Bibliografie tematiche / Pyrolysis

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Pyrolysis"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 31 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Pyrolysis"

1

Adeboye, B. S., S. O. Obayopo, A. A. Asere e I. K. Okediran. "Production of Pyrolytic Oil from Cassava Peel Wastes". Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, n. 4 (1 novembre 2021): 726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.726.

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Abstract (sommario):
This study investigated the production of pyrolytic oil from cassava peel wastes. Pyrolysis is a very important thermochemical method for converting biomass into biofuel. In recent times, the production of biofuel has taken center stage due to concerns over the sustainability of conventional energy sources. Pyrolysis has received much attention by researchers because it can be used to optimize the production of high calorific value pyrolytic oil. A fixed bed pyrolysing unit was constructed for the production of liquid fuel in this study. Cassava peels were pyrolysed in the reactor. The temperature of reaction was varied to investigate the effect of temperature variation on the product distribution in terms of the percentage weight distribution and the calorific value of the pyrolytic oil. A maximum pyrolytic oil yield of 28.4 wt.% was obtained at 500 °C. The effect of temperature changes on calorific value was also investigated and it was observed that the maximum calorific value of 29.7 MJ/kg was obtained at 600°C.
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2

ASSUMPÇÃO, Luiz Carlos Fonte Nova de, Mônica Regina da Costa MARQUES e Montserrat Motas CARBONELL. "CO-PYROLYSIS OF POLYPROPYLENE WITH PETROLEUM OF BACIA DE CAMPOS". Periódico Tchê Química 06, n. 11 (20 gennaio 2009): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v6.n11.2009.24_periodico11_pgs_23_30.pdf.

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Abstract (sommario):
In this study, the process of co-pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP) residues with gas-oil was evaluated, varying the temperature and the amount of polypropylene fed to the reactor. The polypropylene samples and gas-oil were submitted to the thermal co-pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere, varying the temperature and the amount of PP. The influence of the gas-oil was evaluated carrying the co-pyrolysis in the absence of PP. The pyrolysed liquids produced by this thermal treatment were characterized by modified gaseous chromatography in order to evaluate the yield in the range of distillation of diesel. As a result, the increase of PP amount lead to a reduction in the yield of the pyrolytic liquid and to an increase of the amount of solid generated. The effect of temperature increase showed an inverse result. The results show that plastic residue co-pyrolysys is a potential method for chemical recycling of plastic products.
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3

Urbanovičs, Igors, Gaļina Dobele, Vilhelmīne Jurkjane, Valdis Kampars e Ēriks Samulis. "PYROLYTIC OIL - A PRODUCT OF FAST PYROLYSIS OF WOOD RESIDUES FOR ENERGY RESOURCES". Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (23 giugno 2007): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2007vol1.1742.

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Abstract (sommario):
The application of renewable energy resources for energy production becomes increasingly urgent worldwide. Fast pyrolysis is one of the trends of obtaining liquid fuel from solid biomass.The aim of the present study was to investigate the yield, chemical composition, physical properties and water amount of hardwood pyrolytic oil (PO) depending on the pyrolysis and pre-treatment conditions in an ablative type reactor.The results of the analysis of the heat capacity of pyrolytic oil show an increase in this parameter from 12 MJ/kg (without drying) to 15-16 MJ/kg, drying the wood, and then pyrolysing it.Pyrolytic oil with a decreased amount of pyrolytic water and a high heat capacity was obtained in an ablative type reactor, drying the wood and then pyrolysing it. For the pyrolytic oil obtained in the two-stage fast pyrolysis equipment process, pH increases.
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4

Usino, David O., Päivi Ylitervo e Tobias Richards. "Primary Products from Fast Co-Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell and Sawdust". Molecules 28, n. 19 (26 settembre 2023): 6809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196809.

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Abstract (sommario):
Co-pyrolysis is one possible method to handle different biomass leftovers. The success of the implementation depends on several factors, of which the quality of the produced bio-oil is of the highest importance, together with the throughput and constraints of the feedstock. In this study, the fast co-pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS) and woody biomass was conducted in a micro-pyrolyser connected to a Gas Chromatograph–Mass Spectrometer/Flame Ionisation Detector (GC–MS/FID) at 600 °C and 5 s. Different blend ratios were studied to reveal interactions on the primary products formed from the co-pyrolysis, specifically PKS and two woody biomasses. A comparison of the experimental and predicted yields showed that the co-pyrolysis of the binary blends in equal proportions, PKS with mahogany (MAH) or iroko (IRO) sawdust, resulted in a decrease in the relative yield of the phenols by 19%, while HAA was promoted by 43% for the PKS:IRO-1:1 pyrolysis blend, and the saccharides were strongly inhibited for the PKS:MAH-1:1 pyrolysis blend. However, no difference was observed in the yields for the different groups of compounds when the two woody biomasses (MAH:IRO-1:1) were co-pyrolysed. In contrast to the binary blend, the pyrolysis of the ternary blends showed that the yield of the saccharides was promoted to a large extent, while the acids were inhibited for the PKS:MAH:IRO-1:1:1 pyrolysis blend. However, the relative yield of the saccharides was inhibited to a large extent for the PKS:MAH:IRO-1:2:2 pyrolysis blend, while no major difference was observed in the yields across the different groups of compounds when PKS and the woody biomass were blended in equal amounts and pyrolysed (PKS:MAH:IRO-2:1:1). This study showed evidence of a synergistic interaction when co-pyrolysing different biomasses. It also shows that it is possible to enhance the production of a valuable group of compounds with the right biomass composition and blend ratio.
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5

Mercl, Filip, Zdeněk Košnář, Lorenzo Pierdonà, Leidy Marcela Ulloa-Murillo, Jiřina Száková e Pavel Tlustoš. "Changes in availability of Ca, K, Mg, P and S in sewage sludge as affected by pyrolysis temperature". Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 4 (30 aprile 2020): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/605/2019-pse.

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Pyrolysis is a promising technology for sewage sludge (SS) treatment providing several improvements of SS properties for soil application. However, information on the influence of pyrolytic temperature on the availability of nutrients in resulting biochar (BC) is limited. In this study, anaerobically stabilised SS was pyrolysed in a laboratory fixed-bed reactor at 220, 320, 420, 520, and 620 °C for 30 min in the N<sub>2</sub> atmosphere. Pyrolysis resulted in a higher total content of all studied nutrients in BCs. Aromaticity and hydrophobicity of BCs increased with increasing temperatures while solubility decreased. Relative availability (% from total content) of nutrients in BCs was in order: Ca &gt; Mg ~ K &gt; S &gt; P. Pyrolysis at 220 °C produced acidic BC with a higher content of acetic acid-extractable nutrients compared to non-pyrolysed control. An increment in pH and a significant drop in the content of available Ca, Mg, K and S were found at temperature 320 °C. Pyrolysis at 320 °C increased the content of available P by 28 % compared to non-pyrolysed SS. At the temperature of 420 °C and higher, available contents of all studied nutrients were lower than in non-pyrolysed SS.
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6

Alagu, R. M., e E. Ganapathy Sundaram. "Experimental Studies on Thermal and Catalytic Slow Pyrolysis of Groundnut Shell to Pyrolytic Oil". Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (agosto 2015): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.67.

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Abstract (sommario):
Pyrolysis process in a fixed bed reactor was performed to derive pyrolytic oil from groundnut shell. Experiments were conducted with different operating parameters to establish optimum conditions with respect to maximum pyrolytic oil yield. Pyrolysis process was carried out without catalyst (thermal pyrolysis) and with catalyst (catalytic pyrolysis). The Kaolin is used as a catalyst for this study. The maximum pyrolytic oil yield (39%wt) was obtained at 450°C temperature for 1.18- 2.36 mm of particle size and heating rate of 60°C/min. The properties of pyrolytic oil obtained by thermal and catalytic pyrolysis were characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques to identify the functional groups and chemical components present in the pyrolytic oil. The study found that catalytic pyrolysis produce more pyrolytic oil yield and improve the pH value, viscosity and calorific value of the pyrolytic oil as compared to thermal pyrolysis.
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7

Lee, Nahyeon, Junghee Joo, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin e Jechan Lee. "Waste-to-Fuels: Pyrolysis of Low-Density Polyethylene Waste in the Presence of H-ZSM-11". Polymers 13, n. 8 (7 aprile 2021): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081198.

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Abstract (sommario):
Herein, the pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) scrap in the presence of a H-ZSM-11 zeolite was conducted as an effort to valorize plastic waste to fuel-range chemicals. The LDPE-derived pyrolytic gas was composed of low-molecular-weight aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, and propylene) and hydrogen. An increase in pyrolysis temperature led to increasing the gaseous hydrocarbon yields for the pyrolysis of LDPE. Using the H-ZSM-11 catalyst in the pyrolysis of LDPE greatly enhanced the content of propylene in the pyrolytic gas because of promoted dehydrogenation of propane formed during the pyrolysis. Apart from the light aliphatic hydrocarbons, jet fuel-, diesel-, and motor oil-range hydrocarbons were found in the pyrolytic liquid for the non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis. The change in pyrolysis temperature for the catalytic pyrolysis affected the hydrocarbon compositions of the pyrolytic liquid more materially than for the non-catalytic pyrolysis. This study experimentally showed that H-ZSM-11 can be effective at producing fuel-range hydrocarbons from LDPE waste through pyrolysis. The results would contribute to the development of waste valorization process via plastic upcycling.
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Lu, Tao, Hao Ran Yuan, Shun Gui Zhou, Hong Yu Huang, Kobayashi Noriyuki e Yong Chen. "On the Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge: The Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar, Liquid and Gas Fractions". Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (maggio 2012): 3412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3412.

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Abstract (sommario):
Pyrolytic conversion of sewage sludge to biochar, oil and gas is an environmentally and economically acceptable way comparable to conventional options for sewage sludge disposal. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of pyrolysis temperature on production of biochar fraction for agronomic application, oil and gas fractions for energy utilization. Sewage sludge samples collected from an urban sewage treatment plant were pyrolysed in a bench–scale quartz tubular furnace over the temperature range of 300-700°C.The results indicated that the biochar fraction yield decreased, the yields of liquid (oil and water) fraction and gas fraction increased by evaluating the pyrolysis temperature. Concentration of heavy metals and nutrient elements present in biochar varied with pyrolysis temperature, the heating value of oil from liquid fraction fluctuated between 26938.3 and 30757.9kJ/kg, the heating value of gas fraction increased from 4012kJ/Nm3 to 12077 kJ/Nm3 with the increasing pyrolysis temperature.
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CARNEIRO, Débora da Silva, e Mônica Regina da Costa MARQUES. "CO-PYROLYSIS OF POLYETHYLENE S WASTE WITH BACIA DE CAMPOS'S GASOIL". Periódico Tchê Química 07, n. 13 (20 gennaio 2010): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v7.n13.2010.17_periodico13_pgs_16_21.pdf.

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In this work the process of co-pyrolysis of polyethylene plastic residue was carried through with petroleum, in a temperature of 550°C. First, the polyethylene samples and petroleum had been submitted the thermal co-pyrolysis in inert atmosphere. Later they had been evaluated the efficiency of the process with variation of the amount of polyethylene residue added to the petroleum. The generated pyrolytic liquids had been characterized by modified gaseous chromatography, with the objective to evaluate the generation of fractions in the band of the distillation of diesel. It can be observed that the increase of the amount of PE in the half reactional favors the reduction of the income of pyrolytic liquid and the increase of the amount of generate solid. The results show that plastic residue co-pyrolysys is a potential method for chemical recycling of plastic products.
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10

Kumar, Sachin, e R. K. Singh. "Thermolysis of High-Density Polyethylene to Petroleum Products". Journal of Petroleum Engineering 2013 (30 maggio 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/987568.

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Abstract (sommario):
Thermal degradation of plastic polymers is becoming an increasingly important method for the conversion of plastic materials into valuable chemicals and oil products. In this work, virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was chosen as a material for pyrolysis. A simple pyrolysis reactor system has been used to pyrolyse virgin HDPE with an objective to optimize the liquid product yield at a temperature range of 400°C to 550°C. The chemical analysis of the HDPE pyrolytic oil showed the presence of functional groups such as alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, and phenyl ring substitution bands. The composition of the pyrolytic oil was analyzed using GC-MS, and it was found that the main constituents were n-Octadecane, n-Heptadecane, 1-Pentadecene, Octadecane, Pentadecane, and 1-Nonadecene. The physical properties of the obtained pyrolytic oil were close to those of mixture of petroleum products.
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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Pyrolysis"

1

Tam, Tina Sui-Man. "Pyrolysis of oil shale in a spouted bed pyrolyser". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26742.

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Abstract (sommario):
Pyrolysis of a New Brunswick oil shale has been studied in a 12.8cm diameter spouted bed reactor. The aim of the project was to study the effect of pyrolysis temperature, shale particle size, feed rate and bed material on oil yield. Gas and spent shale yields were also determined. Shale of different particle size ranging from 0.5mm to 4mm was studied using an electrically heated reactor containing sand or spent shale which was spouted with nitrogen or nitrogen/carbon dioxide mixtures. For a given particle size and feed rate, there is a maximum in oil yield with temperature. For particles of 1-2mm at a feed rate of about 1.4kg/hr, the optimum temperature is at 475°C with an oil yield of 7.1% which represents 89.3% of the modified Fischer Assay yield. For the 2-4mm and the same feed rate, the optimum temperature is 505°C with an oil yield equal to 7.4% which is 94.3% of the modified Fischer Assay value. At a fixed temperature of about 500°C, the oil yield increases with increasing particle size. This trend is in agreement with the Fischer Assay values which showed oil yields increasing from 5.2% to about 8% as the particle size was increased. In the spouted bed, the oil yield decreases as the oil shale feed rate increases at a given temperature. The use of spent shales as the spouting solids in the bed also has a negative effect on oil yield. The gas yields which were low (less than 2.1%) and difficult to measure do not seem to be affected by particle sizes, feed rate and bed material. Hydrogen, methane and other hydrocarbons are produced in very small amounts. C0₂ and CO are not released in measurable yield in the experiments. The trend of the spent shale yield has not been successfully understood due to the unreliability of the particle collection results. Attrition of the spent shale appears to be a serious problem. Results of the experiments are rationalized with the aid of a kinetic model in which the kerogen in the oil shale decomposes to yield a bitumen and other by products and the bitumen undergoes further decomposition into oil. The spouted bed is treated as a backmixed reactor with respect to the solids. A heat transfer model is used to predict the temperature rise of the shale entering the pyrolyzer.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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2

Zanzi, Rolando. "Pyrolysis of biomass. Rapid pyrolysis at high temperature. Slow pyrolysis for active carbon preparation". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3180.

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Pyrolysis of biomass consists of heating solid biomass inthe absence of air to produce solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.In the first part of this thesis rapid pyrolysis of wood(birch) and some agricultural residues (olive waste, sugarcanebagasse and wheat straw in untreated and in pelletized form) athigh temperature (800ºC–1000ºC) is studied ina free fall reactor at pilot scale. These conditions are ofinterest for gasification in fluidized beds. Of main interestare the gas and char yields and compositions as well as thereactivity of the produced char in gasification.

A higher temperature and smaller particles increase theheating rate resulting in a decreased char yield. The crackingof the hydrocarbons with an increase of the hydrogen content inthe gaseous product is favoured by a higher temperature and byusing smaller particles. Wood gives more volatiles and lesschar than straw and olive waste. The higher ash content inagricultural residues favours the charring reactions. Charsfrom olive waste and straw are more reactive in gasificationthan chars from birch because of the higher ash content. Thecomposition of the biomass influences the product distribution.Birch and bagasse give more volatiles and less char thanquebracho, straw and olive waste. Longer residence time inrapid pyrolysis increase the time for contact between tar andchar which makes the char less reactive. The secondary charproduced from tar not only covers the primary char but alsoprobably encapsulates the ash and hinders the catalytic effectof the ash. High char reactivity is favoured by conditionswherethe volatiles are rapidly removed from the particle, i.e.high heating rate, high temperature and small particles.

The second part of this thesis deals with slow pyrolysis inpresence of steam for preparation of active carbon. Theinfluence of the type of biomass, the type of reactor and thetreatment conditions, mainly temperature and activation time,on the properties and the yield of active carbons are studied.The precursors used in the experiments are birch (wood) anddifferent types of agricultural residues such as sugarcanebagasse, olive waste, miscanthus pellets and straw in untreatedand pelletized form.

The results from the pyrolysis of biomass in presence ofsteam are compared with those obtained in inert atmosphere ofnitrogen. The steam contributes to the formation of solidresidues with high surface area and good adsorption capacity.The yield of liquid products increases significantly at theexpense of the gaseous and solid products. Large amount ofsteam result in liquid products consisting predominantly ofwater-soluble polar compounds.

In comparison to the stationary fixed bed reactor, therotary reactor increases the production of energy-rich gases atthe expense of liquid products.

The raw materials have strong effect on the yields and theproperties of the pyrolysis products. At equal time oftreatment an increase of the temperature results in a decreaseof the yield of solid residue and improvement of the adsorptioncapacity until the highest surface area is reached. Furtherincrease of the temperature decreases the yield of solidproduct without any improvement in the adsorption capacity. Therate of steam flow influences the product distribution. Theyield of liquid products increases while the gas yielddecreases when the steam flow is increased.

Keywords: rapid pyrolysis, pyrolysis, wood, agriculturalresidues,biomass, char, tar, gas, char reactivity,gasification, steam, active carbon

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3

Munoz, hoyos Mariana. "Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience". Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0081/document.

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Abstract (sommario):
Des poudres céramiques multiéléments dans le système Si/C/N peuvent être obtenues avec le procédé de spray pyrolyse. Les paramètres de synthèse et leur influence sur la composition et la morphologie de poudres obtenues a fait l’objet de précédentes études. Toutefois, les mécanismes de décomposition et de recombinaison des espèces dans la zone de réaction restent inconnus. Cette étude vise à approfondir la compréhension du procédé, de la formation de l’aérosol jusqu’aux mécanismes de formation des particules solides. Ainsi, la caractérisation de l’aérosol par ombroscopie laser, couplée à la mise en place d’un modèle numérique du transport et traitement des gouttes du précurseur au sein du dispositif, a permis l’identification de distributions en taille de gouttes de type bimodal jusqu’à leur entrée en zone de réaction. Cette double approche a également permis de vérifier l’effet des phénomènes physiques et hydrodynamiques sur les distributions en taille des gouttelettes lors de leur transport vers la zone réactionnelle. L’introduction d’une distribution bimodale dans le four de pyrolyse permet d’envisager un mécanisme de décomposition du précurseur en deux étapes, lié à la taille des gouttelettes. Cette hypothèse combinée à l’étude de décomposition du précurseur Hexaméthyldisilazane à haute température a permis de proposer des mécanismes de formation de poudres dont la composition chimique varie selon l’atmosphère de synthèse utilisée
Multielement ceramic powders in the Si/C/N system could be obtained by spray pyrolysis process. Synthesis parameters and their effect on powder chemical composition and morphology have been already studied. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of precursor decomposition and gas phase species recombination that take place in the reaction zone are still unknown. The aim of this study is the comprehension of the process, from the aerosol generation to the solid powders formation mechanisms. The shadowgraphy technique was used to characterize the spray, and coupled with the implementation of a numerical model of droplets transport and treatment through the device allowed to identify bimodal size distributions at the furnace entrance. This double approach let confirm the effect of physical and hydrodynamic phenomenon in drop size evolution. The introduction of a bimodal distribution into the pyrolysis furnace allows to consider a precursor decomposition mechanism in two steps, depending on the drop sizes. This hypothesis combined to the study of precursor decomposition at high temperature led to the proposal of powder formation mechanisms in which their chemical composition varies with the synthesis atmosphere
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4

Oh, Myongsook Susan. "Softening coal pyrolysis". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15245.

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Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE.
Bibliography: leaves 275-284.
by Myongsook Susan Oh.
Sc.D.
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5

Alkhatib, Radwan. "Development of an alternative fuel from waste of used tires by pyrolysis". Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMNA0197/document.

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L'objectif de ce travail est de valoriser des déchets de pneus usagés par pyrolyse afin d'obtenir un nouveau carburant comparable avec le gazole suivant la norme EN590. L'obtention de ce carburant était réalisée via l'optimisation des conditions de pyrolyse qui sont la température, la vitesse de chauffage (puissance de la résistance électrique) et du débit d'azote. Le rôle de l'azote est limité à purger le réacteur avant le début de la pyrolyse pour 30 minutes système. Le carburant produit est comparable au gazole avec un pouvoir calorifique de 45 MJ/kg, une densité de 0,85 et une teneur en goudron 7%
The objective of this work is to get alternative fuel comparable with the available diesel in the market following the EN590. The fuel getting was via optimization of pyrolysis conditions which are temperature, heating rate (power of electrical resistance) and inert gas flow rate. The optimum values are 465°C, 650 Watts and without inert gas flow rate. Inert gas role is limited to purge the system for 30 minutes before start the pyrolysis to get rid of oxidative gases. The obtained product is comparable with the diesel as it has GCV 45 KJ/kg, low density of 0,85 and 7% tar content
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6

Melzer, Michael. "Valorisation énergétique des sous-produits agricoles en zone sub-saharienne : pré-conditionnement de la biomasse par pyrolyse flash". Thesis, Compiègne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013COMP2098/document.

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L’Afrique de l'Ouest manque de ressources naturelles pour la production d'énergie. Les sous-produits agro-industriels comme les coques d’anacarde (CNS), les tourteaux de jatropha et de karité ont été identifiés comme des ressources disponibles et facilement mobilisables à des fins énergétiques. Ces biomasses se caractérisent par de fortes teneurs en extractibles (baume de cajou=CNSL ou triglycérides), sources de fumées toxiques en combustion. La thèse visait à évaluer la pertinence de la pyrolyse rapide comme procédé alternatif pour ces ressources, etplus particulièrement à établir l'impact des extractibles sur les rendements, la composition et la stabilité des bio-huiles. Les biomasses ont été dérivées en échantillons couvrant la gamme entière des teneurs en extractibles (tourteau déshuilé ~0% ; extractible purs 100%), lesquels ont été caractérisés et pyrolysés dans 2 dispositifs laboratoires (ATG et four tubulaire), puis en conditions réelles sur un pilote de pyrolyse rapide à lit fluidisé. On ne constate pas d'interaction significative entre la matrice solide et les extractibles lors de leur décomposition, mais des produits différents ont été identifiés. Le CNSL se volatilise entre 250 et 320°C ; plusieurs composés phénoliques ou typiques du CNSL brut se retrouvent dans l'huile de pyrolyse. En revanche, les triglycérides se décomposent entièrement entre 380 et 420°C en chaînes d’hydrocarbures linéaires. Quelques produits d'interaction avec les triglycérides et les protéines ont été identifiés. Par ailleurs, les essais sur pilote ont mis en évidence des difficultés opérationnelles dans le lit fluidisé liées aux spécificités des tourteaux, suggérant une optimisation des conditions opératoires. Pour pallier la séparation de phases constatée sur les bio-huiles, des formulations avec d'autres biocarburants ont été testées. Les émulsions obtenues sont plus homogènes, mais leur stabilité physique est encore insuffisante malgré l'ajout
Sub-Saharan West Africa lacks of natural resources, especially for energy production. By-products of agro-industry as cashew nut shells (CNS), jatropha (Jc) and shea (Sc) press cakes were identified as available resources for energetic valorisation. These biomasses are characterized by high extractive contents (cashew nut shell liquid/CNSL or triglycerides) which are the reason for toxic fumes during combustion. The thesis investigated the feasibility of flash pyrolysis as alternative process for these resources, more specifically the impact of the extractives on yields, the composition and the stability of flash pyrolysis oils. The feedstock were derived into samples covering the whole range of extractive contents (from de-oiled press cakes, ~0 wt%; to pure extractives, 100 wt%) which were characterized and pyrolysed in two laboratory devices (TGA and tubular furnace), then by applying flash pyrolysis conditions in a fluidized bed reactor. No significant interaction in-between the solid matrix and the extractives during pyrolysis were observed but different products were identified. CNSL volatises between 250 and 320°C, several phenolic compounds and typical compounds of crude CNSL were found to be present in the pyrolysis oil. In contrast, triglycerides are entirely decomposed at 380 to 420°C to give linear hydro-carbon chains. Some interaction products of the triglycerides with proteins were identified. Additionally, the experiments with the pilot plant have shown operational difficulties in the fluidized bed, which are linked to specific properties of the press cakes. Thus, further optimisations of process conditions are suggested. To overcome the observed phase separation of the pyrolysis oils mixtures with other biofuels were studied. The obtained emulsions are more homogeneous but the physical stability is still insufficient despite the addition of surfactants
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7

Safdari, Mohammad Saeed. "Characterization of Pyrolysis Products from Fast Pyrolysis of Live and Dead Vegetation". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8807.

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Wildland fire, which includes both planned (prescribed fire) and unplanned (wildfire) fires, is an important component of many ecosystems. Prescribed burning (controlled burning) is used as an effective tool in managing a variety of ecosystems in the United States to reduce accumulation of hazardous fuels, manage wildlife habitats, mimic natural fire occurrence, manage traditional native foods, and provide other ecological and societal benefits. During wildland fires, both live and dead (biomass) plants undergo a two-step thermal degradation process (pyrolysis and combustion) when exposed to high temperatures. Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of organic material, which does not require the presence of oxygen. Pyrolysis products may later react with oxygen at high temperatures, and form flames in the presence of an ignition source. In order to improve prescribed fire application, accomplish desired fire effects, and limit potential runaway fires, an improved understanding of the fundamental processes related to the pyrolysis and ignition of heterogeneous fuel beds of live and dead plants is needed.In this research, fast pyrolysis of 14 plant species native to the forests of the southern United States has been studied using a flat-flame burner (FFB) apparatus. The results of fast pyrolysis experiments were then compared to the results of slow pyrolysis experiments. The plant species were selected, which represent a range of common plants in the region where the prescribed burning has been performed. The fast pyrolysis experiments were performed on both live and dead (biomass) plants using three heating modes: (1) convection-only, where the FFB apparatus was operated at a high heating rate of 180 °C s-1 (convective heat flux of 100 kW m-2) and a maximum fuel surface temperature of 750 °C; (2) radiation-only, where the plants were pyrolyzed under a moderate heating rate of 4 °C s-1 (radiative heat flux of 50 kW m-2), and (3) a combination of radiation and convection, where the plants were exposed to both convective and radiative heat transfer mechanisms. During the experiments, pyrolysis products were collected and analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for the analysis of tars and a gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (GC-TCD) for the analysis of light gases.The results showed that pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and fuel type, have significant impacts on the yields and the compositions of pyrolysis products. These experiments were part of a large project to determine heat release rates and model reactions that occur during slow and fast pyrolysis of live and dead vegetation. Understanding the reactions that occur during pyrolysis then can be used to develop more accurate models, improve the prediction of the conditions of prescribed burning, and improve the prediction of fire propagation.
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8

Ofoma, Ifedinma. "Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polyolefins". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10439.

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Due to the migration of scientists towards green chemistry, landfilling and incineration will no longer be acceptable options for plastics waste disposal in the future. Consequently new methods for recycling plastics and plastic products such as carpets are being researched. This study serves as a preliminary effort to study the catalytic feedstock recycling of polyolefins, specifically PP and PE, as source for gasoline range fuels, as well as an alternative for plastic waste disposal. Several studies have been conducted on the pyrolysis of waste polyolefins using commercial cracking catalysts (FCC), however, the effect of catalyst size and mode of catalyst dispersion have been studied sparsely. This thesis proposes to study these effects in the catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP), a component of carpets, using both fresh and used FCC catalysts. The same study will be applied to polyethylene (PE), which accounts for an enormous amount of municipal solid waste in the US today. Furthermore, the catalytic impact of calcium carbonate, a filler component of tufted carpet, will be investigated. Using thermogravimetric analysis, the global kinetics of the PP pyrolysis using various FCC catalysts will be derived and applied in the modeling of the pyrolysis reaction in a twin screw extruder. Furthermore, an economic analysis on the catalytic pyrolysis of PP is presented.
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9

Hugo, Thomas Johannes. "Pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5238.

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Thesis (MScEng (Process Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The world’s depleting fossil fuels and increasing greenhouse gas emissions have given rise to much research into renewable and cleaner energy. Biomass is unique in providing the only renewable source of fixed carbon. Agricultural residues such as Sugarcane Bagasse (SB) are feedstocks for ‘second generation fuels’ which means they do not compete with production of food crops. In South Africa approximately 6 million tons of raw SB is produced annually, most of which is combusted onsite for steam generation. In light of the current interest in bio-fuels and the poor utilization of SB as energy product in the sugar industry, alternative energy recovery processes should be investigated. This study looks into the thermochemical upgrading of SB by means of pyrolysis. Biomass pyrolysis is defined as the thermo-chemical decomposition of organic materials in the absence of oxygen or other reactants. Slow Pyrolysis (SP), Vacuum Pyrolysis (VP), and Fast Pyrolysis (FP) are studied in this thesis. Varying amounts of char and bio-oil are produced by the different processes, which both provide advantages to the sugar industry. Char can be combusted or gasified as an energy-dense fuel, used as bio-char fertilizer, or upgraded to activated carbon. High quality bio-oil can be combusted or gasified as a liquid energy-dense fuel, can be used as a chemical feedstock, and shows potential for upgrading to transport fuel quality. FP is the most modern of the pyrolysis technologies and is focused on oil production. In order to investigate this process a 1 kg/h FP unit was designed, constructed and commissioned. The new unit was tested and compared to two different FP processes at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK) in Germany. As a means of investigating the devolatilization behaviour of SB a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) study was conducted. To investigate the quality of products that can be obtained an experimental study was done on SP, VP, and FP. Three distinct mass loss stages were identified from TGA. The first stage, 25 to 110°C, is due to evaporation of moisture. Pyrolitic devolatilization was shown to start at 230°C. The final stage occurs at temperatures above 370°C and is associated with the cracking of heavier bonds and char formation. The optimal decomposition temperatures for hemicellulose and cellulose were identified as 290°C and 345°C, respectively. Lignin was found to decompose over the entire temperature range without a distinct peak. These results were confirmed by a previous study on TGA of bagasse. SP and VP of bagasse were studied in the same reactor to allow for accurate comparison. Both these processes were conducted at low heating rates (20°C/min) and were therefore focused on char production. Slow pyrolysis produced the highest char yield, and char calorific value. Vacuum pyrolysis produced the highest BET surface area chars (>300 m2/g) and bio-oil that contained significantly less water compared to SP bio-oil. The short vapour residence time in the VP process improved the quality of liquids. The mechanism for pore formation is improved at low pressure, thereby producing higher surface area chars. A trade-off exists between the yield of char and the quality thereof. FP at Stellenbosch University produced liquid yields up to 65 ± 3 wt% at the established optimal temperature of 500°C. The properties of the bio-oil from the newly designed unit compared well to bio-oil from the units at FZK. The char properties showed some variation for the different FP processes. At the optimal FP conditions 20 wt% extra bio-oil is produced compared to SP and VP. The FP bio-oil contained 20 wt% water and the calorific value was estimated at 18 ± 1 MJ/kg. The energy per volume of FP bio-oil was estimated to be at least 11 times more than dry SB. FP was found to be the most effective process for producing a single product with over 60% of the original biomass energy. The optimal productions of either high quality bio-oil or high surface area char were found to be application dependent.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: As gevolg van die uitputting van fossielbrandstofreserwes, en die toenemende vrystelling van kweekhuisgasse word daar tans wêreldwyd baie navorsing op hernubare en skoner energie gedoen. Biomassa is uniek as die enigste bron van hernubare vaste koolstof. Landbouafval soos Suikerriet Bagasse (SB) is grondstowwe vir ‘tweede generasie bio-brandstowwe’ wat nie die mark van voedselgewasse direk affekteer nie. In Suid Afrika word jaarliks ongeveer 6 miljoen ton SB geproduseer, waarvan die meeste by die suikermeulens verbrand word om stoom te genereer. Weens die huidige belangstelling in bio-brandstowwe en ondoeltreffende benutting van SB as energieproduk in die suikerindustrie moet alternatiewe energie-onginningsprosesse ondersoek word. Hierdie studie is op die termo-chemiese verwerking van SB deur middel van pirolise gefokus. Biomassa pirolise word gedefinieer as die termo-chemiese afbreking van organiese bio-materiaal in die afwesigheid van suurstof en ander reagense. Stadige Pirolise (SP), Vakuum Pirolise (VP), en Vinnige Pirolise word in hierdie tesis ondersoek. Die drie prosesse produseer veskillende hoeveelhede houtskool en bio-olie wat albei voordele bied vir die suikerindustrie. Houtskool kan as ‘n vaste energie-digte brandstof verbrand of vergas word, as bio-houtskoolkompos gebruik word, of kan verder tot geaktiveerde koolstof geprosesseer word. Hoë kwaliteit bio-olie kan verbrand of vergas word, kan as bron vir chemikalië gebruik word, en toon potensiaal om in die toekoms opgegradeer te kan word tot vervoerbrandstof kwaliteit. Vinnige pirolise is die mees moderne pirolise tegnologie en is op bio-olie produksie gefokus. Om die laasgenoemde proses te toets is ‘n 1 kg/h vinnige pirolise eenheid ontwerp, opgerig en in werking gestel. Die nuwe pirolise eenheid is getoets en vegelyk met twee verskillende vinnige pirolise eenhede by Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK) in Duitsland. Termo-Gravimetriese Analise (TGA) is gedoen om die ontvlugtigingskenmerke van SB te bestudeer. Eksperimentele werk is verrig om die kwaliteit van produkte van SP, VP, vinnige pirolise te vergelyk. Drie duidelike massaverlies fases van TGA is geïdentifiseer. Die eerste fase (25 – 110°C) is as gevolg van die verdamping van vog. Pirolitiese ontvlugtiging het begin by 230°C. Die finale fase (> 370°C) is met die kraking van swaar verbindings en die vorming van houtskool geassosieer. Die optimale afbrekingstemperatuur vir hemisellulose en sellulose is as 290°C en 345°C, respektiewelik, geïdentifiseer. Daar is gevind dat lignien stadig oor die twede en derde fases afgebreek word sonder ‘n duidelike optimale afbrekingstemperatuur. Die resultate is deur vorige navorsing op TGA van SB bevestig. SP en VP van bagasse is in dieselfde reaktor bestudeer, om ‘n akkurate vergelyking moontlik te maak. Beide prosesse was by lae verhittingstempo’s (20°C/min) ondersoek, wat gevolglik op houtskoolformasie gefokus is. SP het die hoogste houtskoolopbrengs, met die hoogste verbrandingsenergie, geproduseer. VP het hootskool met die hoogste BET oppervlakarea geproduseer, en die bio-olie was weens ‘n dramatiese afname in waterinhoud van beter gehalte. Die meganisme vir die vorming van ‘n poreuse struktuur word deur lae atmosferiese druk verbeter. Daar bestaan ‘n inverse verband tussen die kwantiteit en kwaliteit van die houtskool. Vinnige pirolise by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch het ‘n bio-olie opbrengs van 65 ± 3 massa% by ‘n vooraf vasgestelde optimale temperatuur van 500°C geproduseer. Die eienskappe van bio-olie wat deur die nuwe vinnige pirolise eenheid geproduseer is het goed ooreengestem met die bio-olie afkomstig van FZK se pirolise eenhede. Die houtskool eienskappe van die drie pirolise eenhede het enkele verskille getoon. By optimale toestande vir vinnige pirolise word daar 20 massa% meer bio-olie as by SP en VP geproduseer. Vinnige pirolise bio-olie het ‘n waterinhoud van 20 massa% en ‘n verbrandingswarmte van 18 ± 1 MJ/kg. Daar is gevind dat ten opsigte van droë SB die energie per enheidsvolume van bio-olie ongeveer 11 keer meer is. Vinnige pirolise is die mees doeltreffende proses vir die vervaardiging van ‘n produk wat meer as 60% van die oorspronklike biomassa energie bevat. Daar is gevind dat die optimale hoeveelhede van hoë kwaliteit bio-olie en hoë oppervlakarea houtskool doelafhanklik is.
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Joubert, Jan-Erns. "Pyrolysis of Eucalyptus grandis". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80179.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent times, governments around the world have placed increasing focus on cleaner technologies and sustainable methods of power generation in an attempt to move away from fossil fuel derived power, which is deemed unsustainable and unfriendly to the environment. This trend has also been supported by the South African government, with clear intentions to diversify the country’s power generation by including, among others, biomass as a renewable resource for electricity generation. Woody biomass and associated forestry residues in particular, could potentially be used as such a renewable resource when considering the large amount of fast growing hardwood species cultivated in South Africa. Approximately 6.3 million ton of Eucalyptus grandis is sold annually for pulp production while a further 7 million ton of Eucalyptus species are sold as round wood. With these tree species reaching commercial maturity within 7 – 9 years in the South African climate, there is real potential in harnessing woody biomass as a renewable energy source. In this study, pyrolysis was investigated as a method to condense and upgrade E.grandis into energy and chemical rich products. The pyrolysis of E.grandis is the study of the thermal degradation of the biomass, in the absence of oxygen, to produce char and bio-oil. The thermal degradation behaviour of E.grandis was studied using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany and subsequently used to determine the isoconversional kinetic constants for E.grandis and its main lignocellulosic components. Slow, Vacuum and Fast Pyrolysis were investigated and optimised to maximise product yields and to identify the key process variables affecting product quality. The Fast Pyrolysis of E.grandis was investigated and compared on bench (KIT0.1 kg/h), laboratory (SU1 kg/h) and pilot plant scale (KIT10 kg/h), using Fast Pyrolysis reactors at Stellenbosch University (SU) in South Africa and at KIT in Germany. The Slow and Vacuum Pyrolysis of E.grandis was investigated and compared using a packed bed reactor at Stellenbosch University. The TGA revealed that biomass particle size had a negligible effect on the thermal degradation behaviour of E.grandis at a heating rate set point of 50 °C/min. It was also shown that increasing the furnace heating rates shifted the thermo-gravimetric (TG) and differential thermo-gravimetric (DTG) curves towards higher temperatures while also increasing the maximum rate of volatilisation. Lignin resulted in the largest specific char yield and also reacted across the widest temperature range of all the samples investigated. The average activation energies found for the samples investigated were 177.8, 141.0, 106.2 and 170.4 kJ/mol for holocellulose, alpha-cellulose, Klason lignin and raw E.grandis, respectively. Bio-oil yield was optimised at 76 wt. % (daf) for the SU1 kg/h Fast Pyrolysis plant using an average biomass particle size of 570 μm and a reactor temperature of 470 °C. Differences in the respective condensation chains of the various Fast Pyrolysis reactor configurations investigated resulted in higher gas and char yields for the KIT reactor configurations compared to the SU1 kg/h Fast Pyrolysis plant. Differences in the vapour residence time between Slow (>400 s) and Vacuum Pyrolysis (< 2 s) resulted in a higher liquid and lower char yield for Vacuum Pyrolysis. Local liquid yield maxima of 41.1 and 64.4 wt. % daf were found for Slow and Vacuum Pyrolysis, respectively (achieved at a reactor temperature of 450 °C and a heating rate of 17 °C/min). Even though char yields were favoured at low reactor temperatures (269 – 300 °C), the higher heating values of the char were favoured at high reactor temperatures (29 – 34 MJ/kg for 375 – 481 °C). Reactor temperature had the most significant effects on product yield and quality for the respective Slow and Vacuum Pyrolysis experimental runs. The bio-oils yielded for SP and VP were found to be rich in furfural and acetic acid.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Regerings regoor die wêreld het in die afgelope tyd toenemende fokus geplaas op skoner tegnologie en volhoubare metodes van kragopwekking in 'n poging om weg te beweeg van fossielbrandstof gebasseerde energie, wat geag word as nie volhoubaar nie en skadelik vir die omgewing. Hierdie tendens is ook ondersteun deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering, met 'n duidelike bedoeling om die land se kragopwekking te diversifiseer deur, onder andere, biomassa as 'n hernubare bron vir die opwekking van elektrisiteit te gebruik. Houtagtige biomassa en verwante bosbou afval in die besonder, kan potensieel gebruik word as so 'n hernubare hulpbron, veral aangesien ‘n groot aantal vinnig groeiende hardehout spesies tans in Suid-Afrika verbou word. Ongeveer 6,3 miljoen ton Eucalyptus grandis word jaarliks verkoop vir pulp produksie, terwyl 'n verdere 7 miljoen ton van Eucalyptus spesies verkoop word as paal hout. Met hierdie boom spesies wat kommersiële volwassenheid bereik binne 7 - 9 jaar in die Suid-Afrikaanse klimaat, is daar werklike potensiaal vir die benutting van houtagtige biomassa as 'n hernubare energiebron. In hierdie studie is pirolise ondersoek as 'n metode om E.grandis te kondenseer en op te gradeer na energie en chemikalie ryke produkte. Die pirolise van E.grandis is die proses van termiese afbreking van die biomassa, in die afwesigheid van suurstof, om houtskool en bio-olie te produseer. Die termiese afbrekingsgedrag van E.grandis is bestudeer deur gebruik te maak van termo-gravimetriese analise (TGA) by die Karlsruhe Instituut van Tegnologie in Duitsland en daarna gebruik om die kinetiese konstantes vir die iso-omskakeling van E.grandis en sy hoof komponente te bepaal. Stadige, Vakuum en Snel pirolise is ondersoek en geoptimiseer om produk opbrengste te maksimeer en die sleutel proses veranderlikes wat die kwaliteit van die produk beïnvloed te identifiseer. Die Snel Pirolise van E.grandis is ondersoek en vergelyk op bank- (KIT0.1 kg / h), laboratorium- (SU1 kg / h) en proefaanlegskaal (KIT10 kg / h) deur gebruik te maak van Snel pirolise reaktore by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch (US) in Suid-Afrika en die Karlsruhe Instituut van Tegnologie (KIT) in Duitsland. Die Stadige en Vakuum Pirolise van E.grandis is ondersoek en vergelyk met behulp van 'n gepakte bed reaktor aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Die TGA studie het openbaar dat biomassa deeltjiegrootte 'n onbeduidende uitwerking op die termiese afbrekingsgedrag van E.grandis het by 'n verhittings tempo van 50 ° C / min. Dit is ook bewys dat die verhoging van die oond verwarming tempo die termo-gravimetriese (TG) en differensiële termo-gravimetriese (DTG) kurwes na hoër temperature verskuif, terwyl dit ook die maksimum tempo van vervlugtiging laat toeneem het. Lignien het gelei tot die grootste spesifieke houtskool opbrengs en het ook oor die wydste temperatuur interval gereageer van al die monsters wat ondersoek is. Die gemiddelde aktiveringsenergieë vir die monsters wat ondersoek is, was 177,8, 141,0, 106,2 en 170,4 kJ / mol, onderskeidelik vir holosellulose, alpha-sellulose, Klason lignien en rou E.grandis. Bio-olie opbrengs is geoptimeer teen 76 wt. % (DAF) vir die SU1 kg / h Snel Pirolise aanleg met behulp van 'n gemiddelde biomassa deeltjiegrootte van 570 μm en 'n reaktor temperatuur van 470 ° C. Verskille in die onderskeie kondensasie kettings van die verskillende Snel Pirolise aanlegte wat ondersoek is, het gelei tot hoër gas- en houtskool opbrengste vir die KIT reaktor konfigurasies in vergelyking met die SU1kg/h FP plant. Verskille in die damp retensie tyd tussen Stadige (> 400 s) en Vakuum pirolise (<2 s) het gelei tot 'n hoër vloeistof en laer houtskool opbrengs vir Vakuum Pirolise. Plaaslike vloeistof opbrengs maksima van 41,1 en 64,4 wt. % (daf) is gevind vir Stadig en Vakuum pirolise onderskeidelik, bereik by 'n reaktor temperatuur van 450 ° C en 'n verhittingstempo van 17 ° C / min. Selfs al is houtskool opbrengste bevoordeel by lae reaktor temperature (269 - 300 ° C), is die hoër warmte waardes van die houtskool bevoordeel deur hoë reaktor temperature (29 - 34 MJ / kg vir 375 - 481 ° C). Reaktor temperatuur het die mees beduidende effek op die produk opbrengs en kwaliteit vir die onderskeie Stadige Pirolise en Vakuum Pirolise eksperimentele lopies gehad. Die bio-olies geproduseer tydens Stadige en Vakuum Pirolise was ryk aan furfuraal en asynsuur.
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Libri sul tema "Pyrolysis"

1

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. e United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development., a cura di. Pyrolysis treatment. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1992.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. e United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development., a cura di. Pyrolysis treatment. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1992.

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Sam, Karen D., e Thomas P. Wampler, a cura di. Analytical Pyrolysis Handbook. 3a ed. Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. | Revised edition of: Applied pyrolysis handbook / edited by Thomas P. Wampler. 2nd ed. c2007.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429201202.

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L, Ferrero G., e Commission of the European Communities., a cura di. Pyrolysis and gasification. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1989.

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1948-, Wampler Thomas P., a cura di. Applied pyrolysis handbook. 2a ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2007.

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1948-, Wampler Thomas P., a cura di. Applied pyrolysis handbook. New York: M. Dekker, 1995.

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van Oost, Guido, Milan Hrabovsky e Michal Jeremias. Plasma Gasification and Pyrolysis. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003096887.

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Soltes, Ed J., e Thomas A. Milne, a cura di. Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1988-0376.

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Brown, Robert C., e Kaige Wang, a cura di. Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010245.

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Peacocke, George Vernon Cordner. Ablative pyrolysis of biomass. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 1994.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Pyrolysis"

1

Dörr, Mark. "Pyrolysis". In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1393. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1317.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Pyrolysis". In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 598. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9658.

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Dörr, Mark. "Pyrolysis". In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 2097. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_1317.

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Lautenberger, Chris. "Pyrolysis". In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_4-1.

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Lautenberger, Chris. "Pyrolysis". In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 863–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_4.

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Solomon, Peter R., e David G. Hamblen. "Pyrolysis". In Chemistry of Coal Conversion, 121–251. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3632-5_5.

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Hornung, Andreas. "Pyrolysis". In Transformation of Biomass, 99–112. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118693643.ch4.

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Kolanowski, Bernard F. "Pyrolysis". In Small-Scale Cogeneration Handbook, 183–93. New York: River Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003207382-24.

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Dörr, Mark. "Pyrolysis". In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1317-2.

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Capareda, Sergio C. "Pyrolysis". In Introduction to Biomass Energy Conversions, 277–320. 2a ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003294306-9.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Pyrolysis"

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Zhu, Baozhong, e Yunlan Sun. "Co-pyrolysis Polystyrene/Fir: Pyrolysis Characteristics and Pyrolysis Kinetic Studies". In 2011 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtma.2011.198.

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Gupta, Ashwani K., e Eugene L. Keating. "Pyrolysis and Oxidative Pyrolysis of Polystyrene". In ASME 1993 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1993-0055.

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Abstract Equilibrium thermochemical calculations of polystyrene are presented here under conditions of pyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis. Oxidative pyrolysis is examined using both air and oxygen for varying moisture content in the polystyrene. The pyrolysis of polystyrene at different temperatures prior to its oxidative pyrolysis provided significantly different results. Product gas volume and flame temperature is significantly affected by the pyrolysis temperature, nature and amount of the oxidant and the amount of moisture in the waste. Results reveal significant effect of controlled combustion on the amount and nature of the chemical species formed. The results also reveal that advanced combustion process can significantly reduce the extent of post processing of gases required, and hence the size of the equipment, for achieving environmentally acceptable thermal destruction system of the solid wastes.
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hiba, Rejeb, Emna Berrich e CHAHBANI Mohamed Hachemi. "Pyrolysers configurations effects on scrap waste tires pyrolysis products". In 2019 10th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irec.2019.8754571.

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Hu, Xizhuo, Zhi Tao, Jianqin Zhu e Haiwang Li. "Numerical Study of Pyrolysis Effects on Supercritical-Pressure Flow and Conjugate Heat Transfer of N-Decane in the Square Channel". In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63970.

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Regenerative cooling has become the most effective and practical method of thermal protection to the high temperature structures of scramjet engines. Pyrolytic reactions of endothermic hydrocarbon fuel have significant influence on the regenerative cooling process at high temperature due to a large amount of heat absorption and fluid components change. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) model is developed for numerically investigating the flow and heat transfer of pyrolytic reacted n-decane in the square engine cooling channel under supercritical pressure with asymmetrical heating imposed on the bottom channel surface. The one-step global pyrolytic reaction mechanism consisting of 18 species is adopted to simulate the pyrolysis process of n-decane. The governing equations for species continuum, momentum, energy and the k-ω turbulence equation are properly solved, with accurate computations of the thermophysical and transport properties of fluid mixture, which undergo drastic variations and exert strong impact on fluid flow and heat transfer process in the channel. The numerical method is validated based on the good agreement between the current predictions and the experimental data. Numerical studies of the pyrolysis effects on the characteristics of flow resistance and conjugate heat transfer under various operating conditions have been conducted. Results reveal that pyrolysis intensively takes place in high temperature regions. The pressure drop along the channel steeply rise due to the further fluid acceleration caused by pyrolysis. It is found that the variations of heat flux at the bottom, top and side fluid-solid-interface walls are totally different. Pyrolysis could lead to greater heat transfer enhancement at the bottom interface, consequently, more heat is transferred into the fluid region through the bottom interface. The dual effects of heat absorption and enhanced heat transfer caused by pyrolysis produce strong influence on the wall temperature. The mechanism of these physicochemical phenomena are also analyzed in detail, which is conducive to fundamentally understand the complicated physicochemical process of regenerative cooling. The present work has profound significance for the development of regenerative cooling technology.
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Thankachan, Smitha, Robin Xeona, Alwin Roy, Dibin George e Kiran Sasidharan. "Waste plastic pyrolysis". In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS: STAM 20. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0017572.

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Putra, Putri Humairah Monashofian, Shaifulazuar Rozali, Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah e Aida Idris. "Microwave Pyrolysis of Polypropylene with Iron Susceptor". In International Technical Postgraduate Conference 2022. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.141.29.

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The improper disposal of plastic waste and low recycling rate have caused various environmental issues around the world. Therefore, microwave metal pyrolysis approach is proposed to efficiently convert plastic waste into liquid fuel, wax and gaseous by-products. This study aims to investigate the effect of different parameters such as microwave power and mass of metal on the product formation of the pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP). The experimental study was conducted in a closed glass reactor with a capacity of 500 ml, in a modified 2.45 GHz microwave, at a pressure of 1 atm and nitrogen is flowed at 0.5 L/min. The plastic was mixed with iron (Fe) powder and pyrolysed for 30 min. The produced pyrolysis vapor was condensed in a two-stage condenser where the oil formed was subsequently collected in a flask. The increase in microwave power from 500 to 700 W increased the oil yield of PP with iron powder from 22.4 to 54.5 wt.% and decreased the wax yield from 40.2% to zero. The increase in mass of iron powder from 5 to 10 g improved the oil yield from 20.0 to 54.5 wt.%, while the oil yield slightly decreased to 50.1 wt.% at 15 g. The pyrolysis oil formed has high calorific value of 45-46 MJ/kg comparable with the commercial fuel, thus the fuel can be blended with pure diesel to reduce the portion of fossil fuel in diesel combustion engine application.
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Portales Picazo, Paulina, Alexander Gray e Navid Zobeiry. "A Novel Framework for Accelerated Characterization of Pyrolysis Kinetics of High-Temperature Composites Using Theory-Guided Probabilistic Machine Learning". In ASME 2023 Aerospace Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ssdm2023-105683.

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Abstract Establishing a relationship between processing conditions during the manufacturing process and end-part properties is essential for the efficient fabrication of advanced composites. For fiber-reinforced polymer composites, this manufacturing process typically includes multiple complex stages such as lay-up, curing, high-temperature pyrolysis, several resin backfill steps followed by pyrolytic process repeats, and graphitization. In particular, the high-temperature pyrolysis step is critical, because the process temperature cycle significantly affects the degradation reactions and phase transformations undergone by the polymer resin. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the ideal parameters for optimal performance. Characterizing pyrolysis kinetics to achieve this commonly requires an exhaustive testing campaign to study the effect of different temperature cycles on final properties. This involves thousands of possible combinations of multi-heating ramps and holds, resulting in an intractable search space. Additionally, established literature succeeds in characterizing the pyrolysis kinetics for simple dynamic temperature cycles, but fails to account for the effect of more complex cycles. This paper aims to address the above challenges by introducing a novel probabilistic machine learning-based framework for accelerated characterization of pyrolysis kinetics using theory-based transformations of limited and noisy experimental data. The degradation reactions and fraction of volatile components of a polymer-based composite are studied using thermogravimetric analysis techniques, and results are analyzed using theory-guided Gaussian Processes (GPs) to accurately characterize the pyrolysis kinetics of complex temperature cycles. The framework is then used to identify optimal parameters for achieving the desired yield. Using this approach, the experimental effort is considerably reduced while developing an accurate pyrolysis kinetics model for the material and establishing optimal processing parameters.
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"Model analysis of biomass pyrolysis and a new model of pyrolysis". In 2016 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20162461006.

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Simanjuntak, Janter Pangaduan, Bisrul Hapis Tambunan, Junifa Layla Sihombing e Riduwan Riduwan. "Thermal Design Approach of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger for Pyrolysis-Vapor Condensations". In The 4th International Conference on Science and Technology Applications. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-8r6j84.

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This study aimed to design a condenser for a special application of condensing the vapor of pyrolysis process of hydrocarbon-based material such as plastic and biomass into liquid form or pyrolytic oil. Numerous condensers have been available in the market. However, a condenser cannot be selected and utilized directly for pyrolysis vapor condensation purposes. Before doing selection, the condenser must be designed first to meet the heat transfer requirements. In this work, the condenser was designed based on thermal analysis and validated with numerous published experimental data and the pyrolytic characteristics from related industry. A theoretical model is formulated for describing condensation of the pyrolysis vapor in the condenser to determine heat transfer requirement and the rate of condensation obtained. The effect of operating parameters such as cooling water rate in liters per minute (LPM) and temperature on the condensation rate was examined through an iterative procedure which rely to the heat transfer rate and the allowed pressure drop in the condenser. In this study, it was obtained that the highest cooling load is obtained when the flow rate of cooling water is 1.95 LPM. It was also obtained that the condenser effectiveness decreased of about 29.3 % with the ranges of cooling flow rate from 1.3 to 2.6 LPM
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Chen, Guanyi, Qiang Li, Xiaoyang Lv, Na Deng e Lifei Jiao. "Production of Hydrogen-Rich Gas Through Pyrolysis of Biomass in a Two-Stage Reactor". In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53582.

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Biomass is quite abundant in the world, particularly in some countries like China. China has large quantities of straw and/or stalk-origin biomass resources and the attention is currently being paid to the exploitation of these resources to produce energy products via different technical solutions, among of which pyrolysis of biomass to produce hydrogen-rich gas is very promising as hydrogen is a very clear energy carrier. In this work, pyrolysis of rice straw, corn stalk and sawdust was carried out in a two-stage reactor (the first-stage reactor is a conventional fixed-bed pyrolyser, and the second-stage reactor is a catalytic fixed bed) to produce hydrogen-rich gas. The effect of catalytic bed on the pyrolysis behaviour have been investigated, with the emphasis on final product particularly hydrogen. The operation of the catalytic reactor appears significant in promoting biomass pyrolysis towards the production of gaseous products, especially hydrogen. At 750°C of the pyrolyser with rice straw as fuel, the use of the catalytic bed leads to the increases of gas yield from 0.41 Nm3/kg to 0.50 Nm3/kg, approximately 22% increase, and of H2 concentration from 33.79% to 50.80% in volume, approximately 50.3% increase, respectively. Compared with calcined dolomite, fresh nickel-based catalyst shows stronger catalytic effect on the pyrolysis of rice straw as its use in the catalytic bed results in the increase of gas yield from 0.41 Nm3/kg to 0.56 Nm3/kg, approximately 36.6% increase, and the increase of H2 concentration from 33.79% to 59.55% in volume, approximately 76.2% increase. Furthermore, two catalysts follow the same trend for the pyrolysis of corn stalk and sawdust. At temperature of 815°C, catalysts also follow the same trend. Catalytic bed can significantly reduce the level of tar which is carried out with the producer gas, to less than 1% of original level. Catalyst load or gas space velocity (hourly) has the influence on the gas yield and H2 concentration. 30% of load, i.e. gas space velocity (hourly) 0.9 × 104 h−1, appears reasonable. Beyond that, gas yield and H2 concentration remain almost unchanged.
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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Pyrolysis"

1

Womat, Mary J., Michelle L. Somers, Jennifer W. McClaine, Jorge O. Ona e Elmer B. Ledesma. Supercritical Fuel Pyrolysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, maggio 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada469734.

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Seery, D. J., J. D. Freihaut, W. M. Proscia, J. B. Howard, W. Peters, J. Hsu, M. Hajaligol et al. Kinetics of coal pyrolysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6307052.

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Zamecnik, Robert. Tire Pyrolysis Feasibility Study Approach. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1482998.

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Sugama, T. Pre-Ceramic Monocomposite and Ceramic Coatings by Sol-Gel-Pyrolysis and Slurry-Pyrolysis Processing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/770457.

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Seery, D. J., J. D. Freihaut e W. M. Proscia. Kinetics of coal pyrolysis and devolatilization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5248874.

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Seery, D. J., J. D. Freihaut e W. M. Proscia. Kinetics of coal pyrolysis and devolatilization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5180127.

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Arzoumanidis, G. G., M. J. McIntosh e E. J. Steffensen. Catalytic pyrolysis of automobile shredder residue. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/95489.

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Marinangelli, Richard, Edwin Boldingh, Stella Cabanban, Zhihao Fei, Graham Ellis, Richard Bain, David Hsu e Douglas C. Elliott. Pyrolysis Oil to Gasoline-Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1567776.

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Burnham, A. K. Relationship between hydrous and ordinary pyrolysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), giugno 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10185297.

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Glassman, Irvin. Fuels Combustion Research, Supercritical Fuel Pyrolysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, agosto 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada353435.

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