Articoli di riviste sul tema "Qadarism"

This journal covers significant debates on the topic of human activities (af'al ai-'ibad). The study examines human strength (istitha'ah) and will (masyi'ah). This is so because every deed is motivated by power and will. The issue is whether or not humans are free to choose their actions based on their own will and strength, or if all human choices are predetermined by God's qadha and qadhar. The Qadariyah understanding, Jabariyah understanding, and Asy'ariah understanding were then born out of this difficulty. Islam's development of the Qadariyah thinking was impacted by the free understanding that emerged among Christians. According to Jabaryah, Allah swt has predetermined every event that people have, both past and present, including bad luck and calamity. People lack free will and free choice, like water flowing in many ways. Just Allah (swt). In accordance with Asy'ariah, since God is free and without restrictions and has the nature of jaiz, humans do not possess freedom.

Scholars in Al-Mu'tazila, and the dilemma of creating Qur'an that relates to it, was being used in studying various issues that is connected with the Abbasid caliphate Al-Ma'mun. This was without any deep search of its roots of more than a century before AL-Ma'mun's era. In this study titled “Al-Mu'tazila before Caliph Al-Ma'mun's era,” we attempt to trace the initial precursors (I'tezal/seclusion), starting by AL-Qadariya which emerged as a reaction from Umayyad Jabriya to reaching Al-Ma'mun's taking power.

<p><em>This paper describes the fundamental teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, the development of religious knowledge, and the social and political context that shaped the intellectual tradition of Islam. Abdullah Saeed, in the transmission of spiritual experience and Islamic thought, introduced the basic teachings of Islam. The emergence of Islam is closely related to the history of its birthplace, the city of Mecca. Besides, Abdullah Saeed also discussed the beginning of the development of religious knowledge, which was immediately explained by the Qur'an and the emergence of sects that influenced the course of change towards truth. Each of these sects and sects has its doctrine, and if there is anything against it, there is undoubtedly a separate assessment of the differences that are believed. Several groups with various theological or religio-political orientations emerged. Among them are Kharijis (khawarij), Shia, Qadaris (qadariyya), Mu‘tazilis (mu‘tazila), Jabris (jabriyya) and Murji'is (murji'a).</em></p>

The aim of this study is the recognition of the stages of creative cognition, achievement motivation of the third-class secondary students in Gadarif Municipality, the recognition of the relationship between the creative cognition and achievement motivation. About three hundred students in third class at secondary level are included in the study and they are selected in a simple random way. To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher used a questionnaire of creative cognition prepared by the researcher and the measuring of achievement motivation prepared by (Mohyd Mohammed). The researcher used the connected descriptive method. After the statistical processing with the programme of statistical package for social science (SPSS), the following results are reached. First, the level of creative cognition of the secondary students in Gadarif Municipality is high. Secondly, the level of achievement motivation of the students is also high. Fourth, there is positive connected relation with statistical imply between the creative cognition and the achievement motivation of the students studied. Also, there are no differences with statistical imply that due to the following factors: gender, type of education, father's education and mother's education.

Researches on Nusantara 'Ulama's works-including Banten 'Ulama's works-are scarcely found. if we seriously observe, a number of their works, especially old manuscripts, are more than those of having been researched, published, and informed to the wider sodery. This research aims at studying a Banten 'Ulama's work of the eighteenth century well-kept in the National Library of Indonesia entitled Futuh al-Asrar Ji Fadhail at-Tahlil wa al-Adzkar (FAFA).
 This manuscript is a copy of Syaikh 'Abdul Wahhab bin 'Abdul Ghani's work copied by Syaikh 'Abdullah bin 'Abd al-Qahhar al-Bantani in Mecca. This text is written to explain the virtue of tahlil and zikir in order that his tarekat disciples obtain an easiness in bringing himself nearer to the God, both when he is alone (sirr) and when he is in busy condition (Jahr). Meanwhile, the motive of Syaikh 'Abdullah bin 'Abd al-Qahhar al-Bantani in copying the text is to prove that the geneology of the Qadiriya Tarekat he inisiates is legal and is directly attached to the Sheikh of Qadiriya Tarekat in Madina when he studied in Mecca during three years. Through this legitimate license and inisiation, he then spread out this tarekat to the Sultan of Banten when he returned to his fatherland. It seems that the existence of this manuscript strengthen the evidence of the existence and the influence of Qadariya Tarekat in the Banten Sultanate in the eighteenth century. And this FAFTA text becomes the initial source to know the genesis of inisiation of Qadariya Tarekat which is obtained by Syaikh 'Abdullah bin 'Abd al-Qahhar al-Bantani who then became the reliant 'Ulama' of Sultan Abu Nasr Zainal Asyiqin (1753-1777).
 Key Words: Zikir, Qadiriya Tarekat, Banten Sultanate of the-18th century.

Faith in destiny is one of the criterion of a Muslim's faith. However, the question of destiny is often questioned and debated to the point of producing two conflicting extreme streams, namely the Qadariah stream and the Jabariah stream. The Qadariah stream focuses on the authority of humans will and deeds to deny destiny. Jabariah, on the other hand, is an extremist in condemning destiny to the point of denying the existence of freedom of will and human actions. In the meantime, the stream of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama`ah was born, adapting the middle path (wasatiyyah) in convicting destiny. True belief and understanding of the concept of destiny is not only a proof of the faith of a Muslim, but it is also the ability to produce a constant positive attitude in oneself to exist in the world whether in pleasure or hardship. This paper aims to examine the beliefs of wasatiyyah in convicting destiny and its role in overcoming the problem of stress by referring to the views of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama`ah who applies the theory of al-Kasb in the discussion of destiny. While al-Ghazali theory that uses the approach of al-‘Aql, al-Qalb, al-Ruh and al-Nafs in stress management. The findings of this discussion show that the mind is capable in managing stress with the support of spiritual aspects. It is regarded that human beings do not have absolute power, everything is under the will and Will of God, but every individual must have effort and initiatives. Thus, these efforts and endeavors encourage individual not to boast shamelessly in times of successful efforts and not to give up in times of failure. Ultimately, reliance on ikhtiar with high confidence in Allah encourages individual to compose oneself and successfully manage stress efficiently even when one is trying the impossible because of the immense notion that it is worth doubling their efforts and ikhtiar.

In the field of kalam (Islamic theology), some major themes, like attributes of Allah, will of Allah and human freedom, or Quran as words of Allah, have become debate topics between thought schools of kalam in Islam. Because of the complexity of those topics, the debate becomes eternal, without an agreed end. Among those thought schools of kalam in Islam involved in the debate is salaf school, held by Ibn Taymiyah. In his opinion, the school is the right one because it quite conforms to Quran and sunna. By way of thought (manhaj) of salaf school, Ibn Taymiyah also takes part in explaining those major themes in his works. In the case of the will of Allah and human freedom, for example, he doesn’t agree with the Qadarite school’s thought and the Jabarite school’s thought although in this he hasn’t yet stretched out a convincing explanation. This essay will analyze the way of thought (manhaj) of salaf school and Ibn Taymiyah’s opinion about those major themes, especially in his book Majmû‘ al-Fatâwâ.

This study investigates the effect of pozzolana and quick lime as stabilizer materials on expansive soil properties. Disturbed soil sample was collected from Al-Qadarif city in east of Sudan. The basic properties, swelling and strength of the soil were measured. The soil shows very weak strength and very high swelling potential. Mineralogical analysis tests were conducted to the soil using XRD tests. The soil contains significant amount of montmorillonite mineral (86%). Laboratory tests were undertaken on soil stabilized with varying percentage of pozzolana only (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30%) and combination of pozzolana with constant content of quick lime (5%). Compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), free swell, swell present and swelling pressure tests were performed on natural and treated soil. The pozzolana was obtained from Jebal Meidob and the lime obtained from local kilns in Kassala. The results showed that the treatment of expansive soil by combination of pozzolana and quick lime reduced soil swelling coupled with significant increase on soil strength. While the use of pozzolana only has marginal effective. It could be concluded that stabilization of expansive soil by pozzolana-lime admixture is successful.

In recent years Sudan suffers from deterioration in the economy. There are three financial legislations issued from the Government of Sudan between Nov 2016 and Oct 2018. These legislations have led to increase in prices of all goods and materials especially construction materials that lead many contracting companies to submit claims demanding for adjustment of prices. This paper documents effort by the Government of Sudan (GoS) to address price adjustments for public-funded projects affected by the mentioned legislations. It also validates some data submitted by the contractors to examine the adjustment through a technical committee established for that purpose. Furthermore, the GoS has introduced a program to build the capacity of all involved parties in the construction industry to calculate price adjustments. This paper compares some data submitted by some contractors for three projects in east Sudan (Qadarif), West Sudan (Zalingei) and central Sudan (Khartoum) that have been approved by consultants with prices of materials obtained from an independent third party the in Khartoum. The results of the comparison are found that some increase in material follows the prices of the (USD) dollar as reinforcement and some local material increase in price due to other reasons like fees of transportation. Also, when comparing prices in different states in Sudan, there are differences in some material depending on the distance from Khartoum and the availability of the materials in the states like local materials as aggregates and red bricks.

Flood that occurred in December 2014 has been categorized as the worst in Malaysia. The disaster has involved more than 100,000 people who experienced with the destruction of property and livelihoods. The victims need immediate help to restore their life back to normal. The situation was categorized as an urgency that requires the use of Islamic Legal Maxims in emergency situations. However, it is restricted by the method of “al-darurah tuqaddar biqadariha”. Thus, the study will examine the use of Islamic Legal Maxims in fiqh of zakat scheme for flood victims. The study will also suggest improvements in the coordination of assistance provided. The study found that the eligibility of a flood victim in an emergency situation is seen under the legal maxim of “al- Darurat Tubihul Mahzurat” (necessity makes illegal things legal) but should be restricted by the other legal maxim which is “al-darurah tuqaddar biqadariha” (necessities are estimated according to their quantity). Implications of the study will provide guidelines to the zakat institutions in providing proper assistance schemes to them. Further studies can be conducted to identify the effectiveness of the assistance provided to the victims.
 Keywords: flood, Islamic legal maxims, emergency, flood victims, aids limitation
 Abstrak
 Banjir yang berlaku pada Disember 2014 dikategorikan sebagai paling buruk yang melanda kawasan Pantai Timur, Malaysia. Bencana ini telah melibatkan lebih 100,000 orang mangsa yang mengalami kemusnahan harta benda dan punca pendapatan. Mangsa memerlukan bantuan segera bagi memulihkan kembali kehidupan seperti sedia kala. Keadaan ini dikategorikan sebagai keadaan mendesak yang mengharuskan penggunaan kaedah fiqh dalam situasi darurat. Walau bagaimanapun, ia dibataskan dengan kaedah fiqh al-darurah tuqaddar biqadariha. Justeru, kajian akan mengkaji penggunaan kaedah fiqh ini dalam agihan zakat untuk mangsa banjir. Kajian juga akan mencadangkan penambahbaikan dalam penyelarasan agihan zakat yang diberikan kepada mereka. Hasil kajian mendapati kelayakan seseorang mangsa banjir dalam situasi darurat dilihat lebih tepat di bawah kaedah fiqh al-darurat tubihul mahzurat (kemudaharatan membolehkan tegahan) tetapi perlu dibatasi dengan kaedah fiqh yang lain iaitu al-darurat tuqaddar bi qadariha (keadaan darurat ditentukan mengikut kadarnya). Implikasi kajian boleh dijadikan garis panduan kepada institusi zakat dalam menyediakan agihan zakat yang sepatutnya kepada mangsa banjir ini. Kajian lanjutan boleh dilakukan dalam mengenalpasti keberkesanan bantuan yang diberikan kepada mangsa banjir. 
 Kata kunci: banjir, kaedah fiqh, darurat, mangsa banjir, had bantuan

This article aims to see how history emerged, the main teachings and figures of the Kalam science school, namely: Khawarij, Qdariah and Jabariah. These three schools are schools that emerged in Islam and have different teaching principles. The method in this research is library research by collecting research data from literature and using the world of texts as the main material for analysis. Other relevant sources can also support and enrich the data needed using books by Islamic scholars. The results of this research show that the emergence of the khawarij was as people who left Ali's ranks, where the initial emergence of the khawarij was due to political events, namely the appointment of the Caliph. The main teachings of the khawarij were to disbelieve those who accepted the tahkim event. Furthermore, the teachings of the sect, while the Qdariah and Jabariah schools initially emerged due to the problem of divine destiny, the first understanding, namely the Qdariah understanding, they argue that humans can determine actions, while the Jabariah believes that in essence humans do not have a will, but are only forced to do so.

The homeless was a group of people who are marginalized in large cities, such as Kuala Lumpur. The existence of them is due to various factors such as urban poverty, family conflict, mental and social symptoms. Arising from these factors, they decided to live on the streets without appropriate residences. In confronting the issue of the homeless, various forms of assistance have been provided either by government agencies or non-governmental organizations, such as the provision of transit accommodation, food distribution and so on. However, the food distribution program that is open to all parties is seen to cause problems in term of ensuring halal food intake for the homeless who are Muslims. An element of doubt on the aspect of halalan ṭayyiban was arised due to the background differences from the parties. Furthermore, the situation of the homeless who depend heavily on help, lead them to accept all kinds of food distributed without careful examination. At some point, some of the difficulties experienced by the homeless puts them in a situation of ‘darurah’(emergency). From the aspect of Islamic law, there is a debate regarding the legal maxim "Al-darurah Tuqaddaru bi Qadariha" (Emergency eliminated in line with the rate). It is designed just to eliminate the element of darurah that exists in a situation. The rukhsah was given to eliminate the element of darurah. However, it must be taken at a rate that only to eliminate the situation of darurah. Therefore, the maxim has been applied toward the intake of food distribution by the homeless. As a result, the application of the maxim is flexible based on the situation. Homeless was given the rukhsah in a desperate situation and feared harm if they did not take the food. However, it cannot be applied when there is a wide selection of food distribution resources especially those from more authoritative and Islamic organizations. In addition, it also does not apply if the food has been described clearly as Halal or otherwise.
 ABSTRAK
 Golongan gelandangan merupakan satu kelompok masyarakat marginal yang terdapat di bandar-bandar besar, misalnya di Kuala Lumpur. Kewujudan golongan ini adalah disebabkan pelbagai faktor yang menghimpit dan mendesak antaranya adalah kemiskinan bandar, konflik keluarga, gangguan mental dan gejala sosial. Bertitik tolak daripada faktor tersebut, mereka mengambil keputusan untuk tinggal di jalanan tanpa mempunyai tempat tinggal yang tetap dan sesuai. Dalam mendepani isu gelandangan, pelbagai bentuk bantuan telah diberikan kepada golongan gelandangan sama ada oleh agensi kerajaan ataupun pertubuhan bukan kerajaan, misalnya penyediaan penginapan transit, bantuan makanan dan sebagainya. Namun begitu, bantuan makanan yang bersifat terbuka ini dilihat menimbulkan permasalahan dalam pengambilan makanan halal bagi gelandangan yang beragama Islam. Perbezaan latar belakang pihak-pihak yang menghulurkan bantuan makanan dilihat mewujudkan unsur keraguan terhadap aspek halalan tayyiban pada sumber makanan tersebut. Tambahan pula, situasi gelandangan yang bergantung sepenuhnya kepada bantuan menyebabkan mereka menerima segala jenis makanan yang diagihkan tanpa pemeriksaan yang teliti. Beberapa kesulitan yang dialami oleh gelandangan ini meletakkan mereka berada dalam situasi darurat pada suatu keadaan. Dari aspek hukum Islam, terdapat satu kaedah fiqh yang membahaskan perihal darurat antaranya ialah kaedah “Al-Darurah Tuqaddaru bi Qadariha” (Darurat dihilangkan selari dengan kadarnya). Kaedah ini bertujuan menghilangkan unsur darurat yang wujud dalam sesuatu keadaan. Pemberian rukhsah berperanan dalam menghilangkan unsur darurat tersebut. Walau bagaimanapun, berasaskan piawaian pemberian rukhsah, ianya mestilah diambil pada kadar yang dapat menghilangkan darurat itu sahaja. Oleh itu, kaedah fiqh ini telah diaplikasikan ke atas permasalahan dalam pengambilan bantuan makanan oleh gelandangan. Hasilnya, aplikasi kaedah tersebut adalah bersifat fleksibel berdasarkan situasi. Gelandangan diberikan rukhsah untuk mengambil makanan yang diragui sumber penyediaanya sekiranya mereka benar-benar terdesak dan dikhuatiri mendatangkan mudarat jika tidak mengambil makanan tersebut. Namun demikian, kaedah ini tidak boleh diaplikasikan pada beberapa situasi. Antaranya ialah apabila wujud pelbagai pilihan sumber bantuan makanan daripada pihak yang lebih berautoriti dari sudut halal seperti pertubuhan serta sukarelawan Islam. Selain itu, ia juga tidak terpakai sekiranya telah dijelaskan status makanan tersebut yang membezakan di antara halal dengan sebaliknya. 
 
 Kata kunci: gelandangan, darurah, rukhsah, makanan halal, halalan tayyiban

This paper investigates empirical correlation between expansive soil index properties and soil swelling. The paper uses the concept of Nomographs to develop one for prediction of soil swelling. Disturbed soil samples from different regions in Sudan were collected to represent the most challenging soils in the country. The samples were collected from Al-Qadarif (S1), Wad Medani (S2) and Al-Giraif East in Khartoum (S3). The basic properties of the soil samples were thoroughly measured. The three soils gave high swelling potential and high plasticity. The X-ray diffraction test results showed that S1 has the highest montmorillonite than the other two soils. Therefore S1 is considered as the most expansive soil compared with the other soils. The consistency factor which was developed can be used to correlate the basic properties of the soil with the soil swelling. The consistency factor is a combination of the moisture content, dry density, void ratio, liquid limit and plasticity index. These parameters are combined in a way reflecting the influence of each of them on the soil property. The swelling properties were measured for the soil samples compacted at different moisture content and different dry densities. Very good linear relationships were developed between the swelling properties and the consistency factor. The correlations developed were verified by using data reported by some previous researchers. Using the relationships developed in this study, Nomograph was designed so as to make easy to predict swelling potential.

<p><em>tudingan bahwa tasawuf, terutama setelah hadirnya karya monumental imam al-Ghazali, telah membuat dunia Islam mengalami kelesuan intelektual tampaknya memang tidak dapat ditolak dengan kembali menelaah konsep-konsep tasawuf yang seringkali menimbulkan kesan “permusuhan” terhadap kehidupan duniawi dengan segala hingar bingarnya (zuhud), begitu pun halnya ketika menelaah konsep tawakkal yang telah mencerabut kemampuan kreatif manusia menuju pada ketaklukan di bawah kuasa takdir.</em></p><p><em>Kajian ini berupaya untuk membuktikan bahwa konsep tasawuf tidak selalu berkonotasi terhadap kemalasan yang dibungkus dengan nalar-nalar ketuhanan. Melalui kajian terhadap salah satu tafsir yang dihasilkan oleh Ulama Indonesia, Tafsir al-Mishbah karya M. Quraish Shihab, kesimpulan yang bisa diangkat adalah, konsep kunci dalam tasawuf yang lazim disebut dengan </em>al-Maqamat wa al-Ahwal<em> khususnya pada konsep zuhud dan tawakkal diberikan penafsiran dengan nuansa yang berbeda dari konsep tasawuf lama. Zuhud dalam tafsir al-Mishbah, tidak serta merta dijadikan sebagai konsep yang “membenci” dunia, melainkan dengan memadukan antara keduanya, dengan kata lain, kehidupan ukhrawi adalah tujuan sedangkan kehidupan duniawi adalah sarana yang tidak bisa ditinggalkan untuk mencapai tujuan.</em></p><p><em>Begitu pula dengan konsep tawakkal, Shihab tidak lantas menyepakati dan mempertentangkan antara nalar </em>Jabariah<em> dan </em>Qadariah<em> yang selama ini –dengan melirik pada kajian dalam ilmu kalam –selalu dipertentangkan secara diametral. Dalam konsep sufistik Shihab, tawakkal tidak bisa dilepaskan dari upaya maksimal yang harus dilakukannya, sebaliknya, tawakkal harus tetap menjadi nilai dalam setiap upaya yang dilakukannya.</em></p>

Abstract Background Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasite is still known to be one of the most significant public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. Genetic diversity of the Sudanese P. falciparum based on the diversity in the circumsporozoite surface protein (PfCSP) has not been previously studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of the N-terminal region of the pfcsp gene. Methods A cross-sectional molecular study was conducted; 50 blood samples have been analysed from different regions in Sudan. Patients were recruited from the health facilities of Khartoum, New Halfa, Red Sea, White Nile, Al Qadarif, Gezira, River Nile, and Ad Damazin during malaria transmission seasons between June to October and December to February 2017–2018. Microscopic and nested PCR was performed for detection of P. falciparum. Merozoite surface protein-1 was performed to differentiate single and multiple clonal infections. The N-terminal of the pfcsp gene has been sequenced using PCR-Sanger dideoxy method and analysed to sequences polymorphism including the numbers of haplotypes (H), segregating sites (S), haplotypes diversity (Hd) and the average number of nucleotide differences between two sequences (Pi) were obtained using the software DnaSP v5.10. As well as neutrality testing, Tajima’s D test, Fu and Li’s D and F statistics. Results PCR amplification resulted in 1200 bp of the pfcsp gene. Only 21 PCR products were successfully sequenced while 29 were presenting multiple clonal P. falciparum parasite were not sequenced. The analysis of the N-terminal region of the PfCSP amino acids sequence compared to the reference strains showed five different haplotypes. H1 consisted of 3D7, NF54, HB3 and 13 isolates of the Sudanese pfcsp. H2 comprised of 7G8, Dd2, MAD20, RO33, Wellcome strain, and 5 isolates of the Sudanese pfcsp. H3, H4, and H5 were found in 3 distinct isolates. Hd was 0.594 ± 0.065, and S was 12. The most common polymorphic site was A98G; other sites were D82Y, N83H, N83M, K85L, L86F, R87L, R87F, and A98S. Fu and Li’s D* test value was − 2.70818, Fu and Li’s F* test value was − 2.83907, indicating a role of negative balancing selection in the pfcsp N-terminal region. Analysis with the global pfcsp N-terminal regions showed the presence of 13 haplotypes. Haplotypes frequencies were 79.4%, 17.0%, 1.6% and 1.0% for H1, H2, H3 and H4, respectively. Remaining haplotypes frequency was 0.1% for each. Hd was 0.340 ± 0.017 with a Pi of 0.00485, S was 18 sites, and Pi was 0.00030. Amino acid polymorphisms identified in the N-terminal region of global pfcsp were present at eight positions (D82Y, N83H/M, K85L/T/N, L86F, R87L/F, A98G/V/S, D99G, and G100D). Conclusions Sudanese pfcsp N-terminal region was well-conserved with only a few polymorphic sites. Geographical distribution of genetic diversity showed high similarity to the African isolates, and this will help and contribute in the deployment of RTS,S, a PfCSP-based vaccine, in Sudan.