in the maze, white outbred mature male rats weighing 160-180 g in the amount of 50 individuals were used. Results. At the initial stage of training (during two weeks), the rats developed a current avoidance reflex. During the first week of training, the probability of achieving the goal increased from 0.64 to 0.85. In the second week of training, the probability of achieving the goal was 0.85-0.95. In the first week of training, the average time to reach the goal (time to go to the safe sleeve) decreased from 9 to 7 s. In the second week, the time to reach the goal decreased to 5-6 s. On the second week of training, some rats began to perform the task (to avoid the action of the current) before it was turned on, that is, in less than 5 s. The number of erroneous actions in the second week also decreased. For three weeks of continuous training, 30 animals with a stable behavioral skill (probability of correct action 0.45-0.50) were selected, with a time expenditure of 4 hours per day for autonomous (without the participation of the experimenter) training. Conclusion. The developed technology has demonstrated the possibility of effective training of a large group of animals in a relatively short period of time. A distinctive feature of the developed hardware and software complex is the possibility of implementing screening studies to study key indicators of operator functions with the possibility of autonomous operation of the experimental setup.

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7

Jacob, Howard J. "Modern genetic mapping approaches in laboratory animals/rats". Journal of Experimental Animal Science 41, n. 1-2 (marzo 2000): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0939-8600(00)80023-1.

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8

Chechet, O. M., e V. L. Kovalenko. "Study of the safety and harmlessness of a disinfectant in laboratory animals". Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety 8, n. 1-2 (10 maggio 2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/jvmbbs-2022-8-1-2-4.

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The work aimed to investigate the effect of the disinfectant ‘Diolaid’ based on sodium chlorite and sodium chloride on acute toxicity indicators, as well as on blood parameters of laboratory animals. The experiments were carried out on 6-month-old clinically healthy male rats (5 groups, 6 animals in each group, n = 30) and female rats (5 groups, 6 animals in each group, n = 30) weighing 200–220 g. The drug was administered to animals intragastrically (by probe) and aerosol treatment of cells with animals was carried out. Separately we studied the skin-irritating and sensitizing action of the disinfectant ‘Diolaid’ on the groups of clinically healthy guinea pigs and rats weighing 250–300 g by a daily application on their back and sides of different concentrations of the drug for 30 days for 30 min periods. In addition, we tested the effect of ‘Diolaid’ on nonspecific immune response indicators of these animal species (bactericidal activity of blood serum, level of circulating immune complexes, T and B cells, etc.). The work used modern humane methods of care and use of laboratory animals. It was found that after intragastric administration of ‘Diolaid’, the average lethal dose (LD50) for male rats was 182 mg/kg of body weight, and for female rats it was 170 mg/kg. It has been proven that the drug has a temporary irritating and sensitizing effect and does not adversely affect the parameters of hematopoiesis and non-specific immune response in the form of a 0.06% solution. The research results indicate the low toxicity of the ‘Diolaid’ drug for laboratory animals and the possibility of its use in low concentrations both for treating cages in the presence of animals and for treating the animals themselves. For disinfection of water during its storage in containers, we used the concentration of the ‘Diolaid’ drug (by chlorine dioxide) of 0.5–2 mg/l (0.0002–0.0008%), depending on the degree of purity of the water to be treated. Such concentrations ensure compliance of the chlorite residual concentrations with hygienic standards

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9

Bowen, W. H., K. M. Madison e S. K. Pearson. "Influence of Desalivation in Rats on Incidence of Caries in Intact Cagemates". Journal of Dental Research 67, n. 10 (ottobre 1988): 1316–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345880670101401.

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The evidence that dental caries is an infectious and transmitted disease in rodents is unequivocal. However, the factors controlling the transmission of micro-organisms from one animal to another have not been extensively explored. Results from previous studies in our laboratory showed that desalivated animals became infected by Streptococcus sobrinus in a shorter period of time than did intact animals. Furthermore, an additional study in our laboratory showed that animals with intact salivary function caged with desalivated animals harbored more S. sobrinus immediately following establishment of infection than did intact animals housed with other intact animals. Therefore, it seemed appropriate to determine the influence on caries development of caging a desalivated animal with an intact animal. In this study, intact Sprague-Dawley rats were caged with desalivated animals; additional groups of intact animals were housed with chlorhexidine-treated animals that were either intact or desalivated. Although chlorhexidine suppressed both caries development and the level of infection by S. sobrinus, nevertheless, intact animals caged with desalivated animals invariably developed more caries than did intact animals housed with other intact animals. Treating intact animals with chlorhexidine did not affect caries scores in untreated intact cagemates. Overall, the results suggest that a highly acidogenic flora with enhanced virulence (including S. sobrinus) is selected in the desalivated animals; this flora is apparently readily transmitted to intact cagemates, leading to enhanced levels of smooth-surface caries.

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10

Smith, William. "Responses of laboratory animals to some injectable anaesthetics". Laboratory Animals 27, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1993): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367793781082377.

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Xylazine, ketamine, methohexitone and alphadalone/alphaxalone, were administered intraperitoneally, intramuscularly or intravenously to mice, rats, guineapigs and rabbits. Times for disappearance and reappearance of reflexes were recorded, and duration of loss of reflex. Delivering a predetermined dose gave a varying individual response, ranging from inadequate anaesthesia to death. Using reflexes to assess depth of anaesthesia was of limited value. Reflex movements to noxious stimuli generally persisted even at dose rates that caused prolonged recovery times and death. Conversely, in rats there was no response to a cutaneous stimulus in some animals even though recumbency was almost restored.

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Tesi sul tema "Rats as laboratory animals"

1

Spangenberg, Elin. "Housing laboratory dogs and rats : implications of physical and social activity /". Uppsala : Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007103.pdf.

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Wickens, Nicolas John. "Histopathological changes in male wistar rats maintained on a water-based sutherlandia frutescens extract". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4742.

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In this study a standardized 46 week chronic drinking water toxicity protocol was used to elucidate the toxic potential of Sutherlandia frutescens (S. frutescens) using histopathologic, morphometric and transmission electron microscopic analysis. The histopathologic changes in the duodenum, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and spleen of male Wistar rats were evaluated. Fifty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 – Normal diet control (ND control), n=7, Group 2 – Normal diet + plant extract (ND + p), n=9, Group 3 – High fat diet control (HFD control), n=19Group 4 – High fat diet + p (HFD + p), n=19In the high fat group male Wistar rats were fed ±55 g/day of a specialised high fat diet over a 46 week period to induce obesity and an insulin resistant state. The treatment groups (groups 2 and 4) received a dose concentration of a tea extract of the S. frutescens plant in their drinking water daily. This study showed that the consumption of S. frutescens significantly reduces weight gain in male Wistar rats on a chronic high fat diet (p≤0.001 vs. HFD control group). S. frutescens appears to propagate periportal and centrilobular glycogen storage in rat hepatocytes in the experimental groups as exemplified by a significantly (p≤0.0001 vs. control groups) increased incidences of Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) positive staining S. frutescens also reduced intracellular lipid accumulation as made evident by the significantly lower incidence of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), hepatic steatosis and pancreatic interstitial fat. Obesity was associated with increased fibrotic lesions such as myocardial perivascular fibrosis, centrilobular hepatic fibrosis and pancreatic periductal fibrosis. Obesity associated hypertension contributed to the widespread and significant increase in the average lesion severity of arterial congestion in all organs in the HFD control group. Pulmonary infection was equally prevalent in all rats. Despite the complex histopathology in all groups, differences in the control groups, such as, the presence of a conservative polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) infiltration, substantial intra-alveolar oedema and focal arterial wall hypertrophy in the control groups was highly suggestive of Sendai viral infection. However histopathologic evidence, in the treatment groups, suggested chronic recurrent viral infection with superimposed Mycoplasma pulmonis (M. pulmonis) bacterial infection. The impact of advanced suppurative pulmonary infection was widespread and exemplified by increased lesion incidences of spontaneous murine progressive cardiomyopathy (MCP) and spontaneous chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) among others. In conclusion S. frutescens administered for 46 weeks to male Wistar rats significantly lowered intracellular lipid accumulation and obesity associated myocardial, renal, hepatobiliary, pulmonary and pancreatic histopathology. Moreover, duodenal, cardiovascular, hepatobiliary, pulmonary, renal, pancreatic and splenic tissue did not show histopathologic evidence of direct plant extract associated toxicity or carcinogenicity.

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3

Bueno, Aline [UNESP]. "Repercussões de diferentes intensidades glicêmicas no início do desenvolvimento embrionário de ratas". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99239.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:59:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bueno_a_me_botfm.pdf: 693767 bytes, checksum: 41a33fd1c28d4062c5457b2ea2de4450 (MD5)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
In vitro studies suggest that maternal hyperglycemia insult impairs the early embryogenesis in the preimplantation period. In this paper, we show that streptozotocin given at birth day of life or in adulthood of rats caused hyperglycemic state. Regardless of hyperglycemic intensities (mild or severe diabetes), the embryos of these dams presented development retardation and decreased development competence. Apoptosis was detected using terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays, and the morulas from mild and severe diabetic rats have a higher incidence of apoptotic cells than control embryos. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a cytokine whose synthesis is up-regulated in the diabetic uterus, did not alter the incidence of TUNEL-positive nuclei. The glycemic intensity is related with the increased in the apoptosis indexes in morulas. On the other hand, dams with hyperglycemia, regardless of the glycemic intensity and of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha level presented preimplantation embryos with development retardation and increase of non-viable preimplantation embryos, suggesting that the presence of the hyperglycemia leads to a decreased competence development of preimplantation embryos

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4

Xu, Cen Reith Maarten E. A. "Cocaine and the dopamine transporter". Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9721400.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1996.
Title from title page screen, viewed May 30, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Maarten E. A. Reith (chair), Hou Tak Cheung, John W. Dailey, Robert L. Preston, Brian J. Wilkinson. Includes bibliographical references and abstract. Also available in print.

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5

Connolly, Ashley Rex. "Cytokine gene expression in a rat model of polyarthritis /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc75238.pdf.

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6

Bueno, Aline. "Repercussões de diferentes intensidades glicêmicas no início do desenvolvimento embrionário de ratas /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99239.

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Orientador: Débora Cristina Damasceno
Coorientador: Yuri Karen Sinzato
Banca: Maria José Sparça Salles
Banca: Felipe Perecin
Resumo: Não disponível
Abstract: In vitro studies suggest that maternal hyperglycemia insult impairs the early embryogenesis in the preimplantation period. In this paper, we show that streptozotocin given at birth day of life or in adulthood of rats caused hyperglycemic state. Regardless of hyperglycemic intensities (mild or severe diabetes), the embryos of these dams presented development retardation and decreased development competence. Apoptosis was detected using terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays, and the morulas from mild and severe diabetic rats have a higher incidence of apoptotic cells than control embryos. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a cytokine whose synthesis is up-regulated in the diabetic uterus, did not alter the incidence of TUNEL-positive nuclei. The glycemic intensity is related with the increased in the apoptosis indexes in morulas. On the other hand, dams with hyperglycemia, regardless of the glycemic intensity and of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha level presented preimplantation embryos with development retardation and increase of non-viable preimplantation embryos, suggesting that the presence of the hyperglycemia leads to a decreased competence development of preimplantation embryos
Mestre

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7

Vetter, Courtney Suzanne. "Time-course of elevated ethanol intake in adolescent relative to adult rats under continuous, voluntary-access conditions". Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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8

Hu, Dan. "Brain cytochrome oxidase activity related to vicaroius trial-and-error behavior during Y-maze learning in the rat /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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9

Kong, Hei-man Lowell, e 江希文. "Adrenomedullin: distribution in the male accessory sex glands of the rat and the effects of adrenomedullin inthe seminal fluid on the female reproductive tract". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45605671.

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Agnelli, Silvia. "Regulation of amino acid catabolism in rats fed diets with different protein content". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400005.

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Current lifestyle with high-energy diets and characterized by sedentary is triggering an alarming growth in obesity. Obesity along with metabolic syndrome- related co-morbidities (i.e. insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, sleep apnea, depression, asthma, hypertension and the alteration of blood lipid transport) are the most apparent consequence of the excess energy. Under conditions of excess dietary energy, the body cannot easily dispose of the excess amino-N against the evolutively-adapted schemes that prevent its wastage; thus ammonia and glutamine formation and urea excretion are decreased. High lipid and energy availability limit the utilization of glucose, and high glucose spares the production of ammonium from amino acids, decreasing the synthesis of glutamine and its utilization by the intestine and kidney. In contrast, high protein diets enhance protein synthesis and growth, and the synthesis of non-protein-N-containing compounds. But these outlets are not enough; consequently, less- conventional mechanisms are activated, such as increased synthesis of NO∙ followed by higher nitrite (and nitrate) excretion and changes in the microbiota. In this study we studied how the initial phase of development of metabolic syndrome can affects the function of liver as main site of amino-N metabolism, and to determine whether doubling the protein content in the diet induced significant changes in enzyme of amino acids metabolism along intestine and on liver. The common result obtained by these studies is that, both in case of hyperlipidic or hyperproteic diets, elimination of excess N is necessary but cannot be easily carried out through the metabolic pathways/tissues we evaluated, although possible alternative pathways have been taken into consideration.
L’estil de vida actual amb les dietes d'alt contingut energètic, i caracteritzat pel sedentarisme, està provocant un creixement alarmant de l'obesitat. L'obesitat, juntament amb les comorbiditats relacionades amb la síndrome metabòlica (és a dir, resistència a la insulina, aterosclerosi, apnea del son, depressió, asma, la hipertensió i l'alteració del transport de lípids en la sang) són la conseqüència més evident de l'excés d’energia. En condicions d'excés d'energia de la dieta, el cos no pot eliminar ràpidament l'excés d'amino-N contra els esquemes adaptats evolutivament i que impedeixin el seu deteriorament; així, la formació d'amoníac i de glutamina i l'excreció d'urea disminueixen. Els elevats nivells de lípids i de la disponibilitat d'energia limiten la utilització de la glucosa, i nivells elevats de glucosa estalvia la producció d'amoni a partir dels aminoàcids, disminuint la síntesi de glutamina i la seva utilització per l'intestí i el ronyó. En contrast, les dietes d’elevat contingut en proteïnes incrementen la síntesi de proteïnes i el creixement, i la síntesi de compostos que contenen N i no són proteïnes. Però aquests mecanismes no són suficients i en conseqüència, s'activen mecanismes menys convencionals, com ara augment de la síntesi de NO ∙ seguides per l’augment del nitrit (i nitrat) i la seva excreció, juntament amb canvis en la microbiota. En aquest treball es va estudiar com la fase inicial de desenvolupament de la síndrome metabòlica pot afectar la funció del fetge com lloc principal del metabolisme d'amino-N, i per determinar si la duplicació del contingut de proteïnes en la dieta induïa canvis significatius en els enzims del metabolisme d'aminoàcids al llarg intestí i al fetge. El resultat genèric obtingut per aquests estudis és que, tant en el cas de que la dieta sigui hiperlipídica o hiperproteica, l'eliminació de l'excés de N és necessària, però no es pot dur a terme fàcilment a través de les vies metabòliques / teixits que avaluem, tot i les possibles vies alternatives s'han tingut en consideració.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Rats as laboratory animals"

1

A, Suckow Mark, Weisbroth Steven H e Franklin Craig L, a cura di. The laboratory rat. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005.

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2

Sharp, Patrick E. The laboratory rat. A cura di La Regina Marie C e Suckow Mark A. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1998.

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Sharp, Patrick. The laboratory rat. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1998.

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4

Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (U.S.). Committee on Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats., a cura di. Infectious diseases of mice and rats. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.

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5

L, Altman Philip, Biology Databook Editorial Board (U.S.), Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. e Pergamon Infoline Incorporated, a cura di. Pathology of laboratory mice and rats. Bethesda, Md: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1985.

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6

1947-, Kolb Bryan, a cura di. The behavior of the laboratory rat: A handbook with tests. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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7

Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (U.S.). Committee on Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats., a cura di. Companion guide to Infectious diseases of mice and rats. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.

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8

Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (U.S.). Committee on Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats., a cura di. Companion guide to Infectious diseases of mice and rats. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.

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9

Yanlin, Wang-Fischer, a cura di. Manual of stroke models in rats. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2008.

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10

1946-, Stinson Sherman F., Schuller Hildegard M e Reznik Gerd, a cura di. Atlas of tumor pathology of the Fischer rat. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1990.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Rats as laboratory animals"

1

Cloutier, Sylvie. "Behavioral Biology of Rats". In Behavioral Biology of Laboratory Animals, 113–30. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429019517-9.

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2

Kaliste, Eila, e Satu Mering. "The welfare of laboratory rats". In The Welfare of Laboratory Animals, 153–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2271-5_8.

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3

Geise, W. "Guidelines for the Use and Care of Small Laboratory Animals in Transplantation Research". In Organtransplantation in Rats and Mice, 27–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72140-3_4.

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4

Mohan, G. H., R. V. Shwetha Reddy e C. Yogesh. "Management of Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) Mice and Rats". In Essentials of Laboratory Animal Science: Principles and Practices, 633–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0987-9_26.

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Kasparert-Rittinghausen, J., e F. Deerberg. "Mortality and Tumour Incidence of BDII/Han Rats". In New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science, 425–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3281-4_69.

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Beynen, A. C., V. Baumans, J. W. M. Haas, K. K. van Hellemond, F. R. Stafleu e G. van Tintelen. "Assessment of Discomfort Induced by Orbital Puncture in Rats". In New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science, 431–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3281-4_70.

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Hirsjärvi, Paula A., e Mirja A. Junnila. "The Effects of Gentling on Open-field Behaviour of Rats". In New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science, 399–403. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3281-4_64.

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Kramer, Klaas, e René Remie. "Measuring Electrocardiogram and Heart Rate in Small Laboratory Animals with Radio-Telemetry". In Rodent Model as Tools in Ethical Biomedical Research, 187–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11578-8_12.

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van Wouwe, J. P., M. Veldhuizen e C. J. A. van den Hamer. "Oral 65Zn Loading Test in Rats Fed Iri-Ob Diet with Various Zn Concentrations". In New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science, 419–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3281-4_68.

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Barber, B. R., L. Torielli, M. Ferrandi, P. Ferrari, S. Salardi, P. Parenti e L. Duzzi. "Investigating Genetic Variability between the MHS Hypertensive Strain of Rats and its Normotensive Control, MNS". In New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science, 191–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3281-4_31.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Rats as laboratory animals"

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Caraba, Marioara Nicoleta, Ion Valeriu Caraba, Adrian Sinitean, Gabi Dumitrescu e Roxana Popescu. "ADMINISTRATION OF OCHRATOXIN A TO LABORATORY ANIMALS AND ITS EFFECTS ON BLOOD PARAMETERS". In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/6.1/s25.12.

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Mycotoxins are agents with different and complex chemical structures, with toxic effects for humans and animals. They can be present in feed and food, although in very small quantities, mycotoxins have a negative effect on the health of animals and people. Ochratoxins are mycotoxins intensively studied in recent years due to their toxicity on the animal and human body; these toxins show nephrotoxic, immunotoxic and myelotoxic, neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Thirty male rats of the Sprague- Dawley breed were divided into 3 groups who received through feed doses of of ochratoxin A (OTA): 0.5 mg OTA/kg BW, 1 mg OTA/kg BW and non OTA (control group). The blood samples collected on the anticoagulant were subjected to the analysis of the main components: hemoleucogram and biochemical parameters. The variations of the determined biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartat aminotransferase, serum creatinin, serum urea and blood urea nitrogen) indicate changes in the kidney and liver function in the animals from the experimental groups compared to the control group. The parameters of the hemoleucogram count also register variations depending on the administered dose of OTA.

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Belova, Y. I., e O. V. Yakovleva. "Analysis of the content of nitric oxide (II) metabolites rats of different ages". In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-27-29.

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Nitrogen monoxide is a gas transmitter that is an important intermediary in many organ systems, especially in the central nervous system. Nitrogen monoxide is involved in the relaxation of smooth vascular muscles, activation of neurons and responsible for the cytotoxicity of macrophages. The study of change nitrogen oxide metabolite concentration helps to determine its effects on human and animal organs. The study was carried out on laboratory animals of different ages. We used a spectrophotometric method to determine the level of metabolites based on the reaction of nitrites to the Griss reagent. We noted that the maximum level of metabolites NO was observed in newborn animals at the age of 4 days. In addition, metabolite concentrations decreased gradually by 14-15 days of life, reaching a minimum of 30 days Key words: nitrogen monoxide, rats, age, metabolites of nitrogen monoxide, spectrophotometry.

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"DOSIMETRY EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICALLY EQUIVALENT MULTIFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC EXPOSURE OF LABORATORY ANIMALS AND HUMAN". In СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЭКОЛОГИИ И ЗДОРОВЬЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ. ЭКОЛОГИЯ И ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ. Иркутский научный центр хирургии и травматологии, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/978-5-98277-383-8-art21.

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The actual research problem is radiofrequency electromagnetic field biological effect investigations for laboratory animals exposed to human real multi-frequency exposure from 2-4 generations cellular communication base stations simulation. The equivalent exposure prognostic model is proposed on the basis of experimental data of laboratory rats exposed to multi-frequency chronic electromagnetic fields. Dosimetry parameters were used to determine the equivalent total power density. The human exposure durations were determined on the basis of biologically equivalent time scale with different periods of chronic laboratory animals exposure. The dosimetry and biologically equivalent time criteria for laboratory animals and humans allow to determine the possible time period of observed potential human electromagnetic field biological effects.

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Organ, Adina, Mariana Jian, Vitalie Cobzac, Vladilena Girbu, Tamara Cotelea, Octavian Cirimpei, Veaceslav Kulcitki e Viorel Nacu. "In vivo studies of lavender extracts for healing thermal injury in rats". In Scientific seminar with international participation "New frontiers in natural product chemistry". Institute of Chemistry, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19261/nfnpc.2023.ab04.

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In recent years, herbal extracts obtained from medicinal plants have gained increasing interest in treatment of wounds. About 450 plant species having wound healing properties have been identified. The present knowledge of the wound healing process comprises coagulation, inflammation, proliferation, formation and accumulation of fibrous tissues, collagen deposition, epithelialization, contraction of wound with formation of granulation tissues, remodeling and maturation [1]. The selection of research methods was carried out in accordance with objectives of the work: determining of regeneration properties of Lavandula angustifolia extract fractions with assessment of the influence on the regeneration of thermal injuries of the epithelium in laboratory animals, through the evaluation, when they are administered in different fractions. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose gels containing 5% lavender extracts were investigated in this study for regenerative properties in thermal injury repair in laboratory rats. "Levomicol" ointment was administered as a control. Gel formulations were administered daily to lesions in white rats. Animals were divided into 6 groups of 3 individuals. After the observation period (of 7 days) the animals were euthanized and the epithelium harvested for the study of regeneration indices. As a result of this study, the histological sections studied in hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining showed partial regeneration both at the epithelial and dermal levels. Regeneration indices have shown that gels containing lavender extracts can increase the proliferation of epithelial cells, the inflammatory processes being decreased.

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Almakaeva, D. S. "Effect of alcohol on cognitive functions of rats". In SPbVetScience. FSBEI HE St. Petersburg SUVM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/3006-2023-11-4-8.

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The effect of alcohol on the cognitive abilities of laboratory rats was studied. Individuals systematically received small doses of alcohol for a long time (4 months). Throughout the study, the results of the cognitive functions of animals were recorded, namely the ability to navigate in space and motor activity. At 1 month of alcohol intake, the cognitive abilities of the studied individuals improved significantly, but by the end of the experiment, the experimental subjects showed significantly lower results, thereby revealing the negative effects of alcohol on the body.

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Belaya, О. V. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF 2-5G BASE STATION ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD CHRONIC EXPOSURE NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECT TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES". In The 4th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» International Youth Forum (OHIYF-2022). FSBSI «IRIOH», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-6-9-2022-1-20-24.

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Introduction: the new exposure to electromagnetic fields biological effect assessment is actual with respect to the expected of electromagnetic environment complication due to joint operation of various generation cellular communication systems. The character of biological reaction can be mediated by individual typological characteristics of the organism. The goal: to study the 2–5G base stations electromagnetic field chronic exposure effect to nervous system functional state of laboratory animals with regard to their typological features. Methods: the rats body weight registration and "open field" test were carried out before the start of exposure, after each month of 24-hour exposure (500 µW/cm2, 2-5G mobile standards, 4 months) and 1 month after the end of exposure with accounting of high-entropic and low-entropic animal subgroups. Results: the results indicate a multidirectional effect of rats’ nervous system in groups of various entropy types. According to behavioral parameters and body weight dynamics, there was an inhibition of research activity and functional state of the high-entropic animals after 2 months of exposure. Conclusion: Results can be assumed that used experimental exposure type had a suppression affect to central nervous system functional state with higher responsiveness of animals that initially have a predominance of excitation over inhibition processes.

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Veshchemova, T. E., e G. V. Masaltsev. "EVALUATION OF TOXICITY AND ANTICHOLINESTERASE EFFECT OF A METHOMYL-CONTAINING DRUG WHEN ADMINISTERED TO LABORATORY ANIMALS VIA VARIOUS ROUTES". In The 4th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» International Youth Forum (OHIYF-2022). FSBSI «IRIOH», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-6-9-2022-1-44-48.

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Despite a wide range of insecticidal activity and high efficiency, carbamate insecticides require a highly professional approach to its use due to inherent high toxicity to bees, warm-blooded animals and humans, and undesirable feature of its exhibiting toxic properties not immediately, but after prolonged systematic contact. The goal of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of the methomyl-based drug (25% of the active substance) and its anticholinesterase effect in animal experiments when administered via various routes (rats and rabbits). Materials and methods: Experimental toxicological studies were carried out in accordance with the methodological documents: Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of new pesticides, Guideline R 1.2.3156-13 "Assessment of the toxicity and danger of chemicals and their mixtures for human health." Results: Acute oral and dermal toxicity thresholds, possible irritation and cumulative properties of the formation were evaluated. According to the results, the methomyl-based drug exhibits the highest toxicity when administered intragastrically. When applied to mucous membranes of the eye, the it causes symptoms characteristic of carbamate poisoning. When applied to intact skin of laboratory animals, the drug does not exhibit toxic effects.

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Perov, S. Yu, e S. A. Askerova. "THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM RESPONSE OF 2-5 G COMMUNICATION ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ANIMAL EXPOSURE". In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-398-402.

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Abstract: Background. The neuroendocrine effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis is significant example stressor of electromagnetic exposure for biological object. Aim. The neuroendocrine effect investigation of multi-frequency electromagnetic field laboratory animals’ exposure from 2-5 generations cellular base stations Methods. The neuroendocrine status evaluated by corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations in blood exposed and sham rats. ACTH and corticosterone rat blood assessed by immunoenzyme method. Results. The results of the multi-frequency electromagnetic field laboratory animals’ exposure from 2-5 generations cellular base stations in a chronic experiment showed wave-like changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function. These changes are manifested in an immediate increase in corticosteroids secretion and depression of the corticosteroid response to normal or subnormal levels. After 3 month chronic exposure there was a secondary rise in hormonal secretion.

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Shestakov, N. A., R. I. Aizman, A. S. Ogudov e N. F. Chuenko. "Effect of combined action of arsenic and antimony compounds on renal function in the subchronic test". In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-239-242.

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The study was conducted on male Wistar rats. We used 4 mathematically related series of doses prepared by sequential dilution of water from a man-made lake according to the scheme: arsenic: 0.15 - 0.05 - 0.016 - 0.0055, antimony: 0.68 - 0.227 - 0.075 - 0.025 mg/l. The animals were examined before inoculation (background), on days 40 and 90 of the experiment, taking into account the processes of cumulation of chemical elements in the kidneys. New data on the nature of nephrotoxic effects of arsenic and antimony in the long-term combined intake into the body of laboratory animals have been obtained. Key words: water from a man-made lake, arsenic and antimony compounds, Wistar rats, nephrotoxicity.

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Lanets, O. V., M. P. Semenenko, K. A. Semenenko e L. V. Lazarevich. "ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE NEW STRESS CORRECTOR ON THE LABORATORY ANIMAL ORGANISM IN THE ACUTE EXPERIMENT". In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.680-682.

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The article presents the results of acute toxicity of a new complex preparation in various ways of its introduction to laboratory white mice and rats. It was determined that a single intragastric and intramuscular administration of the maximum doses of the preparation does not cause a clinical picture of toxicosis and death of laboratory animals, on the basis of which the preparation is classified as hazardous class (GOST 12.1.007-76 “Harmful substances”) - low-hazard substances.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Rats as laboratory animals"

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Matthew, Gray. Data from "Winter is Coming – Temperature Affects Immune Defenses and Susceptibility to Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans". University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries, gennaio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/t7sallfxxe.

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Environmental temperature is a key factor driving various biological processes, including immune defenses and host-pathogen interactions. Here, we evaluated the effects of environmental temperature on the pathogenicity of the emerging fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), using controlled laboratory experiments, and measured components of host immune defense to identify regulating mechanisms. We found that adult and juvenile Notophthalmus viridescens died faster due to Bsal chytridiomycosis at 14 ºC than at 6 and 22 ºC. Pathogen replication rates, total available proteins on the skin, and microbiome composition likely drove these relationships. Temperature-dependent skin microbiome composition in our laboratory experiments matched seasonal trends in wild N. viridescens, adding validity to these results. We also found that hydrophobic peptide production after two months post-exposure to Bsal was reduced in infected animals compared to controls, perhaps due to peptide release earlier in infection or impaired granular gland function in diseased animals. Using our temperature-dependent infection results, we performed a geographic analysis that suggested that N. viridescens populations in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada are at greatest risk for Bsal invasion. Our results indicate that environmental temperature will play a key role in the epidemiology of Bsal and provide evidence that temperature manipulations may be a viable Bsal management strategy.

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Zurlo, Joanne. Institute of Laboratory Animals Research (ILAR). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, marzo 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada416653.

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Dechow, Chad Daniel, M. Cohen-Zinder, Morris Soller, Y. Tzfati, A. Shabtay, E. Lipkin, T. Ott e W. Liu. Genotypes and phenotypes of telomere length in Holstein cattle, actors or reporters. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134156.bard.

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Selection programs aiming at improving health and survival in cattle are complicated by low heritability estimates, the fact that true herd life and carcass quality is not known until the end of an animal's life, and that many health conditions manifest late in life. Young animals are now heavily favored in breeding programs because low generation intervals accelerate the rate of genetic progress, which means selection decisions must be made before phenotypic observation of health and survival is feasible. Moreover, profitability is compromised when livestock producers raise animals that fail to produce due to health failure or that do not meet quality standards. Telomere length (TL) was hypothesized as a biomarker that could be recorded early in life, be associated with health and survival, and have higher heritability than other measures of health. Thus, our research aims were to: 1, determine associations of TL with health, wellbeing and production in Holsteins raised for dairy or beef purposes; 2, determine TL heritability, genetic variance, and genetic correlations with cow health and performance; and 3, map quantitative trait loci affecting TL and provide TL genomic predictions to industry partners and breeders. There were not significant changes made to the research plan during the project, but the timeline of the project was not met. Laboratory processing of samples was significantly delayed due to Covid along with some sample collection. TL measurements from >1100 animals across the US and Israel are available to date. TL declines modestly with age, in agreement with observations from other species. A genomic analysis was conducted using a single-step approach and TL had a moderate heritability estimate of 20% across age groups. The initial genome-wide association-analysis indicated that TL is a quantitative trait whose expression is influenced by effects across the genome. Moreover, there is a strong association of calf and dam TL at birth. Genetic relationships with health and survival were ascertained through correlations of genomic estimated breeding values (gEBV) for TL with gEBV for other traits routinely recording in national genetic evaluations. Higher TL is genetically associated with longer herd-life, a greater likelihood that cows will avoid premature on-farm death, and reduced disease incidence. The relationship appeared to be strongest when TL was measured during the first two years of life. Based on genotyping different cell types, there was evidence that maternal and colostral derived cells are present in newborns, which could bias TL measurements during the first weeks of life to a small degree. The implications of this research are that TL is a promising trait to include in multiple trait selection programs because it is heritable, available early in life, and correlated with longevity and health. Our TL reference population is currently being expanded, and genomic estimated breeding values will be disseminated to industry partners upon completion of the reference population so that they can evaluate the utility of incorporating TL into their breeding programs.

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Shpigel, Nahum, Raul Barletta, Ilan Rosenshine e Marcelo Chaffer. Identification and characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis virulence genes expressed in vivo by negative selection. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7696510.bard.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of a severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in ruminants, known as Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis. Johne’s disease is considered to be one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle both in Israel and worldwide. Heavy economic losses are incurred by dairy farmers due to the severe effect of subclinical infection on milk production, fertility, lower disease resistance and early culling. Its influence in the United States alone is staggering, causing an estimated loss of $1.5 billion to the agriculture industry every year. Isolation of MAP from intestinal tissue and blood of Crohn's patients has lead to concern that it plays a potential pathogenic role in promoting human IDB including Crohn’s disease. There is great concern following the identification of the organism in animal products and shedding of the organism to the environment by subclinically infected animals. Little is known about the molecular basis for MAP virulence. The goal of the original proposed research was to identify MAP genes that are required for the critical stage of initial infection and colonization of ruminants’ intestine by MAP. We proposed to develop and use signature tag mutagenesis (STM) screen to find MAP genes that are specifically required for survival in ruminants upon experimental infection. This research projected was approved as one-year feasibility study to prove the ability of the research team to establish the animal model for mutant screening and alternative in-vitro cell systems. In Israel, neonatal goat kids were repeatedly inoculated with either one of the following organisms; MAP K-10 strain and three transposon mutants of K-10 which were produced and screened by the US PI. Six months after the commencement of inoculation we have necropsied the goats and taken multiple tissue samples from the jejunum, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Both PCR and histopathology analysis indicated on efficient MAP colonization of all the inoculated animals. We have established several systems in the Israeli PI’s laboratory; these include using IS900 PCR for the identification of MAP and using HSP65-based PCR for the differentiation between MAV and MAP. We used Southern blot analysis for the differentiation among transposon mutants of K-10. In addition the Israeli PI has set up a panel of in-vitro screening systems for MAP mutants. These include assays to test adhesion, phagocytosis and survival of MAP to/within macrophages, assays that determine the rate of MAPinduced apoptosis of macrophages and MAP-induced NO production by macrophages, and assays testing the interference with T cell ã Interferon production and T cell proliferation by MAP infected macrophages (macrophage studies were done in BoMac and RAW cell lines, mouse peritoneal macrophages and bovine peripheral blood monocytes derived macrophages, respectively). All partners involved in this project feel that we are currently on track with this novel, highly challenging and ambitious research project. We have managed to establish the above described research systems that will clearly enable us to achieve the original proposed scientific objectives. We have proven ourselves as excellent collaborative groups with very high levels of complementary expertise. The Israeli groups were very fortunate to work with the US group and in a very short time period to master numerous techniques in the field of Mycobacterium research. The Israeli group has proven its ability to run this complicated animal model. This research, if continued, may elucidate new and basic aspects related to the pathogenesis MAP. In addition the work may identify new targets for vaccine and drug development. Considering the possibility that MAP might be a cause of human Crohn’s disease, better understanding of virulence mechanisms of this organism might also be of public health interest as well.

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Shantyz, A. K., P. V. Miroshnichenko, E. S. Sadikova e V. V. Menshenin. Changes in hematological and biochemical blood parameters in laboratory animals with experimental escherichiosis. Краснодарский научный центр по зоотехнии и ветеринарии, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/88sh-e5337.

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Lahav, Ori, Albert Heber e David Broday. Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from confined animal and feeding operations (CAFO) using an adsorption/liquid-redox process with biological regeneration. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695589.bard.

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The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0<pH<~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH<2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of >95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.

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Corscadden, Louise, e Arpaporn Sutipatanasomboon. What Is Operant Behavior And How To Study It. Maze Engineers, dicembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/me2022127.

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Operant behavior describes a type of voluntary goal-directed actions in animals based on the repercussions of previous occurrences. It develops when animals learn to specifically respond to recurring situations based on the outcome of their past experience. American psychologist B.F. Skinner was the first to use operant to describe the behaviors he observed in his landmark experiments in laboratory animals. Operant behavior and conditioning refine the nuance between conscious and unconscious behavioral responses, which influence psychology, and applied behavior analysis, and improve our understanding of addiction, substance dependence, child development, and decision-making.

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Corscadden, Louise, e Arpaporn Sutipatanasomboon. Rodent Tagging And Identification. ConductScience, gennaio 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/cs20230109.

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Abstract (sommario):

Animal tagging is a means to identify and distinguish all the individual animals of interest, which applies to wildlife, farm, or laboratory animals. It involves attaching a tag to a specific animal part that contains a unique identifier for each animal. The identifier can be numbers, alphabets, or a combination of both that distinguish and track the animals throughout their lifespans. In rodents, tagging is the most popular identification approach. Typically, tags are made from metals and attached to the outer part of rodent ears, or the ear pinna. In rare circumstances, metal tags can also be attached to the rodent’s leg or tail.

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Morrison, Mark, e Joshuah Miron. Molecular-Based Analysis of Cellulose Binding Proteins Involved with Adherence to Cellulose by Ruminococcus albus. United States Department of Agriculture, novembre 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695844.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):

At the beginning of this project, it was clear that R. albus adhered tightly to cellulose and its efficient degradation of this polysaccharide was dependent on micromolar concentrations of phenylacetic acid (PAA) and phenylpropionic acid (PPA). The objectives for our research were: i) to identify how many different kinds of cellulose binding proteins are produced by Ruminococcus albus; ii) to isolate and clone the genes encoding some of these proteins from the same bacterium; iii) to determine where these various proteins were located and; iv) quantify the relative importance of these proteins in affecting the rate and extent to which the bacterium becomes attached to cellulose. BARD support has facilitated a number of breakthroughs relevant to our fundamental understanding of the adhesion process. First, R. albus possesses multiple mechanisms for adhesion to cellulose. The P.I.'s laboratory has discovered a novel cellulose-binding protein (CbpC) that belongs to the Pil-protein family, and in particular, the type 4 fimbrial proteins. We have also obtained genetic and biochemical evidence demonstrating that, in addition to CbpC-mediated adhesion, R. albus also produces a cellulosome-like complex for adhesion. These breakthroughs resulted from the isolation (in Israel and the US) of spontaneously arising mutants of R. albus strains SY3 and 8, which were completely or partially defective in adhesion to cellulose, respectively. While the SY3 mutant strain was incapable of growth with cellulose as the sole carbon source, the strain 8 mutants showed varying abilities to degrade and grow with cellulose. Biochemical and gene cloning experiments have been used in Israel and the US, respectively, to identify what are believed to be key components of a cellulosome. This combination of cellulose adhesion mechanisms has not been identified previously in any bacterium. Second, differential display, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DD RT-PCR) has been developed for use with R. albus. A major limitation to cellulose research has been the intractability of cellulolytic bacteria to genetic manipulation by techniques such as transposon mutagenesis and gene displacement. The P.I.'s successfully developed DD RT- PCR, which expanded the scope of our research beyond the original objectives of the project, and a subset of the transcripts conditionally expressed in response to PAA and PPA have been identified and characterized. Third, proteins immunochemically related to the CbpC protein of R. albus 8 are present in other R. albus strains and F. intestinalis, Western immunoblots have been used to examine additional strains of R. albus, as well as other cellulolytic bacteria of ruminant origin, for production of proteins immunochemically related to the CbpC protein. The results of these experiments showed that R. albus strains SY3, 7 and B199 all possess a protein of ~25 kDa which cross-reacts with polyclonal anti-CbpC antiserum. Several strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminococcus flavefaciens strains C- 94 and FD-1, and Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 produced no proteins that cross-react with the same antiserum. Surprisingly though, F. intestinalis strain DR7 does possess a protein(s) of relatively large molecular mass (~200 kDa) that was strongly cross-reactive with the anti- CbpC antiserum. Scientifically, our studies have helped expand the scope of our fundamental understanding of adhesion mechanisms in cellulose-degrading bacteria, and validated the use of RNA-based techniques to examine physiological responses in bacteria that are nor amenable to genetic manipulations. Because efficient fiber hydrolysis by many anaerobic bacteria requires both tight adhesion to substrate and a stable cellulosome, we believe our findings are also the first step in providing the resources needed to achieve our long-term goal of increasing fiber digestibility in animals.

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Jung, Carina, Matthew Carr, Denise Lindsay, Eric Fleischman e Chandler Roesch. Microbiome perturbations during domestication of the green June beetle (Cotinis nitida). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), febbraio 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43342.

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Abstract (sommario):

Animal-associated microbiomes are critical to the well-being and proper functioning of the animal host, but only limited studies have examined in-sect microbiomes across different developmental stages. These studies revealed large shifts in microbiome communities, often because of significant shifts in diet during insects’ life cycle. Establishing insect colonies as model laboratory organisms and understanding how to properly feed and care for animals with complex and dynamic life cycles requires improved data. This study examined laboratory raised green June beetles (Cotinis nitida) captured from the field upon emergence from pupae. Starting with wild-caught adults, two generations of beetles were reared in the laboratory, ending with an entirely laboratory raised generation of larvae. The study compared the microbiomes of each generation and the microbiomes of larvae to adults. This study suggests that a diet of commercial, washed fruit for adults and commercial, packaged, organic alfalfa meal for larvae resulted in depauperate gut microbiome communities. Fermentative yeasts were completely absent in the laboratory-raised adults, and major bacterial population shifts occurred from one generation to the next, coupled with high morbidity and mortality in the laboratory-raised generation. Providing laboratory-raised beetles fresh-collected fruit and the larvae field-harvested detritus may therefore vastly improve their health and survival.

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