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1
Saleh, Wardah, e Shahrin Chowdhury. "RANSlicing: Towards Multi-Tenancy in 5G Radio Access Networks". International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks 14, n. 2 (30 aprile 2022): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2022.14204.
Abstract (sommario):
A significant purpose of 5G networks is allowing sharing resources among different network tenants such as service providers and Mobile Virtual network Operators. Numerous domains are taken in account regarding resource sharing containing different infrastructure (storage, compute and networking), Radio Access Network (RAN) and Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum. RAN and spectrum, transport. Spectrum sharing and RAN are anticipated as the fundamental part in multi-tenant 5G network. Nevertheless, there is a shortage of evaluation platforms to determine the number of benefits that can be acquired from multilevel spectrum sharing rather than single-level spectrum sharing. The work presented in this paper intend to address this issue by presenting a modified SimuLTE model is used for evaluating active RAN based on multi-tenant 5G networks. The result shows an understanding into the actual advantages of RAN slicing for multi-tenants in 5G networks.
2
Wypiór, Dariusz, Mirosław Klinkowski e Igor Michalski. "Open RAN—Radio Access Network Evolution, Benefits and Market Trends". Applied Sciences 12, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2022): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010408.
Abstract (sommario):
Open RAN (radio access network) movement is perceived as a game changer, having robust potential to introduce shifts in mobile radio access networks towards tailor-made solutions based on the architecture decomposition. It is widely assumed that those changes will affect the approach to network deployments and supply chains of network elements and their further integration and maintenance. First deployments of O-RAN-based networks have already delivered broadband services to end users. In parallel, many proof-of-concept feature evaluations and theoretical studies are being conducted by academia and the industry. In this review, the authors describe the RAN evolution towards open models and make an attempt to indicate potential open RAN benefits and market trends.
3
Dryjański, Marcin, Łukasz Kułacz e Adrian Kliks. "Toward Modular and Flexible Open RAN Implementations in 6G Networks: Traffic Steering Use Case and O-RAN xApps". Sensors 21, n. 24 (7 dicembre 2021): 8173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248173.
Abstract (sommario):
The development of cellular wireless systems has entered the phase when 5G networks are being deployed and the foundations of 6G solutions are being identified. However, in parallel to this, another technological breakthrough is observed, as the concept of open radio access networks is coming into play. Together with advancing network virtualization and programmability, this may reshape the way the functionalities and services related to radio access are designed, leading to modular and flexible implementations. This paper overviews the idea of open radio access networks and presents ongoing O-RAN Alliance standardization activities in this context. The whole analysis is supported by a study of the traffic steering use case implemented in a modular way, following the open networking approach.
4
AlQahtani, Salman A. "Cooperative-Aware Radio Resource Allocation Scheme for 5G Network Slicing in Cloud Radio Access Networks". Sensors 23, n. 11 (27 maggio 2023): 5111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115111.
Abstract (sommario):
The 5G network is designed to serve three main use cases: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (uRLLC). There are many new technological enablers, including the cloud radio access network (C-RAN) and network slicing, that can support 5G and meet its requirements. The C-RAN combines both network virtualization and based band unit (BBU) centralization. Using the network slicing concept, the C-RAN BBU pool can be virtually sliced into three different slices. 5G slices require a number of Quality of service (QoS) metrics, such as average response time and resource utilization. In order to enhance the C-RAN BBUs utilization while protecting the minimum QoS of the coexisting three slices, a priority-based resource allocation with queuing model is proposed. The uRLLC is given the highest priority, while eMBB has a higher priority than mMTC services. The proposed model allows the eMBB and mMTC to be queued and the interrupted mMTC to be restored in its queue to increase its chance to reattempt the service later. The proposed model’s performance measures are defined and derived using a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) model and evaluated and compared using different methodologies. Based on the results, the proposed scheme can increase C-RAN resource utilization without degrading the QoS of the highest-priority uRLLC slice. Additionally, it can reduce the forced termination priority of the interrupted mMTC slice by allowing it to re-join its queue. Therefore, the comparison of the results shows that the proposed scheme outperforms the other states of the art in terms of improving the C-RAN utilization and enhancing the QoS of eMBB and mMTC slices without degrading the QoS of the highest priority use case.
5
Gajewski, Sławomir. "Towards 5G — Cloud-based Radio Access Networks". Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej, n. 3 (30 settembre 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6582.
Abstract (sommario):
In the paper a general concept of the 5G network architecture is presented as well as system requirements having impact on innovative solutions in the 5G network are highlighted. A major part of the paper is both presentation and discussion of the problem of Cloud Radio Access Network introduction for public networks in which the cell and resource virtualisation will be implemented. On the other hand, the problem of resource virtualization in the STRUGA system is discussed in which the C-RAN implementation is proposed for performance improvement.
6
Iturria-Rivera, Pedro Enrique, Han Zhang, Hao Zhou, Shahram Mollahasani e Melike Erol-Kantarci. "Multi-Agent Team Learning in Virtualized Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN)". Sensors 22, n. 14 (19 luglio 2022): 5375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145375.
Abstract (sommario):
Starting from the concept of the Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN), continuing with the virtual Radio Access Network (vRAN) and most recently with the Open RAN (O-RAN) initiative, Radio Access Network (RAN) architectures have significantly evolved in the past decade. In the last few years, the wireless industry has witnessed a strong trend towards disaggregated, virtualized and open RANs, with numerous tests and deployments worldwide. One unique aspect that motivates this paper is the availability of new opportunities that arise from using machine learning, more specifically multi-agent team learning (MATL), to optimize the RAN in a closed-loop where the complexity of disaggregation and virtualization makes well-known Self-Organized Networking (SON) solutions inadequate. In our view, Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) with MATL can play an essential role in the orchestration of O-RAN controllers, i.e., near-real-time and non-real-time RAN Intelligent Controllers (RIC). In this article, we first provide an overview of the landscape in RAN disaggregation, virtualization and O-RAN, then we present the state-of-the-art research in multi-agent systems and team learning as well as their application to O-RAN. We present a case study for team learning where agents are two distinct xApps: power allocation and radio resource allocation. We demonstrate how team learning can enhance network performance when team learning is used instead of individual learning agents. Finally, we identify challenges and open issues to provide a roadmap for researchers in the area of MATL based O-RAN optimization.
7
Koutlia, K., R. Ferrús, E. Coronado, R. Riggio, F. Casadevall, A. Umbert e J. Pérez-Romero. "Design and Experimental Validation of a Software-Defined Radio Access Network Testbed with Slicing Support". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (12 giugno 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2361352.
Abstract (sommario):
Network slicing is a fundamental feature of 5G systems to partition a single network into a number of segregated logical networks, each optimized for a particular type of service or dedicated to a particular customer or application. The realization of network slicing is particularly challenging in the Radio Access Network (RAN) part, where multiple slices can be multiplexed over the same radio channel and Radio Resource Management (RRM) functions shall be used to split the cell radio resources and achieve the expected behaviour per slice. In this context, this paper describes the key design and implementation aspects of a Software-Defined RAN (SD-RAN) experimental testbed with slicing support. The testbed has been designed consistently with the slicing capabilities and related management framework established by 3GPP in Release 15. The testbed is used to demonstrate the provisioning of RAN slices (e.g., preparation, commissioning, and activation phases) and the operation of the implemented RRM functionality for slice-aware admission control and scheduling.
8
Adrian Kliks, Marcin Dryjanski, Vishnu Ram, Leon Wong e Paul Harvey. "Towards autonomous open radio access networks". ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies 4, n. 2 (17 maggio 2023): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52953/gjii3746.
Abstract (sommario):
In this paper we give an overview of an open disaggregated network architecture based on an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN), including the current work from standards bodies and industry bodies in this area. Based on this architecture, a framework for the automation of xApp development and deployment is proposed. This is then aligned with the key concepts described in ITU-T in terms of the evolution, experimentation, and adaptation of controllers. The various steps in such an aligned workflow, including design, validation, and deployment of xApps, are discussed, and use case examples are provided to illustrate further our position regarding the mechanisms needed to achieve automation.
9
Matera, Andrea, Rahif Kassab, Osvaldo Simeone e Umberto Spagnolini. "Non-Orthogonal eMBB-URLLC Radio Access for Cloud Radio Access Networks with Analog Fronthauling". Entropy 20, n. 9 (2 settembre 2018): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20090661.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper considers the coexistence of Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) and enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) services in the uplink of Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) architecture based on the relaying of radio signals over analog fronthaul links. While Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) to the radio resources enables the isolation and the separate design of different 5G services, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) can enhance the system performance by sharing wireless and fronthaul resources. This paper provides an information-theoretic perspective in the performance of URLLC and eMBB traffic under both OMA and NOMA. The analysis focuses on standard cellular models with additive Gaussian noise links and a finite inter-cell interference span, and it accounts for different decoding strategies such as puncturing, Treating Interference as Noise (TIN) and Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC). Numerical results demonstrate that, for the considered analog fronthauling C-RAN architecture, NOMA achieves higher eMBB rates with respect to OMA, while guaranteeing reliable low-rate URLLC communication with minimal access latency. Moreover, NOMA under SIC is seen to achieve the best performance, while, unlike the case with digital capacity-constrained fronthaul links, TIN always outperforms puncturing.
10
Zhao, Zixiao, Qinghe Du, Dawei Wang, Xiao Tang e Houbing Song. "Overview of Prospects for Service-Aware Radio Access towards 6G Networks". Electronics 11, n. 8 (16 aprile 2022): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081262.
Abstract (sommario):
The integration of space–air–ground–sea networking in 6G, which is expected to not only achieve seamless coverage but also offer service-aware access and transmission, has introduced many new challenges for current mobile communications systems. Service awareness requires the 6G network to be aware of the demands of a diverse range of services as well as the occupation, utilization, and variation of network resources, which will enable the capability of deriving more intelligent and effective solutions for complicated heterogeneous resource configuration. Following this trend, this article investigates potential techniques that may improve service-aware radio access using the heterogeneous 6G network. We start with a discussion on the evolution of cloud-based RAN architectures from 5G to 6G, and then we present an intelligent radio access network (RAN) architecture for the integrated 6G network, which targets balancing the computation loads and fronthaul burden and achieving service-awareness for heterogeneous and distributed requests from users. In order for the service-aware access and transmissions to be equipped for future heterogeneous 6G networks, we analyze the challenges and potential solutions for the heterogeneous resource configuration, including a tightly coupled cross-layer design, resource service-aware sensing and allocation, transmission over multiple radio access technologies (RAT), and user socialization for cloud extension. Finally, we briefly explore some promising and crucial research topics on service-aware radio access for 6G networks.
11
Bertenyi, Balazs, Richard Burbidge, Gino Masini, Sasha Sirotkin e Yin Gao. "NG Radio Access Network (NG-RAN)". Journal of ICT Standardization 6, n. 1 (2018): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800x.614.
12
Plantin, Jean-Christophe. "The geopolitical hijacking of open networking: the case of Open RAN". European Journal of Communication 36, n. 4 (9 luglio 2021): 404–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02673231211028375.
Abstract (sommario):
This article investigates how discourses on open networking technologies provide a social imaginary that industry and government actors mobilize in an attempt to expand their control over mobile telecommunications networks. The case of recent initiatives aiming to ‘open up’ radio access network (or RAN, a key component of telecommunications infrastructure) with an ‘open RAN’ model reveals how the US Government came to promote this nascent technology to create an opposition between its own ‘open’ telecommunications networks versus proprietary and presumed ‘untrustworthy’ networks based on foreign equipment, namely Huawei. While a closer look casts doubts on the benefits of open radio access network to increase network security or to open up the equipment market, this case reveals how openness is an ambiguous notion that can be used by governments to exclude foreign trade enemies, while advocating for trust in telecommunications networks.
13
Mohsin, Mustafa, Jordi Mongay Batalla, Evangelos Pallis, George Mastorakis, Evangelos K. Markakis e Constandinos X. Mavromoustakis. "On Analyzing Beamforming Implementation in O-RAN 5G". Electronics 10, n. 17 (4 settembre 2021): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172162.
Abstract (sommario):
The open radio access network (O-RAN) concept is changing the landscape of mobile networks (5G deployment and 6G research). O-RAN Alliance’s suggestions that O-RAN can offer openness and intelligence to the traditional RAN vendors will enable the capability for multi-vendors to re-shape the RAN structure and optimize the network. This paper positions the main research challenges of the O-RAN approach in regards to the implementation of beamforming. We investigate the O-RAN architecture and the configurations of the interfaces between O-RAN units and present the split options between the radio and distributing units in terms of O-RAN specification and 3GPP standards. From this point, we discuss the beamforming methods in O-RAN, addressing challenges and potential solutions, and suggest the introduction of the zero-forcing equalizer as a precoding vector in the channel-information-based beamforming method. This may be one of the solutions for achieving flexibility in a high-traffic communication environment while reducing the radio unit interferences caused by implanting the precoding in the open radio unit.
14
Malviya, Abhishek, e Sudhakar Pandey. "Clustering Based Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation in HC-RAN". International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 10, n. 11 (30 novembre 2022): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v10i11.5788.
Abstract (sommario):
A wireless network is composed of several independent nodes or gadgets that communicate mutually through a wireless link. The most destructive challenge encountered in a wireless network is bandwidth allocation because it defines the amount the network will cost and how effectively it will function. The most cutting-edge network architecture in the present wireless communication system, cluster-based heterogeneous cloud radio access networks (HC-RANs), is what powers cloud computing in heterogeneous networks. In this research, we proposed an HC-RANs that may optimize energy consumption for wireless data transfer in the multi-hop device to device scenario. The proposed scheme offers bandwidth allocation in wireless environments where there are concerns about significant user mobility over the course of a given time. The above design, we used clustering with joint beam formation for the down link of heterogeneous cloud radio access network (HC-RAN), developed design to improved amount of FBS. Result outcomes helped in calculating Critical bandwidth usage (CBU).
15
Videnov, Krum, e Georgi Hristov. "Lower latency in LPWAN NETWORKS". International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, n. 1 (2018): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2018.04.006.
Abstract (sommario):
The report compares LPWAN (low-power, wide-area network) and MEC (Multi-access edge computing) topologies, examines opportunities to achieve lower latency in LPWAN networks by integrating their architecture with the MEC paradigm. LPWAN networks are highly suitable to be combined with a MEC architecture. The radio-access equipment place,e.g., base station, gateway, etc., is a main location to run delay-sensitive applications, processing/storage offloading tasks, or hosting those services that need in real-time information from the RAN (Radio Access Network). For that reason, this places in the network has been identified as ideal for installing the MEC equipment.The four-tier architecture of LPWAN and MEC are kept, so they perfectly match with each other.
16
Damayanti, Lusi, Damelia Panggabean, Sheren Regina Pingkan, Asri Wulandari, Alfin Hikmaturokhman e Adhi Hidayatullah. "Design and Build 4G Open Radio Access Network at SmartLab Politeknik Negeri Jakarta". JOURNAL OF INFORMATICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 6, n. 2 (25 gennaio 2023): 414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jite.v6i2.7537.
Abstract (sommario):
The transition of RAN (Radio Access Network) development from the conventional model to Open RAN is motivated by the fact that Open RAN presents new services by reducing CAPEX (Capital Expenditure) and has the ability to integrate all cellular technologies in one server. One of cellular technology that can be developed using Open RAN is 4G LTE networks. The 4G LTE network produces internet with high data rate and low latency system. Various use case implementations can be carried out, for example to support learning on campus. In this study, the development of Open RAN 4G is implemented as a use case to build the Jakarta State Polytechnic SmartLab which produces its own cellular network. The importance of this research is to be able to ascertain the performance of the Open RAN 4G network using a Centralized RAN scenario. The method used in this research consists of knowing the problem, determining the tools used, determining the implementation scenario, configuring, and testing network performance. Parameters measured to test network performance are uplink downlink speed, RSRP value, and SINR value. Based on the scenarios that have been executed, the results show that the Open RAN 4G network has a maximum downlink speed performance of 13.6 Mbps, a maximum uplink speed of 7.22 Mbps, a maximum SINR of 22 dB, an RSRP of -200 dBm, and a maximum range that can be reached is 5 meters.
17
Kalfas, George, Dimitris Palianopoulos, Agapi Mesodiakaki, Marios Gatzianas, Christos Vagionas, Ronis Maximidis e Nikos Pleros. "A QoS-Enabled Medium-Transparent MAC Protocol for Fiber-Wireless 5G RAN Transport Networks". Applied Sciences 12, n. 17 (30 agosto 2022): 8708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178708.
Abstract (sommario):
In order to meet the ever-increasing 5G and beyond Radio Access Network (RAN) densification demands, Fiber-Wireless transport networks are expected to play a key role in accelerating 5G deployment by providing the essential RAN flexibility, while at the same time avoiding costly fiber-trenching. Due to the inefficiency of the Radio-and-Fiber (R&F) networks for application in dense RAN topologies, Analog-Radio-over-Fiber (A-RoF) technology is regarded as a key enabling solution, since it greatly simplifies the remote antenna while offering very high spectral efficiency. For this type of dense A-RoF network, new and efficient Medium-Transparent-Medium Access Control (MT-MAC) protocols are required that can concurrently arbitrate optical and wireless resources, while at the same time offering the necessary Quality-of-Service (QoS) for correct operation of the combined Fronthaul/Midhaul/Backhaul segments present in 5G disaggregated RANs. In this paper, we propose a QoS-enabled MT-MAC (qMT-MAC) protocol that can combine Fronthaul/Midhaul/Backhaul flows under the same framework, while satisfying the strict delay and jitter requirements set by the relevant standards. Results show that qMT-MAC concurrently achieves the delay and jitter requirements for combined Fronthaul/Midhaul/Backhaul traffic even when loads approach the network’s capacity, while attested enhanced prioritization policies can offer up to a 64% delay reduction over State-of-the-Art MT-MAC protocols.
18
Azariah, Wilfrid, Fransiscus Asisi Bimo, Chih-Wei Lin, Ray-Guang Cheng, Navid Nikaein e Rittwik Jana. "A Survey on Open Radio Access Networks: Challenges, Research Directions, and Open Source Approaches". Sensors 24, n. 3 (5 febbraio 2024): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24031038.
Abstract (sommario):
The open radio access network (RAN) aims to bring openness and intelligence to the traditional closed and proprietary RAN technology and offer flexibility, performance improvement, and cost-efficiency in the RAN’s deployment and operation. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the Open RAN development. We briefly summarize the RAN evolution history and the state-of-the-art technologies applied to Open RAN. The Open RAN-related projects, activities, and standardization is then discussed. We then summarize the challenges and future research directions required to support the Open RAN. Finally, we discuss some solutions to tackle these issues from the open source perspective.
19
Wu, Jun, Zhifeng Zhang, Yu Hong e Yonggang Wen. "Cloud radio access network (C-RAN): a primer". IEEE Network 29, n. 1 (gennaio 2015): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2015.7018201.
20
Mourice Otieno Ojijo, Dismas Ombuya, Andrew Kipkebut, Wyclife Ayako e Cleophas Mochoge. "A Reinforcement Learning Approach to Service Based User Admission in a Multi-Tier 5G Wireless Networks". Kabarak Journal of Research & Innovation 11, n. 3 (28 ottobre 2021): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.58216/kjri.v11i3.69.
Abstract (sommario):
The expected massive connectivity in 5G wireless network is bound to become a challenge to service providers. Many services over the 5G network will be aligned to a particular radio access network (RAN). As a result admitting a service based user to a particular RAN will depend on the most efficient radio access technology selection (RAT). This is because 5G network will adopt multi-tier radio access networks ranging from high power macro base stations to extremely low power Bluetooth connectivity. Selection of a service oriented RAT is critical because some wireless services have superior quality of service under certain RATs. Maintaining efficient RAT selection by network operators will improve power allocation efficiency, bandwidth allocation efficiency and operation expenditure. The complexity of associating a RAT to service based user while considering network state such as service packet size, the turnaround time, the power allocation has not been fully explored. In this paper we propose a reinforcement learning approach to user admission based on efficient RAT selection considering wireless services in a cross tier wireless radio access network domain. The proposed algorithm is expected to improve RAT selection efficiency while minimizing the computation complexity. We perform extensive simulation using Python dynamic libraries and present our results alongside existing approaches
21
Musa, Abubakar Ahmad, Adamu Hussaini, Cheng Qian, Yifan Guo e Wei Yu. "Open Radio Access Networks for Smart IoT Systems: State of Art and Future Directions". Future Internet 15, n. 12 (27 novembre 2023): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15120380.
Abstract (sommario):
The Internet of Things (IoT) constitutes a vast network comprising various components such as physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and other items equipped with sensors, actuators, and software. These components are interconnected, facilitating the collection and exchange of copious data across networked communications. IoT empowers extensive monitoring and control over a myriad of objects, enabling them to gather and disseminate data that bolster applications, thereby enhancing the system’s capacity for informed decision making, environmental surveillance, and autonomous inter-object interaction, all without the need for direct human involvement. These systems have achieved seamless connectivity requirements using the next-generation wireless network infrastructures (5G, 6G, etc.), while their diverse reliability and quality of service (QoS) requirements across various domains require more efficient solutions. Open RAN (O-RAN), i.e., open radio open access network (RAN), promotes flexibility and intelligence in the next-generation RAN. This article reviews the applications of O-RAN in supporting the next-generation smart world IoT systems by conducting a thorough survey. We propose a generic problem space, which consists of (i) IoT Systems: transportation, industry, healthcare, and energy; (ii) targets: reliable communication, real-time analytics, fault tolerance, interoperability, and integration; and (iii) artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML): reinforcement learning (RL), deep neural networks (DNNs), etc. Furthermore, we outline future research directions concerning robust and scalable solutions, interoperability and standardization, privacy, and security. We present a taxonomy to unveil the security threats to emerge from the O-RAN-assisted IoT systems and the feasible directions to move this research forward.
22
Munir, Rizwan, Yifei Wei, Chao Ma e Bizhu Yang. "Dynamically Resource Allocation in Beyond 5G (B5G) Network RAN Slicing Using Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (21 dicembre 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9958786.
Abstract (sommario):
Network slicing makes it possible for future applications with a variety of adaptability requirements and performance requirements by spliting the physical network into several logical networks. Radio access network (RAN) slicing’s main goal is to assign physical resource blocks (RBs) to mMTC, eMBB, and uRLLC services while ensuring the Quality of service (QoS). Consequently, it is challenging to determine the optimal strategies for 5G radio access network (5G-RAN) slicing because of dynamically changes in slice needs and environmental data, and conventional approaches have difficulty addressing resource allocation issues. In this paper, we present an energy-efficient deep deterministic policy gradient resource allocation (EE-DDPG-RA) method for RAN slicing in 5G networks to choose the resource allocation policy that increases long-term throughput while satisfying the requirements of B5G systems for quality of service. This method’s main goal is to remove unnecessary actions in order to lower the amount of available action space. The numerical outcomes demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms boundaries by enhancing deep-rooted throughput and effectively managing resources.
23
Ling, Xintong, Jiaheng Wang, Taha Bouchoucha, Bernard C. Levy e Zhi Ding. "Blockchain Radio Access Network (B-RAN): Towards Decentralized Secure Radio Access Paradigm". IEEE Access 7 (2019): 9714–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2890557.
24
Tonini, Federico, Bahare Khorsandi, Steinar Bjornstad, Raimena Veisllari e Carla Raffaelli. "C-RAN Traffic Aggregation on Latency-Controlled Ethernet Links". Applied Sciences 8, n. 11 (18 novembre 2018): 2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112279.
Abstract (sommario):
Centralized/Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RAN) are deployed in converged fixed-mobile networks to exploit the flexibility coming from joint application of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networking (SDN). In this context, optical links connecting C-RAN nodes, possibly based on the Ethernet standards, may carry traffic with different requirements in terms of latency and throughput. This paper considers the problem of traffic aggregation on C-RAN optical Ethernet links with latency control for fronthaul traffic and throughput capability for backhaul traffic. Integrated hybrid network technique is applied to show how time transparency can be enforced for Ethernet encapsulated Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) traffic while allowing statistical multiplexing of backhaul traffic. Simulation results show the effectiveness of segmentation of backhaul traffic to allow exploitation of the available bandwidth even with high capacity CPRI options.
25
R.R Mohan, K., G. Vennela, M. Sai Kumar, Ch Satya Srinivas e A. Harsha. "C Ran Towards 5g Networks in Virtual Environment". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n. 2.7 (18 marzo 2018): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.7.10859.
Abstract (sommario):
Cloud radio access network is an adaptable mobile network architecture with exponential development of portable traffic and the prerequisites of up and coming administrations are further pushing the cut-off points on current versatile systems; subsequently, overall research interests have moved toward 5G world that view which can address many challenges that mobile operators confront while attempting to support ever-growing end-user’s needs towards 5th generation of mobile networks. Be that as it may, 5G systems are most certainly not to be sent until 2020; subsequently, there is a requirement for answers for address expanding requests of current systems, without acquiring colossal expenses on administrators. This paper proposes on-request organization of portable little cells, utilizing either client versatile handsets or remote radio units and non-aware power utilization of different hosts and virtual machines.
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Pencheva, Evelina, e Ivaylo Atanasov. "Mobile Edge Services for Quality of Service Control and Access to Terminal Status". Cybernetics and Information Technologies 18, n. 2 (1 giugno 2018): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2018-0034.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract An important ingredient of fifth generation (5G) networks will be Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC). MEC brings the computational intelligence of the cloud within the Radio Access Network (RAN). The virtualized functionality is accessible through Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). In this paper, we study capabilities of reuse existing time-tested Web Services to provide mobile edge middleware services. The focus is on mobile edge services that can be used by applications for bandwidth management and access to user contextual information. An extension of Web Service functionality is proposed. Implementation issues of Web Services in RAN are considered.
27
Vilà, Irene, Oriol Sallent e Jordi Pérez-Romero. "On the Design of a Network Digital Twin for the Radio Access Network in 5G and Beyond". Sensors 23, n. 3 (20 gennaio 2023): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031197.
Abstract (sommario):
A Network Digital Twin (NDT) is a high-fidelity digital mirror of a real network. Given the increasing complexity of 5G and beyond networks, the use of an NDT becomes useful as a platform for testing configurations and algorithms prior to their application in the real network, as well as for predicting the performance of such algorithms under different conditions. While an NDT can be defined for the different subsystems of the network, this paper proposes an NDT architecture focusing on the Radio Access Network (RAN), describing the components to represent and model the operation of the different RAN elements, and to perform emulations. Different application use cases are identified, and among them, the paper puts the focus on the training of Reinforcement Learning (RL) solutions for the RAN. For this use case, the paper introduces a framework aligned with O-RAN specifications and discusses the functionalities needed to integrate the NDT. This use case is illustrated with the description of a RAN NDT implementation used for training an RL-based capacity-sharing solution for network slicing. Presented results demonstrate that the implemented RAN NDT is a suitable platform to successfully train the RL solution, achieving service-level agreement satisfaction values above 85%.
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Ramon Fontes, Allan Martins, Vicente Sousa, Kaio Dantas, Lucas Medeiros, Pedro Alves, Marcelo Fernandes et al. "Open-source emulation-based test environment to settle O-RAN-compliant trials". ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies 4, n. 2 (23 giugno 2023): 305–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52953/vmbq6087.
Abstract (sommario):
Experimental tools are a key factor in both academic and industrial research communities to create design evaluations of new networking technologies that involve troubleshooting or changing the planning of deployed networks. Physical Software-Defined Radio (SDR) experimental platforms enable a design solution for the quick prototyping of wireless communication systems. However, SDR-based experimental platforms incur high costs, which leads to scalability limitations in the experimental settings. Having said this, network simulators, emulators, and new testbeds have attracted increasing attention. Emulation-based research prototyping can be distinguished from real communication networks and SDR-based platforms by allowing a tradeoff between cost and flexibility. This paper examines the Mininet-RAN emulation tool, which, as well as Radio Access Network (RAN) modeling, provides a way to test Open RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) services without the need to deploy an entire RAN infrastructure. The Mininet-RAN creates virtual network elements, such as hosts, L2/L3 devices, controllers, and links, by combining some of the best emulator features, hardware testbeds, and simulators. By running the current code of standard practice Unix/Linux network applications and network stack, the Mininet-RAN enables real-world network data traffic patterns to be delivered to the RIC, regarding the most significant aspect of the dynamic generation of wireless system's KPIs. We provide the basic code of Mininet-RAN for the first two O-RAN Alliance-defined use cases involving V2X and UAV. The xApps are being implemented in O-RAN SC near-RT RIC, with Mininet-RAN which provides a closed-loop validation environment.
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Larsen, Line M. P., Michael S. Berger e Henrik L. Christiansen. "Fronthaul for Cloud-RAN Enabling Network Slicing in 5G Mobile Networks". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (28 agosto 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4860212.
Abstract (sommario):
This work considers how network slicing can use the network architecture Cloud-Radio Access Network (C-RAN) as an enabler for the required prerequisite network virtualization. Specifically this work looks at a segment of the C-RAN architecture called the fronthaul network. The fronthaul network required for network slicing needs to be able to dynamically assign capacity where it is needed. Deploying a fronthaul network faces a trade-off between fronthaul bitrate, flexibility, and complexity of the local equipment close to the user. This work relates the challenges currently faced in C-RAN research to the network requirements in network slicing. It also shows how using a packet-switched fronthaul for network slicing will bring great advantages and enable the use of different functional splits, while the price to pay is a minor decrease in fronthaul length due to latency constraints.
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Susanto, Tri, K. J. Hartono e Bilpen Nainggolan. "RISET STRATEGI IMPLEMENTASI C-RAN DI TELKOMSEL MELALUI KOLABORASI JARINGAN NG-PON2 DI TELKOM AKSES MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN METODE STRATEGIC SITUATION ANALYSIS". Jurnal Manajemen Indonesia 17, n. 1 (26 luglio 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/jmi.v17i1.862.
Abstract (sommario):
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) adalah teknologi akses radio yang diyakini mampu menekan biaya CAPEX dan OPEX dari mobile operator dan memberikan performansi yang lebih baik dibandingkan Radio Access Network (RAN) tradisional. Salah satu faktor kunci sukses implementasi C-RAN adalah penyediaan jaringan fonthaul yang efektif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat strategi implementasi C-RAN di Telkomsel melalui kolaborasi jaringan NG-PON2 di Telkom Akses. Pada tulisan ini menggunakan metode analisis kualitatif dengan melakukan strategy situation analysis (SSA) yaitu melakukan analisa data eksternal maupun internal dan selanjutnya diformulasikan sebagai dasar pembuatan strategi implementasi. Dari penelitian ini dihasilkan usulan strategi implementasi C-RAN di Telkomsel melalui kolaborasi jaringan NG-PON2 di Telkom Akses.
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Hidayat, Moch Umar. "Analisa Efektifitas Ran Sharing Pada Perusahaan Telekomunikasi (Studi Kasus RAN Sharing XL-Indosat)". Jurnal Telekomunikasi dan Komputer 10, n. 1 (8 aprile 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/incomtech.v10i1.7410.
Abstract (sommario):
Kajian mengenai network sharing dan RAN (Radio Access Networks) Sharing sudah dilakukan oleh beberapa pakar telekomunikasi ataupun organisasi yang fokus terhadap perkembangan teknologi industri telekomunikasi. Penerapan teknik RAN Sharing oleh operator telekomunikasi perlu dilakukan dengan adanya aturan hukum atau regulasi yang mengatur tentang proses dan pelaksanaan kerjasama antar operator sehingga akan berjalan secara teratur. Beberapa riset telah mengungkapkan bahwa sebuah operator akan melakukan efisiensi sekitar 40 % – 60 % pada opex dan capex jika menerapkan RAN Sharing. Di Indonesia sudah ada 2 operator yang sudah menerapkan RAN Sharing yaitu operator XL dan Indosat. Kerjasama ini sudah dijalin sejak tahun 2012 dan hal ini perlu dikaji kembali efektifitasnya terhadap manajemen stategis perusahaan telekomunikasi.
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Abbas S.K. Al-Tamimi e Basim K. J. Al-Shammari. "DC-RAN dynamic coverage methods to improve its performance". Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 11, n. 3 (1 dicembre 2023): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol11.iss3.463.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract
In cellular networks, there are usually times when the density of the network changes at different times of the day, where congested areas attract a large demand for communications and data, which generates peak demand at specific times of the day, and vice versa also happens in the same area but at another time of the day, and in order to meet the needs of this changing demand the network must keep pace with changes in the density of the areas served. This can only be done if the network has a dynamic ability to handle the change in traffic density and demand intensity, which requires turning on/off a certain number of Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) that represent the Radio Frequency (RF) front end of the mobile network. For the purpose of providing a reliable and acceptable telecommunications service to users and financially useful to network operators by rationing energy consumption and meeting the required needs, dynamic 5G networks can do this by relying on a Dynamic Cloud Radio Access Network (DC-RAN) that enables them to respond to demand variables by shifting several types of coverage cells into a single serviced area and stopping them when needed.
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Lv, Wenjing, Rui Wang, Jun Wu, Zhijun Fang e Songlin Cheng. "Joint Design of Beamforming and Edge Caching in Fog Radio Access Networks". Security and Communication Networks 2021 (18 settembre 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1935453.
Abstract (sommario):
In this paper, we study a novel transmission framework based on statistical channel state information (SCSI) by incorporating edge caching and beamforming in a fog radio access network (F-RAN) architecture. By optimizing the statistical beamforming and edge caching, we formulate a comprehensive nonconvex optimization problem to minimize the backhaul cost subject to the BS transmission power, limited caching capacity, and quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. By approximating the problem using the l 0 -norm, Taylor series expansion, and other processing techniques, we provide a tailored second-order cone programming (SOCP) algorithm for the unicast transmission scenario and a successive linear approximation (SLA) algorithm for the joint unicast and multicast transmission scenario. This is the first attempt at the joint design of statistical beamforming and edge caching based on SCSI under the F-RAN architecture.
34
Awad, Ahmed M., Mohamed Shehata, Safa M. Gasser e Hesham EL-Badawy. "CoMP-Aware BBU Placements for 5G Radio Access Networks over Optical Aggregation Networks". Applied Sciences 12, n. 17 (27 agosto 2022): 8586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178586.
Abstract (sommario):
The huge traffic demand envisioned in 5G requires radical changes in mobile network architecture. A Centralized Radio Access Network (C-RAN) was introduced as a novel mobile network architecture, designed to effectively support the challenging requirements of future 5G networks. Coordinated Multi-point (CoMP) is one of the technologies aiming to increase user traffic by transforming inter-cell interference into useful signals to maximize cell-edge users throughput. Intra-CoMP means that cooperating RRHs are assigned to the same Base Band Unit (BBU). On the other hand, in inter-CoMP, the cooperating RRHs are assigned to different BBUs, which introduce overhead signalling over an X2 interface. This paper proposes a model for BBU placement in C-RAN deployment over a 5G optical aggregation network. The model aims to minimize the number of users undergoing inter-CoMP, therefore reducing X2 signalling overhead. First, we solve the BBU placement problem using Integer Linear Programming (ILP), which minimizes the number of BBUs and the number of used links. Second, given the output of the ILP model (i.e., BBU locations and routes), we propose a heuristic algorithm to reconfigure the BBUs (i.e., the assignment of the RRHs to their corresponding BBUs), which aims at minimizing the number of users undergoing inter-CoMP. The proposed heuristic algorithm considers minimizing end-to-end delay, the number of used wavelengths, and maximizing multiplexing gain. The results show that up to 97% of inter-CoMP users migrated to intra-CoMP users. This results in a decrease in the X2 traffic, which is mainly used for the coordination between the BBUs.
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Jijin, Jofina, Boon-Chong Seet e Peter Han Joo Chong. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Task-to-Node Assignment in Opportunistic Fog RAN". Electronics 9, n. 3 (12 marzo 2020): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030474.
Abstract (sommario):
The opportunistic fog radio access network (OF-RAN) is a promising RAN architecture proposed for next-generation cellular networks. OF-RAN extends the current fog RAN (F-RAN) architecture by introducing virtual fog access points (v-FAPs) that can be formed on-demand by a set of resourceful end-user devices available in an opportunistic manner. These devices in the v-FAP collaboratively serve as the service nodes to a resource-limited local client by performing resource-demanding processing tasks on its behalf. Hence, appropriately assigning the client task to the service nodes of the v-FAP, i.e., task-to-node assignment (TNA), is a fundamental problem in OF-RAN. This paper formulates and solves the TNA as a multi-objective optimization problem, with the goals of minimizing energy and latency of the v-FAP, while maximizing fairness (or load balancing) amongst its service nodes by minimizing their maximum load.
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Shah, Syed Danial Ali, Daehyeong Kim, Pervez Khan, Hoon Kim e Sangwook Han. "A Two Step Multi-Carrier Proportional Fair Scheduling Scheme for Cloud Radio Access Networks". International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 10, n. 1 (gennaio 2018): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2018010104.
Abstract (sommario):
Proportional fair scheduling (PFS) is a widely used scheduling algorithm in the wireless networks which utilizes the network resources efficiently while maintaining a balance with the fairness among the users. It is a channel aware scheduling algorithm that allocates resources to the users with the best channel conditions, it also takes into account the users with bad channel quality by considering the user's access history in the scheduling decision. In this paper, the authors propose a two-step multiple carrier proportional fair scheduling (MC-PF) algorithm for the cloud radio access networks (C-RAN). The main purpose of this algorithm is to maximize the sum of logarithm transmission rate. The scheduler assigns users to each carrier in order to maximize the logarithm transmission rate for overall links of C-RAN. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, the authors have shown the simulation results and compared it with the round robin (RR) scheduling scheme.
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Papidas, Andreas G., e George C. Polyzos. "Self-Organizing Networks for 5G and Beyond: A View from the Top". Future Internet 14, n. 3 (17 marzo 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14030095.
Abstract (sommario):
We describe self-organizing network (SON) concepts and architectures and their potential to play a central role in 5G deployment and next-generation networks. Our focus is on the basic SON use case applied to radio access networks (RAN), which is self-optimization. We analyze SON applications’ rationale and operation, the design and dimensioning of SON systems, possible deficiencies and conflicts that occur through the parallel operation of functions, and describe the strong reliance on machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI). Moreover, we present and comment on very recent proposals for SON deployment in 5G networks. Typical examples include the binding of SON systems with techniques such as Network Function Virtualization (NFV), Cloud RAN (C-RAN), Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC) for IoT, and automated backhauling, which lead the way towards the adoption of SON techniques in Beyond 5G (B5G) networks.
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Bai, Wenle, e Zhuoqi Wang. "Joint Optimization of Resources in Fog-Radio Access Network with Binary Computation Offloading". Mobile Information Systems 2023 (21 aprile 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1687672.
Abstract (sommario):
With the dramatic increase in the number of emerging Internet services, the Fog-Radio Access Network (F-RAN) has recently emerged as a promising paradigm to enhance high-load task processing capabilities for mobile devices, such as the Internet of things (IoT) and mobile terminals. Hence, it becomes a challenge for the F-RAN to reduce the offloading cost by designing an effective offloading strategy and rational planning of limited network resources to improve the quality of experience (QoE). This article investigates the F-RAN with a binary offload policy. It proposes an intelligent algorithm capable of optimally adapting to task offload policy, fog computing resource allocation, and offload channel resource allocation. To evaluate the offloading strategy intuitively, we design a system utility metric defined as a delay-energy weighted sum. The joint optimization problem is converted into a convex problem based on this metric, i.e., a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. A novel algorithm based on improved double-deep Q neural networks is DDQN, which is proposed to address this problem. Furthermore, an action space mapping method in the DDQN framework is presented to obtain offloading decisions. Extensive experimental data indicate that the proposed DDQN algorithm can effectively reduce the offloading cost and is adaptable to different offloading scenarios.
39
Chang, Gee-Kung, e Lin Cheng. "The benefits of convergence". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, n. 2062 (6 marzo 2016): 20140442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0442.
Abstract (sommario):
A multi-tier radio access network (RAN) combining the strength of fibre-optic and radio access technologies employing adaptive microwave photonics interfaces and radio-over-fibre (RoF) techniques is envisioned for future heterogeneous wireless communications. All-band radio spectrum from 0.1 to 100 GHz will be used to deliver wireless services with high capacity, high link speed and low latency. The multi-tier RAN will improve the cell-edge performance in an integrated heterogeneous environment enabled by fibre–wireless integration and networking for mobile fronthaul/backhaul, resource sharing and all-layer centralization of multiple standards with different frequency bands and modulation formats. In essence, this is a ‘no-more-cells’ architecture in which carrier aggregation among multiple frequency bands can be easily achieved with seamless handover between cells. In this way, current and future mobile network standards such as 4G and 5G can coexist with optimized and continuous cell coverage using multi-tier RoF regardless of the underlying network topology or protocol. In terms of users’ experience, the future-proof approach achieves the goals of system capacity, link speed, latency and continuous heterogeneous cell coverage while overcoming the bandwidth crunch in next-generation communication networks.
40
Liu, Yang, Qingtian Wang, Haitao Liu, Jiaying Zong e Fengyi Yang. "Edge Intelligence-Based RAN Architecture for 6G Internet of Things". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (15 novembre 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4955498.
Abstract (sommario):
Edge Intelligence, which blends Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Radio Access Network (RAN) and edge computing, is recommended as a crucial enabling technology for 6G to accommodate intelligent and efficient applications. In this study, we proposed Edge Intelligent Radio Access Network Architecture (EIRA) by introducing new intelligence modules, which include broadband edge platforms that allow policies to interact with virtualized RAN for various applications. We also developed a Markov chain-based RAN Intelligence Control (RIC) scheduling policy for allocating intelligence elements. Experimental results justified that the virtualized RAN delivers on its performance promises in terms of throughput, latency, and resource utilization.
41
P, Karthikala, Dr C.Arunachala Perumal e Ms M.Ramya. "Network Efficiency Amendment Utilizing Cloud Radio Access Network In Mobile Communications". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n. 4.6 (25 settembre 2018): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.6.28439.
Abstract (sommario):
Mobile data traffic is finding exponential growth currently in telecommunications industry. It has become important to concentrate on both spectral and energy efficiencies in utilizing cellular networks under green communication standpoint. Thus, for 5G the utmost priority is that to increase data traffic and reduce the total network energy ingesting by half. The proposed work is to design the Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) with energy efficient, flexible and capacity-enhanced features by effectively bundling and establishing relation between BBU and RRU utilizing Catechistic technique. Mathematical results with realistic parameters prove that the projected optimization design clearly improve the energy efficiency of C-RAN’s compared to standard schemes.
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Rodoshi, Rehenuma Tasnim, Taewoon Kim e Wooyeol Choi. "Resource Management in Cloud Radio Access Network: Conventional and New Approaches". Sensors 20, n. 9 (9 maggio 2020): 2708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092708.
Abstract (sommario):
Cloud radio access network (C-RAN) is a promising mobile wireless sensor network architecture to address the challenges of ever-increasing mobile data traffic and network costs. C-RAN is a practical solution to the strict energy-constrained wireless sensor nodes, often found in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Although this architecture can provide energy efficiency and reduce cost, it is a challenging task in C-RAN to utilize the resources efficiently, considering the dynamic real-time environment. Several research works have proposed different methodologies for effective resource management in C-RAN. This study performs a comprehensive survey on the state-of-the-art resource management techniques that have been proposed recently for this architecture. The resource management techniques are categorized into computational resource management (CRM) and radio resource management (RRM) techniques. Then both of the techniques are further classified and analyzed based on the strategies used in the studies. Remote radio head (RRH) clustering schemes used in CRM techniques are discussed extensively. In this research work, the investigated performance metrics and their validation techniques are critically analyzed. Moreover, other important challenges and open research issues for efficient resource management in C-RAN are highlighted to provide future research direction.
43
Tong, Wei, Xuewen Dong, Yulong Shen e Jiawei Zheng. "BC-RAN: Cloud radio access network enabled by blockchain for 5G". Computer Communications 162 (ottobre 2020): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2020.08.020.
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Hamdan, Mutasem Q., Haeyoung Lee, Dionysia Triantafyllopoulou, Rúben Borralho, Abdulkadir Kose, Esmaeil Amiri, David Mulvey et al. "Recent Advances in Machine Learning for Network Automation in the O-RAN". Sensors 23, n. 21 (28 ottobre 2023): 8792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23218792.
Abstract (sommario):
The evolution of network technologies has witnessed a paradigm shift toward open and intelligent networks, with the Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture emerging as a promising solution. O-RAN introduces disaggregation and virtualization, enabling network operators to deploy multi-vendor and interoperable solutions. However, managing and automating the complex O-RAN ecosystem presents numerous challenges. To address this, machine learning (ML) techniques have gained considerable attention in recent years, offering promising avenues for network automation in O-RAN. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the current research efforts on network automation usingML in O-RAN.We begin by providing an overview of the O-RAN architecture and its key components, highlighting the need for automation. Subsequently, we delve into O-RAN support forML techniques. The survey then explores challenges in network automation usingML within the O-RAN environment, followed by the existing research studies discussing application of ML algorithms and frameworks for network automation in O-RAN. The survey further discusses the research opportunities by identifying important aspects whereML techniques can benefit.
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Polyakov, Nikita A., Natalia V. Yarkina e Konstantin E. Samouylov. "A simulator for analyzing a network slicing policy with SLA-based performance isolation of slices". Discrete and Continuous Models and Applied Computational Science 29, n. 1 (15 dicembre 2021): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2658-4670-2021-29-1-36-52.
Abstract (sommario):
Efficient allocation of radio access network (RAN) resources remains an important challenge with the introduction of 5G networks. RAN virtualization and division into logical subnetworks - slices - puts this task into a new perspective. In the paper we present a software tool based on the OMNeT++ platform and developed for performance analysis of a network slicing policy with SLA-based slice performance isolation. The tool is designed using the object-oriented approach, which provides flexibility and extensibility of the simulation model. The paper briefly presents the slicing policy under study and focuses on the simulators architecture and design. Numerical results are provided for illustration.
46
Mountaser, Ghizlane, e Toktam Mahmoodi. "An SDR-Based Experimental Study of Reliable and Low-Latency Ethernet-Based Fronthaul with MAC-PHY Split". Future Internet 13, n. 7 (30 giugno 2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13070170.
Abstract (sommario):
Cloud-Radio Access Network (RAN) is one of the architectural solutions for those mobile networks that aim to provide an infrastructure that satisfies the communication needs of a wide range of services and deployments. In Cloud-RAN, functions can be flexibly split between central and distributed units, which enables the use of different types of transport network. Ethernet-based fronthaul can be an attractive solution for Cloud-RAN. On the one hand, the deployment of Ethernet-based fronthaul enables Cloud-RAN to provide more diverse, flexible and cost-efficient solutions. On the other hand, Ethernet-based fronthaul requires packetized communication, which imposes challenges to delivering stringent latency requirements between RAN functionalities. In this paper, we set up a hardware experiment based on Cloud-RAN with a low layer split, particularly between medium access control and the physical layer. The aim is to demonstrate how multi-path and channel coding over the fronthaul can improve fronthaul reliability while ensuring that: (i) latency results meet the standard requirements; and (ii) the overall system operates properly. Our results show that the proposed solution can improve fronthaul reliability while latency remains below a strict latency bound required by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project for this functional split.
47
Tonini, Federico, Bahare Khorsandi, Elisabetta Amato e Carla Raffaelli. "Scalable Edge Computing Deployment for Reliable Service Provisioning in Vehicular Networks". Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 8, n. 4 (2 ottobre 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan8040051.
Abstract (sommario):
The global connected cars market is growing rapidly. Novel services will be offered to vehicles, many of them requiring low-latency and high-reliability networking solutions. The Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) paradigm, thanks to the centralization and virtualization of baseband functions, offers numerous advantages in terms of costs and mobile radio performance. C-RAN can be deployed in conjunction with a Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) infrastructure, bringing services close to vehicles supporting time-critical applications. However, a massive deployment of computational resources at the edge may be costly, especially when reliability requirements demand deployment of redundant resources. In this context, cost optimization based on integer linear programming may result in being too complex when the number of involved nodes is more than a few tens. This paper proposes a scalable approach for C-RAN and MEC computational resource deployment with protection against single-edge node failure. A two-step hybrid model is proposed to alleviate the computational complexity of the integer programming model when edge computing resources are located in physical nodes. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid strategy in finding optimal or near-optimal solutions with different network sizes and with affordable computational effort.
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Hailu, Dawit Hadush. "Performance Evaluation of Ethernet Network for Mobile Fronthual Networks". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 7, n. 1 (1 luglio 2017): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v7.i1.pp287-298.
Abstract (sommario):
<p>Increasing mobile data traffic due to the rise of both smartphones and tablets has led to high-capacity demand of mobile data network. To meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components, Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements imposed by Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) and 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). This fronthaul connection is not yet provided by packet based network. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Ethernet networks for mobile fronthaul. The fronthaul requirements used to evaluate and investigate this network are maximum End to End (E2E) latency, Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) and Packet Delay Variation (PDV). The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of High Priority (HP) traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. However, the PDV of HP traffic meets the fronthaul network when the number of nodes in the Ethernet network is at most four. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.</p>
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Isolani, Pedro H., Daniel J. Kulenkamp, Johann M. Marquez-Barja, Lisandro Z. Granville, Steven Latré e Violet R. Syrotiuk. "Support for 5G Mission-Critical Applications in Software-Defined IEEE 802.11 Networks". Sensors 21, n. 3 (20 gennaio 2021): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030693.
Abstract (sommario):
With the emergence of 5G networks and the stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of Mission-Critical Applications (MCAs), co-existing networks are expected to deliver higher-speed connections, enhanced reliability, and lower latency. IEEE 802.11 networks, which co-exist with 5G, continue to be the access choice for indoor networks. However, traditional IEEE 802.11 networks lack sufficient reliability and they have non-deterministic latency. To dynamically control resources in IEEE 802.11 networks, in this paper we propose a delay-aware approach for Medium Access Control (MAC) management via airtime-based network slicing and traffic shaping, as well as user association while using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). To fulfill the QoS requirements, we use Software-Defined Networking (SDN) for airtime-based network slicing and seamless handovers at the Software-Defined Radio Access Network (SD-RAN), while traffic shaping is done at the Stations (STAs). In addition to throughput, channel utilization, and signal strength, our approach monitors the queueing delay at the Access Points (APs) and uses it for centralized network management. We evaluate our approach in a testbed composed of APs controlled by SD-RAN and SDN controllers, with STAs under different workload combinations. Our results show that, in addition to load balancing flows across APs, our approach avoids the ping-pong effect while enhancing the QoS delivery at runtime. Under varying traffic demands, our approach maintains the queueing delay requirements of 5 ms for most of the experiment run, hence drawing closer to MCA requirements.
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Indrawati, Indrawati, Fitri Maya Puspita, Desta Wahyuni, Evi Yuliza e Oki Dwipurwani. "Improved cloud radio access network based fair network model in internet pricing". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, n. 2 (1 maggio 2021): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp968-975.
Abstract (sommario):
In this study, the pricing scheme that will be formed is a model from the previous research model involving model of cloud-radio access network (C-RAN) and fair network management models. This model combines the benefits of internet service provider (ISP) and service quality (QoS) obtained by internet users, one of which is fair network factors. The model used is a nonlinear equation and is solved by the LINGO 13.0 program to get the optimal solution. The results show that the pricing scheme with regard to service quality generates maximum revenue for ISPs. Based on the improved C-RAN model that are classified into 2 cases, the optimal results in the improved model, the optimal value is found in the pricing scheme in case 1 of by conducting numerical computation using hotspot traffic from local server.