Articoli di riviste: "Pulverized"

1

Gu, Yang Mo, Sunghyun Kim, Daekyung Sung, Byoung-In Sang e Jin Hyung Lee. "Feasibility of Continuous Pretreatment of Corn Stover: A Comparison of Three Commercially Available Continuous Pulverizing Devices". Energies 12, n. 8 (13 aprile 2019): 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081422.

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We determined the potential of three mechanical pulverizers—a continuous ball mill (CBM), an air classifier mill (ACM), and a high-speed mill (HSM)—in the continuous pretreatment of corn stover. The mean diameters of the pulverized biomasses were not significantly different in the three cases, and the glucose yields from the CBM-, ACM-, and HSM-pulverized samples were 29%, 49%, and 44%, respectively. The energy requirements and process capacities for the ACM and HSM were similar. We conclude that the ACM and HSM could be used in the continuous pretreatment of corn stover and would be useful in biofuel production.

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2

Song, Chun Yan, Yong Liang Gui e Bin Sheng Hu. "Conveying Property of Injection Pulverized Coal into Blast Furnace". Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (febbraio 2013): 2577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.2577.

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The dynamic characteristic parameter of conveying property of pulverized coal is described with the conveying mass of pulverized coal in unit time. The conveying process of pulverized coal is studied by means of the pulverized coal’s conveying property testing equipment developed by ourselves. Results show that the conveying property of bituminous coal is better than anthracitic coal. If the improvement of conveying property of pulverized coal is considered purely, the size of pulverized coal can properly be reduced and the proportion of anthracitic coal can properly be decreased. The water content of pulverized coal can be controlled from 1% to 2%.

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3

Zhu, Xun Guo, e Kai Cao. "The Inhibition Studying of Many-Doped Mineral Admixture for Concrete Alkali Silicate Reaction". Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (maggio 2013): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.771.

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In the theoretical basic of only mixing the pulverized fuel ash, the slag or the silicon ash experiments, carrying on concrete alkali-aggregate reaction experiment separately that double-doped the pulverized fuel ash and the silicon ash, double-doped the pulverized fuel ash and the slag, double-doped the slag and the silicon ash, three-mixed the pulverized fuel ash, the slag and the silicon ash. The result indicated the effect of mixing pulverized fuel ash and the silicon ash is better than the mixing silicon ash and slag or pulverized fuel ash and slag. Besides three-mixed the pulverized fuel ash, the slag and the silicon ash can effectively suppress the reaction of concrete alkali-silica acid response（ASR）

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4

Song, Chun Yan, Yong Liang Gui, Yan Shi e Bin Sheng Hu. "Fluiding Characteristics of Pulverized Coal in Fluidization & Injection Jar". Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (dicembre 2011): 2130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.2130.

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The fluiding characteristics of pulverized coal in fluidization & injection jar were studied systematically with the conveying property testing equipment of pulverized coal designed by ourselves. Results show that the fluidization process of pulverized coal in fluidization & injection jar is a progressive process. The necessary condition of fluidization for pulverized coal in fluidization & injection jar is that the actual fluiding velocity exceeds the theoretical fluiding velocity. According to the moving state of pulverized coal particles in fluidized and injection jar, the fluidization process of pulverized coal consists of three stages of static bed, fluidization bed and gas flow bed.

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Li, Yun Gang, Yong Zheng Wang, Wen Bin Zhu e Yu Sun. "Study on the Effect of Si-Al Components in Pulverized Coal Ash on Corrosion in Heating Surface of Biomass Boiler". Key Engineering Materials 837 (aprile 2020): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.837.89.

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Pulverized coal ash can be used as an additive to reduce corrosion on heating surface of biomass boiler. Biomass ash and pulverized coal ash were mixed and coated on the metal surface for experiment; the results showed that the corrosion rate of the metal decreases by adding pulverized coal ash. With the increase of additive content, the corrosion gradually reduces. The effect of different pulverized coal ash on corrosion is different, but as the proportion of pulverized coal ash increases, the effect tends to be close. When the molar content of (Si+Al)/(Na+K) is about 2 and the ratio of Si/Al is about 1, the pulverized coal ash additive works best.

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6

Sun, Yan Ping, Ning Zhao e Wen Tao Qu. "The Analysis of the Pulverized Coal Deposition in the Pump Cylinder in Drainage and Mining of the Coal Bed Methane (CBM)". Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (giugno 2013): 1359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.1359.

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In drainage and mining of the coal bed methane(CBM),pump valve jams caused by the settlement of pulverized coal particles directly affect the normal production of the coal bed methane(CBM).From the study of the pulverized coal particle size,this paper summarizes the law of the pulverized coal particle size change in various stages of the coal bed methane(CBM) production well drainage and ming.By analyzing the pulverized coal particle velocity distribution along the pump cylinder,the viewpoint that the pulverized coal particle has a higher axial velocity in the central part of the settlement and has a lower velocity near the wall surface is put forward to.Based on the theory,the motion track equation of the pulverized coal particle can be got by calculation.Under the condition of considering buoyancy,fluid resistance and pressure drag,instant drop speed of the pulverized coal in water is calculated.

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7

Jiang, Juanjuan, Rong Zhu e Shengtao Qiu. "Effect of CO2 injection into blast furnace tuyeres on the pulverized coal combustion". High Temperature Materials and Processes 40, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2021): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2021-0018.

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Abstract CO2 injection into blast furnace tuyeres is a new technology to utilize CO2, aiming at expanding the way of CO2 self-absorption in the metallurgical industry. The decisive factor of whether CO2 can be mixed into a blast-furnace hot blast and the proper mixing ratio is the effect of CO2 injection on pulverized coal burnout. To investigate the effect of CO2 injection into tuyeres on pulverized coal burnout, a three-dimensional mathematical model of pulverized coal flow and combustion in the lower part of the pulverized coal injection lance-blowpipe-tuyere-raceway was established, and the effect of CO2 injection into tuyeres on pulverized coal combustion rate and outlet temperature is analyzed. The numerical simulation results show that the delay of pulverized coal combustion in the early stage is caused by the endothermic effect of the reaction of CO2 with carbon, and the burnout of pulverized coal is increased in the later stage due to the oxidation of CO2.

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8

Chai, Yi-fan, Guo-ping Luo, Sheng-li An, Jun Peng e Yi-ci Wang. "Influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace". High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, n. 2019 (25 febbraio 2019): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2019-0016.

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AbstractIn order to explore the influence of unburned pulverized coal on gasification reaction of coke in blast furnace, kinetic rules of gasification reaction between CO2 and coke powder adding pulverized coals with different volatiles were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that weight-loss ratio of samples reacted with CO2 increased after adding pulverized coal, and the weight-loss ratio rose with the increase of coal’s addition. When the content of pulverized coal was up to 50%, the weight-loss ratio of the sample which adding pulverized coal with high volatile was higher under the same temperature. The activation energy about C-CO2 gasification reaction of samples reduced observably after adding pulverized coal. The activation energy of samples had a largest decrease with 83.408 kJ mol−1 at the range of 1223 K~1373 K and it was 28.97 kJ mol−1 at the range of 1373 K~1523 K. The addition of pulverized coal with high volatile can reduce the reaction activation energy of samples more effectively. In the soft melting zone, the gasification reaction model of coke blocks attached the unburned pulverized coal was up to unreacted core model and porous volume-reacted model jointly.

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9

Sitanggang, Ruly. "ANALISA UKURAN DAN LAJU ALIR BATUBARA PADA BOILER PULVERIZER PLTU 660 MW". Jurnal Technopreneur (JTech) 9, n. 2 (26 novembre 2021): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30869/jtech.v9i2.769.

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Pulverizer adalah salah satu peralatan penting di pembangkit listrik tenaga uap. Partikel batubara yang masih terbakar di area backpass boiler akan mengakibatkan penurunan efisiensi sehingga laju aliran campuran udara dan batubara di saluran pipa bahan bakar perlu diseimbangkan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada PLTU Batubara tipe pulverized coal dengan kapasitas 660 Mega Watt yang menggunakan enam pulverizer. Aliran keseimbangan bahan bakar diperiksa menggunakan uji dirty air dan pengambilan sampel ukuran batubara dilakukan dengan metode isokinetik. Dalam pengujian dirty air tiga pulverizer masih mengalami turbulensi, menyebabkan pengukuran kecepatan udara menjadi kurang akurat dan hasil pengujian dirty air pada tiga pulverizer lainnya menunjukkan hasil baik dengan kecepatan antar pipa batubara seragam. Lokasi tap test pada pulverizer D, C, dan A disarankan dipindahkan ke jarak sekitar lima kali diameter pipa dari hambatan. Temperatur keluaran seluruh pulverizer pada masih lebih rendah dari nilai standard. Karena tidak ada orifice di dalam pipa batubara, menaikkan suhu keluaran pulverizer ke 65 oC dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan keseimbangan kecepatan batubara. Secara keseluruhan, pengujian kehalusan sampel batubara menunjukkan hasil sesuai rekomendasi, dengan nilai kehalusan rata-rata lolos saringan 200 mesh pulverizer A, B, C, D, E, dan F masing-masing adalah 82,12, 83,24, 73,96, 79,13, 68,14, dan 78,43% berat.

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10

Wei, Li Hong, Na Zhang e Tian Hua Yang. "Effects of Alkaline Earth Metal on Combustion of Pulverized Coal". Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (maggio 2012): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.271.

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The influences of alkaline earth metal salts (CaO, MgO) on the combustion property of pulverized coal have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was indicated that CaO and MgO could improve combustion characteristics of pulverized coal. It was demonstrated that the catalysis of CaO and MgO to the pulverized coal combustion was embodied in the enhancement of the emission of volatile matters (VM) from pulverized coal, which reduced the ignition temperature. MgO exhibited remarkably higher catalytic activity than that of CaO for the combustion of fixed carbon. MgO catalytic combustion mechanism for pulverized coal was different from that of CaO.

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11

Chaika, A. L., A. G. Cherniatevych, A. A. Sokhatsky, A. A. Moskalina, T. S. Golub e L. S. Molchanov. "Influence of the application of pulverized coal and natural gas in blast furnace on exergy indicators of technological system «blast furnace-oxygen converter»". Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, n. 32 (2018): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2018-32-107-117.

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The aim of the work is to study the effect of pulverized coal (PCI) on the energy indicators of the technological system of steel production «blast furnace-oxygen converter». The analysis of energy use in the technological system for the best actual periods of operation of the blast furnace (BF) using only natural gas, pulverized coal and co-injection of pulverized coal with natural gas is performed. It is shown that the technology of using PCI improves technical and economic indicators and has a positive effect on the distribution of exergic flows, exergic efficiency and environmental indicators in the system «blast furnace-oxygen converter». Comparative heat and energy and exergy analysis of actual pulverized coal consumption in the amount of 135 kg/t of pig iron compared to blowing only natural gas in the amount of 35 m3/t of pig iron showed that pulverized coal leads to a decrease in coke consumption by ~ 25% due to pulverized pulverized coal. An exergetic analysis of the predicted converter heats showed that the injection of pulverized coal to the pulpwood leads to a decrease in the total exergy supplied by ~7%, and in the case of co-application of pulverized coal with natural gas, the exergy decreases by ~ 2%. Analysis of the exergy balance of converter melting showed that a change in the consumption of pulverized coal and natural gas in the blast furnace production slightly affects the change in the exergic efficiency (up to 0.4%). In general, it is shown that the technology of using PCI improves technical and economic indicators and positively affects the distribution of exergic flows, exergic efficiency and environmental indicators in the blast furnace – oxygen converter system.

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12

Wu, Bing Qiang, Shu Hui Zhang, Xiao Jie Liu, Ya Na Qie e Qing Lv. "Influence of Chlorine Additives on Combustion Rate of Pulverized Coal Injection". Advanced Materials Research 1088 (febbraio 2015): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.120.

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Chlorine additives are often used to improve the combustion performance of pulverized coal injection (PCI) in blast furnace. The influence of chlorine additives on pulverized coal combustion rate was analyzed and the micrograph of unburned pulverized coal (UPC) was observed by SEM in order to analyze the influence mechanism of chlorine additives. The results show that proper addition amount of CaCl2, NaCl, MgCl2and FeCl3respectively promotes pulverized coal combustion in different degrees. The average size of UPC is smaller and the micrograph becomes irregular when the chlorine additives are increased. While beyond the appropriate addition amount, the combustion rate of PCI reduces. During the combustion process of pulverized coal with chlorine additives, HCl is produced which prevents the combustion process.

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13

Xiong, Xian Yue, Dai Yong Cao, Ming Xun Jie, Yong Bai, Xue Shen Zhu, Yan Qian Che e Ao Xiang Zhang. "Research on the Controlling Factors and Grate Prediction of the Output of Pulverized Coal in Hancheng Block, Eastern Ordos Gas Field". Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (agosto 2013): 1460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.1460.

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According to the 2012s workover treatment statistic in the Hancheng block, the eastern Ordos gas field, the workover caused by pulverized coal accounts for 41.8% of the total, which has seriously affected the continuous and stable drainage. This is one of the main factors which constraint coalbed methane production yield. In this paper, geological factors including the composition of coal petrography, the mechanical strength of coal petrography and coalbody structure destruction and engineering factors including drilling, fracturing and drainage were analyzed to study on the controlling factors on the output of pulverized coal. We conclude that the determinant on output of pulverized coal is the nature of coal seam, however engineering factors cause the output of pulverized coal directly. The root-mean-square amplitude attribute analysis was first used to display the mechanical strength of coal seam. Based on the result, we made the prediction about the possibility of the output of pulverized coal and divided the studying area into four grades. The research on the controlling factors and the prediction of the output of pulverized coal could provide the basis for the prevention and comprehensive treatment of pulverized coal.

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Li, Jia Hu, Li Bao Yin e Wei Wu. "Explosive Characteristic of Pulverized Coal Explosion". Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (dicembre 2011): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.201.

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From the point of safe operation for power plant boiler, this paper concludes and analysis the basic conditions of pulverized coal explosion, the basic mechanism of the explosion. And, this paper indicates the influence of pulverized coal explosion and parameters to evaluate the explosive characteristic of pulverized coal.

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15

Yang, Xing Sen, e Jing Yin. "Measurement & Control of Pulverized Coal Concentration in Exhaust Pneumatic Convey System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 190-191 (luglio 2012): 1006–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.190-191.1006.

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Pulverized coal firing boilers are widely used in power plants. Coal is pulverized into very fine particles and then mixed with primary air in horizontal pipes in the case of exhaust pneumatic convey system. The pulverized coal particles are conveyed by primary air to the burner and burn in the furnace. The concentration of pulverized coal in primary air should be well controlled to keep the safe and economic operation of the boiler. Credible measuring and controlling system is needed in engineering applications. Investigation of the mixing process shows that the pressure of primary air drops rapidly within the process, which gives the possible way to determine the pulverized coal concentration. The rapid pressure drop is mainly due to the acceleration of the pulverized coal particles. With energy balance analysis, study of the relationship between the mass flow rate of the pulverized coal and the pressure changes within the mixing process is done. The governing equation is achieved and the method of using two sections to measure the flow is proposed. The measuring and controlling system can be established according to the method. As a result, the measuring and controlling method provides a new way to meet the needs of engineering application.

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Yuan, J. Y., P. P. Wang, C. J. Ruan e X. Y. Huang. "Study on Co-firing characteristics of NH3 and coal in the main burning zone of the coal staged combustion". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2208, n. 1 (1 marzo 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2208/1/012016.

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Abstract The mathematical models including NH3 and pulverized coal were established, and the co-combustion characteristics of NH3/pulverized coal and NOx formation process in the main combustion zone (air consumption coefficient 0.9) of coal staged combustion are studied. The gas temperature distributions and NOx generation characteristics under different ammonia/pulverized coal ratios are investigated. The results show that the ammonia combustion and the NOx production is greatly enhanced by coal combustion when the ammonia and pulverized coal are mixed. For pure ammonia combustion, due to difficult ignition and lower burning rate in the lower gas temperature environment, the NO concentration formed in the furnace and at the outlet are very low; When the proportion of NH3 is 20%, the NOx concentration at the furnace outlet is the highest; when the ammonia gas ratio is 40%, NO at the outlet is lower than that of pure pulverized coal. In addition to a large amount of NO, there are also a large amount of NO2 and N2O in the high temperature region when ammonia and pulverized coal are mixed.

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Yang, Xing Sen, e Jing Yin. "Flow Measurement of Primary Air Containing Pulverized Coal with Simple Venturi Tube". Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (luglio 2014): 1506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1506.

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The flow measurement of primary air is very important for thermal power plants to maintain the safe state of operation. For direct firing pulverizing system, the measuring is essentially affected by pulverized coal particles. Abrasion and occlusion would bring great trouble to the measurement. Many measuring methods are invalid under that circumstance. Lots of efforts have been made to find appropriate ways to measure the flow of primary air containing pulverized coal. Venturi tube had been successfully used to measure the flow of air. If a venturi tube is used to measure the flow velocity of primary air, the differential pressure goes higher with the increase of the concentration of pulverized coal in the primary air. The neglect of the affection of pulverized coal on the measuring would result in remarkable deviation. With the aids of coal flow rate, a method of using venturi tube to measure the velocity of primary air containing pulverized coal was established. The affection of pulverized coal on flow measuring of primary air cannot be ignored.

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Yang, Xing Sen, e Jing Yin. "Research on Equal Flow Distribution of Pulverized Coal-Air Mixture in Parallel Pipeline". Applied Mechanics and Materials 252 (dicembre 2012): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.252.259.

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It is very important to maintain the flow rate of pulverized coal-air mixture in different pipelines equal to each other in power generation units. As the usual practice, the resistance regulation is done to get an equal air flow velocity with the absence of pulverized coal. The paper indicates that such regulation can not ensure the equal flow rate of the mixture with pulverized coal. The purpose of this paper was to develop a method to achieve the same velocities of the mixture with certain concentration. The resistance characteristics of the pipeline and the adjustable plate corresponding to the pulverized coal-air mixture were taken into account to study the flow difference between pipelines. According to the initial flow difference, the method to regulate the flow rate without pulverized coal is got and thus the equal flow state of the mixture is ensured.

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Zhou, Xiao Lei, e Zhong Ning Du. "Influence of Collapse Phenomenon on Unburned Pulverized Coal in the Lumpy Zone of COREX Melter Gasifier". Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (settembre 2013): 1434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.1434.

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A thermal model was established for the study about influence of collapse phenomenon on unburned pulverized coal in COREX melter gasifier. In the model, the ore was simulated by wax, the coke and lump coal were simulated by maize, UPC is simulated by pulverized coal. The results showed that too high blast temperature could lead to collapse in the model, and under normal or collapsing furnace state, UPC is dispersed or aggregated distribution in packed bed. According to this experimental results and the previous research results, the suggestions about COREX were given at last. Keywords: COREX melter gasifier; pulverized coal injection; unburned pulverized coal; physical experiment

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Shi, Chang Xing, e Hai Xiang Tang. "Study on Desulfurization Characteristic of Desulphurizing Coal Water Slurry". Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (settembre 2013): 1459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1459.

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With calcium carbonate and barium carbonate as desulfurizers, combustion desulphurization experiments of coal water slurry and pulverized coal were respectively done in the ZCL. The results show that desulfurization efficiency in coal water slurry is prior to the same pulverized coal. The desulfurization characteristic of desulphurizing coal water slurry was analyzed by comparing the desulfurization efficiency of coal water slurry and pulverized coal. The reaction atmosphere in the boiler is different from the pulverized coal because of water evaporation ,and the CO content was lower ,so the decomposing rate for desulphurization products was reduced,after water evaporated ,it formed microstructures which was considered as favorable to the desulfurization rate .

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Li, Li Li, e Chao Qu. "Numerical Simulation of O₂/CO₂ Pulverized Coal in 300MW Boiler". Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (agosto 2013): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.133.

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O2/CO2combustion technology is an effective method to capture and store coal-fired boiler flue gas CO2. With a 300MW subcritical pulverized coal boiler as the research subject investigated, Fluent numerical simulation software is used to simulate the process of pulverized coal combustion both in air and O2/CO2conditions. The comparative analyses are made both in the former conditions, such as the combustion characteristics of pulverized coal, the influence of oxygen volume fraction, the effect of the secondary air temperature on the temperature field in the furnace of pulverized coal boiler. As for the following results of the pulverized coal combusted in the O2/CO2condition, compared with the results in the air condition, its time of ignition is delayed, and the combustion temperature is low and the central position of flame rises. With the increasing percentage of the oxygen volume and the rising temperature of secondary air, the time of ignition speeds up, which improves the overall furnace temperature level and transferring capability of the radiation heat.

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Hu, Bin Sheng, Yong Liang Gui, Hua Lou Guo e Chun Yan Song. "Effect of Chlorine on Combustion Process of Pulverized Coal in Tuyere Zone". Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (luglio 2011): 1203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1203.

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The relation between chlorine and combustion process of pulverized coal in tuyere zone is affected by the existence form of chorine in coal. The combustion process of pulverized coal in tuyere zone is restrained by chorine of coal when the existence form of chorine is chloride created by Cl- and metal cation. The combustion process of pulverized coal in tuyere zone is improved by chorine of coal if chorine existents with the form of combination of HCl and nitrogen functional groups of coal macromolecules. Under the combustion conditions of tuyere zone in blast furnace, the distribution ratio of chlorine in unburned pulverized coal and blast furnace gas is approximately 60% and 40%, respectively.

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He, Zhi Jun, Yong Long Jin e Qing Hai Pang. "Experiment Research on Combustion of Microwave Modified PC". Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (luglio 2011): 1327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1327.

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There are many ways to increase the combustion rate of pulverized coal. In this paper, it is improve pulverized coal combustion rate by the method of microwave modification. In order to study the mechanism of modification on pulverized coal, microstructure and chemical compositions of pulverized coal before and after modification were studied. The results show that the microwave modification only changes the nature of PC itself without change component in the lower microwave power condition. And with the modified time extension, the pore number of PC surface gradually increases and the specific surface area enlarges. The highest combustion rate of modified-coal is 85.4%, and it is increase 11.1% than the raw coal in the experiment condition.

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Joshi, Vyenkatesh, Neha Shah, Prashant Wakte, Prashant Dhakephalkar, Anita Dhakephalkar, Rahul Khobragade, Bhushan Naphade, Sajid Shaikh, Arvind Deshmukh e Nitin Adhapure. "Comparative bioleaching of metals from pulverized and non-pulverized PCBs of cell phone charger: advantages of non-pulverized PCBs". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, n. 36 (25 novembre 2017): 28277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0780-x.

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Vedernikova, Tatyana, e Artur Vronskiy. "Comparative Analysis of Models of the Combustion Process of Coal Dust in a Turbulent Flow of a Torch of a Charcoal Boiler". System Analysis & Mathematical Modeling 3, n. 3 (16 dicembre 2021): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2713-1734.2021.8(3).213-226.

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This article provides an overview of existing turbulence models. The scheme of combustion of pulverized coal fuel, the construction of a pulverized coal boiler unit and the process of burning coal in the furnace of a boiler unit BKZ-420-140 are considered. We analyzed the existing turbulence models and selected the most optimal mathematical model to study the combustion process of pulverized coal fuel in order to increase the efficiency of the CHPP.

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Yan, Hong Wei, Yang Wang, Hui Shan Lu e Qiang Gao. "Research on PLC Based Pulverized Coal Sample Preparation Transfer Mechanize". Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (gennaio 2013): 1622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.1622.

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In view of China’s current coal crushing equipment size is too large, this paper aim to design a small coal sample preparation system. This system utilizes the principle of the cone crusher for coarse crushing, and after the pulverized coal is dried in drying apparatus, it will let the pulverized coal enters into the fine grinding device from fixed screening device. The pulverized coal pulverized by fine grinding apparatus, classification by the classification device, and enters into the infrared light detecting device from transmission apparatus to detect its composition. This device’s transmission is based on control of PLC to achieve. At first, this paper describe the operating principle of PLC, then select the hardware and software components of transfer part, and simulate the control part at last.

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Yan, Hong Wei, Ze Min Yang, Hui Shan Lu e Ya Hang Ju. "Quantitative Analysis and Research to Coal Quality Based on Near Infrared Spectrum". Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (maggio 2014): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.575.

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In the experiment, firstly, the quantitative analysis models of the total moisture, volatile matter and ash content of the near infrared spectral of the pulverized coal samples are respectively established by adopting the method of partial least squares; as the model has high predicted precision and good stability, we can see that using the NIR analysis method to conduct nondestructive testing to the pulverized coal indirectly is feasible; then a further study is made on the correlation of the total moisture, volatile matter and ash content in pulverized coal samples respectively, through which we found that the ash content and volatile matter in the pulverized coal sample have a high linear correlation; finally, by comparing the ash content value obtained through the correlation function between the ash content and volatile matter with that obtained through partial least squares model, we can find that the ash content value obtained through the linear correlation between ash content and volatile matter in the pulverized coal ash is more accurate and precise.

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28

Wan, Wen Jun, Zhi Yuan Fan, Wei Jian Huang e Shi He Chen. "Dynamic Characteristics and Mathematical Models of Filled Level for Ball Mills with Double Inlets and Outlets". Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (agosto 2014): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.988.

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Ball mills with double inlets and outlets (BMDIO) are widely equipped in milling systems of thermal power plants because of BMDIOs’ vantage on being able to pulverize various raw coal. In this paper, dynamic characteristics of mill’s coal level were studied by pulverizing coal mechanism analysis. Furthermore, models for filled level of mill were obtained with mathematical Equations. The nonlinear, strong coupling and large lag features of BMDIO’s dynamic characteristics were demonstrated by the model for level of materiel constructed in this paper. And, the model would be become the available theory basis for the calculation of pulverized coal into furnace and design of combustion in fossil-fired thermal unit.

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29

Zhang, Zhen Wei, Cheng Zhang, Liang Zhang e Wei Wei Cao. "Application Research on Lignite Quality-Improving of Pulverized Coal Direct-Fired Stove". Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (febbraio 2012): 1659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.1659.

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This paper mainly focuses on the work principle of pulverized coal direct-fired stove aiming to obtain the process and characteristics of thermal gas furnace. The pulverized coal created in the drying process can be captured directly in the internal system, which can deal with such problems as storage and transport, especially the environment protection problem such as dusty flying. Pulverized coal stove can be promoted in the lignite quality-improving project based on the data collected from the production field.

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30

Kakahy, Amer N. N., D. Ahmad, M. D. Akhir, Shamsuddin Sulaiman e A. Ishak. "Effects of Feeding Angles and Cutting Speeds of a Mower Knife with Serrated Edges on the Pulverization of Sweet Potato Vines". Advanced Materials Research 626 (dicembre 2012): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.260.

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Abstract (sommario):

A study was conducted to test the effects of three different speeds of 1830, 2066 and 2440 rpm of a mower knife with serrated edges and two different feeding angles of 45° and 90° on the pulverization of sweet potato vines. The results indicated that all the treatments were significant at 99% significance level for the pulverized percentage of sweet potato vines remaining on the sieve. The best result was for the 45° feeding angle with lowest vine pulverized percentage of 47.20%. The second speed of 2066 rpm had the finest vine pulverized percentage of 57.47%. The best performance for overlapping effect between feeding angle and speed of mower was achieved by the 45° feeding angle and a mower speed of 1830 rpm resulting in an average percentage of 44.45 % of pulverized vines.

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31

He, Nan, e Xing Hai Zhao. "Numerical Simulation on Separation Characteristic of an Elbow Bias-Oriented Rich-Lean Burner". Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (giugno 2014): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.327.

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Abstract (sommario):

In order to solve the problem of that the boiler burns inferior coal but cannot guarantee the combustion stability, the rich-lean burner divides primary wind pulverized coal airflow into two stocks of airflows containing different amounts of pulverized coal and sends the airflows into coal-fired furnace for improving the ignition characteristics. By the numerical simulation of the pulverized coal flow characteristics in an elbow bias-oriented rich-lean burner, regarding the “concentration ratio” and “speed difference” as the standard of evaluating the separation characteristic of the burner, considering the influence of the partition plate length, bias current stopper height and primary wind velocity to the separation effect of pulverized coal so as to provide technical assistances for the elbow bias-oriented rich-lean burner’s practical application and improvement.

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32

Peirce, T. J. "Understanding pulverized coal combustion". Fuel 67, n. 1 (gennaio 1988): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(88)90030-0.

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33

Kalinenko, R. A., A. P. Kuznetsov, A. A. Levitsky, V. E. Messerle, Yu A. Mirokhin, L. S. Polak, Z. B. Sakipov e A. B. Ustimenko. "Pulverized coal plasma gasification". Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 13, n. 1 (marzo 1993): 141–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01447176.

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34

JEFFERSON, C. J. "SEA-GOING PULVERIZED FUEL.*". Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 40, n. 2 (18 marzo 2009): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1928.tb03649.x.

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35

Chai, Yi-fan, Jian-liang Zhang, Qiu-jun Shao, Xiao-jun Ning e Kai-di Wang. "Experiment Research on Pulverized Coal Combustion in the Tuyere of Oxygen Blast Furnace". High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, n. 2019 (25 febbraio 2019): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2017-0141.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractThe actual combustion rate of pulverized coal in the blast furnace tuyere is hard to be measured. In this research, the combustion rate of pulverized coal injected into oxygen blast furnace was obtained by a new equipment. This equipment can simulate the actual blast furnace well, and the relationship between pulverized coal injection (PCI) ratio and AO/C was established by mathematical deduction. The experimental results show that the best combustibility of the four pulverized coals is C, and when the coal injection ratio is 350 kg/tHM, the combustion rate can be reached 79%, while the combustion rate of B in the same case is only 45.6%. With the increase of AO/C, the relative amount of oxygen to coal increases, the combustion conditions become better, and combustion rate of the pulverized coal increases. In addition, under the condition of high temperature and rapid combustion, with the increase of coal’s volatile, the combustion rate increases and the corresponding PCI ratio is also increased. By using the new equipment, the unburned coal under the oxygen blast furnace conditions can be collected for further study.

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36

Ochowiak, Marek, Zdzisław Bielecki, Andżelika Krupińska, Magdalena Matuszak, Sylwia Włodarczak, Michał Bielecki, Dariusz Choiński, Jarosław Smyła e Krzysztof Jagiełło. "Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers: Future Directions of Scientific Research". Energies 16, n. 2 (13 gennaio 2023): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020935.

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Abstract (sommario):

The paper provides an outlook on future directions of research and the possible applications for pulverized coal-fired boilers. One potential direction for future research is to focus on the ways to improve the efficiency of pulverized coal-fired boilers. This could involve developing new combustion technologies that are able to more thoroughly burn the coal and produce less waste or finding ways to capture and use the excess heat that is generated during the combustion process. The pulverized coal combustion process in power boilers is still being improved by the preliminary cleaning of coal and the use of various catalytic additives. Another area of research that could be valuable is the development of advanced control systems and monitoring technologies for pulverized coal-fired boilers. These systems could be used to optimize the performance of the boiler and ensure that it is operating at maximum efficiency while also providing real-time data on the condition of the boiler and any potential problems that may arise. The analysis of literature shows that several future paths of development and scientific research related to the technology of pulverized coal combustion in boilers can be distinguished.

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37

Jiao, Hong Guang, Sha Li e Lan Ying Pan. "A Study on Magnetic Separation Washability Mathematical Model of Pulverized Coal". Materials Science Forum 704-705 (dicembre 2011): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.395.

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To further understand the magnetic separation washability of pulverized coal, washability curve and mathematical model were done based on internal relations of curves. The model included non-magnetic substance accumulated curve, ash characteristic curve and magnetic susceptibility curve mathematical model. The theoretical separation indicators and the non-magnetic product yield among the adjacent sub-selections susceptibility can be found and determined from these. We also can make a quantitative assessment of the magnetic separation washability and predict the actual results. Results showed that simulation results and experiments results can tally well according to choose reasonable parameters. Evaluation criteria of magnetic separation washability of pulverized coal has yet to make a further investigation. These indicate as a powerful tool of studying magnetic separation washability of pulverized coal can not only be qualitative reasonably but also investigate quantitatively. Key words: pulverized coal; magnetic separation; washability; mathematical model

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38

Cheng, Zhihai, Yang Li e Zhonghan Zhang. "Numerical simulation study on the influence of pulverized coal particle size on boiler combustion characteristics". E3S Web of Conferences 218 (2020): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021801009.

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Abstract (sommario):

The influence of pulverized coal particle size on combustion and NOx formation of 660MW tangential combustion ultra-supercritical boiler in a power plant was studied by using commercial software FLUENT. The average particle size of pulverized coal was set at 61μm, 71μm and 80μm, respectively. The results show that with the decrease of pulverized coal particle size, the overall temperature level of the boiler increases, the average temperature of the main combustion zone increases, the temperature of the upper part of the main combustion zone decreases, and the combustion of pulverized coal is more incomplete. However, the probability of particles sticking to the wall and the probability of coking and slagging of the boiler increases. The amount of NOx produced in the main combustion zone decreases, while the amount of NOx produced in the upper part of the main combustion zone increases, while the overall amount of NOx produced increases slightly.

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39

Zhu, Hongying, Likun Xue, Fenna Zhang, Yaoguang Qi, Junwei Zhao e Dehua Feng. "Study on Key Parameters for Jet Impacting Pulverized Coal Deposited in Coal-Bed Methane Wells". Coatings 12, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2022): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101454.

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Abstract (sommario):

Cleaning out the pulverized coal deposited at the bottom of a coalbed methane (CBM) well is key to achieving continuous CBM drainage and prolonging the workover period. In this study, Fluent is used in conjunction with the standard k-ε model and the Eulerian-Eulerian model to simulate and analyse jet erosion of deposited pulverized coal particles. The depth and width of the stable erosion pit that is formed by jet-impacting deposited pulverized coal under different conditions are determined and provide a theoretical basis for the cleanout of pulverized coal in the bottom of a CBM well. In this paper, the three parameters of the jet target distance, nozzle diameter and nozzle outlet flow velocity are selected to perform an orthogonal simulation. The change trends in the depth and width of the scouring pit with time are determined. The results show that jet impacting of deposited pulverized coal can be categorised into four stages, periods of rapid growth, stability, jet swing and dynamic stability. A sensitivity analysis shows that the nozzle outlet flow velocity has the strongest influence on the depth of the scouring pit among the selected parameters. The depth of the jet impact pit can reach the maximum depth at t = 3 s, while the width of the impact pit can reach the maximum after t = 7 s. This can provide key design parameters for CBM well pulverized coal impacting operation. It is of great significance for capacity damage control during CBM well workover operation.

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40

P M, Salim, B. S.R.K.Prasad e Seshadri Sekhar.T. "Durability Studies on Concrete Made Using Pulverized Used Foundry Sand as A Mineral Admixture". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n. 3.3 (21 giugno 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.3.14471.

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Abstract (sommario):

Durability of the structures is a main concern now a day due to the various types of deteriorations caused by natural as well as manmade environmental conditions. In this project the durability properties of concrete made with pulverized used foundry sand as a mineral admixture is analyzed. The durability of concrete is mostly depends on the surrounding environment. The chemicals present in air and water are the main causes of deterioration of concrete in its life. So a deep study on the action of deteriorating chemicals on the concrete containing pulverized used foundry sand is initiated. Here M40 concrete is prepared with 0%,5%,10%,15% and 20% addition of pulverized used foundry sand to the cement content. Cubes of size 100mmx100mmx100mm were cast and tested for various parameters like Acid resistance with hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, Sulphate attack with sodium sulphate and alkali resistance with sodium hydroxide for. The testing was performed on cubes at 28day, 56 day, 90 day and 180 day stored in respective chemicals dissolved in water at 5% concentration. From the test results it is inferred that the concrete containing pulverized used foundry sand is better in acid resistance than ordinary concrete without pulverized used foundry sand. Further the acid resistance for both hydrochloric and sulfuric acid shows an increase up to 15% addition of pulverized used foundry and after that it is slightly reduced. The samples subjected to sodium sulphate and sodium hydroxide has shown no variation in properties with respect to the water cured specimens.

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41

Cheng, Zhihai, Jiahao Wang e Xinhai Han. "Numerical simulation of the effect of different NaCl concent on boiler flame combustion process". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2108, n. 1 (1 novembre 2021): 012097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2108/1/012097.

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Abstract Zhundong coal has been widely concerned because of its high alkali metal content, which brings great danger to the combustion of boiler. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to study the laws and characteristics of alkali metal influencing combustion in the burning process of zhundong coal. A gas-solid two-phase flow combustion model of pulverized coal containing NaCl was established by using Fluent software and FactSage software in a hot experimental combustion furnace. The influence of different NaCl content in pulverized coal on pulverized coal combustion process was discussed. The results show that with the increase of NaCl content in pulverized coal from 0 to 1% and 2%, the flame center temperature in the furnace increases about 80°C and 120°C under the same coal content, so it can be concluded that the increase of NaCl content can promote the combustion process of pulverized coal in the furnace. At the same time, it can be calculated that, with the increase of NaCl content, the flame range of the combustion region inside the furnace increases by 1/3. Because NaCl is decomposed by heat during combustion to help combustion, and the radiation heat transfer increases, the flame radiation range inside the furnace will increase.

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42

Jili, Qu, e Zhu Hao. "Modifying mechanical properties of Shanghai clayey soil with construction waste and pulverized lime". Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 27, n. 1 (30 maggio 2020): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2020-0016.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractIn the present study, the effect of construction waste and pulverized lime on the strength of Shanghai clayey soil is investigated. The unconfined compressive strength and direct shear tests have been carried out on reinforced soils with different combinations of construction waste and pulverized lime over various curing periods. The results from unconfined compressive tests show that the compressive strength increases after introduction of construction waste and pulverized lime, and the longer the curing period the higher the strength of treated soil. The results from direct shear tests show that the shear strength parameters increase to different degree after mixing with construction waste and pulverized lime. The tests also show the increase in compressive strength is insignificant with the addition of construction waste alone, but ductility increases. The conclusions drawn from the present study are important not only for designing and construction of geotechnical engineering projects in practice, but also for making good use of waste material, sustainable development and environmental protection.

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43

Yang, Shuang Ping, Gang Du, Jian Wang, Xin Du e Jie Liu. "The Practice of Strengthening Pulverized Coal Injection". Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (gennaio 2013): 2556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.2556.

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Abstract (sommario):

The research to increase injecting amount into blast furnace was carried out on the basis of the actual production of Longmen Steel Co., Ltd.. This paper starts with the study of pulverized coal properties of the blast furnace, combined with the experimental researches such as explosibility study of pulverized coal, the study of the effect of adding additives on combustion properties of Pulverized Coal, the factors affecting the amount of injection coal of Blast Furnace in Longmen Steel Co., Ltd. were identified and the specific measures to improve coal ratio and reduce the coke ratio were put forward by theoretical analysis and experimental research as well as practical production.

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44

Zheng, Yu Xin, Zhi Hua Wang, Xue Hong Wu e Yan Li Lv. "Numerical Simulation of the Methanol Synthesis Process by Using HT-L Pulverized Coal Gasification". Advanced Materials Research 1090 (febbraio 2015): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1090.163.

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The numerical simulation of the methanol synthesis process by using HT-L pulverized coal gasification is studied in the work. Pulverized coal gasification are simulated by Aspen Plus industrial systems flower software, and the optimum condition can be gained by calculation. The pulverized coal entrained-flow gasifier adopts the minimization method of Gibbs free energy. Under the given conditions of 1500°C and carbon conversion of 99%, when coal flow volume is 3265.87 kg/h and the ratio of air and coal is 4:1, the content of effective gas is maximal, and also the content of effective gas increased with increasing of the pressure.

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45

Liu, Wei, Chao Liang, Wen Qing Qin e Fen Jiao. "A New Technology for Recovery of Metals from Waste Printed Circuit Boards". Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (ottobre 2014): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.698.

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Abstract (sommario):

Recycling of metallic fractions from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) using gravity separation and hydrometallurgy was investigated. The obtained research fruits were listed as follows: (1) When being pulverized to finer than 0.4mm, waste PCBs could be generally dissociated from plastics. (2) Shaking table was shown to be suitable for processing pulverized PCBs. Pulverized PCBs containing 6.97% copper was enriched to 33.55% in a single operation and the copper recovery was 90.3% in the best size range of separation. (3) Pressure oxidation leaching was shown to be effective for separating copper from aluminum and tin. The leaching extraction of aluminum and tin were 86.6% and 96.3%, copper extraction was 1% or less under the optimal conditions.

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46

Dong, Li Long, Wei Lin Zhao e Ning Ning Xing. "Analysis of Pulverized Coal Combustion in Precalciner Based on Fluent Software". Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (settembre 2014): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.40.

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The pulverized coal combustion in precalciner in the cement plant with capacity of 5000t/d was investigated by numerical calculation using Fluent software. The standard k-ε model and particle stochastic trajectory model was proposed to simulate the three-dimension turbulence flow and pulverized coal movement respectively. The energy equation including P1 raditional model and non-premixed combustion model were applied to calculate the internal flow field of temperature and concentrations of volatile, CO, O2 and CO2. It indicates that the structure of precalciner is well designed and the pulverized coal can burn quickly after injecting from burners. The decomposition temperature that production needed is satisfied and the concentrations after combustion are accepted.

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47

Wang, Yang, Hong Wei Yan, Hui Shan Lu e Qiang Gao. "Research of Crushing Mechanism Based on Pulverized Coal Sample Preparation System". Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (gennaio 2013): 1618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.1618.

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Abstract (sommario):

Coal is the main material for human’s production and livelihood, and human pay more attention to it. Nowadays, Chinese crushing equipment’s volume is bigger, in view of this phenomenon, the author put forward to design a pulverized coal intelligent sample preparation device. This design not only has small size, but also has coarse crushing, drying, screening, grinding, grading and pulverized coal’s intelligent detection. It can well detect pulverized coal’s composition and year. In this paper, the author research on this mechanism’s coarse crushing device. Firstly, the author analyze the composition of coal to make a better foundation for crushing, then introduce the overall process of coarse crushing, and research the various parts of working principle and related parameters.

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48

Pu, Shi Kun, Yao Zhong Lan, Yan Jun Li e Zhong Hui Zhang. "Recovery Gemanium from Pulverized Fuel Ash through the Method of H₂SO₄-NH₄F-NaClO₃ - Leaching-Tannin Precipitation". Advanced Materials Research 669 (marzo 2013): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.669.377.

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This paper will conduct a systematic study on method of recovering Ge from pulverized fuel ash in Lincang prefecture, Yunnan province. Details are like this, in view of the fact that Ge contained in pulverized fuel ash is wrapped up by a lot of Silica, Cao, magnesium oxide and is difficult to react with hydrochloric acid, so, first, have the pulverized fuel ash grinded to 200 meshes; then, ammonium fluoride should be put into 85-90°Cdilute sulphuric acid solution to produce hydrogen fluoride so as to destroy silicon dioxide and calcium oxide contained in the pulverized fuel ash. Meanwhile, dilute sulphuric acid solution dissolves magnesium oxide, by doing so, Ge will be released to react with sulfuric acid and produce Sulfuric acid Ge, and Ge will go into the solution；as for low state Ge（e.g,GeO,GeS）contained in the pulverized fuel ash which is difficult to be dissolved by sulfuric acid, sodium chlorate will be used as a kind of oxidant to change bivalence Ge into tetravalence Ge, then dissolve it into the solution, after the liquid-solid separation, sulfuric acid leaching solution rich in Ge will be obtained. Then, tannic acid will be used as precipitant to recover Ge from the leaching solution, and Ge concentrate will be produced through distillation and roasting. After this, put Ge concentrate on hydrochloric acid distillation to get germanium tetrachloride, After going through strenuous evaporation, distillation and hydrolysis, germanium dioxide with high purity will be yield. This paper has conducted conditional tests and discussion on the process parameters which will influence recovery Ge from pulverized fuel ash, including the dosage of Sulfuric acid, ammonium fluoride, sodium chlorate ,tannic acid and extraction time to find out the prior controlling condition of Ge recovery，under this prior condition, Ge leaching rate is as high as 84%，and tannic sinking Ge rate is as high as 98%. The pulverized fuel ash, after recovering Ge, can be used to backfill the mine pit, besides, most of the lixivium after recovering Ge can be recycled, and the rest of it will be released after neutralized up to the standard by lime. This process enjoys the following quality: high Ge recovery rate, less time used during the process ,less consumption of auxiliary material, easier to control the process, avoiding the potential pollution on the environment and lower cost involved in it, therefore, which is a kind of efficient and economic process of recovering Ge from pulverized fuel ash.

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Milosavljevic, V. D., A. M. K. P. Taylor e J. H. Whitelaw. "Stability of pulverized coal burners". Symposium (International) on Combustion 23, n. 1 (gennaio 1991): 957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80351-6.

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50

R.A.N., J. C. Brand. "PULVERIZED FUEL FOR MARINE PURPOSES*". Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 39, n. 4 (18 marzo 2009): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1927.tb04236.x.

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