Articoli di riviste: "Raphanus raphanistrum L"

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Ziffer-Berger, J., N. Hanin, T. Fogel, K. Mummenhoff e O. Barazani. "Molecular phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Raphanus L. (Brassicaceae)". Edinburgh Journal of Botany 72, n. 1 (3 dicembre 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428614000286.

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We evaluated the systematic relationship of the two sections of Raphanus (Brassicaceae) on the basis of morphological and ITS data. We obtained strong support that Raphanus is a polyphyletic group embedded in the Oleracea lineage of the tribe Brassiceae. Section Raphanis, which includes Raphanus raphanistrum, R. pugioniformis and R. sativus, is a strongly supported monophyletic lineage. Section Hesperidopsis is embedded in a different lineage together with Brassica deflexa and B. aucheri. We propose to reinstate the genus Quidproquo in place of Raphanus sect. Hesperidopsis as reflected by both morphological data and ITS phylogeny.

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Sun, Ci, Michael B. Ashworth, Ken Flower, Martin M. Vila-Aiub, Roberto Lujan Rocha e Hugh J. Beckie. "The adaptive value of flowering time in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)". Weed Science 69, n. 2 (26 gennaio 2021): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.5.

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AbstractHarvest weed seed control (HWSC) is a weed management technique that intercepts and destroys weed seeds before they replenish the soil weed seedbank and can be used to control herbicide-resistant weeds in global cropping systems. Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) is a problematic, globally distributed weed species that is considered highly susceptible to HWSC, as it retains much of its seed on the plant during grain harvest. However, previous studies have demonstrated that R. raphanistrum is capable of adapting its life cycle, in particular its flowering time, to allow individuals more time to mature and potentially shed seeds before harvest, thereby evading HWSC interception. This study compared the vegetative growth plus physiological and ecological fitness of an early-flowering R. raphanistrum biotype with an unselected genetically related biotype to determine whether physiological costs of early flowering exist when in competition with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Early flowering time adaptation in R. raphanistrum did not change the relative growth rate or competitive ability of R. raphanistrum. However, the height of first flower was reduced in the early flowering time–selected population, indicating that this population would retain more pods below the typical harvest cutting height (15 cm) used in HWSC. The presence of wheat competition (160 to 200 plants m−2) increased flowering height in the early flowering time–selected population, which would likely increase the susceptibility of early-flowering R. raphanistrum plants to HWSC. Overall, early-flowering adaption in R. raphanistrum is a possible strategy to escape being captured by the HWSC; however, increasing crop competition is likely to be an effective strategy to maintain the effectiveness of HWSC.

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Goggin, Danica E., Hugh J. Beckie, Chad Sayer e Stephen B. Powles. "No auxinic herbicide–resistance cost in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)". Weed Science 67, n. 05 (14 agosto 2019): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.40.

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AbstractWild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) is a problematic and economically damaging dicotyledonous weed infesting crops in many regions of the world. Resistance to the auxinic herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba is widespread in Western Australian R. raphanistrum populations, with the resistance mechanism appearing to involve alterations in the physiological response to synthetic auxins and in plant defense. This study aimed to determine whether these alterations cause inhibition in plant growth or reproduction that could potentially be exploited to manage 2,4-D–resistant populations in cropping areas. Therefore, the morphology and seed production of resistant and susceptible populations were compared in an outdoor pot study, with plants grown in the presence and absence of competition by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The susceptible and resistant R. raphanistrum populations were equally suppressed by wheat competition, with plant growth and seed production being decreased by approximately 50%. Although resistant populations produced less vegetative biomass than susceptible populations, there was no negative association between resistance and seed production. Therefore, it is unlikely that any nonherbicidal management practices will be more efficacious on 2,4-D–resistant than 2,4-D–susceptible R. raphanistrum populations.

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Cousens, R. D., J. W. Warringa, J. E. Cameron e V. Hoy. "Early growth and development of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) in relation to wheat". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, n. 7 (2001): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00150.

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Raphanus raphanistrum was grown in monoculture and as a range of cohorts of emergence in mixture with wheat. Growth and development were recorded at frequent intervals up to anthesis of the wheat.R. raphanistrum remained shorter than wheat, only over-topping the crop prior to anthesis for 2 of 7 sowing dates. When expressed in terms of photothermal time, growth in monocultures was similar for all sowing dates except those for wheat in mid-summer. Even a short delay in R. raphanistrumemergence in mixture decreased its growth considerably; R. raphanistrum emerging more than 4 weeks after the crop had no detectable effect on the wheat. However, even R. raphanistrum plants emerging 10 weeks after the crop produced some seeds. In mixture, R. raphanistrum had a higher specific leaf area (SLA), reduced leaf partitioning, and taller stems than in monoculture. A physiological growth model based on parameters from monocultures was unable to predict growth in mixtures; inclusion of changes in SLA and height in mixture improved predictions in some cases. It is concluded that competition models based on monoculture parameters, although previously successful for species with similar height and phasic development, are unlikely to work for species that differ in these attributes. Further work is required on the physiology of plants within mixtures.

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Warwick, Suzanne I., e Ardath Francis. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, n. 3 (1 luglio 2005): 709–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-120.

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A review of biological information is provided for Raphanus raphanistrum L. Native to the Mediterranean region, the species is widely introduced and naturalized in temperate regions around the world. In Canada, it currently occurs in all provinces except Saskatchewan and Manitoba, has only a limited distribution in Alberta, and is also absent from the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It is most abundant in the Atlantic and Pacific regions and is an important weed of field crops in the Maritime provinces and Quebec. A persistent seed bank, competitive annual growth habit and high fecundity all contribute to its weedy nature and ensure that it will be a continuing problem. It can easily hybridize with cultivated radish, R. sativus L., and commonly does so when they occur together. Limited hybridization with canola, Brassica napus L., has been reported from several experimental field and greenhouse trials. Selective herbicide control is most difficult in canola and other cruciferous crops. It is the most important dicot weed in the southwestern region of Australia, primarily due to the evolution of several different herbicide-resistant biotypes. These include biotypes resistant to the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitors (group 2 herbicides) and/or photosystem II-inhibitors (group 5), and a biotype with multiple resistance to ALS-inhibitors, photosystem II-inhibitors, an auxin (2,4-D amine), and a phytoene desaturase (PSDS)-inhibitor (diflufenican). A biotype resistant to the ALS-inhibiting herbicide chlorsulfuron has also been detected in South Africa. Key words: Wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum, herbicide resistance, canola, hybridization, RAPRA

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Ганчева, М. С., И. Е. Додуева e Л. А. Лутова. "РОЛЬ ПЕПТИДА CLE 41 В РАЗВИТИИ ЗАПАСАЮЩЕЙ ПАРЕНХИМЫ КОРНЯ У ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЕЙ РОДА RAPHANUS L., "Физиология растений"". Физиология растений, n. 4 (2018): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0015330318040048.

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CLE-пептиды (CLAVATA3/ENOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION) - сигнальные молекулы-фитогормоны, которые играют центральную роль в контроле развития разных типов меристем, регулируя экспрессию генов WOX (WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX). В частности, мишенями действия CLE-пептидов небольшой группы TDIF (Tracheary Element Differentiation Inhibitory Factor) является ген WOX4 - центральный регулятор развития камбия и проводящей системы. Мы изучали роль пептида группы TDIF CLE 41 в развитии запасающего корня на представителях рода Raphanus: культурном редисе (Raphanus sativus) - популярной корнеплодной культуре с запасающим корнем и его дикорастущем предке редьке полевой (Raphanus raphanistrum), у которой запасающая паренхима корня развита слабо. Было показано влияние сверхэкспрессии гена RsCLE 41 и обработки растений экзогенным пептидом CLE 41 на развитие камбия и ксилемы в корнях R. sativus и R. raphanistrum, а также на экспрессию генов разных групп. В целом можно сказать, что CLE 41 активирует экспрессию генов, гомологи которых у арабидопсиса играют центральную роль в поддержании камбия (RsWOX4, RsWOX14, RsHAM4, RsCYCD 3). В запасающем корне редиса пептид CLE 41 активирует пролиферацию клеток камбия, при этом снижая количество одного из элементов ксилемы - одревесневшей паренхимы. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о важной роли CLE 41 в развитии запасающего корня редиса.

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Tricault, Yann, Annick Matejicek e Henri Darmency. "Variation of seed dormancy and longevity in Raphanus raphanistrum L." Seed Science Research 28, n. 1 (14 dicembre 2017): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258517000319.

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AbstractRaphanus raphanistrum (wild radish) is a highly competitive weed in winter crops. Integrated weed management practices and decision-making tools benefit from the ability to predict seed longevity and dormancy status in the soil seed bank, as well as time and density of emergence in the field. We wondered if unique values taken from databases could serve for modelling purposes, whatever the origins of the weed populations. We investigated dormancy and longevity of fruits buried in the soil over a four-year seed burial experiment of two highly contrasted populations that differ by their biogeographical origin (oceanic versus continental climate), their habitat (arable field versus undisturbed) and their fruit size (thick versus thin fruit wall). High viability persisted over two years, followed by a rapid reduction, especially for the ‘continental-undisturbed-thin’ population. Dormancy cycling, with dormancy at its lowest in October, was observed for the ‘oceanic-arable-thick’ population, whilst a slow decrease without clear seasonal pattern was found for the other population. These results indicate different ways of regulating seed persistence in the soil, which might be taken into account when building demographic models. These differences could be due to interactions between fruit wall thickness and the other factors; it is possible that a thicker fruit wall increases longevity by promoting dormancy by physical restriction, but depending on temperature. Thinner fruit walls would make plants display other adaptive strategies to maximize survival time in the soil seed bank. Studies involving more populations and isogenic material are needed to address this specific question.

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Reinhardt Piskackova, Theresa, S. Chris Reberg-Horton, Robert J. Richardson, Katie M. Jennings e Ramon G. Leon. "Incorporating environmental factors to describe wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) seedling emergence and plant phenology". Weed Science 68, n. 6 (26 agosto 2020): 627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.64.

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AbstractWild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) is a weed found globally in agricultural systems. The facultative winter annual nature of this plant and high genetic variability makes modeling its growth and phenology difficult. In the present study, R. raphanistrum natural seedbanks exhibited a biphasic pattern of emergence, with emergence peaks occurring in both fall and spring. Traditional sigmoidal models were inadequate to fit this pattern, regardless of the predictive environmental variable, and a corresponding biphasic model (sigmoidal + Weibull) was used to describe emergence based on the best parameters. Each best-fit chronological, thermal, and hydrothermal model accounted for at least 85% of the variation of the validation data. Observations on phenology progression from four cohorts were used to create a common model that described all cohorts adequately. Different phenological stages were described using chronological, thermal, hydrothermal, daylength-dependent thermal time, and daylength-dependent hydrothermal time. Integrating daylength and temperature into the models was important for predicting reproductive stages of R. raphanistrum.

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Rieger, M. A., T. D. Potter, C. Preston e S. B. Powles. "Hybridisation between Brassica napus L. and Raphanus raphanistrum L. under agronomic field conditions". Theoretical and Applied Genetics 103, n. 4 (settembre 2001): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00002909.

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Weaver, S. E., e J. A. Ivany. "Economic thresholds for wild radish, wild oat, hemp-nettle and corn spurry in spring barley". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, n. 2 (1 aprile 1998): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-072.

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The yield response of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. 'Morrison') to a range of densities of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), wild oat (Avena fatua L.), hemp-nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit L.), and corn spurry (Spergula arvensis L.) was investigated in field experiments on Prince Edward Island from 1991 through 1994. Barley yield was modelled as a function of both barley and weed density. In the absence of weed competition, barley seed yield, number of main shoots, number of heads, and thousand-kernel weight varied significantly during the 4 yr of the study. Increasing densities of wild radish and wild oat reduced the number of barley heads primarily by interfering with tillering, but wild oat also reduced barley thousand-kernel weight. Hemp-nettle and corn-spurry at densities up to 200 plants m−2 had little effect on barley yield, except in a year of low barley yield potential. Estimated economic thresholds for wild radish, wild oat, hemp-nettle and corn spurry at a barley population of 250 plants m−2 were 37, 45, 122 and 297 plants m−2, respectively, assuming a weed-free yield of 4 t ha−1, a crop price of $100 t−1, and weed control costs of $30 ha−1. Key words: Avena fatua, Galeopsis tetrahit, Hordeum vulgare, Raphanus raphanistrum, Spergula arvensis, yield loss, weed interference, economic threshold

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Walsh, Michael J. "Enhanced wheat competition effects on the growth, seed production, and seed retention of major weeds of Australian cropping systems". Weed Science 67, n. 6 (25 settembre 2019): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.53.

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AbstractThe loss of herbicide options due to resistance and lack of new chemistries have delivered the realization that herbicides are a finite resource and weed control alternatives are desperately needed. In Australian conservation cropping, the only available alternatives suited to routine use are the recently introduced harvest weed seed control (HWSC) and the ever-present but undervalued crop competition. Target-neighbor design pot studies examined wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) competition effects on biomass and seed production of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus Roth), and wild oat (Avena fatua L.). The influence of wheat competition on crop canopy distribution of weed biomass and seed production was also examined. At the current commercially targeted wheat density (120 plants m−2) weed biomass was reduced by 69%, 73%, 72%, and 49% and seed production by 78%, 78%, 77%, and 50% for L. rigidum, R. raphanistrum, B. diandrus, and A. fatua, respectively, when compared with no competition. These results highlighted the importance of uniform wheat crop establishment in minimizing the ongoing impact of weeds. Enhanced what competition (from 120 to 400 plants m−2) resulted in further smaller, but substantial, reductions in biomass (19%, 13%, 20%, and 39%) and seed production (12%, 13%, 17%, and 45%) for L. rigidum, R. raphanistrum, B. diandrus, and A. fatua, respectively. This enhanced competition also increased weed seed retention in the upper crop canopy (>40 cm) by 35% and 31% for L. rigidum and B. diandrus, respectively, but not for A. fatua and R. raphanistrum, for which weed seed retention was already >80% at the wheat density of 120 plants m−2. Enhanced wheat crop competition, then, has the dual effect of restricting the growth and development of L. rigidum, R. raphanistrum, B. diandrus, and A. fatua as well increasing the susceptibility of these weed species to HWSC.

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Dávila, Marta, Carlos L. Vásquez e Pablo Pomboza. "Primer reporte de Raphanus raphanistrum L. en los páramos de Chimborazo, Ecuador". Idesia (Arica), ahead (2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-34292017005000201.

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Ashworth, Michael B., Michael J. Walsh, Ken C. Flower e Stephen B. Powles. "Identification of the first glyphosate-resistant wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) populations". Pest Management Science 70, n. 9 (15 maggio 2014): 1432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.3815.

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Campbell, Lesley G., Zachary Teitel, Maria N. Miriti e Allison A. Snow. "Context-specific enhanced invasiveness of Raphanus crop–wild hybrids: A test for associations between greater fecundity and population growth". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, n. 8 (novembre 2014): 1315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-070.

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Campbell, L. G., Teitel, Z., Miriti, M. N. and Snow, A. A. 2014. Context-specific enhanced invasiveness of Raphanus crop–wild hybrids: A test for associations between greater fecundity and population growth. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1315–1324. Evolution by crop–wild hybridization may create plant lineages with greater population growth rates, dispersal, and persistence than weedy progenitors, depending upon plant density. We asked: (1) how does hybridization affect demography and population growth rate (lambda, λ) and (2) how does density affect demography and λ? Over 1 yr, we followed wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum and crop-wild hybrid, Raphanus sativus×R. raphanistrum, plants grown in 18 experimental sub-populations (originally derived from three wild and three hybrid populations) to assess contributions of germination, survival, and seed production to λ. We explored genotypic differences in demographic characteristics of low- and high-density populations (from populations grown at unmanipulated densities for three generations), using a LTRE. Hybrid populations had greater λs than weedy progenitors when grown in low (but not high) densities. Seed production was more influential on λ than germination or survival, and seed mortality was least influential. Our results indicate weedy Raphanus populations may be best controlled by limiting seed production, rather than killing plants outright or preventing seeds from germinating. Furthermore, relative invasiveness of genotypes is density-dependent, low-density conditions improving potential invasiveness of hybrid populations. We emphasize that assessing invasive potential of a plant will be more successful if one uses a comprehensive demographic approach accounting for a weed's entire life history.

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Lehtilä, Kari, e Kristina Holmén Bränn. "Correlated effects of selection for flower size in Raphanus raphanistrum". Canadian Journal of Botany 85, n. 2 (gennaio 2007): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-007.

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The evolution of flower size may be constrained by trade-offs between flower size and other plant traits. The aim of this study was to determine how selection on flower size affects both reproductive and vegetative traits. Raphanus raphanistrum L. was used as the study species. Artificial selection for small and large petal size was carried out for two generations. We measured the realized heritability of flower size and recorded flower production, time to flowering, plant size, and seed production in the two selection lines. The realized heritability was h2 = 0.49. Our study, therefore, showed that R. raphanistrum has potential for rapid evolutionary change of floral size. The lines with large flowers produced smaller seeds and started to flower later than the lines with small flowers. There was no trade-off between flower size and flower number, but the lines selected for large flower size had more flowers and a larger plant size than lines selected for small flowers. Estimates of restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analysis of pedigrees also showed that flower size had a positive genetic correlation with start of flowering and plant height.

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Lima, Maria G. A., Nilza M. Martinelli e Renata C. Monteiro. "Ocorrência de Frankliniella schultzei (trybom) (thysanoptera: thripidae) em plantas daninhas". Planta Daninha 18, n. 2 (agosto 2000): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582000000200017.

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Realizaram-se levantamentos de plantas daninhas, no Campus da UNESP em Jaboticabal/SP, com o objetivo de identificar espécies de plantas daninhas hospedeiras do tripes Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom). As plantas foram coletadas semanalmente utilizando-se o método de ensacamento. A separação dos tripes foi feita mediante emprego do funil de Berlese. Entre as 43 espécies de plantas daninhas encontradas nas áreas amostradas, 19 são hospedeiras do tripes. Rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.), nabiça (R. raphanistrum L.) e mostarda (Sinapsis arvensis L.) foram as que apresentaram as maiores porcentagens de F. schultzei, 45, 27 e 17% do total de fêmeas coletadas respectivamente.

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Costa, Leandro Oliveira da, e Mauro Antônio Rizzardi. "Herbicidas alternativos para o controle de Raphanus raphanistrum L. resistente ao herbicida metsulfurom metílico". Revista Brasileira de Herbicidas 12, n. 3 (10 dicembre 2013): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.7824/rbh.v12i3.240.

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O controle de plantas daninhas dicotiledôneas, em culturas de inverno, é realizado basicamente com herbicidas inibidores da enzima ALS. O uso intensivo desses herbicidas em áreas cultivadas com trigo tem proporcionado pressão de seleção nas populações de Raphanus raphanistrum resultando em biótipos resistentes a esses herbicidas. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho determinar a existência de resistência cruzada e múltipla aos herbicidas inibidores de ALS e alternativas de controle químico dessa planta daninha resistente ao metsulfurom metílico. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de dois biótipos de R. raphanistrum resistente (biótipo R) e suscetível (biótipo S), com 12 herbicidas: glifosato, atrazina, bentazona, 2,4-D, sulfometurom metílico + clorimurom etílico, clorimurom etílico, cloransulam metílico, iodosulfurom, nicossulfurom, imazetapir, metsulfurom metílico, imazapic + imazapir e mais um tratamento controle sem aplicação. Aplicou-se a dose recomendada de cada herbicida, para o controle da espécie, no estádio de desenvolvimento de 3 a 4 folhas verdadeiras. Foram analisados a eficiência de controle e redução de massa seca da parte aérea. O biótipo S foi suscetível aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS e aos demais mecanismos de ação testados. O biótipo R apresentou resistência cruzada aos grupos químicos imidazolinonas, sulfoniluréias e triazolpirimidinas variando o grau de sensibilidade entre esses grupos. O biótipo R não foi diagnosticado com resistência múltipla, e os herbicidas glifosato, bentazona, atrazina e 2,4-D demonstraram serem eficazes no seu controle, podendo utilizá-los como alternativas para o manejo químico dessa planta daninha.

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Iyda, Júlia Harumi, Ângela Fernandes, Flávio Dias Ferreira, Maria José Alves, Tânia C. S. P. Pires, Lillian Barros, Joana S. Amaral e Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira. "Chemical composition and bioactive properties of the wild edible plant Raphanus raphanistrum L". Food Research International 121 (luglio 2019): 714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.046.

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Wandscheer, Alana Cristina Dorneles, e Lindamir Hernandez Pastorini. "Interferência alelopática de Raphanus raphanistrum L. sobre a germinação de Lactuca sativa L. e Solanum lycopersicon L." Ciência Rural 38, n. 4 (agosto 2008): 949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782008000400007.

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar os possíveis efeitos alelopáticos de Raphanus raphanistrum L. sobre a germinação de sementes de alface e tomate. Para isso, prepararam-se extratos aquosos de folhas e raízes de nabiça, após serem trituradas em liquidificador industrial e o extrato bruto diluído em água destilada até as concentrações de 5 e 10% (m/v). Os testes de germinação foram realizados colocando-se 25 sementes de alface e tomate em placas de Petri, umedecidas com os extratos obtidos, com quatro repetições em cada tratamento. O tratamento controle foi regado somente com água destilada. As sementes foram mantidas em câmara de germinação a 25°C por cinco dias. Após este período, observou-se que todas as concentrações de extrato de nabiça reduziram a porcentagem, a velocidade, o índice de velocidade de germinação e o comprimento radicular de sementes de alface, sendo maior o efeito nos tratamentos com folhas. Em sementes de tomate, somente o extrato de folha 10% reduziu a porcentagem de germinação e o comprimento radicular e do epicótilo. No entanto, extratos de folhas e raiz 10% causaram atraso no processo germinativo e no número de plântulas germinadas por dia, sendo o extrato de folha 10% mais ativo.

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Borger, Catherine, Abul Hashem e Mario D’Antuono. "Summer weed species incidence in Western Australia varies between seasons". Weed Science 67, n. 05 (12 luglio 2019): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.30.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractAgronomic surveys of summer weed species are necessary to identify future research directions for optimal weed control, but usually focus on agricultural fields in a single season. To survey all species in the absence of weed control measures and determine species variability between seasons, a survey of 133 sites was conducted on roadsides adjoining agricultural fields throughout the Western Australian grainbelt in early 2015 and repeated in 2016 and 2017. The survey identified 144 species, but only 19 species were evident at more than 10% of sites. The most common species were weeping lovegrass [Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees], fleabane (Erigeron sp.), windmillgrass (Chloris truncata R. Br.), and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L). The survey highlighted that weed species incidence varied between years. For example, C. truncata incidence was 30% in 2015 and 55% in 2016, while stinkgrass [Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch.] ranged from 20% in 2015 to 50% of sites in 2017. Conversely, density of individual species on the roadside was usually low, and density remained consistent between years. The survey highlighted multiple weed species that will require further research to optimize management programs. Raphanus raphanistrum and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in particular are an issue for growers, as these species are highly detrimental winter weeds, and the survey demonstrates that they can also be common summer weeds. Control of these species with nonselective herbicides in summer as well as winter is likely to exacerbate the development of herbicide resistance.

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Umay, Ahmet. "Investigation of Chemical Composition and Phytotoxic Effects of Essential Oils Obtained from Schinus Molle Leaves and Resins". Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 75, n. 1 (2 febbraio 2022): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2022.01.04.

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Abstract (sommario):

Chemical composition of the essential oils of Schinus molle leaves and resins, collected from East Mediterranean region of Turkey were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and phytotoxic effects of the oils at different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 μl/ml) were investi- gated on Portulaca oleracea L. and Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin. At the highest concentration, it was found that the essential oil of S. molle leaves and resins inhibited at rates of 57%, 67% and 70%, 80% the seed germination of purslane and radish, respectively, when compared to the control. Also, S. molle leaves essential oil at the same concentration decreased Radicle length (RL) and Plumule lengths (PL) of purslane and radish in the rates of 82.94, 78.09% and 94.36, 81.30%, while RL and PL of both plants tested were inhibited in the rates of 78.03, 68.99% and 88.91, 76.95% by S. molle resins essential oil. This study is the first report on P. oleracea L. and R. raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin about phytotoxic effects of the essential oils of Schinus molle leaves and resins

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22

da Silva, João César, Tadeu Antônio Fernandes da Silva Júnior, José Marcelo Soman, Ricardo Marcelo Gonçalves e Antonio Carlos Maringoni. "Occurrence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) in Brazil". Journal of Plant Pathology 101, n. 2 (4 ottobre 2018): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42161-018-0179-7.

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23

Kebaso, Lynda, David Frimpong, Nadeem Iqbal, Ali Ahsan Bajwa, Halima Namubiru, Hafiz Haider Ali, Zarka Ramiz, Saima Hashim, Sudheesh Manalil e Bhagirath Singh Chauhan. "Biology, ecology and management of Raphanus raphanistrum L.: a noxious agricultural and environmental weed". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, n. 15 (3 aprile 2020): 17692–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08334-x.

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24

Mikami, Adriana Yatie, e Maurício Ursi Ventura. "Repellent, antifeedant and insecticidal effects of neem oil on Microtheca punctigera". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 51, n. 6 (dicembre 2008): 1121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132008000600006.

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Abstract (sommario):

The effects of concentrations (0.00, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00%) of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica - Meliaceae) oil emulsion on the behavioral and biological parameters of M. punctigera were investigated in the laboratory. Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) host plant was used. Multiple and no-choice feeding preference assays were conducted which shown multiple effects. The males were repelled by the neem oil in multiple-choice assay. The adult (multiple-choice) and larvae (multiple and no-choice) feeding were deterred. The larvae mortality was higher in the neem oil treated than the control leaves. Further investigations are suggested to test neem oil in the management of the pest in the field.

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25

Kavalappara, Saritha R., David G. Riley, Paulo S. G. Cremonez, Jermaine D. Perier e Sudeep Bag. "Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) Is a Potential Reservoir Host of Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus". Viruses 14, n. 3 (13 marzo 2022): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14030593.

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Abstract (sommario):

Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) belongs to the genus Crinivirus and is part of a complex of whitefly-transmitted viruses that cause yellowing disease in cucurbits. In the southeastern USA, heavy incidences of CCYV have been observed on all cucurbits grown in the fall. CCYV was detected from wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), a common weed that grows in the southeastern USA by high-throughput sequencing as well as RT-PCR. CCYV sequence from wild radish was 99.90% and 99.95%, identical to RNA 1 and RNA 2 of cucurbit isolates of CCYV from the region. Transmission assays using whiteflies demonstrated that wild radish is a good host for CCYV. Whiteflies were also able to acquire CCYV from wild radish and transmit the virus to cucurbit hosts, which developed typical symptoms associated with CCYV. Using quantitative PCR, the titer of CCYV in wild radish was also estimated to be on par with that of cucurbit hosts of the virus. Whitefly bioassays revealed that wild radish is an acceptable feeding and reproductive host plant. These results indicate that wild radish could serve as a reservoir host for CCYV in the USA and other parts of the world where similar conditions exist.

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26

Divija, S. D., P. D. Kamala Jayanthi, Y. B. Varun, P. Saravan Kumar, G. Krishnarao e G. S. Nisarga. "Diversity, abundance and foraging behaviour of insect pollinators in Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus L.)". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 25, n. 2 (giugno 2022): 101909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2022.101909.

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27

Yoon, Ju-Yeon, Gug-Seoun Choi, Su Kim e Seung-Kook Choi. "Evaluation of Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus L.) Inbred Lines Resistant to Cucumber mosaic virus". Journal of the Korean Society of International Agricultue 29, n. 2 (30 giugno 2017): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12719/ksia.2017.29.2.180.

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28

Nava-Ruiz, Paulina, Ricardo Meraz-Álvarez, Jorge Valdez-Carrasco, Onésimo Chávez-López e Néstor Bautista-Martínez. "Parasitoids of Delia planipalpis (Meigen) and Delia platura (Stein) (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) in Mexico". ZooKeys 1046 (21 giugno 2021): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1046.64405.

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Abstract (sommario):

Among the insect pests that affect crucifer crops in Mexico are Delia planipalpis (Meigen) and D. platura (Stein). They are a threat to the production of these vegetables since the damage they cause directly and indirectly affects yield, quality, and commercialization of these crops. Nevertheless, the existence of natural enemies of these dipterans is still unknown. It is fundamental to determine which parasitoids or predators can be considered possible biological control agents in an integrated pest management program. The sampling sites were located in Guanajuato, Puebla, and the State of Mexico, where plants of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenk and capitata L., B. napus L., and Raphanus sativus L. infested with Delia spp. were selected. The symptoms observed were wilting, yellowish, flaccid leaves and individuals less developed than the rest of the crop. These plants were extracted with their root and the surrounding soil. Also, wild crucifers were collected, such as Raphanus raphanistrum L., Brassica campestris L., and Sisymbrium irio L. The first records of Aphaereta pallipes Say (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Trybliographa rapae (Westwood) (Hymenoptera, Figitidae), and Aleochara bimaculata Gravenhorst (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) are reported parasitizing the puparia of these anthomyiid flies on cultivated and wild crucifers. This represents only a starting point for the continuous study of these parasitoids, which is needed to consider them useful for the biological control of D. planipalpis and D. platura.

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29

Souza, Luciano S., Edivaldo D. Velini, Rita C. S. Maimoni-Rodella e Dagoberto Martins. "Teores de macro e micronutrientes e a relação c/n de várias espécies de plantas daninhas". Planta Daninha 17, n. 1 (aprile 1999): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83581999000100015.

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Abstract (sommario):

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar os teores de nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Zn, Fe e Mn) e a relação C/N, presentes na matéria seca da parte aérea das seguintes espécies de plantas daninhas: Ageratum conyzoides L., Amaranthus lividus L., Bidens pilosa L., Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc., Senna occidentalis (L.) Link., Commelina benghalensis L., Cyperus rotundus L., Digitaria horizontalis Willd., Euphorbia heterophylla L., Indigofera truxillensis H.B.K., Ipomoea acuminata Roem. et Schult, Panicum maximum Jacq., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubb., Richardia brasiliensis Gomez e Sida cordifolia L. Os teores de macronutrientes obtidos da matéria seca das plantas daninhas, foram maiores em geral nas dicotiledôneas. Em relação às monocotiledôneas não houve um padrão de comportamento para os micronutrientes. Entretanto, o teores de carbono foram, em média, superiores para todas as monocotiledôneas, sendo que as dicotiledôneas apresentaram relações C/N menores do que as monocotiledôneas.

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30

Costa, Leandro Oliveira da, e Mauro Antônio Rizzardi. "COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF WHEAT IN ASSOCIATION WITH BIOTYPES OF Raphanus raphanistrum L. RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE TO ALS-INHIBITOR HERBICIDES". Ciência e Agrotecnologia 39, n. 2 (aprile 2015): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542015000200003.

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Abstract (sommario):

The occurrence of Raphanus raphanistrum ALS herbicide-resistant in wheat crops causes crop yield losses, which makes it necessary to understand the factors that influence the interference of this weed to develop safer management strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the competitive ability of wheat in coexistence with biotypes of R. raphanistrum that are resistant (R biotype) and susceptible (S biotypes) to ALS herbicides and to determine whether there are differences in the competitiveness of these biotypes. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments were placed in pots and arranged in replacement series for three experiments (1 - wheat with the R biotype; 2 - wheat with the S biotype; and 3 - the R biotype with the S biotype) at the following ratios: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100. The competitiveness was analyzed through diagrams applied to replacement experiments and competitiveness indices, including the evaluation of the shoot dry matter of the plants (experiments 1, 2, and 3) and the leaf area (experiment 3). The R and S biotypes significantly decreased the shoot dry matter of the wheat cultivar and demonstrated superior competitive ability compared with the culture. The interspecific competition was more important for the wheat and for the S biotype. The competitiveness of the R biotype compared to the S biotype was similar, with synergism in the leaf area production, which indicates the predominant intraspecific competition exhibited by the R biotype.

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31

Reinhardt Piskackova, Theresa, Chris Reberg-Horton, Robert J. Richardson, Robert Austin, Katie M. Jennings e Ramon G. Leon. "Creating Predictive Weed Emergence Models Using Repeat Photography and Image Analysis". Plants 9, n. 5 (15 maggio 2020): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050635.

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Abstract (sommario):

Weed emergence models have the potential to be important tools for automating weed control actions; however, producing the necessary data (e.g., seedling counts) is time consuming and tedious. If similar weed emergence models could be created by deriving emergence data from images rather than physical counts, the amount of generated data could be increased to create more robust models. In this research, repeat RGB images taken throughout the emergence period of Raphanus raphanistrum L. and Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby underwent pixel-based spectral classification. Relative cumulative pixels generated by the weed of interest over time were used to model emergence patterns. The models that were derived from cumulative pixel data were validated with the relative emergence of true seedling counts. The cumulative pixel model for R. raphanistrum and S. obtusifolia accounted for 92% of the variation in relative emergence of true counts. The results demonstrate that a simple image analysis approach based on time-dependent changes in weed cover can be used to generate weed emergence predictive models equivalent to those produced based on seedling counts. This process will help researchers working on weed emergence models, providing a new low-cost and technologically simple tool for data collection.

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32

Rodríguez-Romero, Manuela, Belén Godoy-Cancho, Isabel M. Calha, José António Passarinho e Ana Cristina Moreira. "Allelopathic Effects of Three Herb Species on Phytophthora cinnamomi, a Pathogen Causing Severe Oak Decline in Mediterranean Wood Pastures". Forests 12, n. 3 (2 marzo 2021): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030285.

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Abstract (sommario):

The ability of three herbaceous plants (Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC., Eruca vesicaria L. and Raphanus raphanistrum L.) from Iberian wood pastures to reduce Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands pathogen populations through allelopathic relationships is studied. The inhibitory capacity of their aqueous root extracts (AREs) on mycelial growth and production of P. cinnamomi reproductive structures is analysed in vitro. In addition, Quercus seedlings were grown in infested by P. cinnamomi-soils and with the presence or absence of allelopathic and susceptible herb species to the pathogen to assess the defensive chemical response of Quercus seedlings through their leaf phenolic compounds. Results show a strong inhibitory capacity of AREs on P. cinnamomi activity in vitro and a protective effect of these herb species on Quercus plants against P. cinnamomi in vivo. D. tenuifolia would be especially suited for biological control in the pathogen suppression.

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33

Piltz, John W., Kristy L. Bailes, Suzanne P. Boschma e Leslie A. Weston. "The Impact of Ensiling at Different Moisture Contents on Germinability and Viability of Selected Weed Species’ Seeds". Agronomy 11, n. 8 (17 agosto 2021): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081639.

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Abstract (sommario):

Weeds are an increasingly significant issue inhibiting agricultural production worldwide. Forage conservation could form part of an integrated weed management program if ensiling killed weed seeds. In Experiment 1, seeds of five grass (Hordeum spp., Bromus diandrus, Bromus hordeaceum, Lolium rigidum and Vulpia spp.) and two broad-leaved temperate weed species (Echium spp. and Raphanus raphanistrum), that were either untreated, ensiled in pasture (Trifolium subterranean/Lolium rigidum mixture) forage for a minimum of three months, underwent 48 h in sacco digestion in steers or ensiled prior to digestion were tested for germinability and viability. In Experiment 2, seeds of eight tropical weed species (Cenchrus ciliaris, Rumex spp., Bidens pilosa, Sorghum halepense, Urochloa panicaoides, Paspalum dilatatum, Brachiara eruciformis and Choris truncata) were ensiled in Sorghum bicolor forage. In Experiment 3, L. rigidum and R. raphanistrum seeds were ensiled in either Medicago sativa forage wilted to 336.9, 506.5 or 610.7 g/kg dry matter; or in chaff to which water or water plus acid was added at rates to achieve 350, 450 or 550 g/kg dry matter content with lactic plus acetic acid added in the ratio of 3:2 at 80, 45 or 10 g/kg DM, respectively. In Experiment 4, L. rigidum and R. raphanistrum seeds were ensiled in cotton wool to which water or water plus acid was added at the same rates as in Experiment 3. Germinability of all seeds following ensiling was substantially reduced or nil. The extent of the reduction varied with species and experiment. In sacco digestion reduced germinability in Experiment 1, but to a lesser extent than ensiling; while ensiling plus digestion reduced germination rates to 0%.

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34

Taghizadeh, Mohammad S., Simon Crawford, Marc E. Nicolas e Roger D. Cousens. "Water deficit changes the anatomy of the fruit abscission zone in Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae)". Australian Journal of Botany 57, n. 8 (2009): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09165.

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Abstract (sommario):

Raphanus raphanistrum L. is an important agricultural weed that often matures at a time of year when water availability is decreasing rapidly. We examined the development of the abscission zone under contrasting soil water treatments and exogenous application of Ethrel. Morphometric analyses of cell traits were used to quantify the effects. Although the abscission zone was visible in sections after 2 weeks under all water regimes, it was more distinctive for pods that had developed under water deficit and Ethrel application. Pod separation began on the outside and gradually extended through the inner cells until the pod was supported only by the xylem elements. The rate of weakening of the cells accelerated where pods developed under water deficit (both mild and severe) or were treated by Ethrel. Water deficit increased the sizes of cells in and adjacent to the abscission zone, doubling their cross-sectional area from well watered to severe water deficit. Ethrel, but not water deficit, significantly increased the thickness and the number of cells across the separation layer. Abscission scar diameter increased by ~50% with increasing water deficit. Notably, we observed some plants in which no abscission zone formed.

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35

Menezes Jr., Ayres Oliveira, Adriana Yatie Mikami, André Keiiti Ide e Maurício Ursi Ventura. "Feeding preferences of Microtheca punctigera (Achard) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) for some Brassicaceae plants in multiple-choice assays". Scientia Agricola 62, n. 1 (gennaio 2005): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000100014.

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Abstract (sommario):

Host plant feeding preference is important basic information for the development of insect management strategies. Multiple-choice feeding preference assays were conducted in the laboratory for the chrysomelid beetle, Microtheca punctigera (Achard). Feeding was assessed 72 h after onset of experiments. With one larva per Petri dish, food items comprised watercress, Nasturtium officinale L., arugula, Eruca sativa L., mustard, Brassica juncea Cosson, Chinese cabbage, B. pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.). Feeding ranking preferences were Chinese cabbage, mustard, wild radish, arugula and watercress (7.97, 1.85, 0.98, 0.36 and 0.11 mm², respectively). Feeding on Chinese cabbage was 4.31 times more intense than on mustard. The same experiment was repeated with one adult per dish. Responses of males and females were quite similar. Feeding was higher on mustard (87.2 and 142.8 for males and females, respectively). Feeding on arugula (51.5 and 132.7) and Chinese cabbage (51.8 and 89.0) were intermediate. Watercress (22.96 and 39.3) and wild radish (12.03 and 28.4) were the least preferred host plants. In a third experiment, ten larvae per dish were used and spinach, Tetragonia expansa Murr., radish, Raphanus sativus L. and collard, B. oleracea var. acephala L., were also included. Daily larval frequencies on each food were also measured. Feeding was similar on Chinese cabbage and mustard (47.89 and 53.78, respectively). Number of insects was greater on mustard, Chinese cabbage and wild radish. Probable explanations for results and proposals for further investigations are discussed.

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36

Walsh, Michael J., e Stephen B. Powles. "Impact of crop-topping and swathing on the viable seed production of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)". Crop and Pasture Science 60, n. 7 (2009): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08286.

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Abstract (sommario):

Crop-topping, the practice of applying non-selective herbicides at crop maturity, has proved to be an effective management technique in preventing the input of seed into the seedbank for some annual weed species of southern Australian crop production systems. However, the efficacy of this practice on the dominant broad-leaf weed of these systems, wild radish, is not well understood. These studies investigated the effect of crop-topping and swathing on the viable seed production of wild radish. Crop-topping with either glyphosate or sprayseed (paraquat 135 g/L + diquat 115 g/L) can provide large reductions of 80–90% in viable seed production of wild radish plants present in crops at the end of the growing season. However, the efficacy of this practice was found to be highly variable and therefore, cannot be relied upon to consistently produce these large reductions in seed numbers. Similarly, swathing also produced large reductions in viable seed production but results from this practice were even less consistent than crop-topping treatments. For all treatments, early application timings of growth stage 6.5 or earlier, were optimum for targeting wild radish seed production. However, these treatment timings also resulted in large crop yield losses of ~30%. To preserve at least 90% of crop yield, crop-topping and swathing treatments need to be delayed until wild radish growth stage 8.5, with expected reductions in seed numbers of up to 70%. However, in high-density infestations the need to preserve grain yield will be less important than preventing substantial inputs of wild radish seed into the seedbank.

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37

IONESCU, Nicolaie. "VARIATION OF SOME MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Raphanus raphanistrum L. WEED FROM WHEAT CULTIVATED IN ECOLOGICAL- GREEN SYSTEM". Annals of the University of Craiova, Series Biology, Horticulture, Food products processing technology, Environmental engineering 26 (22 dicembre 2021): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/bhfe.26.2021.37.

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38

CHEAM, A. H. "Seed production and seed dormancy in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) and some possibilities for improving control". Weed Research 26, n. 6 (dicembre 1986): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1986.tb00724.x.

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39

Pereira, Tania, Amarildo Pasini e Émerson D. M. de Oliveira. "Biologia e preferência alimentar de Ascia monuste orseis (Latreille) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) na planta invasora Raphanus raphanistrum L." Neotropical Entomology 32, n. 4 (dicembre 2003): 725–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-566x2003000400028.

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40

Şin, Bahadır, Lerzan Öztürk, Nur Sivri, Gürkan Güvenç Avcı e İzzet Kadıoğlu. "Weed Flora of Cherry, Walnut, Apple, Almond and Pear Orchards in Northwestern Marmara Region of Turkey". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, n. 12 (16 dicembre 2019): 2252. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i12.2252-2258.3017.

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Abstract (sommario):

A study covering cherry, walnut, apple, almond and pear orchards in Edirne, Kırklareli and Tekirdağ provinces was carried out in 2015-2018 with the aim of determination of weed flora, weed frequencies and densities. Total of 64 species belonging to 30 families were identified in fruit tree orchards. Among all the families the most members were in Asteraceae 13 species, Poaceae, 11 species, Brassicaceae 5 species and Lamiaceae 3 species families. The dominant weed species were Amaranthus retroflexus L., Polygonum aviculare L., Capsella-bursa pastoris L. (Medik)., Concolvulus arvensis L., Lepidium draba L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Chenopodium album L., Cichorium intybus L. in Tekirdağ while Datura stramonium L. distribution in Edirne Uzunköprü and Kırklareli was remarkably high. Semi parazitic weed Viscum album and full parasite Cuscuta campestris Yunck were also detected in some orchards. V. album was widespread among pear trees while Cuscuta campestris Yunck was detected only in suckers emerged in apple and cherry orchards. According to density A. retroflexus has received the first order with 76 plant/m2, following C. album with 54 plant/m2, Lactuca serriola with 27 plant/m2, D. stramonium L. with 24 plant/m2, Portulaca oleracea with 21 plant/m2

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41

D'Apolito, Sheila Magalhães Pessoa, Fátima Cristina de Lazari Manente Balestieri e José Benedito Perrella Balestieri. "Pollen harvest by Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Dourados region, Mato Grosso do Sul state (Brazil)". Acta Botanica Brasilica 24, n. 4 (dicembre 2010): 898–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062010000400003.

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Abstract (sommario):

We present data on the pollen harvest by Apismellifera L. at a central-western Brazil site not yet studied. Corbiculae pollen loads were collected during one year in front of the hive, acetolysed and slides mounted for optical microscopy. Identification followed comparisons with a local pollen collection. Forty-two pollen types were utilized by the bee; the most important families were Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Brassicaceae and Poaceae. The genus/species level ranking of relative importance showed Eucalyptus (19%), Raphanus raphanistrum (13%), Poaceae type 2 (7.5%), Jatropha cf. gossypiifolia (7%) and Sapium glandulatum (6.5%). Overall, the majority of pollen types (80%) were not abundantly harvested, and a minority (4%) reached values of 10%. Given that the study area has cultivated plants and not natural vegetation, we indicate most of the identified species as manageable and point out that weedy vegetation can be an important food source for bees since it frequently occurred in the pollen spectra even within a totally cultivated area.

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42

Wang, Yanping, Qingbiao Wang, Wei Hao, Jianxia Li, Meixia Qi e Li Zhang. "Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing Reveals orf463a May Induce Male Sterility in NWB Cytoplasm of Radish". Genes 11, n. 1 (9 gennaio 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11010074.

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Abstract (sommario):

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important root vegetable worldwide. The development of F1 hybrids, which are extensively used for commercial radish production, relies on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). To identify candidate genes responsible for CMS in NWB cytoplasm, we sequenced the normal and NWB CMS radish mitochondrial genomes via next-generation sequencing. A comparative analysis revealed 18 syntenic blocks and 11 unique regions in the NWB CMS mitogenome. A detailed examination indicated that orf463a was the most likely causal factor for male sterility in NWB cytoplasm. Interestingly, orf463a was identical to orf463, which is responsible for CMS in Dongbu cytoplasmic and genic male sterility (DCGMS) radish. Moreover, only structural variations were detected between the NWB CMS and DCGMS mitochondrial genomes, with no nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or meaningful indels. Further analyses revealed these two mitochondrial genomes are coexisting isomeric forms belonging to the same mitotype. orf463a was more highly expressed in flower buds than in vegetative organs and its expression was differentially regulated in the presence of restorer of fertility (Rf) genes. orf463a was confirmed to originate from Raphanus raphanistrum. In this study, we identified a candidate gene responsible for the CMS in NWB cytoplasm and clarified the relationship between NWB CMS and DCGMS.

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43

Smith, Wendy. "Criteria to Distinguish Capsule Fragments of Flax/Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) from Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.)". Environmental Archaeology 4, n. 1 (1 maggio 1999): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146141099790523397.

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Taghizadeh, M. S., M. E. Nicolas e R. D. Cousens. "Effects of relative emergence time and water deficit on the timing of fruit dispersal in Raphanus raphanistrum L." Crop and Pasture Science 63, n. 10 (2012): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12246.

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Abstract (sommario):

Seed dispersal is both a spatial and a temporal phenomenon, although most studies focus on spatial aspects. Seed initiation on the maternal plant may occur over a considerable period, especially in indeterminately flowering species, and thus seeds may be exposed to a wide range of environmental conditions during their development. The result is variation in the timing of seed development, the anatomy of structures related to the dispersal process, and the behaviour and fate of seeds post-dispersal. A key resource during the growth and development of summer-maturing species in most areas, and one that is thus likely to modify these processes, is water. Two experiments were therefore undertaken to describe (i) the development of Raphanus raphanistrum fruits and the timing of fruit dispersal, and (ii) the effects of water availability on the timing of fruit dispersal. Fewer seeds were produced and subsequently dispersed by later emerging plants. The duration of fruit dispersal became shorter when the plants emerged progressively later than the crop, and the time of maximum dispersal was later. For cohorts of fruits initiated at the same time, those that developed under mild and severe water deficit reached their final length sooner, and were dispersed sooner, than those receiving a plentiful supply of water. Thus, the phenology of the maternal plant and the nature of its environment can modify the timing of propagule maturity and consequently dispersal. Such information may provide an opportunity for managers to reduce weed seed return to their field or, conversely, to regulate the amount of contaminated grain or reduce dispersal to other locations.

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Farinelli, R., F. G. Penariol e L. B. Lemos. "Eficiência do Herbicida 2,4 D no Controle de Raphanus raphanistrum L., em Pós-Emergência na Cultura de Milheto". Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 4, n. 1 (30 aprile 2005): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v4n1p104-111.

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Barman, Apurba K., Phillip M. Roberts, Eric P. Prostko e Michael D. Toews. "Seasonal Occurrence and Reproductive Suitability of Weed Hosts for Sweetpotato Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), in South Georgia". Journal of Entomological Science 57, n. 1 (17 dicembre 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/jes20-94.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract South Georgia represents an area of intensive agricultural production where cultivated crops serve as hosts of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), throughout the year. In addition to cultivated hosts, there are numerous weed species present in the agricultural landscape that are undoubtedly responsible for supporting B. tabaci population development. This study provided information on the most abundant weed hosts of B. tabaci from this region. We evaluated 31 different weed species, of which 16 weed species are reproductive hosts with varying degrees of preference. Suitable weed hosts included cypressvine morningglory (Ipomoea quamoclit L.), nodding spurge (Euphorbia nutans Lag.), prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), sharppod morningglory (Ipomoea cordatotriloba Dennst.), smallflower morningglory (Jacquemontia tamnifolia L.), tall vervain (Verbena bonariensis L.), and wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.). These species are highly abundant and therefore likely influence B. tabaci populations in the landscape. Other species including bristly starbur (Acanthospermum hispidum DC) and redweed (Melochia corchorifolia L.) were highly preferred by B. tabaci but not nearly as abundant in the landscape. Furthermore, we identified 10 very common weed species that were poor reproductive hosts including wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), Florida pusley (Richardia scabra L.), and henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.).

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Warwick, S. I., M. J. Simard, A. Légère, H. J. Beckie, L. Braun, B. Zhu, P. Mason, G. Séguin-Swartz e C. N. Stewart. "Hybridization between transgenic Brassica napus L. and its wild relatives: Brassica rapa L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Sinapis arvensis L., and Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz". Theoretical and Applied Genetics 107, n. 3 (30 aprile 2003): 528–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-003-1278-0.

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Kurina, Anastasia B., Dmitry L. Kornyukhin, Alla E. Solovyeva e Anna M. Artemyeva. "Genetic Diversity of Phenotypic and Biochemical Traits in VIR Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Germplasm Collection". Plants 10, n. 9 (29 agosto 2021): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091799.

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Abstract (sommario):

Small radish and radish are economically important root crops that represent an integral part of a healthy human diet. The world collection of Raphanus L. root crops, maintained in the VIR genebank, includes 2810 accessions from 75 countries around the world, of which 2800 (1600 small radish, 1200 radish) belong to R. sativus species, three to R. raphanistrum, three to R. landra, and four to R. caudatus. It is necessary to systematically investigate the historical and modern gene pool of root-bearing plants of R. sativus and provide new material for breeding. The material for our research was a set of small radish and radish accessions of various ecological groups and different geographical origin, fully covering the diversity of the species. The small radish subset included 149 accessions from 37 countries, belonging to 13 types of seven varieties of European and Chinese subspecies. The radish subset included 129 accessions from 21 countries, belonging to 18 types of 11 varieties of European, Chinese, and Japanese subspecies. As a result of the evaluation of R. sativus accessions according to phenological, morphological, and biochemical analyses, a wide variation of these characteristics was revealed, which is due to the large genetic diversity of small radish and radish of various ecological and geographical origins. The investigation of the degree of variation regarding phenotypic and biochemical traits revealed adaptive stable and highly variable characteristics of R. sativus accessions. Such insights are crucial for the establishment and further use of trait collections. Trait collections facilitate germplasm use and contribute significantly to the preservation of genetic diversity of the gene pool.

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Stanton, Maureen L., Allison A. Snow, Steven N. Handel e Judith Bereczky. "The Impact of a Flower-Color Polymorphism on Mating Patterns in Experimental Populations of Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.)". Evolution 43, n. 2 (marzo 1989): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2409211.

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Stanton, Maureen L., Allison A. Snow, Steven N. Handel e Judith Bereczky. "THE IMPACT OF A FLOWER-COLOR POLYMORPHISM ON MATING PATTERNS IN EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS OF WILD RADISH (RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM L.)". Evolution 43, n. 2 (marzo 1989): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04231.x.

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