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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Radio astronomy"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 9 giugno 2025

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1

Baldwin, J. E., P. G. Mezger, A. Barrett, A. Baudry, R. Booth, D. Jauncey, V. Kapahi, et al. "40. Radio Astronomy (Radio Astronomie)." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 20, no. 01 (1988): 539–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00007379.

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The following commission members have contributed to this report:M Birkinshaw, R J Cohen, J J Condon, T J Cornwell, J R Dickel, P A Feldman, R Genzel, M Goss, V Kapahl, Gopal Krishna, M Kundu, A G Lyne, C R Masson, A C Readhead, W Reich, J M Riley, A J Turtle, J M van der Hulst, T L Wilson.

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2

Bowler, Sue. "Nigeria's first radio astronomer." Astronomy & Geophysics 61, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 5.28–5.30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/ataa072.

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3

Matejka, A. "Radio Astronomy." Minnesota review 2012, no. 78 (June 1, 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00265667-1550437.

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4

Bradfield, Philip. "X-ceedingly good." Physics World 37, no. 5 (May 1, 2024): 29iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/37/05/26.

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5

Frater, R. H., W. M. Goss, and H. W. Wendt. "Bernard Yarnton Mills 1920–2011." Historical Records of Australian Science 24, no. 2 (2013): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr13002.

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Bernie Mills is remembered globally as an influential pioneer in the evolving field of radio astronomy. His contributions with the ‘Mills Cross' at the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics and later at the University of Sydney's School of Physics and the development of the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) were widely recognized as astronomy evolved in the years 1948–85 and radio astronomy changed the viewpoint of the astronomer as a host of new objects were discovered.

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Frater, R. H., W. M. Goss, and H. W. Wendt. "Bernard Yarnton Mills AC FAA. 8 August 1920 — 25 April 2011." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 59 (January 2013): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2013.0015.

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Bernie Mills is remembered globally as an influential pioneer in the evolving field of radio astronomy. His contributions with the ‘Mills Cross’ at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Division of Radiophysics and later at the University of Sydney’s School of Physics and the development of the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) were widely recognized as astronomy evolved in the years 1948–85 and radio astronomy changed the viewpoint of the astronomer as a host of new objects were discovered.

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7

Cohen, R. J. "Radio Astronomy and the Radio Regulations." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 196 (2001): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900164137.

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This article gives a brief introduction to the status of radio astronomy within the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the body which coordinates global telecommunications. Radio astronomy entered the ITU arena in 1959 as a relative latecomer. By its nature, radio astronomy does not fit into the ITU system very well: regulators are hoping to facilitate commercial development of the radio spectrum, whereas astronomers are hoping to retain quiet frequency bands through which to study the Universe at ever higher sensitivity. Nevertheless there are major long-term goals which radio astronomers can realistically hope to achieve via the ITU in the years ahead, including more favourable frequency allocations and better regulatory protection. The prospects for radio astronomy at the forthcoming World Radio Conference WRC-2000 are reviewed. It is vital that radio astronomers participate in force at this WRC.

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8

Mitton, Simon. "Book Review: Radio Astronomy Reprints: Classics in Radio Astronomy." Journal for the History of Astronomy 17, no. 3 (August 1986): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182868601700315.

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9

Swarup, Govind. "The Journey of a Radio Astronomer: Growth of Radio Astronomy in India." Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 59, no. 1 (September 8, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-090120-014030.

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In this autobiographical account, I first describe my family, then childhood and education in India. During 1953–55, I worked in the new field of radio astronomy at the Division of Radiophysics of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Australia. During 1956–57, I worked at the Radio Astronomy Station of Harvard University at Fort Davis, Texas, where I made observations of solar radio bursts at decimeter wavelengths. I then joined Stanford University as a graduate student in 1957. I contributed to the successful operation of the Stanford Cross Antenna and then used it for studying microwave radio emission from the Sun. I was awarded the Ph.D. degree by Stanford University in 1960 and was then appointed as an Assistant Professor for three years. With an urge to contribute to evolving scientific endeavors in India, I joined the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) at Mumbai, India, in April 1963. In my stay of more than three decades at TIFR, I conceived of, and guided, construction of two of the world's largest radio telescopes, namely the Ooty Radio Telescope and the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. These instruments have led to several outstanding contributions and discoveries in the areas of radio galaxies, quasars, pulsars, and cosmology.

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10

Kellermann, K. I., J. Baldwin, J. G. Abies, N. Broten, G. Dulk, B. Hoglund, N. Kardashev, et al. "40. Radio Astronomy." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 19, no. 1 (1985): 549–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00006623.

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The last triennium marked the 50th anniversary of the paper describing the first observations of cosmic radio emission by Karl Jansky in 1933. Sullivan (82 Classics in Radio Astronomy, Reidel) has published a collection of the major historical papers in radio astronomy, and collections of papers discussing the historical development have been published by Sullivan (84 Early Years of Radio Astronomy, Cambridge Univ. Press) and by Kellermann and Sheets (84 Serendipitous Discoveries in Radio Astronomy, NRAO).

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11

Altunin, V. "Protecting Space-Based Radio Astronomy." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 196 (2001): 324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900164319.

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This paper outlines some of the radio frequency interference issues related to radio astronomy performed with space-based radio telescopes. Radio frequency interference that threatens radio astronomy observations from the surface of Earth will also degrade observations with space-based radio telescopes. However, any resulting interference could be different than for ground-based telescopes due to several factors. Space radio astronomy observations significantly enhance studies in different areas of astronomy. Several space radio astronomy experiments for studies in low-frequency radio astronomy, space VLBI, the cosmic microwave background and the submillimetre wavelengths have flown already. The first results from these missions have provided significant breakthroughs in our understanding of the nature of celestial radio radiation. Radio astronomers plan to deploy more radio telescopes in Earth orbit, in the vicinity of the L2 Sun-Earth Lagrangian point, and, in the more distant future, in the shielded zone of the Moon.

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12

Afraimovich, É. L., G. Ya Smol’kov, and Yu V. Yasyukevich. "Adaptive radio astronomy." Doklady Physics 53, no. 4 (April 2008): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028335808040095.

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13

Spoelstra, T. A. Th. "Radio Astronomy in Telecommunication Land: The ITU and Radio Astronomy." Air and Space Law 22, Issue 6 (December 1, 1997): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila1997046.

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14

Rohlfs, Kristen, Thomas L. Wilson, Bernard F. Burke, Francis Graham‐Smith, and Carl Heiles. "Tools of Radio Astronomy and an Introduction to Radio Astronomy." Physics Today 51, no. 7 (July 1998): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.882299.

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15

Morison, Ian. "The it History of Jodrell Bank." ITNOW 61, no. 4 (2019): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwz111.

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16

Cohen, R. J. "Radio Astronomy in the European Regulatory Environment." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 196 (2001): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900164186.

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European radio astronomy has major world-class facilites which operate successfully in a hostile electromagnetic and economic environment. In 1988 the Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies (CRAF) was established under the auspices of the European Science Foundation, ‘to keep the frequency bands used for radio astronomical observations free from interference’. Coordination of the European efforts through CRAF adds value through the sharing of expertise and information. Having one recognized voice for European radio astronomy also gives us strength. For example, the agreement concluded with Iridium LLC offered radio astronomy significant concessions compared with agreements reached elsewhere in the world. As Europe moves towards harmonized use of the radio spectrum, CRAF members participate in the discussions alongside representatives of governments and industry, to ensure that radio astronomy will have a secure future in Europe. This paper gives an overview of the European regulatory environment and the ways in which CRAF is working to protect radio astronomy.

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17

Yang, Guang Pu, Liang Dong, Le Sheng He, Fa Xin Shen, Bin Tian, and Sheng Yang Li. "A New Platform for Radio Astronomy Science Education." Advances in Science and Technology 105 (April 2021): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.105.179.

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Radio astronomy telescope can get information from invisible universe by receiving electromagnetic waves. Difference from optical telescopes, there exists many difficulties for making the public understanding the radio astronomy phenomenon. In this paper, we will introduce a new platform for radio astronomy science popularization education in order to help public know radio telescope and radio astronomy. The platform consists of a 0.8meter parabolic antenna, a wide bandwidth low noise amplifier (LNA) and a Software Defined Radio (SDR) terminal. Based on SDR terminal which covers the band from 70MHz to 6GHz, we can get some strong emissions such as the Neutral hydrogen, solar radio bursts and so on in this band. People can carry out many radio astronomy experiments focusing on science popularization by this platform. This new science education tool can interest high school students in science and technology, also students can understand how radio telescopes works.

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18

Prabu, T. "RADIO ASTRONOMY - An Introduction." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 1, no. 1 (August 22, 2002): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.1.9.

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Wonders of the night sky developed curiously to the ancient civilization and paved way to the development of an oldest branch of knowledge, Astronomy. Today it has developed to be rich field in science. Astronomy is much different from many other science fields. ? It deals with remote subjects, unimaginable magnitude distances, sizes and time. The conventional optical telescope could not reveal vast majority of objects in the sky. Apart from light there are other invisible radiations reaching the Earth from the celestial objects. People started exploring both ends of the electromagnetic spectrum. Ever since World War II, astronomers are exploring the radio sky, by using Radio Telescopes. It became a new branch of study, the Radio Astronomy. Interesting fundamental discoveries and the inquisitive nature of the problems developed curiosity for future explorations in this field. The celestial radio signals reaching us are extremely week. It is required to develop sophisticated tools and powerful techniques to aid radio astronomy observations. Today Radio Astronomy has developed to be a highly interdisciplinary field with connections to various fields of science and engineering.

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19

Periola, Ayodele Abiola, and Olabisi Emmanuel Falowo. "Intelligent Cognitive Radio Models for Enhancing Future Radio Astronomy Observations." Advances in Astronomy 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5408403.

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Radio astronomy organisations desire to optimise the terrestrial radio astronomy observations by mitigating against interference and enhancing angular resolution. Ground telescopes (GTs) experience interference from intersatellite links (ISLs). Astronomy source radio signals received by GTs are analysed at the high performance computing (HPC) infrastructure. Furthermore, observation limitation conditions prevent GTs from conducting radio astronomy observations all the time, thereby causing low HPC utilisation. This paper proposes mechanisms that protect GTs from ISL interference without permanent prevention of ISL data transmission and enhance angular resolution. The ISL transmits data by taking advantage of similarities in the sequence of observed astronomy sources to increase ISL connection duration. In addition, the paper proposes a mechanism that enhances angular resolution by using reconfigurable earth stations. Furthermore, the paper presents the opportunistic computing scheme (OCS) to enhance HPC utilisation. OCS enables the underutilised HPC to be used to train learning algorithms of a cognitive base station. The performances of the three mechanisms are evaluated. Simulations show that the proposed mechanisms protect GTs from ISL interference, enhance angular resolution, and improve HPC utilisation.

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20

Gergely, T. E. "Radio Astronomy at WARC MOB-87." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100004127.

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ABSTRACTThe World Administrative Radio Conference for the Mobile Services (WARC Mob-87), held in Geneva in September-October, 1987, took several actions that will have an impact on radio astronomy. Worldwide frequency allocations were made for the Radiodetermination Satellite Service (RDSS) in the 1610 to 1626.5 MHz band. The secondary allocation to radio astronomy in this band has received strong protection, however. The 1660 to 1660.5 MHz band, which radio astronomy shared on a primary basis with the Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service has been reallocated to the Land Mobile Satellite Service, shared with radio astronomy on a similar basis. The impact that this reallocation will have on radio astronomy is not clear. Since the Radioastronomy Service is primary in the band, Mobile Satellite Systems that evolve will have to provide adequate protection. Perhaps most significantly, WARC Mob-87 recommended that a conference be convened to reallocate all bands in the 1 to 3 GHz range, no later than in 1992. Several other conferences dealing with particular services have been proposed. At first glance, some of these some of these proposals may not appear to have an impact on radio astronomy. They will, however, increase the pressure on the entire radio spectrum. Finally, it is highly likely that a General WARC will be proposed to be held before the end of the 1990s. The radio astronomy community will have to prepare for these conferences.

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21

Cohen, R. J. "Interference Problems and Radio Astronomy in the UK." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100004097.

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ABSTRACTThe radio regulations often require frequency bands to be shared between radio astronomy and services which transmit. This poses severe problems in a small island, given the sensitivity of radio astronomy receivers. The survival of radio astronomy in these circumstances depends on wide awareness of the problems. Some of the current sharing problems in the UK are discussed.

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22

Weston, Anthony. "Radio Astronomy as Epistemology." Monist 71, no. 1 (1988): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/monist19887116.

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23

Sullivan, Woodruff. "Radio Astronomy and Internationalism." Journal for the History of Astronomy 45, no. 4 (November 2014): 483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828614538371.

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24

Mitton, Simon. "Radio Astronomy in Australia." Journal for the History of Astronomy 50, no. 1 (February 2019): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828618823985.

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25

Rodriguez, Luis F., Ren-Dong Nan, Lucia Padrielli, Philip J. Diamond, Gloria M. Dubner, Michael Garrett, W. Miller Goss, et al. "DIVISION X: RADIO ASTRONOMY." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, T26B (December 2007): 201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308024113.

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Division X provides a common theme for astronomers using radio techniques to study a vast range of phenomena in the Universe, from exploring the Earth's ionosphere or making radar measurements in the Solar System, via mapping the distribution of gas and molecules in our own Galaxy and in other galaxies, to study the vast explosive processes in radio galaxies and QSOs and the faint afterglow of the Big Bang itself.

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26

Nan, Ren-Dong, Russell A. Taylor, Luis F. Rodríguez, Christopher L. Carilli, Jessica Chapman, Gloria M. Dubner, Michael Garrett, et al. "DIVISION X: RADIO ASTRONOMY." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, T27A (December 2008): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308025805.

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Division X provides a common theme for astronomers using radio techniques to study a vast range of phenomena in the Universe, from exploring the Earth's ionosphere or making radar measurements in the Solar System, via mapping the distribution of gas and molecules in our own Galaxy and in other galaxies, to study the vast explosive processes in radio galaxies and QSOs and the faint afterglow of the Big Bang itself.

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Moran, James M. "Division X: Radio Astronomy." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 2 (2001): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00009500.

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Division X provides a common theme for astronomers using radio techniques to study a vast range of phenomena in the Universe, from exploring the Earth’s ionosphere or making radar measurements in the solar system, via mapping the distribution of gas and molecules in our own and other galaxies, to the study of previous vast explosive processes in radio galaxies and QSOs and the faint afterglow of the Big Bang itself.

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Rodríguez, Luis F., Ren-Dong Nan, Philip J. Diamond, Gloria Dubner, Michael Garrett, Anne Green, Masato Ishiguro, et al. "Division X: Radio Astronomy." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 1, T26A (December 2005): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921306004765.

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AbstractThere have been important advances in radio astronomy in the last three years. New discoveries both at the galactic and extragalactic scale have been reported over this period and we highlight here several of them. The outstanding results of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe satellite, allowing an accurate determination of the main cosmological constants, are certainly among the most important. At the international level, the consolidation of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array project, with participation of the USA, Europe, and Japan and an estimated cost of around one billion US dollars, takes the construction of radio telescopes to a new level of complexity and potential. We also include the Progress Report of the Working Group on Historic Radio Astronomy, that includes a description of the duties and activities of this recently created working group.

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29

Nan, Ren-Dong, Russ Taylor, Luis F. Rodriguez, Jessica Chapman, Gloria Dubner, Michael Garrett, W. Miller Goss, et al. "DIVISION X: RADIO ASTRONOMY." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, T27B (May 14, 2010): 240–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921310005259.

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The business meeting of Division X in the IAU 2009GA took place in three sessions during the day of August 6, 2009. The meeting, being well attended, started with the approval for the meeting agenda. Then the triennium reports were made in the first session by the president of Division X, Ren-Dong Nan, and by the chairs of three working groups: “Historic Radio Astronomy WG” by Wayne Orchiston, “Astrophysically Important Lines WG” by Masatoshi Ohishi, and “Global VLBI WG” by Tasso Tzioumis (proxy chair appointed by Steven Tingay). Afterwards, a dozen reports from observatories and worldwide significant projects have been presented in the second session. Business meeting of “Interference Mitigation WG” was located in the third session.

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Taylor, Russ, Jessica Chapman, Nan Rendong, Christopher Carilli, Gabriele Giovannini, Richard Hills, Hisashi Hirabayashi, et al. "DIVISION X: RADIO ASTRONOMY." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 7, T28A (December 2011): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312003018.

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Ekers, R. D. "Non-thermal radio astronomy." Astroparticle Physics 53 (January 2014): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2013.05.012.

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Hoare, Melvin. "Recycling for radio astronomy." Astronomy & Geophysics 53, no. 1 (January 31, 2012): 1.19–1.21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4004.2012.53119.x.

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Smith, F. G. "Early Cambridge radio astronomy." Astronomische Nachrichten 328, no. 5 (June 2007): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asna.200710761.

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Bracewell, R. N. "RADIO ASTRONOMY AT STANFORD." Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1440-2807.2005.02.01.

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Kallunki, J., V. Bezrukovs, W. Madkour, and P. Kirves. "Importance of Spectrum Management in Radio Astronomy." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 59, s3 (June 1, 2022): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0022.

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Abstract The increasing terrestrial and space-borne communications are causing major problems to the radio astronomy observations. Only a minor part of the frequencies is allocated to the passive services, such as Radio Astronomy Services (RAS). There are only a few, relatively narrow frequency bands below 20 GHz, which are still suitable for the radio astronomical observations. In addition, Out-of-Band (OoB) emissions will be a real threat to the observations on these bands. On behalf of all European radio astronomers, the Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies (CRAF) of the European Science Foundation (ESF) coordinates activities to keep the frequency bands used by radio astronomy and space sciences free of interference. Along with interference caused by active radio communication services, the local electronic device selection should be considered in the observatories. For instance, more common LED based lamps could cause harmful interference for the observations. Thus, it is very important to perform continuous radio frequency interference (RFI) monitoring locally, in each radio observatory.

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van Driel, W. "Radio quiet, please! – protecting radio astronomy from interference." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S260 (January 2009): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311002675.

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AbstractThe radio spectrum is a finite and increasingly precious resource for astronomical research, as well as for other spectrum users. Keeping the frequency bands used for radio astronomy as free as possible of unwanted Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is crucial. The aim of spectrum management, one of the tools used towards achieving this goal, includes setting regulatory limits on RFI levels emitted by other spectrum users into the radio astronomy frequency bands. This involves discussions with regulatory bodies and other spectrum users at several levels – national, regional and worldwide. The global framework for spectrum management is set by the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union, which has defined that interference is detrimental to radio astronomy if it increases the uncertainty of a measurement by 10%. The Radio Regulations are revised every three to four years, a process in which four organisations representing the interests of the radio astronomical community in matters of spectrum management (IUCAF, CORF, CRAF and RAFCAP) participate actively. The current interests and activities of these four organisations range from preserving what has been achieved through regulatory measures, to looking far into the future of high frequency use and giant radio telescope use.

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Ohishi, Masatoshi. "Protection of Millimetre-Wave Astronomy." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 196 (2001): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900164162.

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Development of radio technologies will lead to a serious conflict between millimetre-wave astronomy and telecommunication services. I describe characteristics of millimetre-wave astronomy and technical aspects related to radio astronomical observations. Three examples of possible interference to millimetre-wave astronomy are described. It is very important to advertise what millimetre-wave astronomy contributes to human culture and to get support from the non-astronomical community to keep the radio windows open and clean.

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Orchiston, Wayne, Kenneth I. Kellermann, Rodney D. Davies, Suzanne V. Débarbat, Masaki Morimoto, Slava Slysh, Govind Swarup, Hugo van Woerden, Jasper V. Wall, and Richard Wielebinski. "INTER-DIVISION IV-V-IX / WORKING GROUP HISTORIC RADIO ASTRONOMY." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, T27A (December 2008): 344–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308025829.

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The Working Group was formed at the IAU XXV General Assembly in Sydney, 2003, as a joint initiative of Commissions 40 Radio Astronomy and Commission 41 History of Astronomy, in order to assemble a master list of surviving historically-significant radio telescopes and associated instrumentation found worldwide, and document the technical specifications and scientific achievements of these instruments. In addition, it would maintain an on-going bibliography of publications on the history of radio astronomy, and monitor other developments relating to the history of radio astronomy (including the deaths of pioneering radio astronomers).

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Okwei, E. T.-O., A. Forson, E. Proven-Adzri, K. Ahenkora-Duodu, J. Kalognia, S. Abotsi-Masters, and F. Andorful. "Promoting radio astronomy in Ghana through school visits and Astronomy Clubs." Physics Education 57, no. 5 (August 3, 2022): 055033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ac832b.

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Abstract The Promoting Radio Astronomy in Ghana through School visits and Astronomy Clubs (PRAGSAC) project was an intervention to promote astronomy education in schools in Ghana. It was initiated by a group of enthusiastic students who were trained in radio astronomy and astrophysics under a Royal Society/Newton Fund UK project termed Development in Africa with Radio Astronomy. The team’s aim is to expose school children to astronomy and to increase their interest in the sciences. Approximately 800 school children from seven junior high schools were positively impacted by this project. Astronomy clubs were formed in the selected schools with practical astronomy lessons taught. The kids visited the largest single radio telescope in Africa at Kuntunse in Accra and were amazed about the engineering and the science that it undertakes. For the patrons of the clubs, a teacher training workshop was organised for them, so as to equip them to manage the clubs. The feedback from students and teachers was exceptionally positive, implying that the PRAGSAC project has helped inspire more students to pursue courses and consider careers within the sciences.

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40

Chapman, Jessica M., Gabriele Giovaninni, Russell Taylor, Christopher Carilli, Richard Hills, Hisashi Hirabayashi, Justin L. Jonas, et al. "DIVISION B COMMISSION 40: RADIO ASTRONOMY." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, T29A (August 2015): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316000739.

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IAU Commission 40 for Radio Astronomy (hereafter C40) brought together scientists and engineers who carry out observational and theoretical research in radio astronomy and who develop and operate the ground and space-based radio astronomy facilities and instrumentation. As of June 2015, the Commission had approximately 1,100 members from 49 countries, corresponding to nearly 10 per cent of the total IAU membership.

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41

Ruf, Klaus. "World Radio Conference WRC-2000." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 196 (2001): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900164149.

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The World Radio Conference 2000 must be considered the most important one for radio astronomy since WARC-79. The conference agenda contains about 30 topics of substance, and more than 10 of these have direct impact on radio astronomy frequency allocations. From the perspective of radio astronomy the most important items are: “Allocation of Frequency Bands above 71 GHz to the Earth-Exploration Satellite Service (passive) and Radio Astronomy Service” and the agenda items dealing with Recommendation 66 (Unwanted Emissions). A review of the status of preparations is given.

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42

Rieu, Nguyen Quang. "Simple Instruments in Radio Astronomy." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 3 (2001): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00000924.

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AbstractRadio astronomy has a major role in the study of the universe. The spiral structure of our Galaxy and the cosmic background radiation were first detected, and the dense component of interstellar gas is studied, at radio wavelengths. COBE revealed very weak temperature fluctuations in the microwave background, considered to be the seeds of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Most electromagnetic radiation from outer space is absorbed or reflected by the Earth’s atmosphere, except in two narrow spectral windows: the visible-near-infrared and the radio, which are nearly transparent. Centimetre and longer radio waves propagate almost freely in space; observations of them are practically independent of weather. Turbulence in our atmosphere does not distort the wavefront, which simplifies the building of radio telescopes, because no devices are needed to correct for it. Observations at these wavelengths can be made in high atmospheric humidity, or where the sky is not clear enough for optical telescopes.Simple instruments operating at radio wavelengths can be built at low cost in tropical countries, to teach students and to familiarize them with radio astronomy. We describe a two-antennae radio interferometer and a single-dish radio telescope operating at centimetre wavelengths. The Sun and strong synchrotron radio-sources, like Cassiopeia A and Cygnus A, are potential targets.

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43

Bean, Ben, Sanjay Bhatnagar, Sandra Castro, Jennifer Donovan Meyer, Bjorn Emonts, Enrique Garcia, Robert Garwood, et al. "CASA, Common Astronomy Software Applications for Radio Astronomy." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 134, no. 1041 (November 1, 2022): 114501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ac9642.

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Abstract CASA, the Common Astronomy Software Applications, is the primary data processing software for the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), and is frequently used also for other radio telescopes. The CASA software can handle data from single-dish, aperture-synthesis, and Very Long Baseline Interferometery (VLBI) telescopes. One of its core functionalities is to support the calibration and imaging pipelines for ALMA, VLA, VLA Sky Survey, and the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. This paper presents a high-level overview of the basic structure of the CASA software, as well as procedures for calibrating and imaging astronomical radio data in CASA. CASA is being developed by an international consortium of scientists and software engineers based at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), the European Southern Observatory, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, and the Joint Institute for VLBI European Research Infrastructure Consortium (JIV-ERIC), under the guidance of NRAO.

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44

Cohen, J. "Radio pollution: the invisible threat to radio astronomy." Astronomy & Geophysics 40, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 6.8–6.13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrog/40.6.6.8.

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45

Cohen, R. J. "The threat to radio astronomy from radio pollution." Space Policy 5, no. 2 (May 1989): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-9646(89)90064-7.

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46

Fridman, P. "Radio frequency interference rejection in radio astronomy receivers." Astronomical & Astrophysical Transactions 19, no. 3-4 (December 2000): 625–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10556790008238609.

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47

Christiansen, W. N., J. A. Högbom, A. Richard Thompson, James M. Moran, George W. Swenson, Kristen Rohlfs, Donald C. Backer, Carl Heiles, and William J. Welch. "Radiotelescopes and Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy and Tools of Radio Astronomy." Physics Today 42, no. 3 (March 1989): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2810940.

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48

Pankonin, Vernon. "Radio Astronomy and the CCIR." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100004115.

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ABSTRACTThe International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) is a permanent organization within the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The purpose of the CCIR is to provide technical advice to the ITU and its various organs and members on the characteristics of the radio services which are governed by the International Radio Regulations, a product of the ITU. This is accomplished through reports and recommendations which may result from the regularly scheduled meetings of the CCIR or from meetings convened to prepare for a special event such as an upcoming World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC). The CCIR is divided into Study Groups. Study Group 2 covers Space Research and Radioastronomy. This paper describes the interactions of radio astronomers with Study Group 2. The radio astronomy related Study Questions currently before this Study Group are delineated, and the nature of the active reports and recommendations are discussed.

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49

Pick, Monique. "Solar Radio Astronomy at Low Frequencies." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 199 (2002): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900169499.

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This review is concerned to study of sun at frequencies lower than 1.4 GHz. Emphasis is made on results which illustrate the topics in which GMRT could play a major role. Coordinated studies including spectral and imaging radio observations are important for research in solar physics. Joint observations between the Giant Meter Radio Telescope (GMRT) with radio instruments located in the same longitude range are encouraged. This review inludes three distinct topics: Electron beams and radio observations- Radio signatures of Coronal Mass Ejections- Radio signatures of coronal and interplanetary shocks.

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50

Swarup, G., and C. R. Subramanya. "Preserving Radio Astronomy in Developing Nations." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 196 (2001): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900164198.

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Due to the very weak nature of signals from cosmic radio sources, the sensitivity of a radio telescope and receiver is about 40–60 dB higher than those of communications receivers. Hence, radio telescopes are generally located in relatively radio-quiet locations and operate in frequency bands that are protected against radio interference through frequency planning by national governments. Taking advantage of the much lower degree of radio interference in developing countries and the relatively labour-intensive nature of metre-wave radio telescopes, several such radio telescopes have been built and are planned in Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Mauritius and South Africa. Radio telescopes operating at cm-wavelengths are also planned in Egypt and Mexico.A particularly severe problem arises for the radio astronomy service and other passive services below 2 GHz from the possibility of unacceptable emissions from satellites in unwanted bands (out-of-band and spurious emissions), due to the specific modulation schemes used in satellite transmitters. It is noted that this can be circumvented within the existing technologies if the satellite transmitters employ suitable bit-shaping or filtering techniques or use modulation schemes like Gaussian-filtered Minimum-Shift Keying (GMSK) which produce very little out-of-band emission. Although radio astronomy started in the western world at low frequencies, much low frequency radio astronomy is now planned or operational in developing countries. In order to protect the interests of these and other passive services within developing nations, it is important that suitable regulations be recommended to UNISPACE-III to provide appropriate protection.

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