Tesi: "Rain and rainfall"

1

To, Chun-hung. "Stochastic model of daily rainfall". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31976098.

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2

Loong, Man-chun. "An investigation of the rainfall in Hong Kong in the past forty years". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31976049.

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3

Faridhosseini, Alireza. "Evaluation of Summer Rainfall Estimation by Satellite Data using the ANN Model for the GCM Subgrid Distribution". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1998. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0021_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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4

Seed, Alan William. "Statistical problems in measuring convective rainfall". Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74251.

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Simulations based on a month of radar data from Florida, and a summer of radar data from Nelspruit, South Africa, were used to quantify the errors in the measurement of mean areal rainfall which arise simply as a result of the extreme variability of convective rainfall, even with perfect remote sensing instruments. The raingauge network measurement errors were established for random and regular network configurations using daily and monthly radar-rainfall accumulations over large areas. A relationship to predict the measurement error for mean areal rainfall using sparse networks as a function of raining area, number of gauges, and the variability of the rainfield was developed and tested. The manner in which the rainfield probability distribution is transformed under increasing spatial and temporal averaging was investigated from two perspectives. Firstly, an empirical relationship was developed to transform the probability distribution based on some measurement scale, into a distribution based on a standard measurement length. Secondly, a conceptual model based on multiplicative cascades was used to derive a scale independent probability distribution.

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5

Welles, Edwin. "Comparison of rainfall sampling schemes using a calibrated Stochastic Rainfall Generator". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0062_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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6

Lau, Wai-hin. "Stochastic analysis of monthly rainfall in Hong Kong /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13028315.

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7

Michaud, Jene Diane. "RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING OF FLASH FLOODS IN SEMI-ARID WATERSHEDS". Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614156.

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Flash floods caused by localized thunderstorms are a natural hazard of the semi -arid Southwest, and many communities have responded by installing ALERT flood forecasting systems. This study explored a rainfall- runoff modeling approach thought to be appropriate for forecasting in such watersheds. The kinematic model KINEROS was evaluated because it is a distributed model developed specifically for desert regions, and can be applied to basins without historic data. This study examined the accuracy of KINEROS under data constraints that are typical of semi -arid ALERT watersheds. The model was validated at the 150 km2, semi -arid Walnut Gulch experimental watershed. Under the conditions examined, KINEROS provided poor simulations of runoff volume and peak flow, but good simulations of time to peak. For peak flows, the standard error of estimate was nearly 100% of the observed mean. Surprisingly, when model parameters were based only on measurable watershed properties, simulated peak flows were as accurate as when parameters were calibrated on some historic data. The accuracy of KINEROS was compared to that of the SCS model. When calibrated, a distributed SCS model with a simple channel loss component was as accurate as KINEROS. Reasons for poor simulations were investigated by examining a) rainfall sampling errors, b) model sensitivity and dynamics, and c) trends in simulation accuracy. The cause of poor simulations was divided between rainfall sampling errors and other problems. It was found that when raingage densities are on the order of 1/20 km2, rainfall sampling errors preclude the consistent and reliable simulation of runoff from localized thunderstorms. Even when rainfall errors were minimized, accuracy of simulations were still poor. Good results, however, have been obtained with KINEROS on small watersheds; the problem is not KINEROS itself but its application at larger scales. The study also examined the hydrology of thunderstorm -generated floods at Walnut Gulch. The space -time dynamics of rainfall and runoff were characterized and found to be of fundamental importance. Hillslope infiltration was found to exert a dominant control on runoff, although flow hydraulics, channel losses, and initial soil moisture are also important. Watershed response was found to be nonlinear.

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8

To, Chun-hung, e 杜振雄. "Stochastic model of daily rainfall". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976098.

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9

Loong, Man-chun, e 龍文俊. "An investigation of the rainfall in Hong Kong in the past forty years". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976049.

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10

Tian, Daquan. "Rainfall spatial and seasonal variability analysis in semi-arid watersheds". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0256_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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11

Schnetzler, Amy Elisa. "Analysis of twenty-five years of heavy rainfall events in the Texas Hill Country". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5792.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 14, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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12

Gilmore, William T. "Comparison of rainfall energy and soil erosion parameters from a rainfall simulator and natural rain". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5101.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on October 25, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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13

Rezaur, Rahman Bhuiyan. "Studies on interrill sediment delivery and rainfall kinetic energy". Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42575631.

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14

Dupigny-Giroux, Lesley-Ann. "Techniques for rainfall estimation and surface characterization over northern Brazil". Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40345.

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The sertao of northeast Brazil is a semiarid region characterized by recurring droughts. The vastness of the area (650,000 km$ sp2)$ poses a challenge to the effective monitoring of the impacts of drought at a scale that would be useful to the inhabitants of the sertao. Remote sensing data provide a viable way of assessing the extent and nature of drought across the landscape.
The work present a more effective algorithm to estimate rainfall from both the cold and warm cloud types present. Using a decision-tree methodology, the analysis yields rainfall estimates over the 0-21 mm range. Because seasonal variations in rainfall produce differences in vegetation, soils and hydrologic responses, Principal Components Analysis was used to examine these land surface responses. Individual components and component pairings were useful in identifying variations in vegetation density, geobotanical differences and drainage characteristics. The presence of cloud cover was found to dampen the land surface information that could be extracted. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery was then used to produce a moisture index which characterizes surface wetness in relation to other features present in a scene. The multispectral combination of TM bands 1, 4 and 6 allowed for the separation of the surface types present, in locational space. This space was defined by an open-ended triange made up of a vertical "water line", a horizontal line of equal vegetation density; and a negatively-slopping iso-moisture line. The stability of the moisture index was influenced by varying scale and seasonal conditions.
In the drought conditions that prevailed in 1991-1992, these methods provide important additions to existing drought monitoring approaches in the Brazilian northeast. Further calibration is required in order to extend their applicability to other geographical regions and time frames.

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15

Achuthavarier, Deepthi. "Role of the Indian and Pacific Oceans in the Indian summer monsoon variability". Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/4524.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009.
Vita: p. 179. Thesis director: V. Krishnamurthy. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Climate Dynamics. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 10, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-178). Also issued in print.

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16

Cardoso, Tamre Porter. "A hierarchical Bayes model for combining precipitation measurements from different sources /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6372.

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17

Karlsson, Magnus Sven. "NEAREST NEIGHBOR REGRESSION ESTIMATORS IN RAINFALL-RUNOFF FORECASTING". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282088.

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The subject of this study is rainfall-runoff forecasting and flood warning. Denote by (X(t),Y(t)) a sequence of equally spaced bivariate random variables representing rainfall and runoff, respectively. A flood is said to occur at time period (n + 1) if Y(n + 1) > T where T is a fixed number. The main task of flood warning is that of deciding whether or not to issue a flood alarm for the time period n + 1 on the basis of the past observations of rainfall and runoff up to and including time n. With each decision, warning or no warning, there is a certain probability of an error (false alarm or no alarm). Using notions from classical decision theory, the optimal solution is the decision that minimizes Bayes risk. In Chapter 1 a more precise definition of flood warning will be given. A critical review (Chapter 2) of classical methods for forecasting used in hydrology reveals that these methods are not adequate for flood warning and similar types of decision problems unless certain Gaussian assumptions are satisfied. The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of a nonparametric technique referred to as the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) methods to flood warning and least squares forecasting. The motivation of this method stems from recent results in statistics which extends nonparametric methods for inferring regression functions in a time series setting. Assuming that the rainfall-runoff process can be cast in the framework of Markov processes then, with some additional assumptions, the k-NN technique will provide estimates that converge with an optimal rate to the correct decision function. With this in mind, and assuming that our assumptions are valid, then we can claim that this method will, as the historical record grows, provide the best possible estimate in the sense that no other method can do better. A detailed description of the k-NN estmator is provided along with a scheme for calibration. In the final chapters, the forecasts of this new method are compared with the forecasts of several other methods commonly used in hydrology, on both real and simulated data.

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18

Kallos, George B. "Flow dynamics and stability in severe rainbands". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25735.

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19

Clothiaux, John D. "Verification of rain-flow reconstructions of a variable amplitude load history". Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11072008-063531/.

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20

Fisher, Rosie Alice. "The response of Amazonian rain forest gas exchange to reduced rainfall". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14860.

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We tested two interlinked hypotheses concerning forest responses to hydraulic stress using data collected at a through-fall exclusion (artificial droughting) experiment at Caxiuana in Eastern Amazonia. First, we tested the ‘isohydric’ hypothesis, that stomatal conductance, in water stressed conditions, operates to maintain leaf water potential above a certain critical threshold limit. We used the soil-plant-atmosphere (SPA) model to predict the expected ecophysiological behaviour of the trees, and tested these predictions against intensive diurnal cycle measurements of leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, sap flow and stem water potential. The data and the model predictions were largely consistent, indicating that the isohydric stomatal control may be the prevailing mechanism controlling water use of rain forest trees in drought stressed conditions. The model was parameterised using independent measurements of ecosystem properties and as such required no fitted parameters. The implication of this is that the response of rain forest ecosystems to drought may be predicted using soil, rooting and vegetation properties. The SPA model is both computationally and data requirement intensive. We assimilated the model and produced a set of empirical equations which replicate the daily modelled gas exchange predictions from daily model inputs. We extrapolated this model 100 years into the future using the latest Amazonian climate predictions and found that after -50 years, a threshold was reached when all the rainfall falling on the plot was evaporated (by interception, soil surface evaporation or evapotranspiration) and none was drained away into stream flow. The response of the forest in the first 50 years was modulated strongly by soil hydraulic properties and rooting depth, and we conclude that increased field measurements of these properties are necessary if the response of Amazonian forests to anticipated drying is to be accurately predicted.

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21

Argent, N. D. "An investigation of rainfall interception within two contrasting tree canopies". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374879.

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22

Limpert, George. "Evaluating and improving the performance of radar to estimate rainfall". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5655.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 13, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.

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23

Patron, Glenda G. "Joint probability distribution of rainfall intensity and duration". Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06232009-063226/.

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24

Mongwa, Themba. "Rainfall intensity, kinetic energy and erosivity of individual rainfall events on the island of Mauritius". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/452.

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On most tropical volcanic islands the risk for soil erosion is enhanced due to a complex topography, high intensity rainfall and the exploitation of land for agriculture. Mauritius is a typical maritime tropical volcanic island with a distinct elevated interior. Rainfall is dominated by tropical weather systems and trade winds and the island is under intensive cultivation. Rainfall depth, duration, intensity, kinetic energy and erosivity were analysed for 385 erosive rainfall events at five locations over a five year period (2004 to 2008) on the island of Mauritius. Two stations located on the west coast and three stations sited on the Central Plateau above 550 m a.s.l. are used to provide detailed rainfall data at six minute intervals. Erosive storm events, defined here as a total rainfall exceeding 12.5 mm and a maximum 6-minute intensity exceeding 25 mm/hour, are found to differ markedly between the coastal lowlands and the elevated interior with regards to the frequency, the total rainfall generated, the duration, total kinetic energy and total erosivity of individual events. However, mean kinetic energy, mean and maximum rainfall erosivity (EI30) and maximum intensities (I30) from individual erosive events do not show this distinct differentiation. Erosivity measured during summer exceeds that recorded in winter, but the data indicate that large percentages of winter rainfall on Mauritius are defined as erosive and non-tropical cyclone rainfall can pose a substantial erosion risk. In this maritime tropical environment with its elevated interior, soil erosion risk occurs from storm scale to synoptic scale rainfall events and extreme events generate the bulk of the erosivity. Findings show that using rainfall records at an event scale within soil erosion risk assessments on tropical islands with a complex topography will increase the effectiveness of erosivity estimates

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25

Enright, Peter 1962. "Simulation of rainfall excess on flat rural watersheds in Quebec". Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61952.

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26

Felix, Joseph David. "Methanol, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in rain ; Development of a method to determine [delta] ¹⁵N-NO₂⁻ and NO₃⁻ in fresh and brackish waters". View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/felixj/josephfelix.pdf.

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27

Mishra, Subhashree. "Characterizing CCN spectra to investigate the warm rain process". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1438932.

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28

Draper, David. "Wind scatterometry with improved ambiguity selection and rain modeling /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2003. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd327.pdf.

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29

Rust, Phillip Lloyd. "The chemical and biological components of rainwater a case study for the habitability of the atmosphere /". Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2007/p_rust_120307.pdf.

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30

Li, Jia. "Investigation of empirical modeling of random vectors and its applications to hydrosystem problems /". View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202007%20LI.

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31

Tan, Chih-Lung. "A characterization of underwater sound produced by heavy precipitation". Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA242429.

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Thesis (M.S. in Physical Oceanography)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 1990.
Thesis Advisor(s): Nystuen, Jeffrey A. Second Reader: Medwin, Herman. "December 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on March 30, 2010. DTIC Descriptor(s): Bubbles, Sonograms, Underwater Sound, Acoustic Absorption, Rainfall Intensity, Wind, Light, Rates, Theses, Population, Correlation, Precipitation, Raindrops, Sound, Low Level, Acoustic Measurement, High Intensity, Atmospheric Precipitation, Spectrum Analysis, Acoustic Data, Low Frequency, Buoys, Mexico Gulf, Ocean Surface, High Rate, Ocean Waves, Clouds, Data Bases, Frequency. DTIC Identifier(s): Rainfall Rates. Author(s) subject terms: Rainfall Rate, Underwater Sound Spectrum, Sonograms. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-57). Also available in print.

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32

Myers, James L. "The hydrogen peroxide and sulfur dioxide chemistry of Atlanta rainwater". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25874.

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33

Wadden, David. "Rainfall distribution in the City of St. John's : temporal distribution, spatial variation, frequency analysis, and Tropical Storm Gabrielle /". Internet access available to MUN users only, 2002. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,49727.

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34

de, Roulhac Darde Gregoire 1956. "APPLICATION OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS IN THE SELECTION OF RAINFALL FREQUENCY MODELS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276407.

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35

Lau, Wai-hin, e 劉偉憲. "Stochastic analysis of monthly rainfall in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31210387.

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36

Chen, Huaiqun. "Interannual and interdecadal rainfall variations in the Hawaiian Islands". Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7026.

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37

Montgomery, Christi S. "Climatic variations in tropical West African rainfall and the implications for military planners". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA483505.

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Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology and Physical Oceanography)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Murphree,Tom. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 26, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p.83-87). Also available in print.

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38

Pearce, Helen Elizabeth. "East African rainfall : classification of rain producing systems : a modelling and observation study". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d5bb4c4c-6e5e-40d4-8a65-b3002277b550.

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The study of anthropogenic climate change is a research area of vital importance for the coming decades, with rainfall change and variability expected to be keenly felt in vulnerable regions of the world, including Africa. The focus of this study is daily rainfall during the short rains season over East Africa from October to December, which has one of the most coherent increasing rainfall projections in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) dataset. This thesis aims to examine the fidelity of coupled climate models over an East African domain, with the question approached through focus on the daily (rather than monthly) rainfall field. The self-organising map is used as a clustering tool to establish contemporary characteristics of daily rainfall events in reanalysis (ERA-40) and satellite (TRMM) rainfall datasets between 1971-2000 and 1998-2010 respectively for the East African short rains. Moisture flux divergence is found to be the circulation parameter that is most closely related to the presence of rainfall events or dry conditions over East Africa. Coupled climate models are poor at replicating the daily rainfall field over the domain. A key result of the analysis is the consistent overestimation of daily rainfall by climate models for days where dry conditions of suppressed convection should prevail. In contrast, the moisture flux divergence field maps well to dry nodes for days of the self-organising map array for the models. Dry days are associated with widespread anomalous moisture flux divergence and rainfall events with co-located anomalous moisture flux convergence. This is in agreement with the moisture flux divergence field in the ERA-40 dataset; it is the rainfall field where there is disagreement for days of suppressed convection. Twenty to thirty-five percent of the projected rainfall increase towards the end of the twenty-first century results from an increase in the proportion of days assigned to nodes of suppressed convection in six of the seven models and the ensemble mean. There is an accompanying projected rainfall increase associated with days assigned to these nodes. Such days in the 2090s are characterised by projected increased strength moisture flux divergence over East Africa. Given that the moisture flux field was more successfully simulated in the coupled models under contemporary conditions than the daily rainfall field, this suggests that rainfall projections under a high emissions scenario at the end of the twenty-first century are overestimated and that an important part of the key increase in the projected rainfall may not be real.

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39

Perales, Javier, Gianpierre Zapata e Carlos Raymundo. "Energy model based on fluvial rainfall for the rural population with torrential rain". Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656264.

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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
In Latin America, the lack of electricity has been a serious problem for over several years. To overcome this lack of supply in electricity supply, hydraulic energy is now being used in a greater proportion to fulfill the electricity needs in the rural areas. Investigations have been conducted to assess the environmental conditions of these rural areas to optimize the functionality of turbines used for hydraulic energy generation. However, there are very few focused on turbines of less than 0.5 kW generation. The proposed study aims to analyze the positioning of the blades of the cross-flow turbines and designing an electric generation system for rural dwellings. A simulation of each evaluated design was performed, and the power generated from these turbines was calculated. The results show that the power outputs initially were high and stabilized at a value of approximately 180 W, hence satisfying the minimum demands of a rural house.

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40

Kemp, Matthew James. "A FM-CW microwave radar for rainfall applications". Thesis, University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2914.

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Previous works have validated the concept of a microwave rain gauge that operates as follows. With a microwave Doppler motion sensor, the Doppler shift created by falling rain drops is measured. One can then relate the corresponding fall velocity to rain rate. However, the available Doppler motion sensors are lacking in several aspects. Here we address the important electronic design and signal processing considerations related to a microwave-based rain gauge.

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41

Bottomley, Laura Jones. "The application of IBM PC's and distrometers in a satellite propagation experiment". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90919.

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This thesis describes the use of a distrometer and two IBM-PC's to collect data in a large propagation experiment. The uses and methods of collecting drop size distribution are discussed as are the uses of IBM-PC's for both data collection and control. Methods of requiring the PC's to operate in real time are also included.
M.S.

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42

Nielsen, Seth N. "A wind and rain backscatter model derived from AMSR and SeaWinds data /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1979.pdf.

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43

Chen, Ruiyue. "Beamfilling correction study for retrieval of oceanic rain from passive microwave observations". Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/39.

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44

CROCI, ALBERTO. "A novel approach to rainfall measuring: methodology, field test and business opportunity". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2677708.

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Being able to measure rainfall is crucial in everyday life. The more rainfall measures are accurate, spatially distributed and detailed in time, the more forecast models - be they meteorological or hydrological - can be accurate. Safety on travel networks could be increased by informing users about the nearby roads’ conditions in real time. In the agricultural sector, being able to gain a detailed knowledge of rainfalls would allow for an optimal management of irrigation, nutrients and phytosanitary treatments. In the sport sector, a better measurement of rainfalls for outdoor events (e.g., motor, motorcycle or bike races) would increase athletes’ safety. Rain gauges are the most common and widely used tools for rainfall measurement. However, the existent monitoring networks still fail in providing accurate spatial representations of localized precipitation events due to the sparseness. This effect is magnified by the intrinsic nature of intense precipitation events, as they are naturally characterized by a great spatial and temporal variability. Potentially, coupling at-ground measures (i.e., coming from pluviometric and disdrometric networks) with remote measurement (e.g., radars or meteorological satellites) could allow to describe the rainfall phenomena in a more continuous and spatially detailed way. However, this kind of approach requires that at-ground measurements are used to calibrate the remote sensors relationships, which leads us back to the dearth of ground networks diffusion. Hence the need to increase the presence of ground measures, in order to gain a better description of the events, and to make a more productive use of the remote sensing technologies. The ambitious aim of the methodology developed in this thesis is to repurpose other sensors already available at ground (e.g., surveillance cameras, webcams, smartphones, cars, etc.) into new source of rain rate measures widely distributed over space and time. The technology, developed to function in daylight conditions, requires that the pictures collected during rainfall events are analyzed to identify and characterize each raindrop. The process leads to an instant measurement of the rain rate associated with the captured image. To improve the robustness of the measurement, we propose to elaborate a higher number of images within a predefined time span (i.e., 12 or more pictures per minute) and to provide an averaged measure over the observed time interval. A schematic summary of how the method works for each acquired image is represented hereinafter : 1. background removal; 2. identification of the rain drops; 3. positioning of each drop in the control volume, by using the blur effect; 4. estimation of drops’ diameters, under the hypothesis that each drop falls at its terminal velocity; 5. rain rate estimation, as the sum of the contributions of each drop. Different techniques for background recognition, drops detection and selection and noise reduction were investigated. Each solution has been applied to the same images sample, in order to identify the combination producing accuracy in the rainfall estimate. The best performing procedure was then validated, by applying it to a wider sample of images. Such a sample was acquired by an experimental station installed on the roof of the Laboratory of Hydraulics of the Politecnico di Torino. The sample includes rainfall events which took place between May 15th, 2016 and February 15th, 2017. Seasonal variability allowed to record events characterized by different intensity in varied light conditions. Moreover, the technology developed during this program of research was patented (2015) and represents the heart of WaterView, spinoff of the Politecnico di Torino founded in February 2015, which is currently in charge of the further development of this technology, its dissemination, and its commercial exploitation.

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Henkel, Arthur Frederick. "Regionalization of southeast Arizona precipitation distributions in a daily event-based watershed hydrologic model". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_26_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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46

Direskeneli, Haldun. "Applications of the differential reflectivity radar technique : focus on estimation of rainfall parameters and microwave attenuation prediction /". The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487331541708646.

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47

Harrold, Timothy Ives Civil &amp Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Stochastic generation of daily rainfall for catchment water management studies". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/18640.

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This thesis presents an approach for generating long synthetic sequences of single-site daily rainfall which can incorporate low-frequency features such as drought, while still accurately representing the day-to-day variations in rainfall. The approach is implemented in a two-stage process. The first stage is to generate the entire sequence of rainfall occurrence (i.e. whether each day is dry or wet). The second stage is to generate the rainfall amount on all wet days in the sequence. The models used in both stages are nonparametric (they make minimal general assumptions rather than specific assumptions about the distributional and dependence characteristics of the variables involved), and ensure an appropriate representation of the seasonal variations in rainfall. A key aspect in formulation of the models is selection of the predictor variables used to represent the historical features of the rainfall record. Methods for selection of the predictors are presented here. The approach is applied to daily rainfall from Sydney and Melbourne. The models that are developed use daily-level, seasonal-level, annual-level, and multi-year predictors for rainfall occurrence, and daily-level and annual-level predictors for rainfall amount. The resulting generated sequences provide a better representation of the variability associated with droughts and sustained wet periods than was previously possible. These sequences will be useful in catchment water management studies as a tool for exploring the potential response of catchments to possible future rainfall.

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48

Reed, Seann Mischa. "Use of digital soil maps in a rainfall-runoff model /". Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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49

Sulistiyono, Heri. "Rainfall-runoff model calibration using experimental designs and response surface methodology". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0001/MQ42452.pdf.

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50

Smith, Cliff Reid. "Copper speciation in coastal rain and estuarine water /". Electronic version (PDF), 2003. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2003/smithc/cliffsmith.html.

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Tesi sul tema "Rain and rainfall"

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