Tesi sul tema "Rationalité limitée et écologique"
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Morand, Pascal. "Rationalité limitée et économie de marché". Rouen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ROUEL054.
Testo completoThis work aim at analysing the decision processes in a market economy, when economic agents have to face incertainty and complexity. Once the principal of bounded rationality is studied, it focused on search, learning and simplifying procedures. In a second time, the work lays stress on the implication of these decision processes on market functioning. The thesis deals then with price dispersion phenomenon - as a sign of ignorance on a market - and the way it was tackled by the economic science. It examines next the adjustment processes following a market internal desequilibrium and at last the turbulency phenomenon induced by interactions between crisis and adjustment mechanisms
Pouget, Sébastien. "Rationalité limitée et marchés financiers : une approche expérimentale". Toulouse 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU10078.
Testo completoDuchêne, Sébastien. "Quatre essais sur la rationalité limitée en économie et finance comportementales". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0022.
Testo completoThis thesis studies bounded rationality through four chapters, combining theoretical models, laboratory experiments and statistical and econometric analyzes. In the first two chapters, we test the validity of new models in economics which rely on the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics to account for cognitive biases. In chapter 1, we consider models explaining the order effect and we derive new experimental predictions. In chapter 2, we propose an original experiment to test a wide range of quantum models that account for the conjunction fallacy. Both groups of models fail in our empirical tests and we then discuss possible ways to improve these models. The third chapter explores how individuals deal with successive, complex and abundant economic information. Our experimental results show the subjects' inability to combine such information, which confirms the fuzzy trace theory. Finally, the fourth chapter deals with experimental finance. It studies how margin buying (respectively short selling) increases (decreases) price levels, volatility, heterogeneity of markets, and traders' price expectations, as well as how it changes trading strategies. Our results highlight the clear consequences of each of these techniques used alone, and point to unexpected phenomena when both are combined. Regulatory authorities could take advantage of our analyzes to reduce the destabilization introduced by these techniques
Quinet, Catherine. "De la rationalité limitée à la rationalité procédurale : (la formation du concept de la rationalité procédurale chez Herbert Simon)". Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010041.
Testo completoWhat is bounded, procedurale or intuitive rationality? An attempt at showing that procedural rationality refers to a model of rationality which takes into acount the subject's deliberate and intuitive processes of creation of the representation of the elements of choice. The answer will be made in three steps. At first I shall study the relationship between Simon's bounded rationality and the neoclassic theory of rationality : development and implications. Secondly, I shall examine the distinction brought up in 1976 between procedural and substantive rationality, its implications and its relation to the situational complexity of choices and the artificiality of the subject's behavior. The third step involves the development of the concept of procedural rationality in simon's writings on organisational decision-making : administrative behavior (1947) and organizations (1958). It is supported that the idea of procedural rationality is already apparent in 1958. Finally I explain how simon came to transfer the concept of procedural rationality to economics in 1976
Tisserond, Julie. "Trois essais en microéconomie : rationalité limitée, procédures de choix et fidélisation client". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00847473.
Testo completoLasserre, Dimitri. "L' Homme et le Système : critique destructuraliste du principe de rationalité". Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0811.
Testo completoThe theories developed in economic sciences are based on a paradigm that does not seem realist at all – many authors actually agree on this. This paradigm is called homo oeconomicus, kind of ideal man lead by the principle of economic rationality. The point of this PhD. Is to analyse the construction of rationality and of the postulates that make appear. I propose a philosophical thought beginning with ontology, so as to do a deconstruction of the myths that economic sciences and also our society want us to believe as absolute truths. My reflection tries to point out that rationality is not what it pretends to be because the concept of rationality itself comes originally from an utilitarist construction, that have become through ages a systemic construction. Much more real than homo oeconomicus, homo systemicus keeps building and enduring the rationality of the system where he evolves
Le, conte des floris Robin. "Effet des biais cognitifs et de l'environnement sur la qualité des données et des informations". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLM004.
Testo completoFrom the perspective of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, there is no reality that exists in itself, no raw fact, no absolute reality: everything that we define as reality is, in fact, only the result of interpretation processes that are unique to us. Mo-reover, the data stored in information systems is often nothing more than the coded representation of statements made by human beings, thereby inherently involving human interpretation and consequently being affected by the same biases and limitations that characterize the human psyche. This thesis introduces a new conceptual framework, the "Data binding and reification" (DBR) model, that describes the process of data interpretation, and then the reification of information, using a new approach that places human-perception mechanisms at the heart of this process. By mobilizing cognitive and beha-vioral sciences, this approach allows us to identify to what extent human intervention and the structure of the environment to which one is subjected condition the emergence of cognitive biases affecting these processes. Experimental results partially validate this model by identifying the characteristics of the environment that affect, in an organizational context, the data-collection process and the quality of the information produced. This work opens up numerous perspectives, such as the development of a choice architecture in the sense of the economist Richard Thaler, which could improve the very process of data collection by modifying the experience of users of the information system
Hiahemzizou, Rafik. "La rationalité et l'irrationalité dans les négociations climatiques : vers une théorie générale de la rationalité appliquée dans les négociations climatiques". Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1A007.
Testo completoIn this thesis, we explore the rationality, the limited rationality and the irrationality in the climate negotiations. We began our investigation by studying the instrumental or substantive rationality of the parties in the climate negotiations, assuming that this type of rationality occurs when the agents in the negotiations act and behave as individuals driven by economic, political and social motives reflecting the conditions and interests of their respective countries. Their goal is maximizing profit. Then, we examine the game theory as an extension of the instrumental rationality evolving in an environment charaterised by an interaction between several individuals. Here again, instrumental rationality is essential in the negotiations, but the actors take into account the positions of other individuals in the framework of non-cooperative agreements. We have studied a particular case, which is the Paris Agreement as a non cooperative agreement. Given the latest developments of the game theory, which involve limited rationality and the irrationality, we have evoked the paradoxes that arise in the games. We have applied them to climate negotiations through thought experiments inspired by the real experiences cited in the literature, which tend to show that the goal of the actors is not always the maximization of profit. Since the inadequacy of cognitive abilities or psychological factors determines in large part the choice and behavior of agents, we have used the work of Kahneman and Tversky on heuristics by applying those heuristics to climate negotiations as a real manifestation of irrationality and psychological trend in the agent behavior. At this stage, some doubts arise about the real presence of these heuristics in decision process, choices and behavior of agents in climate negotiations. Thus, we criticized this psychological approach in an effort, which led us to see that ultimately Herbert Simon’s foundational approach to limited rationality, does not really apply to this type of negotiation. If substantive rationality is inevitable in the explanation of agents' choices and decisions, then how can the problem of insufficiency in the cognitive capacities of agents which is at the basis of limited rationality be solved? The solution that has been adopted is to use an original approach, which consists in stating that agents compensate for these limits by using the cognitive resources of the environment but also by exploiting the possibilities offered by cognition distribution and sharing between several agents in climate negotiations. Such approach was fully applied to climate negotiations. We concluded that States Parties are influenced by instrumental rationality from the outset of negotiations and even before negotiations, and in the absence of a climate international regulator. This rationality is not limited by interaction with other agents as explained by game theory or by psychological factors. The latter intervene only in a fragmentary and partial way. Therefore, substantive rationality based on profit maximization remains fully valid in climate negotiations
Klarsfeld, Alain. "Décrire et comprendre une instrumentation de rémunération des compétences : une approche en termes de rationalité limitée". Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX3A001.
Testo completoGaland, Gabriel. "Monnaie et échanges décentralisés : des modèles de prospection aux modèles comportementaux". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ECAP1069.
Testo completoSamson, David. "La crise environnementale : critique historique et philosophique des notions de conscience écologique et de rationalité instrumentale". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0072.
Testo completoThis theoretical and empirical work aims to question two concepts which structure environmental studies and philosophy of technology: “ecological consciousness” (or “environmental awareness”) and “instrumental rationality”. In itself, it is also a reflexion on the relations between philosophy and social sciences and on transdisciplinarity, often considered as a central trait of “postmodernity” and of the “rule of technology”. In order to do so, il uses various sources (legal, political, mediatics and academics) and several experiences of participant observation to participative democracy apparatuses (in particular at the French High Council of Biotechnologies).By furthering the criticism of the “reflexive Modernity” paradigm, the first part analyzes the problematization of the “environment” in France (1870-1945) and in Germany (1900-1945). The genealogy of environmental governability and of expertise leads to question the opposition between “anthropocentrism” and “biocentrism” and to reconceptualize the idea of a sudden “environmental awareness”. We will rather conceptualize the “environment” as a composite, variable, heterogene and potentially contradictory agencement.This will also lead us to substitue to the conceptual triangle “Technology-Environment-Modernity” a four terms diamond, “Technology-Environment-Modernity-Nazism”. Notwithstanding the role of technology in the Holocaust and Heidegger’s particular status, the analysis of nazism leads us to question the equivocity of calls to live “in harmony with nature” and to “control technology” as well as the idea that we could identify an “occidental relation to nature”.In our second part, the commentary of Heidegger and of the Frankfurt School allows us to analyze the notion of “instrumental rationality” and the idea that anthrpocentrism would be the cause of the environmental crisis. Calling on history of philosophy as well as on the problematization of historical and legal cases, we will henceforth analyze common problems to the critique of technology and environmental ethics, in particular the notions of an “ecological conversion” and of the indermination of technology . We will in particular treat of the project of a technical and environmental democracy and of its limits. The main aim of this work is henceforth to think differently the environment, technology and sciences, but also law and politics which aims to regulate them and thus confront the environmental crisis
Baron, Gaëlle. "Évaluation, participation, apprentissage : une conception de l'action publique avec rationalité limitée : analyse et etude de cas d'une evaluation d'un programme europeen". Rennes 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN1G008.
Testo completoMathieu-Nicot, Bernadette. "Décision, incertitude et imprécision : quelques applications à la gestion de l'entreprise". Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOE007.
Testo completoThe aim of this study is first to find methods to reduce uncertainty and then measure the influence of the main factors in decision-making. The decision maker is expecting an ex-ante period from which he must compute the various possible events in his environnement. After an investigation of risk and uncertainty, we try to find a decision criterion satisfying just as well on the theoretical point of view, than as on that of its practical use. The "fuzzy expected utility" is not only based on the subjective characteristics of possibility but also on the rigourous ones. It has affinity with the exactness of bernoulli theories and the imprecision of human theories considered by g. L. S. Shackle. "fuzzy expected utility" creates a relation between a normative theory, on the one hand, which is based on norms, and on the other hand, with a rather descriptive and explanatory theory. It reconciles theory and applications in reducing the gap between actual actions and behaviours and those which are forecasted by the theory. This conception may be compared with the principle of rationality of h. A. Simon. This new dimension of rationality does not fondamentaly affect the behaviour of the decision-maker with regard to the one which is recommended by the economic theory. Consequently and according to the environnement, the decision-maker always tries to optimize his decision. He perfectly knows that the optimum which is assigned is not necessarily the optimum of classical economic theory
Jongmans, Eline. "La rationalité limitée des consommateurs lors de l'évaluation d'un produit comportant un attribut environnemental : une étude empirique des biais provoqués par le nombre d'attributs et le mode d'évaluation". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENG013/document.
Testo completoEnvironmental attributes are increasingly being included in consumption products. Because environmental attributes are credence attributes, they refer to a public good (i.e. environmental protection), and they reference moral values, they are difficult for consumers to assess. This doctoral research specifically focuses on how consumers use an environmental attribute (certified or uncertified) in product evaluation. This core question is addressed through three research questions. The first deals with the effect of attribute number (1 vs. 2) on the weight given to environmental attributes. This study focuses on a counterintuitive effect named the embedding effect, characterized by insensitivity to the number of environmental attributes present. The second question concerns the effect of the method of value measurement on the weight given to an environmental attribute. The effects of two criteria are studied: response mode (pricing vs. non pricing) and evaluation mode (joint vs. separate). The third and last question extends the study of evaluation measure and its effect on the weight of an environmental attribute by testing the predictive validity of the evaluation measure on consumer preferences. These research questions are investigated with five experiments that employ various environmental attributes and stimuli. From a theoretical perspective, this research shows the importance of considering the embedding effect and evaluation measurement bias for people interested in environmental attributes evaluation. It also underlines the potential limit of adding an environmental attribute to a consumption product. In terms of utility measurement, the thesis shows, counterintuitively, that willingness to pay is a better measure of environmental values than is choice. From a methodological standpoint, this doctoral thesis proposes an approach to enable attribute weight comparisons across measures. This research suggests to product managers that they need to be aware of these contextual factors when assessing and predicting consumer preferences for a product with an environmental attribute. If the environmental attribute in the finished product will be alone versus in conjunction with another environmental attribute, for example, affects attribute utility. Likewise, willingness to pay appears to be a better predictor of actual preference for environmental attribute than is choice
Tran, Hieu. "Fragilité financière par l'analyse des réseaux et l'approche comportementale". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0445/document.
Testo completoThis thesis studies financial fragility, i.e. the sensitivity of the financial system with respect to shocks. the main issue of financial fragility in the current context is the increased financial complexity. To address this problem, this study draws inspiration from two relatively recent streams of literature : econopmics of networks and behavioral economics. The main concepts in use are diffusion, cascade and bounded rationality. Chapter 1 studies how petterns of links, specifically, the length of transitive cycles affect the extent of financial contagion. Chapter 2 proposes a dynamic model in which bank runs arise as cascades of withdrawals. The aim is to better understand how bank runs occur. Chapter 3 studies bank runs in a dynamic and behavioral setting, with herding and heterogeneity of depositors
Coulon, Jérôme. "Mémoire longue, volatilité et gestion de portefeuille". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00657711.
Testo completoSergot, Bertrand. "Les déterminants des décisions de localisation -Les créations de nouveaux sites des entreprises françaises de l'industrie et des services". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012204.
Testo completoLa partie empirique de la recherche explore les interactions, lors de la prise de décision, entre ces comportements de préférence pour les aires géographiques connues et les contraintes techniques et économiques. A cette fin, une enquête par questionnaire a été réalisée auprès d'un large échantillon d'entreprises françaises des secteurs de l'industrie manufacturière et de la réalisation de logiciels, en référence à des décisions de localisation prises sur la période 2001-2002 en France ou à l'étranger. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les décisions étudiées constituent des solutions de compromis entre les logiques économiques, les préférences personnelles des décideurs, les intérêts des différents acteurs internes à l'entreprise et les pressions émanant de son environnement économique et social.
Seppecher, Pascal. "Modélisation multi-agents d'une économie monétaire de production : un système dynamique et complexe d'interactions réelles et monétaires entre des agents multiples, hétérogènes, autonomes et concurrents". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00693151.
Testo completoJumelle-Paulet, Delphine. "La part de l’irrationnel dans les processus de sélection des futurs dirigeants des grandes entreprises françaises". Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020088/document.
Testo completoThe purpose of this research work is to investigate how irrationality plays a significant role in selecting top executives in French corporates. Upon an in-depth review of the making of top executives in France at the beginning of the 21st century, it appears that a Cartesian rationale still prevails, based on the sheer belief that conscience and reason must be the unique dimensions used in selecting, promoting, and thus, perpetuating elites, from the early school years to the appointment of the C-suite in large organisations. Three theories are central in this research work: the agency theory, the upper echelon theory, as well as the bounded rationality theory. Combining them in an integrative conceptual framework allows to understand how strong rational patterns might be affected by forms and mechanisms of irrationality all along the process of identifying and developing future leaders to the more significant moment when they are appointed. Ultimately, the outcome of this research work shows that the model of « transcendent leadership » seems more effective than others to address the challenges of identifying and selecting executives in modern organisations. This leads to examining how to build more robust systems of executive selection at three levels of progress: (a) underlying values and patterns of leadership, (b) assessment tools and processes and (c) conscious acceptance of irrationality as a significant part of talent and executive spotting and development
Kumba, Lubemba Sylvain. "Ecologie spatiale des espèces arborescentes de la Réserve Forestière de Yoko: structure spatiale et mise en évidence des facteurs écologiques responsables, Ubundu, Province Orientale, R.D. Congo". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209056.
Testo completoPour ce faire, une parcelle d’échantillonnage de 25 ha (500m 500m) a été délimitée dans le bloc sud de la RFY constitué d’une végétation ligneuse mixte et semi-décidue. Un inventaire forestier a permis d’analyser la composition floristique et structurale de la zone. Trois techniques (ou modèles statistiques) relevant de l’écologie spatiale pour l’analyse de la structure horizontale des espèces ont été utilisées :la méthode du voisin le plus proche de Clark & Evans (1954), la méthode d’échantillonnage aléatoire de Hines & Hines (1979), ces deux méthodes reposant sur une analyse à échelle unique de la parcelle d’étude, et la méthode de Ripley (1977) permettant non seulement une analyse multi-échelle mais aussi l’étude des relations intra et interspécifiques. Concernant ce point précis, les arbres ont été catégorisés en trois stades de développement sur la base de leurs diamètres (les jeunes, les immatures et les adultes). Une analyse comparative et théorique des trois méthodes a été effectuée.
Un total de 169 espèces appartenant à 36 familles dont 114 genres ont été identifiées, et la famille des Fabaceae dont la majorité des espèces appartiennent à la sous famille des Caesalpinioideae est apparue prépondérante. Trois espèces se sont révélées les plus abondantes et les plus représentatives du peuplement, et ont pour cette raison fait l’objet de toutes les analyses :Gilbertiodendron dewevrei J. Léonard (De Wild), Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms et Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. Elles ont toutes les trois montré une structure agrégée, et cela à toutes les échelles d’analyse. Les agrégats observés présentent un rayon d’environ 25 m de distance. L’analyse en fonction du diamètre a indiqué une structure agrégée pour les plus petits diamètres et régulière pour les plus grands, et que l’agrégation diminue avec le diamètre. Les résultats montrent également que les structures spatiales observées dépendent de l’échelle d’analyse considérée et de la méthode utilisée. La méthode de Clark & Evans est sensible à la variation de l’étendue. À cet égard, l’échantillonnage aléatoire de Hines & Hines est apparu plus adaptée que celui de Clark & Evans. Les fonctions de Ripley et dérivées sont des outils efficaces et apportent plus d’information. Les analyses ont montré des associations positives entre G. dewevrei et S. zenkeri, ainsi qu’entre G. dewevrei et U. guineensis. Par contre, une indépendance a été constatée entre S. zenkeri et U. guineensis. Il apparaît également que les jeunes sont associés positivement aux adultes supposés reproducteurs, et que les immatures sont indépendants par rapport aux adultes. La dispersion faible ou limitée des graines à proximité des arbres parents en est le principal facteur endogène responsable. Ce facteur explique également les associations positives entre les jeunes et les adultes de la même espèce. La compétition entre des individus pour les besoins en espace, en lumière ou en nutriments dans le sol, explique la structure régulière observée ainsi que l’indépendance des immatures envers les adultes. La dispersion limitée n’est cependant pas le seul facteur explicatif de l’agrégation spatiale des arbres, d’autres facteurs tels que l’hétérogénéité environnementale (sol, topographie,…) ou la perturbation sont vraisemblablement aussi impliqués. La perturbation anthropique ou naturelle est un processus écologique qui devrait avoir joué un rôle déterminant dans l’organisation spatiale des communautés de la forêt. Combinée au phénomène de masting, aux effets de Janzen-Connell et aux ectomycorhizes, elle est très probablement à la base des structures spatiales et des relations spatiales observées entre les espèces de la RFY. / Tropical forests contain tree-stands with management and planning requires knowledge of their spatial organization and dynamics. Analyses of the spatial structure of tree species can be used in natural forests to identify the underlying mechanisms that structure of forest stands to improve the understanding of the relationships between species. This study was conducted in the Yoko Forest Reserve (YFR) around Kisangani in eastern DR Congo (DRC). It is to analyze the horizontal spatial structure of the most abundant species and to try to identify, on a local scale, factors and / or potentially explicative ecological processes to draw valuable lessons for the management of forest areas nearby Kisangani.
To do this, a sample plot of 25 ha (500m x 500m) was delineated in the southern block of the YFR consists of a mixed woody vegetation and semi-deciduous. A forest inventory was used to analyze the floristic and structural composition of the area. Three techniques (or statistical models) under spatial ecology for the analysis of the horizontal structure of the species were used: the nearest neighbor method of Clark & Evans (1954), the random sampling method Hines & Hines (1979), these two methods based on a single scale analysis of the study plot, and the method of Ripley (1977) allows not only a multi-scale analysis, but also the study of intra- and inter-relationships. Regarding this point, the trees were categorized into three stages of development on the basis of their diameters (young, immature and adult). A comparative and theoretical analysis of the three methods was performed.
A total of 169 species belonging to 36 families with 114 genera have been identified and the family Fabaceae which the majority of species belong to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae appeared decisive. Three species have proved the most abundant and the most representative of the stand, and for this reason the subject of all analyzes Gilbertiodendron dewevrei J. Léonard (De Wild) Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms and Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. They all three showed an aggregated structure, and that all scales of analysis. Observed aggregates have a radius of about 25 m distance. The analysis based on the diameter indicated an aggregated structure for smaller diameters and regular for larger and that aggregation decreases with diameter. The results also show that the observed spatial structures depend on the considered analysis of scale and the method used. The method of Clark & Evans is sensitive to the variation in the extent. In this regard, the random sampling of Hines & Hines appeared more suitable than that of Clark & Evans. Ripley's functions and derivatives are effective tools and provide more information. Analyses showed positive associations between G. dewevrei and S. zenkeri, and between G. dewevrei and U. guineensis. By against, independence was found between S. zenkeri and U. guineensis. It also appears that young people are positively associated with the supposed breeding adults and immatures are independent compared to adults. The low or limited seed dispersal near parent trees is the main endogenous factor responsible. This factor also explains the positive associations between youth and adults of the same species. The competition between individuals to space requirements, light or nutrients in the soil, explains the observed regular structure and the independence of immature towards adults. Limited dispersal, however, is not the only factor explaining the spatial aggregation trees, other factors such as environmental heterogeneity (soil, topography, ) or disturbance are probably also involved. Anthropogenic or natural disturbance is an environmentally friendly process that should have played a decisive role in the spatial organization of forest communities. Combined with masting phenomenon, the effects of Janzen-Connell and Ectomycorrhizae, it is very probably the basis of spatial structures and spatial relationships observed between species of the YFR.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Fontaine, Isabelle. "Le processus judiciaire montréalais en réponse aux infractions relatives à la pollution de l'air et de l'eau". Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18156.
Testo completoChapron, Paul. "Modélisation et analyse des organisations sociales : propriétés structurelles, régulation des comportements et évolution". Phd thesis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819498.
Testo completoBouraoui, Dhouha. "Projets des logements à la suite des désastres : analyse du système organisationnel et évaluation de la satisfaction des usagers dans un projet de reconstruction dans la région du Maghreb". Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3719.
Testo completoConstruction projects are temporary endeavors with a defined beginning and end, conducted by a temporary and multi-disciplinary team called a Temporary Multi-Organization (TMO). In the hostile environment of post-disaster reconstruction, participants of the TMO must confront high levels of uncertainty which increases project risks. The non-acceptability of project outcomes is one of the most frequent risks reported in literature (UNDRO, 1982; Barenstein, 2008; Dikmen, 2006). Acceptability is related with users’ satisfaction. However, according to the theory of bounded rationality, actors of the TMO - confronted with limited information and resources - cannot achieve an optimal solution. Instead, both project actors and end-users accept a «satisficing» [SIC] solution (Simon, 2004). This study hypothesizes that two organizational factors have an important influence on user satisfaction in post-disaster housing projects: (i) centralized decision making (coupled with lack of information); and (ii) the capacity of the structure of the Temporary Multi-Organization (TMO) to take into account the active participation of users in project planning, management, financing and design. A case study of a post-disaster housing project in the Maghreb region helps us validate this hypothesis. Building up on this hypothesis, indicators of technology transfer (as proposed by the Logical Framework Analysis) serve as a basis to assess users’ satisfaction. The research does not establish a cause-effect relationship between the two variables of the study. However, the analysis of the structure of the TMO and users’ satisfaction highlight several principles, related with the project initiation and management, that can be implemented to improve reconstruction practices in developing countries.
Cardosi, Georgia. "Design and adaptation in contested urban spaces : the case of the Toi Market as a multi-level settlement in Nairobi, Kenya". Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24237.
Testo completoNairobi has nearly 200 slums where 70% of its population live. Most slum dwellers lack tenure security and suffer the constant threat of eviction. Yet, we still know very little about how these slums form, grow, and consolidate in contested urban spaces, and how their residents adapt to uncertainty. Part of the reason lies in the gap between design and adaptation theories. Whereas design theory focuses mainly on professionals’ cognitive processes (largely ignoring adaptation mechanisms adopted by slum dwellers), spatial transformations in slums are often addressed by resilience theory, which usually overlooks design processes. What is the role of design in adaptation processes in contested urban spaces? I answer this question by exploring the relationships between design and adaptive capacities in the Toi Market, the second largest informal market in Nairobi. I study the market’s tenure regimes and traders’ design practices through a case study that combines longitudinal and cross-section investigation. The research reasoning is abductive, made of iterative paths between conceptual frameworks and empirical results. It is largely based on a literature review on land tenure and design theory. The concepts of bounded rationality, uncertainty, and adaptive mechanisms constitute the basis of the theoretical framework used to analyse the empirical data. Methods include participant observation, 59 interviews with traders, meetings with market leaders, mapping techniques and the analysis of over 80 pertinent documents about the market. Results show that the Toi Market has three types of controversial tenure regimes and traders conduct design at three levels: development design, evolutionary design, and consolidation design. Development design consists of collective adaptive initiatives prompted by survival mechanisms. It strengthens social capital, emerges in reaction to ordinary urban interventions, and seeks to improve functionality. Evolutionary design is conducted by community sub-groups in response to major external forces and events. It leads to social and morphological changes at the urban scale and depends on governance and control mechanisms. Consolidation design refers to individual and group-led adaptive initiatives conducted during times of relative stability. It reinforces economic development and networks and seeks to achieve land tenure security. It emerges mainly in vacant niches, as slum-dwellers take advantage of empty, underused spaces. These three levels of design generate what I call here Multi-Level Settlements. I oppose this concept to “informal settlements” that fails to represent how slums and markets work and evolve. I thus reject the formal/informal dichotomy that persists in literature. The Multi-level concept recognises shifting alliances and multiple levels of governance as integral part of design processes. In it, design emerges as a connector of adaptive capacities. The concepts of Multi-Level Settlements, Vacant Niche and Design as a connector of adaptive capacities can help developing slum upgrading initiatives that meet the design approach naturally adopted by slum-dwellers. These initiatives can therefore acknowledge the presence of multiple alliances, which sometimes hinder—and others, foster—desired change. Community design practices can also be tailored to balance collective and individual objectives. By understanding these concepts, decision-makers can both optimize available space according to local practices and forecast how patterns will emerge in planned spaces. Finally, I encourage scholars and practitioners to further explore slum-dwellers’ design-thinking and practices to include them in mainstream design theory.