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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Radioactive pollutants – adverse effects"
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Thompson, Lesa A., e Wageh S. Darwish. "Environmental Chemical Contaminants in Food: Review of a Global Problem". Journal of Toxicology 2019 (1 gennaio 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2345283.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Contamination by chemicals from the environment is a major global food safety issue, posing a serious threat to human health. These chemicals belong to many groups, including metals/metalloids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), radioactive elements, electronic waste, plastics, and nanoparticles. Some of these occur naturally in the environment, whilst others are produced from anthropogenic sources. They may contaminate our food—crops, livestock, and seafood—and drinking water and exert adverse effects on our health. It is important to perform assessments of the associated potential risks. Monitoring contamination levels, enactment of control measures including remediation, and consideration of sociopolitical implications are vital to provide safer food globally.
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Walia, Smily, J. S. Dua e D. N. Prasad. "A Novel Drug Delivery of Microspheres". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, n. 6 (15 novembre 2021): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i6.5059.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Microspheres are multiparticulate drug delivery systems that distribute medications at a predetermined rate to a specific region. Microspheres are free-flowing powders manufactured from biodegradable proteins or synthetic polymers, with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 1000 micrometers. Benefits of using microspheres in medication delivery, bone tissue manufacture, and pollutant absorption and desorption by regeneration .The study demonstrates how microsphere parameters are planned and measured. Bioadhesive microspheres, polymeric microspheres, magnetic microspheres, floating microspheres, and radioactive microspheres are only a few examples of complicated microspheres. Cosmetics, oral medication administration, target drug delivery, ocular drug delivery, gene delivery, and other industries covered in the paper could all benefit from microspheres. To ensure best therapeutic effectiveness, the agent must be delivered to target tissue at an optimal amount during the appropriate timeframe, with low toxicity and adverse effects. There are several methods for delivering the therapeutic substance to the target site in a controlled manner. The use of microspheres as medication carriers is one such technique. The value of microspheres as a novel drug delivery carrier to accomplish site-specific drug delivery was discussed in this article.
Keywords: Microspheres, method of preparations, polymer bioadhesion, types of microspheres.
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Curtis, Luke, William Rea, Patricia Smith-Willis, Ervin Fenyves e Yaqin Pan. "Adverse health effects of outdoor air pollutants". Environment International 32, n. 6 (agosto 2006): 815–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.03.012.
Testo completo
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Chen, Zhixiong, Yi Ding, Rusty Laracuenti e Bernard Lipat. "Modelling the Effects of Radioactive Effluent onThunnus orientalisandOncorhynchus gorbuscha". Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/672171.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The contamination of the Pacific Ocean by the radioactive pollutants released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant has raised legitimate concerns over the viability of marine wildlife. We develop a modified Crank-Nicholson method to approximate a solution to the diffusion-advection-decay equation in time and three spatial dimensions to explore the extent of the effects of the radioactive effluent on two marine species: the Pacific Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus orientalis) and the Pacific Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha).
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George, Ancy, Annapurna Y, Harilal P e Anila Kumari. "High dose radioactive iodine therapy and its short term adverse effects". Journal of Community Health Management 9, n. 3 (15 settembre 2022): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jchm.2022.030.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The disorders of the thyroid gland are on the rise. Radioactive iodine (RAI- I-131) is now used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma. This helps in the destruction of the follicular cells and radiation help in annulling the cancer cells. RAI has many adverse effects; the short-term effects include – gastrointestinal, salivary dysfunction, and thyroiditis, and long-term adverse effects - secondary carcinomas. The facilities for giving radioactive iodine therapy (RAIT) are less in the state of Kerala; also the adverse effects of RAIT are less studied in our population.To evaluate the pattern of short-term adverse effects following high doses of radioactive iodine therapy in patients with thyroid carcinomaThis study was designed as a prospective observational study conducted on patients attending the Department of Nuclear Medicine for high-dose radioiodine therapy in a tertiary care center. Patients were followed up for any occurrences of adverse effects for six months. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18 and an independent t-test was done to find the association between dose and adverse drug reactions (ADR).The study comprised 75 participants, of which, 59(79%) were females. The adverse reactions were reported by 59 participants (79%). Loss of taste and smell in 48 participants (64%), xerostomia in 30 patients (40%) were reported. After one month of RAIT, these subsided. The association of dose vs ADR was found to be significant (p=0.008). The complete blood counts (CBC) were done pre-and post- RAIT showed a statistically significant decrease in all parameters (p=0.00 each).Radioactive iodine produces short-term adverse effects which are self-limiting. However, there is a need to identify and manage it for better treatment and patient compliance.
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Qing Li, Qing, Annamalai Loganath, Yap Seng Chong, Jing Tan e Jeffrey Philip Obbard. "Persistent Organic Pollutants and Adverse Health Effects in Humans". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 69, n. 21 (dicembre 2006): 1987–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287390600751447.
Testo completo
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Charalambous, Andreas. "Seeking optimal management for radioactive iodine therapy-induced adverse effects". Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing 4, n. 4 (2017): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/apjon.apjon_23_17.
Testo completo
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Pope, C. Arden. "Adverse health effects of air pollutants in a nonsmoking population". Toxicology 111, n. 1-3 (luglio 1996): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(96)03372-0.
Testo completo
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Fard-Esfahani, Armaghan, Alireza Emami-Ardekani, Babak Fallahi, Pezhman Fard-Esfahani, Davood Beiki, Arman Hassanzadeh-Rad e Mohammad Eftekhari. "Adverse effects of radioactive iodine-131 treatment for differentiated thyroid carcinoma". Nuclear Medicine Communications 35, n. 8 (agosto 2014): 808–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mnm.0000000000000132.
Testo completo
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Marini, Mauro, e T. Ángel DelValls. "Pollutants and Climate Change, Runoff, Behavior and Adverse Effects in Aquatic Ecosystems". Applied Sciences 14, n. 7 (27 marzo 2024): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14072823.
Testo completoTesi sul tema "Radioactive pollutants – adverse effects"
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Nihlén, Annsofi. "Ethers as gasoline additives : toxicokinetics and acute effects in humans /". Solna : National Institute for Working Life (Arbetslivsinstitutet), 1998. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1999/91-7045-504-X/.
Testo completo
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Westberg, Håkan. "Chemical exposures, biological monitoring and cancer risks in Swedish aluminium foundries and remelting plants /". Linköping : Univ, 2001. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2001/med696s.pdf.
Testo completo
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Olsson, David. "Adverse effects of exposure to air pollutants during fetal development and early life : with focus on pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery, and childhood asthma". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Yrkes- och miljömedicin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-93962.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background Air pollution exposure has been shown to have adverse effects on several health outcomes, and numerous studies have reported associations with cardiovascular morbidity, respiratory disease, and mortality. Over the last decade, an increasing number of studies have investigated possible associations with pregnancy outcomes, including preterm delivery. High levels of vehicle exhaust in residential neighborhoods have been associated with respiratory effects, including childhood asthma, and preterm birth is also associated with childhood asthma. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate possible associations between air pollution exposure and pregnancy outcomes – primarily preterm delivery but also small for gestational age (SGA) and pre-eclampsia – in a large Swedish population (Papers I–III). The second aim was to study any association between exposure to high levels of vehicle exhaust during pregnancy and infancy and prescribed asthma medication in childhood (Paper IV). Methods The study cohorts were constructed by matching other individual data to the Swedish Medical Birth Register. In the first two studies, air pollution data from monitoring stations were used, and in the third and fourth studies traffic intensity and dispersion model data were used.Preterm delivery was defined as giving birth before 37 weeks of gestation. SGA was defined as having a birth weight below the 10th percentile for a given duration of gestation. Pre-eclampsia was defined as having any of the ICD-10 diagnosis codes O11 (pre-existing hypertension with pre-eclampsia), O13 (gestational hypertension without significant proteinuria), O14 (gestational hypertension with significant proteinuria), or O15 (eclampsia). Childhood asthma medication was defined as having been prescribed asthma medication between the ages of five and six years. Results We observed an association between ozone exposure during the first trimester and preterm delivery. First trimester ozone exposure was also associated with pre-eclampsia. The modeled concentration of nitrogen oxides at the home address was associated with pre-eclampsia, but critical time windows were not possible to investigate due to high correlations between time windows. We did not observe any association between air pollution exposure and SGA. High levels of vehicle exhaust at the home address, estimated by nitrogen oxides and traffic intensity, were associated with a lower risk of asthma medication. Conclusion Air pollution exposure during pregnancy was associated with preterm delivery and pre-eclampsia. We did not observe any association between air pollution levels and intrauterine growth measured as SGA. No harmful effect of air pollution exposure during pregnancy or infancy on the risk of being prescribed asthma medication between five and six years of age was observed.
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Vaartnou, Manivalde. "EPR investigation of free radicals in excised and attached leaves subjected to ozone and sulphur dioxide air pollution". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29444.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The X-band EPR spectrometry system was modified to allow for the in situ monitoring of free radical changes in attached, intact plant leaves, which were caused by stress factors such as exposure to excessive photon flux density, ozone or sulphur dioxide. This was done through use of the dewar insert of the variable temperature accessory as a guide, the construction of 'T' shaped cellulose acetate holders to which leaves could be attached with adhesive tape, and modification of the gas flow system used for controlled temperature studies.
Kinetic studies of free radical formation were possible with leaves which had minimal underlying Fe⁺⁺ and Mn⁺⁺ signals. In leaves with large underlying signals a Varian software program was used to subtract overlapping signals from each other, thereby revealing the free-radical signal changes which occurred under different light regimes and stress conditions. Preliminary investigation disclosed the formation of a new signal upon prolonged exposure to far-red light and the effect of oxygen depletion upon photosynthetic Signals I and II.
Leaves subject to high photon flux density reveal an unreported free-radical signal, which decays upon exposure to microwave radiation; and concomitant damage to Photosystems I and II. Upon elimination of this signal leaves return to the undamaged state or reveal permanent damage to either photo-system, depending upon the degree of damage.
Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass leaves subject to low levels of ozone (up to 80ppb) for periods of 8 hours show no changes in free-radical signal formation. At intermediate levels of ozone (80-250ppb) a new free-radical signal was formed within 3 hours of fumigation, Signal II was decreased and Signal I decayed. These changes were reversible if fumigation was terminated. At fumigation levels exceeding 250ppb a different new irreversible free-radical signal was formed in darkness within 1.5 hours of fumigation.
Radish, Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass leaves subject to high levels of sulphur dioxide (10-500ppm) reveal the formation of Signal I upon irradiation with broad-band white or 650nm light, thereby indicating an interruption of normal electron flow from PSII to PSI. Damage to the oxygen-evolving complex and reaction centre of PSII is also revealed through changes in Signal II and the Mn⁺⁺ signal. These changes in the normal EPR signals are dose-dependent. Leaves subject to low levels of sulphur dioxide (600-2000ppb) reveal the disappearance of Signal I after 3 hours of fumigation and the formation of a new free-radical signal with parameters similar to the sulphur trioxide free-radical signal. These latter changes are partially reversible upon termination of fumigation.
After prolonged exposure to either ozone or sulphur dioxid a free-radical signal with parameters similar to the superoxid anion free-radical signal is formed in plant leaves.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Marty, Adam. "Ethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate exposure among fingernail sculptors". [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001975.
Testo completo
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Martins, Pedro Miguel Carvalho Diogo Carreiro. "Mecanismos de inflamação brônquica resultantes da exposição a factores ambientais". Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8339.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
RESUMO
Tratando-se a asma de uma doença respiratória, desde há várias décadas que tem sido abordada a hipótese de que factores ambientais, nomeadamente os relacionados com a qualidade do ar inalado, possam contribuir para o seu agravamento. Para além dos
aeroalergenos, outros factores ambientais como a poluição atmosférica estarão
associados às doenças respiratórias.
O ar respirado contém uma variedade de poluentes atmosféricos, provenientes quer de
fontes naturais quer de origem antropogénica, nomeadamente de actividades industriais, domésticas ou das emissões de veículos. Estes poluentes, tradicionalmente considerados como um problema de foro ambiental, têm sido cada vez mais encarados como um problema de saúde pública. Também a qualidade do ar interior, tem sido associada a queixas respiratórias, não só em termos ocupacionais mas também em exposições
domésticas.
Dentro dos principais poluentes, encontramos a matéria particulada (como as PM10), o
O3, NO2, e os compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs). Se é verdade que os três primeiros
têm como principais fontes de exposição a combustão fóssil associada aos veículos
automóveis, já os COVs (como o benzeno, tolueno, xileno, etilbenzeno e formaldeído)
são poluentes mais característicos do ar interior.
Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos subjacentes à agressão dos poluentes do ar não se
encontram convenientemente esclarecidos. Pensa-se que após a sua inalação, induzam
um grau crescente de stress oxidativo que será responsável pelo desenvolvimento da
inflamação das vias aéreas. A progressão do stress oxidativo e da inflamação, associarse-
ão posteriormente a lesão local (pulmonar) e sistémica.
Neste trabalho pretendeu-se avaliar os efeitos da exposição individual a diversos
poluentes, do ar exterior e interior, sobre as vias aéreas, recorrendo a parâmetros
funcionais, inflamatórios e do estudo do stress oxidativo. Neste sentido, desenvolveu-se um estudo de painel na cidade de Viseu, em que foram acompanhadas durante 18 meses, 51 crianças com história de sibilância, identificadas pelo questionário do estudo ISAAC. As crianças foram avaliadas em quatro Visitas (quatro medidas repetidas),
através de diversos exames, que incluíram execução de espirometria com
broncodilatação, medição ambulatória do PEF, medição de FENO e estudo do pH no
condensado brônquico do ar exalado. O estudo dos 8-isoprostanos no condensado
brônquico foi efectuado somente em duas Visitas, e o do doseamento de malonaldeído
urinário somente na última Visita.
Para além da avaliação do grau de infestação de ácaros do pó do colchão, para cada
criança foi calculado o valor de exposição individual a PM10, O3, NO2, benzeno,
tolueno, xileno, etilbenzeno e formaldeído, através de uma complexa metodologia que
envolveu técnicas de modelação associadas a medições directas do ar interior (na casa e
escola da criança) e do ar exterior.
Para a análise de dados foram utilizadas equações de estimação generalizadas com uma
matriz de correlação de trabalho uniforme, com excepção do estudo das associações
entre poluentes, 8-isoprostanos e malonaldeído.
Verificou-se na análise multivariável a existência de uma associação entre o
agravamento dos parâmetros espirométricos e a exposição aumentada a PM10, NO2,
benzeno, tolueno e etilbenzeno. Foram também encontradas associações entre diminuição do pH do EBC e exposição crescente a PM10, NO2, benzeno e etilbenzeno e associações entre valores aumentados de FENO e exposição a etilbenzeno e tolueno. O benzeno, o tolueno e o etilbenzeno foram associados com maior recurso a broncodilatador nos 6 meses anteriores à Visita e o tolueno com deslocações ao serviço de urgência.
Os resultados dos modelos de regressão que incluíram o efeito do poluente ajustado
para o grau de infestação de ácaros do pó foram, de uma forma geral, idênticos ao da
análise multivariável anterior, com excepção das associações para com o FENO. Nos
modelos de exposição com dois poluentes, com o FEV1 como variável resposta, somente o benzeno persistiu com significado estatístico. No modelo com dois poluentes
tendo o pH do EBC como variável resposta, somente persistiram as PM10. Os 8-isoprostanos correlacionaram-se com alguns COVs, designadamente etilbenzeno,
xileno, tolueno e benzeno. Os valores de malonaldeído urinário não se correlacionaram
com os valores de poluentes. Verificou-se no entanto que de uma forma geral, e em
particular mais uma vez para os COVs, as crianças mais expostas a poluentes,
apresentaram valores superiores de malonaldeído na urina.
Verificou-se que os poluentes do ar em geral, e os COVs em particular, se associaram
com uma deterioração das vias aéreas. A exposição crescente a poluentes associou-se
não só com obstrução brônquica, mas também com FENO aumentado e maior acidez
das vias aéreas. A exposição crescente a COVs correlacionou-se com um maior stress
oxidativo das vias aéreas (medido pelos 8-isoprostanos). As crianças com exposição
superior a COVs apresentaram maiores valores de malonaldeído urinário.
Este trabalho sugere uma associação entre exposição a poluentes, inflamação das vias
aéreas e stress oxidativo. Vem reforçar o interesse dos poluentes do ar, nomeadamente
os associados a ambientes interiores, frequentemente esquecidos e que poderão ser
explicativos do agravamento duma criança com sibilância.-----------ABSTRACT: Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that could be influenced by environmental factors, as allergens and air pollutants.
The air breathed contains a diversity of air pollutants, both from natural or
anthropogenic sources. Atmospheric pollution, traditionally considered an
environmental problem, is nowadays looked as an important public health problem.
Indoor air pollutants are also related with respiratory diseases, not only in terms of
occupational exposures but also in domestic activities.
Particulate matter (such as PM10), O3, NO2 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are
the main air pollutants. The main source for PM10, O3, NO2 exposure is traffic exhaust
while for VOCs (such as benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene and phormaldehyde)
the main sources for exposure are located in indoor environments.
The pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the aggression of air pollutants are not
properly understood. It is thought that after inhalation, air pollutants could induce
oxidative stress, which would be responsible for airways inflammation. The progression
of oxidative stress and airways inflammation, would contribute for the local and systemic effects of the air pollutants.
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of individual exposure to various
pollutants over the airways, through lung function tests, inflammatory and oxidative
stress biomarkers. In this sense, we developed a panel study in the city of Viseu, that included 51 children with a history of wheezing. Those children that were identified by the ISAAC questionnaire, were followed for 18 months. Children were assessed four times (four repeated measures) through the following tests: spirometry with
bronchodilation test, PEF study, FENO evaluation and exhaled breath condensate pH
measurement. 8-isoprostane in the exhaled breath condensate were also measured but
only in two visits. Urinary malonaldehyde measurement was performed only in the last
visit. Besides the assessment of the house dust mite infestation, we calculated for each child the value of individual exposure to a wide range of pollutants: PM10, O3, NO2, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene and formaldehyde. This strategy used a complex methodology that included air pollution modelling techniques and direct measurements indoors (homes and schools) and outdoors. Generalized estimating equations with an exchangeable working correlation matrix were used for the analysis of the data. Exceptions were for the study of associations between air pollutants, malonaldehyde and 8-isoprostanes.
In the multivariate analysis we found an association between worsening of spirometric
outcomes and increased exposure to PM10, NO2, benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene. In
the multivariate analysis we found also negative associations between EBC pH and
exposure to PM10, NO2, benzene, ethylbenzene and positive associations between FENO
and exposure to ethylbenzene and toluene. Benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene were
associated with increased use of bronchodilator in the 6 months prior to the visit and toluene with emergency department visits.
Results of the regression models that included also the effect of the pollutant adjusted for the degree of infestation to house dust mites, were identical to the previous models.
Exceptions were for FENO associations. In the two-pollutant models, with the FEV1 as
dependent variable, only benzene persisted with statistical significance. In the two pollutant model with pH of EBC as dependent variable, only PM10 persisted.
8-isoprostanes were well correlated with some VOCs, namely with ethylbenzene,
xylene, toluene and benzene. Urinary malonaldehyde did not present any correlation
with air pollutants exposure. However, those children more exposed to air pollutants
(namely to VOCs), presented higher values of malonaldehyde.
It was found that air pollutants in general, and namely VOCs, were associated with
deterioration of the airways. The increased exposure to air pollutants was associated not
only with airways obstruction, but also with increased FENO and higher acidity of the
airways. The increased exposure to VOCs was correlated with increased airways oxidative stress (measured by 8-isoprostane). Children with higher levels of exposure to VOCs had higher values of urinary malonaldehyde.
This study suggests a relation between air pollution, airways inflammation and
oxidative stress. It suggests also that attention should be dedicated to air quality as air pollutants could cause airways deterioration.
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Johnson, Giffe. "Characterization of risk from airborne benzene exposure in the state of Florida". [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002378.
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Riguera, Denise. "Prevalência de asma e rinite em escolares expostos às emissões da queima de cana de açúcar". Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, 2010. http://bdtd.famerp.br/handle/tede/76.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
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Previous issue date: 2010-07-23Respiratory diseases are the second most frequent cause of hospitalization by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). SUS is responsible for 1,541,113 admissions throughout the country. Asthma and Rhinitis are considered the most common chronic diseases among children and teenagers. Their prevalence has been significantly increased becoming a major public health problem. There is a wide range variation in prevalence of reported asthma, rhinitis, and their symptoms. The observed differences can be, at least in part, due to methodological problems in defining asthma symptoms. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) was developed in an attempt to standardize the methods used in epidemiological studies. It is used to evaluate and compare the prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema among different cities and countries. In Brazil, the standardized ISAAC questionnaire was translated and validated. Several studies pinpoint that social and environmental factors such as the Western lifestyle, urbanization, and increased population density can be considered as important determinants in the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis. Air pollution has also been identified as an exacerbating factor of these allergic diseases. More recent studies have shown the association between air pollution due to cane trash burning and respiratory morbidity, thus increasing the amount of daily inhalation at the Emergency Service and hospitalizations due to respiratory problems. Objective: To estimate prevalence of asthma, rhinitis, related respiratory symptoms, and predisposing factors in students from Monte Aprazível, São Paulo State, and to evaluate the role of daily exposition to air pollution on respiratory function of these students. Monte Aprazível is a low-population density city, with low motor traffic; warm climate; and a predominantly sugarcane-based agriculture. Casuistry and Method: This is a descriptive transversal study in children ranging from 10-14 years of age, using a questionnaire composed of asthma and rhinitis components of ISAAC protocol, along with socio-demographic and predisposing factor questions, family and personal past medical history. Repeated measures of peak expiratory flow in children, and black carbon and PM2,5 concentration levels were carried out. Results: Prevalence of asthma and rhinitis was 11% and 33.2%, respectively. From the asthmatic children, 10.4% presented four or more wheezing attacks in the past 12 months. Past family history was associated to presence of current asthma and rhinitis. Regarding rhinitis, there was also an association with presence of mold and cracks on the house. Rhinitis was most frequent from June to October, which matches sugarcane harvest season. Daily prevalence of PEF beneath 80% of the median was higher in days with greater concentration of PM2,5. Conclusion: Prevalence of asthma is below national average and that of rhinitis is above. Evidence suggests that pollution levels in cane trash burn season, although within acceptable levels, can be contributing to exacerbation of asthma and rhinitis episodes.
As doenças respiratórias constituem a segunda causa de hospitalização pelo SUS (13,59%), responsabilizando-se por 1.541.113 internações em todo o país. A asma e a rinite são consideradas as doenças crônicas mais comuns entre crianças e adolescentes e com prevalências que têm aumentado significativamente, tornando-se um importante problema de saúde pública. Existe grande variação nas prevalências relatadas de asma, rinite e seus sintomas. As diferenças observadas podem ser, pelo menos em parte, devidas a problemas metodológicos na definição dos sintomas de asma. Na tentativa de padronizar os métodos utilizados em estudos epidemiológicos para estimar e comparar prevalência e gravidade de asma, rinite e eczema entre diferentes cidades e países foi desenvolvido o International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). No Brasil, seu questionário padronizado foi traduzido e validado para o português. Vários estudos ressaltam que fatores sócio-ambientais como o estilo de vida ocidental, urbanização e elevada densidade populacional podem ser considerados determinantes importantes nas prevalências de asma e rinite. A poluição atmosférica também tem sido identificada como fator exacerbador dessas doenças alérgicas. Estudos mais recentes associam exposição à poluição do ar a aumento na incidência de asma. Diversos estudos têm mostrado associação entre poluição ambiental decorrente de queima de palha da cana de açúcar e morbidade respiratória, com aumento do número diário de inalações no Serviço de Emergência e aumento de internações hospitalares por problemas respiratórios. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de asma, rinite, sintomas respiratórios relacionados e fatores predisponentes em escolares de Monte Aprazível-SP, cidade com baixo tráfego, baixa densidade populacional, clima quente e que tem como base agrícola predominante a cana de açúcar, e avaliar o papel da exposição diária de poluição do ar na função respiratória desses escolares. Casuística e Método: Estudo descritivo transversal em crianças de 10 a 14 anos, com aplicação de questionário composto pelos componentes de asma e de rinite do protocolo ISAAC, acrescido de questões sócio-demográficas, fatores predisponentes e antecedentes pessoais e familiares. Foram realizadas medidas repetidas do pico de fluxo expiratório nas crianças e dos níveis de concentração de PM2,5 e de black carbon. Resultados: A prevalência de asma foi de 11% e de rinite, de 33,2%. 10,4% apresentaram mais de 4 crises de sibilos nos últimos 12 meses. Antecedentes familiares se associaram à presença de asma e de rinite atuais. Para rinite, houve também associação com presença de mofo ou rachadura na casa. Rinite apresentou maior frequência nos meses de junho a outubro, período de safra da cana de açúcar. Prevalência diária de PFE abaixo de 80% da mediana foi maior em dias com maior concentração de PM2,5. Conclusão: A prevalência de asma está abaixo e a de rinite está acima da média nacional. As evidências sugerem que os níveis de poluição nos períodos de queima da palha da cana de açúcar, embora dentro dos níveis aceitáveis, podem estar contribuindo para a exacerbação de episódios de asma e de rinite.
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Matsuda, Monique. "Efeito da talidomida na expressão e síntese dos proteoheparans sulfato de superfície celular em linhagens de mieloma múltiplo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5136/tde-19032010-122711/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Efeitos adversos das emissões geradas pela queim a da cana de açúcar representa um problema que afeta principalmente os países em desenvolvimento. Estudos prévios têm demonstrado que, durante o período de queima, há um aumento das admissões hospitalares e atendimentos de emergência nas cidades do Brasil próximas às plantações de cana. Entretanto, até o momento, não há estudos que avaliaram os efeitos sobre a superfície ocular. O presente trabalho avalia o impacto causado pela queima da cana sobre a superfície ocular e cortadores de cana e na população da região de Tatuí SP. Vinte e dois cortadores de cana e dezenove voluntários do perímetro urbano de Tatuí SP, localizada no Estado de São Paulo, fora recrutados para o estudo. Medidas ambientais das concentrações de aterial particulado de 2,5 (MP2,5), temperatura e umidade fora ensuradas durante os períodos de queima e entresafra. Ao esmo tempo, avaliações histológicas e clínicas da superfície ocular, tais como, citologia de impressão da região tarsal, tempo de rotura do filme lacrimal (TRFL), teste de Schirmer I, colorações vitais por rosa bengala e fluoresceína, bio microscopia e sintomas oculares foram realizadas durante os dois períodos. Níveis de MP2,5 durante a atividade de corte da cana queimada foi 3,5 vezes mais elevados do que o limite de 25 g/3 sugerido pelo órgão de regulamentação.Nas avaliações oculares, observa os que os valores médios das áreas coradas por ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) das amostras dos cortadores fora menores durante o período de queima (57 ±6,8%) do que na entresafra (64,3 ±12%; p=0,014) e quando comparadas com as amostras dos voluntários da cidade (63,9 ±6.8%;p=0,009). Modelo de regressão não linear revela uma forte associação entre os valores médios das áreas PAS positivas e os anos de trabalho no corte da cana queimada. Detectamos um aumento nas áreas PAS positivas conforme os anos de trabalho acumulados no corte da cana queimada durante o período da entresafra (r=0,99;p=0,015).Teste de Schirmer I revela uma diminuição dos valores conforme e os anos de trabalho no corte da cana queimada observados durante o período de quei a.(r=0,99;p=0,026).Valores médios de TRFL dos cortadores de cana durante o periodo de queima (6,48 ±3.47s) fora menores do que na entresafra (10,16 ±7,79) e quando comparadas como TRFL dos voluntários da cidade (8,6 ±4,6s;p<0,05).Não houve diferenças estatísticas e relação às outras variáveis oculares. Nossos resultados sugere que a exposição sazonal às altas concentrações das emissões geradas pela queima da cana de açúcar pode causar efeitos tóxicos sobre a mucosa epitelial e afetar a estabilidade do filme lacrimal, permitindo que o epitélio torne se enos protegido aos agentes deletérios. Por outro lado,a exposição crônica às emissões da cana parece induzir uma resposta adaptativa do epitélio ocular, associado a umaumento da densidade de muco para compensar a perda de células caliciformes durante o período da queima, todos os anos. E conclusão, esses achados reforça a i portância de futuras investigações para melhor compreender as consequências da poluição at osférica sobre a superfície ocular e sugere edidas para proteção da superfície ocular durante este período.The adverse effects of particle emissions produced by sugar cane burning represent a proble that affects ostly developing countries. Previous studies have shown that, during the burning period, there is an increase in respiratory hospital admissions and emergency room visits in communities surrounded by sugar cane plantations in rural cities of Brazil. However, until this date, nom previous studies have evaluated the effects on the ocular surface. The ai of the present work is to study the impact of the sugar cane burning on the ocular surface of cane workers and the people at the city of Tatuí, near the burning crops. Twenty two healthy sugar cane workers and nineteen volunteers fro Tatuí region located at the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were recruited to the study. Measure ents of the average concentrations of particulate atter 2.5um, temperature and humidity were done during the burning and non burning periods. Concurrently, histological and clinical assessments of the ocular surface such as, inferior tarsal impression cytology, tear film break-up time, Schirmer´s I test, fluorescein and rose bengal staining, biomicroscopy and eye irritation symptoms were evaluated during the two periods. PM2.5 exposure levels in the crops during the activity of burnt cane cutting were 3.5 fold higher than the suggest limit of 25ug/m3 proposed by governmental regulation. On ocular assessments, we observed that the average of periodic acid Schiff (PAS)positive areas of sugar cane workers samples were lower during the burning (mean 57%,SD 6.8) than the non burning period (mean 64.3%,SD 12;p=0.014) and the downtown volunteers samples (mean 63.9%,SD 6.8;p=0.009). A non linear regression model reveals a strong relationship between average PAS positive areas and years working in sugar cane harvesting. We noticed an increase in PAS positive areas as long as the years accumulated in sugar cane harvesting labor during non burning period (r=0.99,p=0.015). Schirmer test t reveals impairment at the values across the years of labour in sugar cane harvesting observed during the burning period (r=0.99,p=0.026). Mean TBUT values of sugar cane workers during the burning period (mean 6.48s; SD 3.47)were lower than non burning period (mean 10.16s;SD 7.79) and than TBUT of the volunteers of downtown (mean 8.6s,SD 4.6;p<0.05). There were no statistically differences among the groups for the other ocular variables. Our results suggest that seasonal exposition of higher concentrations of emissions generated by sugar cane burning ay cause toxic effects on the mucosal epithelium and affect tear film stability that ay leave underlying ocular epithelium less protected to har ful agents. On the other hand, chronic occupational exposure to sugar cane emissions during harvest ay induce an adaptive response of ocular epithelium associated with an increase of mucus density in order to compensate loss of goblet cells every year during burning period. In conclusion, these findings reinforce the importance for further investigations to better understanding the consequences of air pollution on the ocular surface and suggest procedures to protect ocular surface during this period.
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Matsuda, Monique. "Efeitos das emissões geradas pela queima dos canaviais sobre a superfície ocular". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5144/tde-12012011-172239/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Efeitos adversos das emissões geradas pela queima da cana-de-açúcar representa um problema que afeta principalmente os países em desenvolvimento. Estudos prévios têm demonstrado que, durante o período de queima, há um aumento das admissões hospitalares e atendimentos de emergência nas cidades do Brasil próximas às plantações de cana. Entretanto, até o momento, não há estudos que avaliaram os efeitos sobre a superfície ocular. O presente trabalho avalia o impacto causado pela queima da cana sobre a superfície ocular em cortadores de cana e na população da região de Tatuí-SP. Vinte e dois cortadores de cana e dezenove voluntários do perímetro urbano de Tatuí-SP, localizada no Estado de São Paulo, foram recrutados para o estudo. Medidas ambientais das concentrações de material particulado de 2,5 Vm (MP2,5), temperatura e umidade foram mensuradas durante os períodos de queima e entresafra. Ao mesmo tempo, avaliações histológicas e clínicas da superfície ocular, tais como, citologia de impressão da região tarsal, tempo de rotura do filme lacrimal (TRFL), teste de Schirmer I, colorações vitais por rosa bengala e fluoresceína, biomicroscopia e sintomas oculares foram realizadas durante os dois períodos. Níveis de MP2,5 durante a atividade de corte da cana queimada foi 3,5 vezes mais elevados do que o limite de 25Vg/m3 sugerido pelo órgão de regulamentação. Nas avaliações oculares, observamos que os valores médios das áreas coradas por ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) das amostras dos cortadores foram menores durante o período de queima (57±6,8%) do que na entresafra (64,3±12%; p=0,014) e quando comparadas com as amostras dos voluntários da cidade (63,9±6.8%; p=0,009). Modelo de regressão não-linear revela uma forte associação entre os valores médios das áreas PAS positivas e os anos de trabalho no corte da cana queimada. Detectamos um aumento nas áreas PAS positivas conforme os anos de trabalho acumulados no corte da cana queimada durante o período da entresafra (r=0,99; p=0,015). Teste de Schirmer I revela uma diminuição dos valores conforme os anos de trabalho no corte da cana queimada observados durante o período de queima. (r=0,99; p=0,026). Valores médios de TRFL dos cortadores de cana durante o periodo de queima (6,48±3.47s) foram menores do que na entresafra (10,16±7,79) e quando comparadas com o TRFL dos voluntários da cidade (8,6±4,6s; p<0,05). Não houve diferenças estatísticas em relação às outras variáveis oculares. Nossos resultados sugerem que a exposição sazonal às altas concentrações das emissões geradas pela queima da cana-de-açúcar pode causar efeitos tóxicos sobre a mucosa epitelial e afetar a estabilidade do filme lacrimal, permitindo que o epitélio torne-se menos protegido aos agentes deletérios. Por outro lado, a exposição crônica às emissões da cana parece induzir uma resposta adaptativa do epitélio ocular, associado a um aumento da densidade de muco para compensar a perda de células caliciformes durante o período da queima, todos os anos. Em conclusão, esses achados reforçam a importância de futuras investigações para melhor compreender as consequências da poluição atmosférica sobre a superfície ocular e sugere medidas para proteção da superfície ocular durante este período.The adverse effects of particle emissions produced by sugar cane burning represent a problem that affects mostly developing countries. Previous studies have shown that, during the burning period, there is an increase in respiratory hospital admissions and emergency room visits in communities surrounded by sugar cane plantations in rural cities of Brazil. However, until this date, no previous studies have evaluated the effects on the ocular surface. The aim of the present work is to study the impact of the sugar cane burning on the ocular surface of cane workers and the people at the city of Tatuí, near the burning crops. Twenty-two healthy sugar cane workers and nineteen volunteers from Tatuí region located at the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were recruited to the study. Measurements of the average concentrations of particulate matter 2.5 Vm, temperature and humidity were done during the burning and non-burning periods. Concurrently, histological and clinical assessments of the ocular surface such as, inferior tarsal impression cytology, tear film break-up time, Schirmer´s I test, fluorescein and rose bengal staining, biomicroscopy and eye irritation symptoms were evaluated during the two periods. PM2.5 exposure levels in the crops during the activity of burnt cane cutting were 3.5-fold higher than the suggest limit of 25Vg/m3 proposed by governmental regulation. On ocular assessments, we observed that the average of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive areas of sugar cane workers samples were lower during the burning (mean 57%, SD 6.8) than the non-burning period (mean 64.3%, SD 12; p=0.014) and the downtown volunteers samples (mean 63.9%, SD 6.8; p=0.009). A non-linear regression model reveals a strong relationship between average PAS positive areas and years working in sugar cane harvesting. We noticed an increase in PAS positive areas as long as the years accumulated in sugar cane harvesting labor during non-burning period (r=0.99, p=0.015). Schirmer test t reveals impairment at the values across the years of labour in sugar cane harvesting observed during the burning period (r=0.99, p=0.026). Mean TBUT values of sugar cane workers during the burning period (mean 6.48s; SD 3.47) were lower than non-burning period (mean 10.16s; SD 7.79) and than TBUT of the volunteers of downtown (mean 8.6s, SD 4.6; p<0.05). There were no statistically differences among the groups for the other ocular variables. Our results suggest that seasonal exposition of higher concentrations of emissions generated by sugar cane burning may cause toxic effects on the mucosal epithelium and affect tear film stability that may leave underlying ocular epithelium less protected to harmful agents. On the other hand, chronic occupational exposure to sugar cane emissions during harvest may induce an adaptive response of ocular epithelium associated with an increase of mucus density in order to compensate loss of goblet cells every year during burning period. In conclusion, these findings reinforce the importance for further investigations to better understanding the consequences of air pollution on the ocular surface and suggest procedures to protect ocular surface during this period.
Libri sul tema "Radioactive pollutants – adverse effects"
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F, Vozianov A., Ukraine. Ministerstvo Ukraïny z pytanʹ nadzvychaĭnykh sytuat͡s︡iĭ ta u spravakh zakhystu naselenni͡a︡ vid naslidkiv Chornobylʹsʹkoï katastrofy. e Naukovyĭ t͡s︡entr radiat͡s︡iĭnoï medyt͡s︡yny (Akademii͡a︡ medychnykh nauk Ukraïny), a cura di. Health effects of Chornobyl accident. Kyiv: DIA, 2003.
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National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements., a cura di. Cesium-137 in the environment: Radioecology and approaches to assessment and management. Bethesda, Md: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 2007.
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Tveten, Ulf. Environmental consequences of releases from nuclear accidents: A Nordic perspective : final report of the NKA Project AKTU-200. Kjeller, Norway?]: NKA, Nordic Liaison Committee for Atomic Energy, 1990.
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1929-, Richmond Chester R., a cura di. Health and ecological implications of radioactively contaminated environments: Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Meeting 4-5 April, 1990 : as presented at the Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D.C. Bethesda, Md: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 1991.
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Gōchi, Hideo. Hibakusha iryō kara mita genpatsu jiko: Hibakusha 2000-nin o shinsatsushita ishi no keishō. Kyōto-shi: Kamogawa Shuppan, 2011.
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National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Scientific Committee 64-22. Design of effective radiological effluent monitoring and environmental surveillance programs. Bethesda, Md: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 2011.
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E, Till John, e Grogan Helen A, a cura di. Radiological risk assessment and environmental analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
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Pasternak, Judy. Yellow dirt: The betrayal of the Navajos. New York: Free Press, 2010.
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Network, Hanford Health Information, a cura di. Radiation health effects and Hanford: A resource book. Olympia, Wash: Hanford Health Information Network, 1995.
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Network, Hanford Health Information, e Oregon Health Division, a cura di. Resource materials about environmental exposure to radioactivity from the Hanford Nuclear Site in southeastern Washington from 1944-72. Portland, OR: Hanford Health Information Network, Oregon Health Division, 1995.
Cerca il testo completoCapitoli di libri sul tema "Radioactive pollutants – adverse effects"
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Pugh, D. Michael. "Ecotoxicology, Environmental Economists and the Valuation of Adverse Environmental Effects". In Persistent Pollutants: Economics and Policy, 77–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3372-2_8.
Testo completo
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Pal, Deeptimayee, e Sujit Sen. "Emerging Petroleum Pollutants and Their Adverse Effects on the Environment". In Impact of Petroleum Waste on Environmental Pollution and its Sustainable Management Through Circular Economy, 103–37. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48220-5_5.
Testo completo
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Prabhu, Rupesh Narayana, e Jagadeesan Lakshmipraba. "Persistent Organic Pollutants (Part I): The “Dirty Dozen” – Sources and Adverse Effects". In Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72441-2_1.
Testo completo
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Prabhu, Rupesh Narayana, e Jagadeesan Lakshmipraba. "Persistent Organic Pollutants (Part II): The New POPs – Sources and Adverse Effects". In Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies, 29–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72441-2_2.
Testo completo
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van den Berg, Martin, Majorie B. M. van Duursen, Angelika Tritscher, Rainer Malisch e Richard E. Peterson. "Risk–Benefit Analysis for the Breastfed Infant Based on the WHO- and UNEP Human Milk Surveys for Dioxin-like Compounds". In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk, 601–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_15.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractDioxin-like compounds (DLC) are still present in human milk and this chapter describes a risk–benefit analysis based on decades of WHO global human milk surveys. At present there is no health-based guidance value (HBGV) available for the breastfed infant. Although formally these HBGVs have been set to protect human health for a lifetime exposure period, much of the underlying experimental data focus on the perinatal and/or childhood period. Therefore, it is justifiable to use these HBGVs for early life and shorter than lifetime exposures, e.g. breastfeeding. With this approach the present HBGVs for DLC were generally exceeded one order of magnitude or more in industrialized countries over the period 2000 to 2019. If HBGVs of 1 or 0.1 pg TEQ/kg/day are used to calculate toxicological acceptable levels for DLC in human milk, it can be estimated that such levels will not be reached before, respectively, 2030 or 2050. When the subtle adverse health effects of DLC in the breastfed infant reported in the 1990s were compared with benefits of breastfeeding for the infant and mother, it is concluded that benefits grossly outweigh the potential adverse health. Therefore, it is concluded that the WHO has rightfully encouraged breastfeeding for the last decades.
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Esteves, Filipa, Joana Madureira, João Paulo Teixeira e Solange Costa. "Wildland Firefighters: A Crucial Weapon for Forest Fire Management. Which Health Risks Do They Face?" In Fire Hazards: Socio-economic and Regional Issues, 107–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50446-4_9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractFire when uncontrolled can become a destructive force that risks wildlife, property, and human lives. Global warming has contributed to the increase and severity of wildfires in the last decades, requiring greater political and local authority involvement to protect people. Wildland firefighters are an essential tool for the management of any forest fire. However, they face unique occupational risks characterized by physically demanding tasks, long hours in severe conditions, and exposure to various health risks (e.g., burning, fractures, smoke inhalation), including exposure to carcinogenic pollutants emitted from smoke. These pollutants, including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and volatile organic compounds, can cause acute adverse health effects but also long-term effects, such as cancer. Yet, evidence linking wildland firefighters’ occupational exposure and health outcomes is limited. The increasing risk of wildfire occurrences and longer fire seasons highlight the need for occupational studies among these professionals commonly exposed to hazardous pollutants. Scientific evidence has contributed to the establishment of measures related to firefighters’ health promotion. Regular monitoring, surveillance and health promotion activities, innovative firefighting techniques, safer personal protective equipment, and the implementation of written policies and procedures, such as decontaminating fire station equipment and spaces, are crucial to reduce firefighters’ adverse health effects.
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Guerrini, Federica. "Data-Informed Models for the Coupled Dispersal of Microplastics and Related Pollutants Applied to the Mediterranean Sea". In Special Topics in Information Technology, 3–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15374-7_1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractMicroplastic pollution is a ubiquitous environmental threat, in particular to the oceans. In the marine environment, microplastics are not just passively transported by sea currents, but often get contaminated with organic pollutants during the journey. The uptake of chemicals onto microplastics can worsen the adverse effects of microplastics to marine organisms; however, investigation on this urgent phenomenon is hampered by the impossibility of monitoring and tracking such small plastic fragments during their motion at sea. This work aims at addressing the need for an effective modelling of the advection–diffusion processes jointly involving microplastics and the pollutants they carry to further our understanding of their spatiotemporal patterns and ecological impacts, focusing on the Mediterranean Sea. Here we present the conceptual design, methodological settings, and modelling results of a novel, data-informed 2D Lagrangian–Eulerian modelling framework that simultaneously describes (i) the Lagrangian dispersal of microplastic on the sea surface, (ii) the Eulerian advection–diffusion of selected organic contaminants, and (iii) the gradient-driven chemical exchanges between microplastic particles and chemical pollutants in the marine environment in a simple, yet comprehensive way. Crucial to the realism of our model is exploiting the wide variety and abundance of data linked with drivers of Mediterranean marine pollution by microplastics and chemicals, ranging from national censuses to satellite data of surface water runoff and GPS ship tracking, other than the use of oceanographic reanalyses to inform microplastics’ motion at sea. The results of our method applied to a multi-year simulation contribute to a first basin-wide assessment of the role of microplastics as a vehicle of other pollutants of concern in the marine environment. The framework proposed here is intended as a flexible tool to help advance knowledge towards a comprehensive description of the multifaceted threat of marine plastic pollution and an informed support to targeted mitigation policies.
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Tschiggfrei, Karin, Alexander Schächtele, Alwyn R. Fernandes, Jerzy Falandysz, Majorie van Duursen, Martin van den Berg e Rainer Malisch. "WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies 2000–2019: Findings of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes". In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk, 383–414. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_11.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) were determined in 40 pooled human milk samples from 39 countries covering all five of the United Nations regional groups. The samples were collected in the 2016–2019 exposure studies on persistent organic pollutants coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).The median concentration of the sum of 26 PCN was 55 pg/g lipid (range 27 pg/g to 170 pg/g). Human milk from European countries showed considerably higher levels than those found in milk from countries in the African, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America/Caribbean regions. The most abundant congeners were the congener pairs PCN 52/60 and PCN 66/67 (inseparable by conventional chromatography) and to a lesser extent PCN 28/36, PCN 42, PCN 46, PCN 48, PCN 59, and PCN 69.Among other adverse biological effects, a critical response of many PCN congeners is dioxin-like toxicity. So, in addition to reporting concentrations of individual congeners, the toxic equivalents (TEQ) were also calculated in these samples, using two sets of relative effect potency (REP) values: a set that has been used in a number of human exposure studies and another set reported by Falandysz et al. (J Environ Sci Health, Part C: Environ Carcinogenesis Ecotoxicol Rev 32(3):239–272, 2014). The median PCN-TEQ concentration in human milk was 0.07 pg PCN-TEQ/g lipid (range 0.03 pg/g to 0.23 pg/g), when calculated using the human biomonitoring study REPs, and 0.03 pg PCN-TEQ/g lipid (range 0.01 pg/g to 0.10 pg/g), when calculated with other suggested REPs. The vast majority, about 90%, of this TEQ can be attributed to the PCN 66/67 congener pair. Individual REPs for PCN 66 and 67 from in vivo studies are quite different, but a chromatographic separation of these two congeners is not possible under routine GC conditions. Different approaches to estimate the uncertainties showed that the value of the REPs used is more important than the analytical problem to separate PCN 66 and PCN 67. PCN-TEQ based on the two sets of REPs differ approximately by a factor of 2.2, whereas the congener-specific determination was estimated to result in approximately 30% lower concentrations in comparison with the standard method.The assessment of PCN 66 and PCN 67 in order to obtain confirmed TEF would be most important for calculations of the dioxin-like toxicity of PCN, followed by PCN 69. Minor contributions to PCN-TEQ concentrations in human milk come from PCN 52/60, PCN 64/68, PCN 70, and PCN 73.On average, the contribution of PCN-TEQ to the cumulative TEQ (including the overall sum of toxic equivalents of PCDD, PCDF, and dioxin-like PCB [WHO2005-TEQ]) is between 1% and 2%, with a wider range of up to 5% for the 39 countries of this study. This is about an order of magnitude lower than the contribution of dioxin-like PCB to the cumulative TEQ (median 26%). In line with the observed higher total PCN concentrations, European countries also showed considerably higher levels of PCN-TEQ than found in the other regions. PCN-TEQ calculated with REPs used in human biomonitoring studies add on average about 2% to the cumulative TEQ of dioxin-like contaminants in Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, and Latin American and Caribbean countries and about 4% in European countries. The corresponding contribution of PCN-TEQ calculated using the other set would be 1% in non-European countries and 2% in European countries.
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Malisch, Rainer, Alexander Schächtele, Ralf Lippold, Björn Hardebusch, Kerstin Krätschmer, F. X. Rolaf van Leeuwen, Gerald Moy et al. "Overall Conclusions and Key Messages of the WHO/UNEP-Coordinated Human Milk Studies on Persistent Organic Pollutants". In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk, 615–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_16.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractBuilding on the two rounds of exposure studies with human milk coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the mid-1980s and 1990s on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), five expanded studies on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were performed between 2000 and 2019. After the adoption of the Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Convention) in 2001, WHO and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) collaborated in joint studies starting in 2004. The collaboration aimed at provision of POPs data for human milk as a core matrix under the Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) to assess the effectiveness of the Convention as required under Article 16. Over time, the number of analytes in the studies expanded from the initial 12 POPs targeted by the Convention for elimination or reduction to the 30 POPs covered under the Stockholm Convention and two other POPs proposed for listing as of 2019. Many of these chemicals have numerous congeners, homologous groups, isomeric forms, and transformation products, which significantly extends the number of recommended analytes.In the studies between 2000 and 2019, 82 countries from all five United Nations regions participated, of which 50 countries participated in more than one study. For the human milk samples of the 2016–2019 period, results are available for the full set of 32 POPs of interest for the Convention until 2019: (i) the 26 POPs listed by the start of the study in 2016; (ii) decabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-209] and short-chain chlorinated paraffins [SCCP] as listed in 2017; (3) dicofol and perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA] as listed in 2019; (4) medium-chain chlorinated paraffins [MCCP] and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid [PFHxS] as proposed for listing. This is a unique characteristic among the core matrices under the GMP.Four key messages can be derived: These studies are an efficient and effective tool with global coverage as key contributor to the GMP. After collection of a large number of individual samples (usually 50) fulfilling protocol criteria, pooled samples are prepared using equal aliquots of individual samples (physical averaging) and are considered to be representative for a country, subregion or subpopulation at the time of the sampling. The analysis of pooled representative human milk samples by dedicated Reference Laboratories meeting rigorous quality criteria contributes to reliability and comparability and reduces uncertainty of the analytical results. Additionally, this concept is very cost-effective. These studies can be used for regional differentiation based on concentrations of individual POPs between and within the five UN Regional Groups (African Group, Asia-Pacific Group, Eastern European Group, Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries; Western European and Others Group). For some POPs, a wide range of concentrations with up to three orders of magnitude between lower and upper concentrations was found, even for countries in the same UN region. Some countries had levels within the usual range for most POPs, but high concentrations for certain POPs. Findings of concentrations in the upper third of the frequency distribution may motivate targeted follow-up studies rather than if the observed level of a POP is found in the lower third of frequency distribution. However, the concentration of a POP has also to be seen in context of the sampling period and the history and pattern of use of the POPs in each country. Therefore, results are not intended for ranking of individual countries but rather to distinguish broader patterns. These studies can provide an assessment of time trends, as possible sources of variation were minimized by the survey concepts building on two factors (sampling design; analysis of the pooled samples by dedicated Reference Laboratories). The estimation of time trends based on comparison of median or mean concentrations in UN Regional Groups over the five surveys in five equal four-year periods between 2000 and 2019 provides a first orientation. However, the variation of the number of countries participating in a UN Regional Group in a certain period can influence the median or mean concentrations. Thus, it is more prudent to only use results of countries with repeated participation in these studies for drawing conclusions on temporal trends. The reduction rates in countries should be seen in context with the concentration range: A differentiation of high levels and those in the range of the background contamination is meaningful. If high levels are found, sources might be detected which could be eliminated. This can lead to significant decrease rates over the following years. However, if low background levels are reported, no specific sources can be detected. Other factors for exposure, e.g. the contamination of feed and food by air via long-range transport and subsequent bioaccumulation, cannot be influenced locally. However, only very few time points from most individual countries for most POPs of interest are available, which prevents the derivation of statistically significant temporal trends in these cases. Yet, the existing data can indicate decreasing or increasing tendencies in POP concentrations in these countries. Furthermore, pooling of data in regions allows to derive statistically significant time trends in the UN Regional Groups and globally. Global overall time trends using the data from countries with repeated participation were calculated by the Theil–Sen method. Regarding the median levels of the five UN Regional Groups, a decrease per 10 years by 58% was found for DDT, by 84% for beta-HCH, by 57% for HCB, by 32% for PBDE, by 48% for PFOS, by 70% for PCB, and by 48% for PCDD and PCDF (expressed as toxic equivalents). In contrast, the concentrations of chlorinated paraffins (CP) as “emerging POPs” showed increasing tendencies in some UN Regional Groups. On a global level, a statistically significant increase of total CP (total CP content including SCCP [listed in the Convention in 2017] and MCCP [proposed to be listed]) concentrations in human milk of 30% over 10 years was found. The studies can provide the basis for discussion of the relative importance (“ranking”) of the quantitative occurrence of POPs. This, however, requires a differentiation between two subgroups of lipophilic substances ([i] dioxin-like compounds, to be determined in the pg/g [=ng/kg] range, and [ii] non-dioxin-like chlorinated and brominated POPs, to be determined in the ng/g [=μg/kg] range; both groups reported on lipid base) and the more polar perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS); reported on product base [as pg/g fresh weight] or on volume base [ng/L]. For this purpose, results for the complete set of the 32 POPs of interest for the 2016–2019 period were considered. By far, the highest concentrations of lipophilic substances were found for DDT (expressed as “DDT complex”: sum of all detected analytes, calculated as DDT; maximum: 7100 ng/g lipid; median: 125 ng/g lipid) and for chlorinated paraffins (total CP content; maximum: 700 total CP/g lipid; median: 116 ng total CP/g lipid). PCB was next in the ranking and had on average an order of magnitude lower concentrations than the average of the total CP concentrations. The high CP concentrations were caused predominantly by MCCP. If the pooled samples from mothers without any known major contamination source nearby showed a high level of CP, some individual samples (e.g. from local population close to emission sources, as a result of exposure to consumer products or from the domestic environment) might even have significantly higher levels. The lactational intake of SCCP and MCCP of the breastfed infant in the microgram scale resulting from the mothers’ dietary and environmental background exposure should therefore motivate targeted follow-up studies and further measures to reduce exposure (including in the case of MCCP, regulatory efforts, e.g. restriction in products). Further, due to observed levels, targeted research should look at the balance among potential adverse effects against positive health aspects for the breastfed infants for three groups of POPs (dioxin-like compounds; non-dioxin-like chlorinated and brominated POPs; PFAS) regarding potentially needed updates of the WHO guidance. As an overall conclusion, the seven rounds of WHO/UNEP human milk exposure studies are the largest global survey on human tissues with a harmonized protocol spanning over the longest time period and carried out in a uniform format. Thus, these rounds are an effective tool to obtain reliable and comparable data sets on this core matrix and a key contributor to the GMP. A comprehensive set of global data covering all POPs targeted by the Stockholm Convention, in all UN Regional Groups, and timelines covering a span of up to three decades allows to evaluate data from various perspectives. A widened three-dimensional view is necessary to discuss results and can be performed using the three pillars for assessments of the comprehensive data set, namely: analytes of interest; regional aspects; time trends. This can identify possible problems for future targeted studies and interventions at the country, regional, or global level. Long-term trends give an indication of the effectiveness of measures to eliminate or reduce specific POPs. The consideration of countries with repeated participation in these studies provides the best possible database for the evaluation of temporal trends. The continuation of these exposure studies is important for securing sufficient data for reliable time trend assessments in the future. Therefore, it is highly recommended to continue this monitoring effort, particularly for POPs that are of public health concern.
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Cao, Qun, e Lin Qiu. "Research on Atmospheric Dispersion Factor Used in the Calculation of Emergency Planning Zone". In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 257–69. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_24.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractReasonable division of emergency planning zones is an important technical basis for emergency preparedness and responses. In order to evaluate the size of the emergency planning zone, it’s important to determine the appropriate atmospheric dispersion factor based on the realistic site conditions to calculate the dose consequences caused by the accident through the radioactive plume. This paper introduces the current progress in the calculation of emergency planning zoning for different reactor nuclear power plant sites, the general method of determining the emergency planning zone in China and puts forward the method for optimizing the calculation of the atmospheric dispersion factor used in the emergency planning zoning for HPR1000 nuclear power plant site. Based on the theoretical analysis and comparison of the current main calculation models of atmospheric dispersion factor, this paper is devoted to the feasibility analysis of use of Gaussian puff models in the EPZ calculation considering the light wind and the calm wind condition, which can obtain the convergence results. This model can fully consider the dispersion process, spatial variation of meteorological fields, topographic effects and accumulation of pollutants and greatly improve the calculation accuracy. To solve the problems of low calculation speed brought by Gaussian puff models used in the EPZ calculation, the paper makes a theoretical analysis of the current main weather sampling methods and puts forward the stratified random sampling method to improve the speed of EPZ calculation. This method can select representative weather samples from the annual weather sequences to represent the annual situation so as to speed up the calculation without affecting the calculation accuracy.
Atti di convegni sul tema "Radioactive pollutants – adverse effects"
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Yoon, Jae Young, e Dong-San Kim. "Evaluating the Adverse Effects of Radioactive Releases in Multi-unit Probabilistic Safety Assessment". In Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL). Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-14-8593-0_5022-cd.
Testo completo
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Симонов, Александр Васильевич, Анатолий Михайлович Скоробогатов, Олег Николаевич Апанасюк e Татьяна Анатольевна Буланцева. "MODEL OF CHANGES IN POLLUTION ZONES CAUSED BY MAJOR ACCIDENTS OR CATASTROPHES". In Сборник избранных статей по материалам научных конференций ГНИИ "Нацразвитие" (Санкт-Петербург, Август 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/aug298.2021.11.54.028.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Предмет исследования состоял в построении модели изменения зон загрязнения, в том числе радиоактивного. Конечные цели процесса преодоления последствий аварий и катастроф - сведение к нулю действий (вмешательства), направленных на снижение вероятности неблагоприятных последствий (дозы) вследствие аварийного загрязнения поллютантами (радионуклидами) территории, и возврат ситуации в состояние эквивалентное доаварийному уровню. Так как вмешательство регулируется зонированием загрязненных территорий, то цель сводится к сокращению до нуля зон загрязнения. The subject of the research was to build a model of changes in contamination zones, including radioactive ones. The ultimate goals of the process of overcoming the consequences of accidents and disasters are to reduce to zero actions (interventions) aimed at reducing the likelihood of adverse consequences (doses) due to accidental contamination by pollutants (radionuclides) of the territory, and to return the situation to a state equivalent to the pre-accident level. Since the intervention is regulated by the zoning of contaminated areas, the goal is to reduce the pollution zones to zero.
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Al-Shamary, Noora. "Assessment of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants along the Qatari Coast". In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0036.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Qatar sits in the middle of the world’s most important hydrocarbon producing areas where significant regional refining activity and shipping traffic take place. In addition to significant local coastline, development prominently along the eastern coast, has taken place over recent decades. Protecting Qatar’s marine ecosystems from the adverse effects of environmental contaminants is a core component of the Environmental Development pillar within the National Vision 2030. However, a limited number of studies have investigated contaminant concentrations in the coastal environment of Qatar. The accumulation of contaminants in aquatic environments can affect coastal and marine ecosystems, and cause adverse effect on marine organisms and human health. This study aims to determine contamination in Qatar’s coastal environment by measuring organic and inorganic contaminants, along with physiochemical parameters, at four sites located on the contrasting east and west coast of the country. The Pearl Oyster Pinctada radiata, which is considered an iconic organism in Qatar, was used to determine a baseline of contaminants in an aquatic organism. Surface seawater, surface sediment and oysters were collected four times over two years in different seasons from the four sites. In-situ parameters (temperature, pH, and salinity), and abiotic parameters (TOC and grain sizes) were measured for seawater and sediment. Organic (TPHs, PAHs) and inorganic contaminants (trace metals including: Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn, T-Hg) were measured in all samples. Overall, Al Wakra (higher in boat traffic and fueling activities) on the east coast reported the highest levels of contaminants. High PAHs were observed in oyster tissues, while high Pb was noted in seawater and high Zn was observed in sediment and oyster. Benzo (a) pyrene was the highest compound detected in oyster. However, high TPHs were also noted in oyster tissues from Simaisma. At Al Khor, also on the east coast, high level of TPHs were recorded in seawater, while high PAHs and TOC observed in surface sediment, which had a relatively higher clay and silt content than other sites. Umm Bab (with a desalination plant near the coast), the sole sample site on the west coast, showed the highest level of TOC in seawater and sediment, highest Ni in seawater and highest total mercury in oyster. Our results, in general, report lower levels in seawater and sediment compared to other studies in the region and more widely; however, in oysters most of the contaminants are higher when compared to international guideline values. These higher levels indicate the potential for these filter-feeding organisms to absorb contaminants into their tissues from the environment that surrounds them. Additionally, bioaccumulation can occur. This study provides background information for further investigation to understand the presence and distribution of organic and inorganic contaminants in Qatar’s rapidly changing coastal environment. It indicates the usefulness of applying a holistic view to environmental monitoring including the use of biomonitoring.
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Han, Fengxiang, Safwan Shiyab, Yi Su, David L. Monts, Charles A. Waggoner e Frank B. Matta. "Bioavailability and Stability of Mercury Sulfide in Armuchee (USA) Soil". In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7122.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Because of the adverse effects of elemental mercury and mercury compounds upon human health, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is engaged in an on-going effort to monitor and remediate mercury-contaminated DOE sites. In order to more cost effectively implement those extensive remediation efforts, it is necessary to obtain an improved understanding of the role that mercury and mercury compounds play in the ecosystem. We have conducted pilot scale experiments to study the bioavailability of mercury sulfide in an Armuchee (eastern US) soil. The effects of plants and incubation time on chemical stability and bioavailability of HgS under simulated conditions of the ecosystem have been examined, as has the dynamics of the dissolution of mercury sulfide by various extractants. The results show that mercury sulfide in contaminated Armuchee soil was still to some extent bioavailable to plants. After planting, soil mercury sulfide is more easily dissolved by both 4 M and 12 M nitric acid than pure mercury sulfide reagent. Dissolution kinetics of soil mercury sulfide and pure chemical reagent by nitric acid are different. Mercury release by EDTA from HgS-contaminated soil increased with time of reaction and soil mercury level. Chelating chemicals increase the solubility and bioavailability of mercury in HgS-contaminated soil.
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Kirova, Hristina, Dimiter Syrakov, Maria Prodanova, Emilia Georgieva e Dimiter Atanassov. "BACKGROUND CONCENTRATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOFIA CITY � ANALYSIS FOR SUMMER AND WINTER MONTHS". In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s19.36.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The air pollution in many Bulgarian cities is of concern mainly due to high concentration of particulate matter (PM). Poor air quality has adverse health effects and is responsible for premature deaths and life loss. According to the World Health Organization air pollution remains the single largest environmental health risk in Europe. Additionally, negative effects of urban air pollution can be detected on buildings, cultural heritage, vegetation, biodiversity, etc. Air pollutant concentrations in the city depend on processes occurring on different temporal and spatial scale and reflect contribution from distant and local emission sources. At a single point in the city the pollutants concentrations can be regarded as superposition of natural background values, regional background and city increment contribution consisting of urban background and street level values. Background values are critical components of the total air quality concentrations and their estimation is important for defining appropriate abatement measures at national, regional and local level. The objective of this work is to present and discuss background concentrations of key pollutants (PM, NO2, SO2 and ozone) for the city of Sofia for one summer and one winter month of 2021. These concentrations are estimated by the Bulgarian Chemical Weather Forecasting System (BgCWFS) [1-3], based on WRF-CMAQ models. The results analysed are for domain Sofia (30 x 27 grid points) with 1 km resolution. The concentrations for this domain can be considered as regional background for the city of Sofia. We discuss the spatial monthly distributions of the key pollutants and the variability across the city and present domain mean concentrations for the two months. The relationship to some meteorological variables (wind speed, temperature, mixing height) is also discussed.
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Ovabor, K. O., e S. T. Apeh. "Real-Time Nitrogen Dioxide Pollutant Monitoring In Lagos State, Nigeria Using Wireless Sensor Networks." In 28th iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary Research Conference AIUWA The Gambia. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v28p7.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) find its application in various facets of life. Atmospheric contamination in the various elements of air leading to hazardous effects of global warming and acid rains can affect the well-being of a population. An air pollution monitoring system is therefore important to keep away from such adverse imbalance in nature. In the proposed paper, an attempt is made to develop a real time pollution monitoring using wireless sensor networks (WSN). This WSN will monitor the profile concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a chosen location. With the rapid growth in the industries, which are the main sources of air pollutants, the problem of air pollution is becoming a serious concern for the health of the population. The concentration of one major air pollutant gases Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the air is sensed by the gas sensors. The sensor is properly calibrated as per the standard methods and the gas sensor is then incorporated with the wireless sensor motes using hierarchical cluster-based architecture.The node is expected to sense pollutants, convert, and process the magnitude of pollution to equivalent data output which is transmitted to the remote base station. The expected results would show data of the Nitrogen dioxide sensor for each location and graphical results. Research and suggestions have been offered by researchers for two decades and more on the increasing dangers of industrialization, population growth, influx of used vehicles popularly called ‘tokunbos’ as they pertain to the public health and adverse effects if not properly managed. The test findings of this work would show if the concentration of gaseous air pollutant like NO2 in a chosen location at a particular time poses a problem to humans and the environment. Keywords— Air pollution, Wireless sensor networks, Nitrogen dioxide, Environmental risk, public health, Hierarchical cluster-based architecture
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Andreev, Nadejda. "Măsuri de întărire a capacității de adaptare la schimbările climatice a ecosistemelor acvatice". In Simpozion "Modificări funcționale ale ecosistemelor acvatice în contextul impactului antropic și al schimbărilor climatice". Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975151979.15.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The current article presents a bibliographic overview of green infrastructures and their role in strengthening the adaptive capacity of aquatic ecosystems to the adverse effects of climate change (high temperatures, heavy rains, droughts). Different types of ecological infrastructures are presented: forest buffer strips, rain gardens, permeable pavement, drainage ditches; bioengineering structures for bank stabilization. Also the functions performed by green infrastructures to maintain ecosystem services were presented: mitigating the effects of floods, stabilizing banks, preventing landslides and water caused erosion, stormwater management, reducing the load of pollutants. For the implementation of this approach in the hydrographic basin of Dniester River or the Prut River a more detailed study is necessary on the state of habitats, identification of hotspot areas of aquatic biodiversity, particularly those species important for maintaining of ecosystem functions, highlighting of the areas at high risk of floods or erosion.
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Waggit, Peter W., e Alan R. Hughes. "History of Groundwater Chemistry Changes (1979–2001) at the Nabarlek Uranium Mine, Australia". In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4640.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Nabarlek uranium mine is located in the Alligator Rivers Region of the Northern Territory of Australia. The site lies in the wet/dry topics with an annual rainfall of about 1400mm, which falls between October and April. The site operated as a “no release” mine and mill between 1979 and 1988 after which time the facility was mothballed until decommissioning was required by the Supervising Authorities in 1994. The dismantling of the mill and rehabilitation earthworks were completed in time for the onset of the 1995–96 wet season. During the operational phase accumulation of excess water resulted in irrigation of waste water being allowed in areas of natural forest bushland. The practice resulted in adverse impacts being observed, including a high level of tree deaths in the forest and degradation of water quality in both ground and surface waters in the vicinity. A comprehensive environmental monitoring programme was in place throughout the operating and rehabilitation phases of the mine’s life, which continues, albeit at a reduced level. Revegetation of the site, including the former irrigation areas, is being observed to ascertain if the site can be handed back to the Aboriginal Traditional Owners. A comprehensive review of proximal water sampling points was undertaken in 2001 and the data used to provide a snapshot of water quality to assist with modelling the long term prognosis for the water resources in the area. While exhibiting detectable effects of mining activities, water in most of the monitoring bores now meets Australian drinking water guideline levels. The paper reviews the history of the site and examines the accumulated data on water quality for the site to show how the situation is changing with time. The paper also presents an assessment of the long term future of the site in respect of water quality.
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Su, Yi, Fengxiang X. Han, Jian Chen, Yunju Xia e David L. Monts. "Bioavailability of Mercury in Contaminated Oak Ridge Watershed and Potential Remediation of River/Runoff/Storm Water by an Aquatic Plant". In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16319.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Historically as part of its national security mission, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Y-12 National Security Facility in Oak Ridge, TN, USA acquired a significant fraction of the world’s supply of elemental mercury. During the 1950’s and 1960’s, a large amount of elemental mercury escaped confinement and is still present in the buildings and grounds of the Y-12 Facility and in the Y-12 Watershed. Because of the adverse effects of elemental mercury and mercury compounds upon human health, the Oak Ridge Site is engaged in an ongoing effort to monitor and remediate the area. The main thrust of the Oak Ridge mercury remediation effort is currently scheduled for implementation in FY09. In order to more cost effectively implement those extensive remediation efforts, it is necessary now to obtain an improved understanding of the role that mercury and mercury compounds play in the Oak Ridge ecosystem. Most recently, concentrations of both total mercury and methylmercury in fish and water of lower East Fork Poplar Creek (LEFPC) of Oak Ridge increased although the majority of mercury in the site is mercury sulfide. This drives the US DOE and the Oak Ridge Site to study the long-term bioavailability of mercury and speciation at the site. The stability and bioavailability of mercury sulfide as affected by various biogeochemical conditions –presence of iron oxides have been studied. We examined the kinetic rate of dissolution of cinnabar from Oak Ridge soils and possible mechanisms and pathways in triggering the most recent increase of mercury solubility, bioavailability and mobility in Oak Ridge site. The effects of pH and chlorine on oxidative dissolution of cinnabar from cinnabar-contaminated Oak Ridge soils is discussed. On the other hand, aquatic plants might be good candidate for phytoremediate contaminated waste water and phytofiltration of collective storm water and surface runoff and river. Our greenhouse studies on uptake of Hg by water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) show that water lettuce is effectively removing Hg from water solution and Hg was mostly stored in roots. One day of growing could remove 93–98% of Hg from water solutions. However, Hg shows acute toxicity to water lettuce as indicated by decreases in fresh biomass and moisture contents.
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Kobolova, Klaudia, Tomas Sitek, Jiri Pospisil, Vladimir Adamec e Helena Berkova. "ECOTOXICITY OF FINE AND ULTRAFINE PARTICLES RELEASED FROM BIOMASS COMBUSTION". In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/4.2/s19.30.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Air pollution is one of the most serious and intensively studied environmental problems of our time. Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has been shown to have adverse effects on human health, as well as the environment. The negative effects of pollutants can cause a wide range of health problems, from mild to serious illness to premature mortality. One of the sources of environmental pollution is biomass burning. During combustion, particles of different sizes and compositions are produced. Their formation depends on the characteristics of the fuel, the type of the combustion plant and the combustion conditions. Due to the complexity of the formation and growth of fine particles, there is a number of factors that influence the concentration, size and toxicity of fine particles. The aim of this work is to investigate the possible ecotoxic effects of PM released from biomass combustion in a log feed stove. Based on the results obtained from the acute toxicity test on Daphnia magna, a toxic effect on the aquatic environment (aquatic system) has been demonstrated in most cases. The resulting EC50 for a 24-hour exposure is 37 % and 16 % for a 48-hour exposure. The toxicity is caused mainly by PM-bounded polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Radioactive pollutants – adverse effects"
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Bhowmick, Shuvasish, a cura di. Biodigesters and Green Productivity: A Sustainable Approach to Clean Cooking. Asian Productivity Organization, marzo 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61145/ehmt9812.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cooking with traditional fuels releases pollutants into the environment and impacts human health. To promote sustainability and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Shuvasish Bhowmick introduces the utilization of biogas in biodigesters as a fuel source. Its production, uses, and benefits as an environmentally friendly option with few adverse effects on human health and climate are discussed in this P-Insights report.
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Jameel, Yusuf, Paul West e Daniel Jasper. Reducing Black Carbon: A Triple Win for Climate, Health, and Well-Being. Project Drawdown, novembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55789/y2c0k2p3.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Black carbon – also referred to as soot – is a particulate matter that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. As a major air and climate pollutant, black carbon (BC) emissions have widespread adverse effects on human health and climate change. Globally, exposure to unhealthy levels of particulate matter, including BC, is estimated to cause between three and six million excess deaths every year. These health impacts – and the related economic losses – are felt disproportionately by those living in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, BC is a potent greenhouse gas with a short-term global warming potential well beyond carbon dioxide and methane. Worse still, it is often deposited on sea ice and glaciers, reducing reflectivity and accelerating melting, particularly in the Arctic and Himalayas. Therefore, reducing BC emissions results in a triple win, mitigating climate change, improving the lives of more than two billion people currently exposed to unclean air, and saving trillions of dollars in economic losses. Today, the majority of BC emissions stem from just a handful of sectors and countries. Over 70% of BC comes from the residential and transportation sectors, with the latter being the dominant source in high-income countries and the former driving emissions in low- and middle-income nations. On a country-level, China and India are the biggest emitters accounting for one-third of global BC emissions. When combined with Brazil, Indonesia, and Nigeria, these five countries alone emit 50% of all BC. While BC emissions trends over the past 20 years have been inconsistent globally, there has been a notable decline in Europe, North America, and China. Conversely, emissions have been rising in regions like Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommends deep reductions in BC emissions by 2030 to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of limiting warming to below 1.5°C, yet very few countries have addressed BC in their climate plans. Fortunately, solutions that can rapidly reduce BC emissions by the end of this decade are readily available. By implementing the right policies, deploying targeted interventions in hotspots, and redirecting climate finance, policymakers and funders can mitigate the climate effects of BC while saving millions of lives and trillions of dollars. Below are key recommendations to achieve these aims based on the findings of this report: Urgently implement clean cooking solutions Providing clean cooking fuels and technologies in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in the hotspots of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, Nigeria, and Uganda, can significantly reduce BC emissions. Countries with low penetration of clean cooking fuel must urgently develop policies that make clean cooking a priority for health and climate. Target transportation to reduce current – and prevent future – emissions Retrofitting older diesel engines with diesel particulate filters can remove up to 95% of BC. Countries around the world must implement policies to phase out polluting vehicles, set emission standards, and accelerate the uptake of EVs and hybrids, especially in urban regions where transportation demand is growing rapidly. A successful shift to EVs demands national investments complemented with international financing and private capital. Multilateral development banks need to play a pivotal role in this transition, with strategies like concessional finance to fast-track key projects and stimulate private sector investment. Reduce BC from the shipping industry BC emissions from the shipping industry must be urgently reduced to protect the Arctic ecosystem. Shifting shipping away from heavy fuel oil and equipping ships with diesel particulate filters is a cost-effective approach that would quickly and significantly reduce emissions. Regulate air quality Stringent emissions standards, clean air laws, baselines, and mandatory monitoring programs can effectively reduce BC emissions. Such policies have already resulted in large reductions in Europe, North America, and, more recently, China. However, several low- and middle-income countries have no legal protection for ambient air quality and lack legislatively-mandated standards. Implementing strong and legally binding policies can result in a large decrease in BC emissions, particularly across the transportation and industry sectors. Include BC in nationally determined contributions and the UNFCCC Only 12 countries have explicitly addressed BC in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This limited focus on BC is partly due to its omission from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) list of climate pollutants, an oversight that should be reconsidered given that reducing BC would save countless lives and slow global warming. As nations review their NDCs by 2025, they must incorporate BC reduction efforts to meet climate and well-being targets. Improve BC measurements and estimates BC estimates are plagued by uncertainties. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more accurate inventories in order to develop better emission reduction plans. Stakeholders must collaborate to develop a consistent BC measurement protocol, prioritize the collection of high-quality data, and use state of the art models to enhance estimates and reduce uncertainties.