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1
Lee, Lisa M., Celia B. Fisher e Bruce Jennings. "Revising the American Public Health Association’s Public Health Code of Ethics". American Journal of Public Health 106, n. 7 (luglio 2016): 1198–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2016.303208.
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Thomas, James C., Michael Sage, Jack Dillenberg e V. James Guillory. "A Code of Ethics for Public Health". American Journal of Public Health 92, n. 7 (luglio 2002): 1057–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.92.7.1057.
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Thomas, James C., Debra E. Irwin, Erin Shaugnessy Zuiker e Robert C. Millikan. "Genomics and the Public Health Code of Ethics". American Journal of Public Health 95, n. 12 (dicembre 2005): 2139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2005.066878.
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Brady, Eoghan S., Jonathon P. Leider, Beth A. Resnick, Y. Natalia Alfonso e David Bishai. "Machine-Learning Algorithms to Code Public Health Spending Accounts". Public Health Reports 132, n. 3 (31 marzo 2017): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354917700356.
Abstract (sommario):
Objectives: Government public health expenditure data sets require time- and labor-intensive manipulation to summarize results that public health policy makers can use. Our objective was to compare the performances of machine-learning algorithms with manual classification of public health expenditures to determine if machines could provide a faster, cheaper alternative to manual classification. Methods: We used machine-learning algorithms to replicate the process of manually classifying state public health expenditures, using the standardized public health spending categories from the Foundational Public Health Services model and a large data set from the US Census Bureau. We obtained a data set of 1.9 million individual expenditure items from 2000 to 2013. We collapsed these data into 147 280 summary expenditure records, and we followed a standardized method of manually classifying each expenditure record as public health, maybe public health, or not public health. We then trained 9 machine-learning algorithms to replicate the manual process. We calculated recall, precision, and coverage rates to measure the performance of individual and ensembled algorithms. Results: Compared with manual classification, the machine-learning random forests algorithm produced 84% recall and 91% precision. With algorithm ensembling, we achieved our target criterion of 90% recall by using a consensus ensemble of ≥6 algorithms while still retaining 93% coverage, leaving only 7% of the summary expenditure records unclassified. Conclusions: Machine learning can be a time- and cost-saving tool for estimating public health spending in the United States. It can be used with standardized public health spending categories based on the Foundational Public Health Services model to help parse public health expenditure information from other types of health-related spending, provide data that are more comparable across public health organizations, and evaluate the impact of evidence-based public health resource allocation.
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Ossei-Owusu, Shaun. "Code Red". American Journal of Law & Medicine 43, n. 4 (novembre 2017): 344–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858817753404.
Abstract (sommario):
The United States' health care system is mired in uncertainty. Public opinion on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) is undeniably mixed and politicized. The individual mandate, tax subsidies, and Medicaid expansion dominate the discussion. This Article argues that the ACA and reform discourse have given short shrift to a more static problem: the law of emergency care. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act of 1986 (“EMTALA”) requires most hospitals to screen patients for emergency medical conditions and provide stabilizing treatment regardless of patients' insurance status or ability to pay. Remarkably, this law strengthened the health safety net in a country that has no universal health care. But it is an unfunded mandate that responded to the problem of emergency care in a flawed fashion and contributed to the supposed “free rider” problem that the ACA attempted to cure.But the ACA has also not been effective at addressing the issue of emergency care. The ACA's architects reduced funding for hospitals that serve a disproportionate percentage of the medically indigent but did not anticipate the Supreme Court's ruling in NFIB v. Sebelius, which made Medicaid expansion optional. Public and non-profit hospitals now face a scenario of less funding and potentially higher emergency room utilization due to continued uninsurance or underinsurance. Alternatives to the ACA have been insufficiently attentive to the importance of emergency care in our health system. This Article contends that any proposal that does not seriously consider EMTALA is incomplete and bound to produce some of the same problems that have dogged the American health care system for the past few decades. Moreover, the Article shows how notions of race, citizenship, and deservingness have filtered into this health care trajectory, and in the context of reform, have the potential to exacerbate existing health inequality. The paper concludes with normative suggestions on how to the mitigate EMTALA's problems in ways that might improve population health.
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Thomas, James C., e Nabarun Dasgupta. "Ethical Pandemic Control Through the Public Health Code of Ethics". American Journal of Public Health 110, n. 8 (agosto 2020): 1171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305785.
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Moore, Elaine. "Code Blue". Family & Community Health 28, n. 2 (aprile 2005): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003727-200504000-00013.
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Jia, Shuangyue, Ying Wang, Qingyu Li e Yan Zhang. "Discussion and Countermeasures on the Application of Health Code in the Routine Prevention and Control of COVID-19". International Journal of Social Sciences and Public Administration 3, n. 1 (27 maggio 2024): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijsspa.v3n1.20.
Abstract (sommario):
From the previous SARS to the current novel coronavirus, major public health emergencies have occurred in China one after another. With the development of The Times and the progress of society and science and technology, people are more and more aware of the importance of effective prevention and control of such incidents, and what means to adopt effective prevention and control has gradually attracted global attention. In the context of the new coronavirus epidemic, the health code, an innovative young measure, can be said to have opened up a precedent and played an irreplaceable role in China's epidemic prevention and control. In the three years since the outbreak of COVID-19 from the beginning of 2020 to the end of 2022, health codes have been widely used and become an important means of epidemic prevention, but some problems have inevitably been exposed, especially in the period of normal epidemic prevention and control, such as: The problems of digital divide, information island, and abnormal color of health code have impacted the effective prevention and control of the epidemic in this period. After fully considering and demonstrating the application scenarios and promotion conditions of health code, combine and utilize existing technologies, such as: Bluetooth or GPS positioning, digital contact tracking technology, automatic identification technology, remote technology, etc., put forward the innovative concept of "health code chip", which can not only solve such problems, improve the technical level and practical application range of health code, so that health code has become an important tool and effective means to deal with major public health emergencies. Moreover, it can provide valuable reference opinions and experience for the handling of major public health emergencies in the world.
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Halma, Matthew T. J., e Joshua Guetzkow. "Public Health Needs the Public Trust: A Pandemic Retrospective". BioMed 3, n. 2 (30 maggio 2023): 256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomed3020023.
Abstract (sommario):
The COVID crisis of the past three years has greatly impacted stakeholder relationships between scientists, health providers, policy makers, pharmaceutical industry employees, and the public. Lockdowns and restrictions of civil liberties strained an already fraught relationship between the public and policy makers, with scientists also seen as complicit in providing the justification for the abrogation of civil liberties. This was compounded by the suppression of open debate over contentious topics of public interest and a violation of core bioethical principles embodied in the Nuremberg Code. Overall, the policies chosen during the pandemic have had a corrosive impact on public trust, which is observable in surveys and consumer behaviour. While a loss of trust is difficult to remedy, the antidotes are accountability and transparency. This narrative review presents an overview of key issues that have motivated public distrust during the pandemic and ends with suggested remedies. Scientific norms and accountability must be restored in order to rebuild the vital relationship between scientists and the public they serve.
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Kerr, Patrick L., e Gavin Bryant. "Use of ICD-10 Codes for Human Trafficking: Analysis of Data From a Large, Multisite Clinical Database in the United States". Public Health Reports 137, n. 1_suppl (luglio 2022): 83S—90S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00333549221095631.
Abstract (sommario):
Objectives: People experiencing trafficking often seek health care but are not identified. Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention added new International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes specific to human trafficking (hereinafter, HT ICD-10-CM codes) that could systematize the identification and documentation of human trafficking in US health care settings, the extent of their use is unknown. The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the frequency of HT ICD-10-CM code use in US health care organizations (HCOs) and (2) demographic data associated with HT ICD-10-CM codes using a large clinical database. Methods: This retrospective study used deidentified data collected from October 1, 2018, through March 30, 2021, from a clinical database (N = 69 740 144 patients) network (TriNetX) of 48 collaborating US HCOs. Data included number of patients with ≥1 HT ICD-10-CM code, diagnoses, and demographic characteristics (age, sex, race, ethnicity, and region). Results: HT ICD-10-CM codes were associated with 298 patients in US HCOs, most of whom were young (mean [SD] age, 26 [16] y), White (53.0%; n = 158), and female (87.9%; n = 262). Thirty-seven of 48 (77.1%) participating HCOs used ≥1 HT ICD-10-CM code. The most frequently used HT ICD-10-CM codes were “forced sexual exploitation, suspected” (32.2%; n = 96) and “personal history of forced labor or sexual exploitation” (27.1%; n = 81). Labor trafficking codes were noted in approximately 3.7% of cases. Conclusions: HT ICD-10-CM codes are being used by health care professionals, as confirmed by large databases. Further research is needed to understand variation in code use and risk factors associated with human trafficking.
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Sing, Fiona, Sally Mackay, Angela Culpin, Sally Hughes e Boyd Swinburn. "Food Advertising to Children in New Zealand: A Critical Review of the Performance of a Self-Regulatory Complaints System Using a Public Health Law Framework". Nutrients 12, n. 5 (30 aprile 2020): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051278.
Abstract (sommario):
New Zealand has the second highest overweight and obese child population in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). This paper evaluates whether New Zealand’s self-regulatory controls on the advertising of unhealthy food and beverages to children and young people adequately protects children from the exposure to, and power of, such marketing in order to limit its impact on children’s food and beverage preferences. First, an analysis of the relevant New Zealand Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) Codes was conducted, including the ASA Complaints Board and Appeals Board decisions from 2017–2019 to determine the application of the Codes in practice. Second, a public health law framework was applied to the self-regulatory system. Of the 16 complaints assessed, 12 were not upheld, and only one was upheld under the Children and Young People’s Advertising Code (CYPA Code). Three complaints were upheld under the Advertising Standards Code (ASC) but not the CYPA Code. An analysis of the Codes and their interpretation by the Complaints Board found that many facets of the public health law framework were not met. The self-regulatory system does not adequately protect children from the exposure to, and power of, unhealthy food and beverage marketing, and government-led, comprehensive, and enforceable marketing restrictions are required.
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Lee, Lisa M., Selena E. Ortiz, Greg Pavela e Bruce Jennings. "Public Health Code of Ethics: Deliberative Decision-Making and Reflective Practice". American Journal of Public Health 110, n. 4 (aprile 2020): 489–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305568.
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Gorovitz, Eric. "Public Health and Politics: Using the Tax Code to Expand Advocacy". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 45, S1 (2017): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110517703313.
Abstract (sommario):
Protecting the public's health has always been an inherently political endeavor. The field of public health, however, is conspicuously and persistently absent from sustained, sophisticated engagement in political processes, particularly elections, that determine policy outcomes. This results, in large part, from widespread misunderstanding of rules governing how, and how much, public advocates working in tax-exempt organizations can participate in public policy development.This article briefly summarizes the rules governing public policy engagement by exempt organizations. It then describes different types of exempt organizations, and how they can work together to expand engagement. Next, it identifies several key mechanisms of policy development that public health advocates could influence. Finally, it suggests some methods of applying the tax rules to increase participation in these arenas.
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Stefanak, Matthew, Larry Frisch e Gabriel Palmer-Fernandez. "An Organizational Code of Public Health Ethics: Practical Applications and Benefits". Public Health Reports 122, n. 4 (luglio 2007): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335490712200417.
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Bernheim, Ruth Gaare. "Public Health Ethics: The Voices of Practitioners". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, S4 (2003): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00768.x.
Abstract (sommario):
Public health ethics is emerging as a new field of inquiry, distinct not only from public health law, but also from traditional medical ethics and research ethics. Public health professional and scholarly attention is focusing on ways that ethical analysis and a new public health code of ethics can be a resource for health professionals working in the field. This article provides a preliminary exploration of the ethical issues faced by public health professionals in day-to-day practice and of the type of ethics education and support they believe may be helpful.
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Benoit, Cecilia, e David Gratzer. "Code Blue: Reviving Canada's Health Care System". Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 27, n. 1 (marzo 2001): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3552378.
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Menosi Gualandro, Sandra Fatima, Marco Aurélio Salvino, Lucas Bassolli de Oliveira Alves e Thainá Jehá. "Characteristics of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients in Brazil: A retrospective administrative claims database analysis of PNH patients in Brazilian public healthcare system". PLOS ONE 18, n. 7 (26 luglio 2023): e0288708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288708.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction Few studies have reported the profile of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and their care in the Brazilian health system. Objective To describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with PNH in the Brazilian public health system including procedures performed, associated comorbidities and visits to health care professionals. Methods In a real-world observational, retrospective, population-based cohort study, anonymized secondary data provided by the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (DATASUS) were analyzed. Patients were considered eligible if they had at least one procedure coded with the ICD-10 code D59.5 from January 1, 2008 to December 30, 2018. Results In total, 675 individual PNH patients were identified (52.4% female; prevalence of 1:237,000 people). Around 15.8% of the patients included had myelodysplastic syndrome and about half of the sample had other aplastic anemias and/or other bone marrow failure syndromes. Portal vein thrombosis (I82 ICD code) was reported in 4.3% of patients. Regarding hospitalizations, 263 individual PNH patients had 416 inpatient admissions with the ICD code for PNH (D59.5) on admission. Twelve deaths occurred during the study period, of which two had the PNH ICD code related with the cause of death, while another three deaths were associated with acquired hemolytic anemia (D59.9), unspecified aplastic anemia (D61.9) and acute respiratory failure (J96.0), respectively. Conclusion Despite its limitations, this statistical analysis of data extracted from DATASUS reasonably describes PNH patients in Brazil and its variations across different regions of the country. Comorbidities frequently associated with PNH such as portal vein thrombosis were not as common in our study, but it is assumed that several thrombotic events at specific sites were coded under the broader I82 ICD code. The frequency of visits to different health professionals, including hematologists, increased after the diagnosis of PNH. Among hospitalized PNH patients, the mortality rate was 4.5%.
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Trimble, Deana G., Kevin Welding, Katherine Clegg Smith e Joanna E. Cohen. "Smoke and Scan: A Content Analysis of QR Code-Directed Websites Found on Cigarette Packs in China". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, n. 10 (24 maggio 2020): 1912–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa091.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Introduction Quick Response codes, or “QR” codes, are used widely in China—for mobile payment, marketing, public transportation, and various other applications. In this study, we examined the content of websites linked from QR codes on cigarette packs collected in China. Aims and Methods In February 2017, 738 unique cigarette packs were collected from five Chinese cities (Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Kunming, and Chengdu) using a systematic protocol. Cigarette packs were coded for presence of QR codes on packaging. Packs containing QR codes were then scanned using the WeChat app. Websites sourced from QR codes were coded for required verification, website type, age- and health-related statements, engagement strategies, and marketing appeals. Results From the sample of 738 unique packs, 109 packs (14.8%) had a QR code on the packaging. The QR codes were linked to 24 unique websites of which 23 could be analyzed. All 23 unique websites were either brand-specific or social media websites; none focused on health or quit information. Of the 23 websites, only three (13.0%) websites had age-restricted site access and just six (26.1%) had any mention of health-related risks associated with product usage. Engagement strategies and/or marketing appeals were found on 20 (87.0%) websites. Conclusions The Chinese tobacco industry uses QR codes on cigarette packaging to link to web-based marketing content including social media recruitment, contests and giveaways, and product advertisement. It is important to understand where packs send consumers online and what messages they receive, and to consider QR codes on packaging when drafting policy. Implications Scanning QR codes in China is a commonplace activity. The authors are aware of no published studies on the role QR codes play on the marketing of cigarette packs, in China or elsewhere. This study demonstrates QR codes on cigarette packs can expose users and nonusers to cigarette marketing on interactive websites and protobacco social media pages, mostly without restrictive access or health warnings. This is an area that health authorities can consider regulating, given that this is a channel through which the tobacco industry can communicate with current and potential consumers.
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Houngbo, Pamphile Thierry, Maikel Kishna, Marjolein Zweekhorst, Daton Medenou e Joske G. F. Bunder-Aelen. "The impact of Benin’s first public procurement code and its amendment on healthcare equipment acquisition prices". Journal of Public Procurement 18, n. 4 (5 novembre 2018): 306–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-11-2018-018.
Abstract (sommario):
PurposeTo satisfy donors and reduce public procurement acquisition prices, Benin has implemented and amended its first public procurement code guided by top-down principles of good governance.Design/methodology/approachThis study aims to measure the impact of the code and its amendment on public procurement acquisition prices of health-care equipment from 1995 to 2010.FindingsA segmented linear regression analysis was performed using interrupted time-series data. The analysis shows that the code and its amendment did not reduce acquisition prices, indicating the limited impact of the code. The authors recommend the implementation of bottom-up processes in establishing the public procurement system, and the development of a reference pricelist of the most widely used health-care equipment, as possible solutions for improving the effectiveness of the code.
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Rahmawati, Eva, Tuti Herawati e Fardhoni. "The Accuracy of Disease Code in The Medical Record in Plumbon Public Health Center". Jurnal Kesehatan Mahardika 8, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2021): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54867/jkm.v8i1.16.
Abstract (sommario):
The implementation of coding done in the medical record should be done very thoroughly, precisely and accurately according to the diagnostic code that exists in ICD-10. If there is an error in coding, it will have a bad impact on the patient, puskesmas or hospital. But in the fact found in the field there are still problems in the implementation of the accuracy of the encoding of disease diagnosis based on ICD-10. The purpose of this research is to describe the accuracy of disease code in the medical record in Puskesmas Plumbon. The population in this study was the entire quarterly medical record document of year 2020 with a total of 1,098 medical record documents with a total sample of 92 documents using simple random sampling technique. This study was conducted in Plumbon Puskesmas Medical record unit on 20 June 2020. The method used is descriptive with a quantitative approach. The data collection procedures used are by observation and checklist sheet. The population in this study was the entire quarterly medical record document of year 2020 with a total of 1,098 medical record documents with a total sample of 92 documents using simple random sampling technique. This study was conducted in Plumbon Puskesmas Medical record unit on 20 June 2020. The results of the study obtained from 92 samples of medical record documents, the appropriate disease code in accordance with the ICD-10 as much as 39 (42.39%) and improper code of 53 (57.61%). There is still an imprecision of unsuitable disease code due to coding officers that do not include the 4th character. It is best to need a fixed procedure in accordance with WHO provisions for coding the disease to make the koder more thorough in determining the disease code.
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Joseph, Soja Reuben, e Juyoul Kim. "Radiological Dose Assessment to Members of the Public Using Consumer Products Containing Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Korea". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 14 (9 luglio 2021): 7337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147337.
Abstract (sommario):
Various products containing a small number of added radionuclides are commonly available for use worldwide. However, frequent use of such products puts the public at risk of radiation exposure. In this study, dose assessments to members of the public using consumer products containing naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) were conducted for various usage scenarios to evaluate the external and internal exposure dose. Data for this study were obtained from previous literature and were statistically analyzed using Boxplot to determine the input data for assessment. A normalized value of activity concentration was used for dose evaluation. In addition to other external and internal dose calculation codes, analytical calculations were used to perform age-dependent. Based on analytical calculations, the highest total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) received from necklace products at the upper whiskers with an activity concentration of 4.21 Bq/g for 238U, 24.4 Bq/g for 232Th, and 0.55 Bq/g for 40K for various age groups is 2.03 mSv/y for 1 year old, 1.24 mSv/y for 10 years old and 1.11 mSv/y for adult, which are above the international commission for radiation protection (ICRP) recommended public dose limit of 1 mSv/y. Results of external and internal exposure dose obtained using Microshield code, IMBA code and Visual Monte Carlo (VMC) code are all below the recommended public dose limit of 1 mSv/y.
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Sarkar, Sameer P., e Gwen Adshead. "Protecting altruism: A call for a code of ethics in British psychiatry". British Journal of Psychiatry 183, n. 2 (agosto 2003): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.2.95.
Abstract (sommario):
Codes of ethics have existed for medicine since the time of Hippocrates. However, a written code of ethics (like a written constitution) has so far eluded British psychiatry. In this editorial we discuss the arguments for and against a code of ethics as an essential aspect of our identity as medical professionals. Our professional identity as psychiatrists is coming under scrutiny from the General Medical Council, the emergence of the user movement and the proposals in the draft Mental Health Bill. At a time when psychiatry is seen increasingly as a guardian of public safety, there has never been a more pressing need for a code of ethics.
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Thieren, Michel. "Nuremberg code turns 60". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, n. 8 (1 agosto 2007): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.045443.
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McDonald, Clement J., Stanley M. Huff, Jeffrey G. Suico, Gilbert Hill, Dennis Leavelle, Raymond Aller, Arden Forrey et al. "LOINC, a Universal Standard for Identifying Laboratory Observations: A 5-Year Update". Clinical Chemistry 49, n. 4 (1 aprile 2003): 624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/49.4.624.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC®) database provides a universal code system for reporting laboratory and other clinical observations. Its purpose is to identify observations in electronic messages such as Health Level Seven (HL7) observation messages, so that when hospitals, health maintenance organizations, pharmaceutical manufacturers, researchers, and public health departments receive such messages from multiple sources, they can automatically file the results in the right slots of their medical records, research, and/or public health systems. For each observation, the database includes a code (of which 25 000 are laboratory test observations), a long formal name, a “short” 30-character name, and synonyms. The database comes with a mapping program called Regenstrief LOINC Mapping Assistant (RELMATM) to assist the mapping of local test codes to LOINC codes and to facilitate browsing of the LOINC results. Both LOINC and RELMA are available at no cost from http://www.regenstrief.org/loinc/. The LOINC medical database carries records for >30 000 different observations. LOINC codes are being used by large reference laboratories and federal agencies, e.g., the CDC and the Department of Veterans Affairs, and are part of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) attachment proposal. Internationally, they have been adopted in Switzerland, Hong Kong, Australia, and Canada, and by the German national standards organization, the Deutsches Instituts für Normung. Laboratories should include LOINC codes in their outbound HL7 messages so that clinical and research clients can easily integrate these results into their clinical and research repositories. Laboratories should also encourage instrument vendors to deliver LOINC codes in their instrument outputs and demand LOINC codes in HL7 messages they get from reference laboratories to avoid the need to lump so many referral tests under the “send out lab” code.
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Liu, Xinghua, Qian Ye, Ye Li, Jing Fan e Yue Tao. "Examining Public Concerns and Attitudes toward Unfair Events Involving Elderly Travelers during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Weibo Data". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 4 (11 febbraio 2021): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041756.
Abstract (sommario):
The Chinese government has launched a digital health code system to detect people potentially exposed to the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease and to curb its spread. Citizens are required to show the health code on their smartphones when using public transport. However, many seniors are not allowed to use public transport due to their difficulties in obtaining health codes, leading to widespread debates about these unfair events. Traditionally, public perceptions and attitudes toward such unfair events are investigated using analytical methods based on interviews or questionnaires. This study crawled seven-month messages from Sina Weibo, the Chinese version of Twitter, and developed a hybrid approach integrating term-frequency–inverse-document-frequency, latent Dirichlet allocation, and sentiment classification. Results indicate that a rumor about the unfair treatment of elderly travelers triggered public concerns. Primary subjects of concern were the status quo of elderly travelers, the provision of transport services, and unfair event descriptions. Following the government’s responses, people still had negative attitudes toward transport services, while they became more positive about the status quo of elderly travelers. These findings will guide government authorities to explore new forms of automated social control and to improve transport policies in terms of equity and fairness in future pandemics.
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Krasna, Heather, Malvika Venkataraman, Moriah Robins, Isabella Patino e Jonathon P. Leider. "Standard Occupational Classification Codes: Gaps in Federal Data on the Public Health Workforce". American Journal of Public Health 114, n. 1 (gennaio 2024): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2023.307463.
Abstract (sommario):
Objectives. To determine whether US Department of Labor standard occupational classification (SOC) codes can be used for public health workforce research. Methods. We reviewed past attempts at SOC matching for public health occupations and then used the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Industry and Occupation Computerized Coding System (NIOCCS) to match the actual job titles for 26 516 respondents to the 2021 Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS) with SOC codes, grouped by respondents’ choice of job category in PH WINS. We assessed the accuracy of the NIOCCS matches and excluded matches under a cutpoint using the Youden Index. We assessed the percentage of SOC matches with insufficient information and diversity of SOC matches per PH WINS category using the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index. Results. Several key public health occupations do not have a SOC code, including disease intervention specialist, public health nurse, policy analyst, program manager, grants or contracts specialist, and peer counselor. Conclusions. Without valid SOC matches and detailed data on local and state government health departments, the US Department of Labor’s data cannot be used for public health workforce enumeration. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(1):48–56. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307463 )
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Beck, Ben, Christina L. Ekegren, Peter Cameron, Mark Stevenson, Rodney Judson, Andrew Bucknill, Elton Edwards e Belinda Gabbe. "Comparing ICD-10 external cause codes for pedal cyclists with self-reported crash details". Injury Prevention 24, n. 2 (16 febbraio 2017): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042206.
Abstract (sommario):
Accurate coding of injury event information is critical in developing targeted injury prevention strategies. However, little is known about the validity of the most universally used coding system, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), in characterising crash counterparts in pedal cycling events. This study aimed to determine the agreement between hospital-coded ICD-10-AM (Australian modification) external cause codes with self-reported crash characteristics in a sample of pedal cyclists admitted to hospital following bicycle crashes. Interview responses from 141 injured cyclists were mapped to a single ICD-10-AM external cause code for comparison with ICD-10-AM external cause codes from hospital administrative data. The percentage of agreement was 77.3% with a κ value of 0.68 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.77), indicating substantial agreement. Nevertheless, studies reliant on ICD-10 codes from administrative data should consider the 23% level of disagreement when characterising crash counterparts in cycling crashes.
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López Pontigo, Lydia, e Rosa N. Villegas-Delgadillo. "Bioethics applied in a public health research". Mexican Bioethics Review ICSA 2, n. 3 (5 luglio 2020): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/mbr.v2i3.5881.
Abstract (sommario):
This article highlights the importance of bioethics when a research in the field of public health is being carried out. Research in health care allows us to obtain advances such as: preventing diseases, diagnose them and treat them. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) states that Bioethics is the discipline that looks to explain ethical problems that emerge in relation to health by doing research on human beings, designing and implementing a health policy, and providing medical attention. Bioethics is not a code of precepts but an activity of analysis based on ethical principles and criteria that guide the medical praxis in several health care areas. In 2004, the UNESCO launched a program of ethical teaching which varies depending on the region and country, and demands special attention regarding moral issues that are relevant in such specific regions. Based on those recommendations and reports, the UNESCO launched that same year, the Program of Bioethics Teaching.
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Gray, Hope G., e Sue S. Feldman. "288 Self-Reported Symptoms for COVID-19 Public Health Surveillance: A Window to Social Determinants of Health". Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 6, s1 (aprile 2022): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2022.158.
Abstract (sommario):
OBJECTIVES/GOALS: HelpBeatCOVID19.org, a novel self-reporting symptom tracking surveillance system, is based at the University of Alabama, Birmingham. Helpbeatcovid19.org captures social determinants of health (SDOH) data. This presentation will report research in progress to understand the utility of self-reported data with communicable disease outbreaks. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Individuals voluntarily completed an online questionnaire at HelpBeatCOVID19.org which captured SDOH data and other disease surveillance variables including zip code, gender, age group, race, ethnicity, symptoms, underlying conditions, type of home (e.g., single-family, mobile home, etc.), and household COVID-19 diagnosis status. The data are stored on HIPAA-compliant servers. De-identified self-reported data were culled from the HelpBeatCOVID19 database, cleaned, sorted, and analyzed by zip code. Using STATA/SE 16.1, we employed regression analysis to determine if there might be any statistically significant associations that could be made based on zip codes, especially where there are health disparities in historically African American neighborhoods in Jefferson County. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: To date, 102,308 people have reported their symptoms in HelpBeatCOVID19. Of those, 77,903 are from Alabama. More than half of the people who completed HelpBeatCOVID19.org reported zero symptoms. However, 19.3% of Alabamians reported having underlying health conditions. Midfield, AL, a predominantly African-American neighborhood (81.1%), has 74.1% of people reporting underlying conditions where the median household income is $38,750. By comparison, Vestavia Hills, AL, a more affluent neighborhood with an 88.8% White population and median household income being $109,485, had more people participating in HelpBeatCOVID19 (3,920), yet a smaller percentage (15.2%) with underlying health conditions. Final results will be reported during the ACTS Conference. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our analysis of the data reveals that in Jefferson County, AL, a greater number of people in affluent communities participated in the study. Whereas state-wide, a greater percentage of individuals indicated that they had zero symptoms. Identifying self-reported underlying conditions that impact persons with COVID-19 symptoms will be significant.
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Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A., Björn E. Rosengren e Martin Englund. "Fall-related mortality in southern Sweden: a multiple cause of death analysis, 1998–2014". Injury Prevention 25, n. 2 (22 ottobre 2017): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042425.
Abstract (sommario):
ObjectivesTo investigate temporal trend in fall mortality among adults (aged ≥20 years) in southern Sweden using multiple cause of death data.MethodsWe examined all death certificates (DCs, n=2 01 488) in adults recorded in the Skåne region during 1998–2014. We identified all fall deaths using International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes (W00-W19) and calculated the mortality rates by age and sex. Temporal trends were evaluated using joinpoint regression and associated causes were identified by age-adjusted and sex-adjusted observed/expected ratios.ResultsFalls were mentioned on 1.0% and selected as underlying cause in 0.7% of all DCs, with the highest frequency among those aged ≥70 years. The majority (75.6%) of fall deaths were coded as unspecified fall (ICD-10 code: W19) followed by falling on or from stairs/steps (7.7%, ICD-10 code: W10) and other falls on the same level (6.3%, ICD-10 code: W18). The mean age at fall deaths increased from 77.5 years in 1998–2002 to 82.9 years in 2010–2014 while for other deaths it increased from 78.5 to 79.8 years over the same period. The overall mean age-standardised rate of fall mortality was 8.3 and 4.0 per 1 00 000 person-years in men and women, respectively, and increased by 1.7% per year in men and 0.8% per year in women during 1998–2014. Head injury and diseases of the circulatory system were recorded as contributing cause on 48.7% of fall deaths.ConclusionsThere is an increasing trend of deaths due to falls in southern Sweden. Further investigations are required to explain this observation particularly among elderly men.
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Bennett, Amanda C., Crystal Gibson, Angela M. Rohan, Julia F. Howland e Kristin M. Rankin. "Mental Health and Substance Use–Related Hospitalizations Among Women of Reproductive Age in Illinois and Wisconsin". Public Health Reports 134, n. 1 (3 dicembre 2018): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354918812807.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction: Mental health and substance use are growing public health concerns, but established surveillance methods do not measure the burden of these conditions among women of reproductive age. We developed a standardized indicator from administrative data to identify inpatient hospitalizations related to mental health or substance use (MHSU) among women of reproductive age, as well as co-occurrence of mental health and substance use conditions among those hospitalizations. Materials and Methods: We used inpatient hospital discharge data from 2012-2014 for women aged 15-44 residing in Illinois and Wisconsin. We identified MHSU-related hospitalizations through the principal International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis and first-listed ICD-9-CM external cause of injury code (E code). We classified hospitalizations as related to 1 of 3 mutually exclusive categories: a mental disorder, a substance use disorder, or an acute MHSU-related event. We defined co-occurrence as the presence of both mental health and substance use codes in any available diagnosis or E-code field. Results: Of 1 173 758 hospitalizations of women of reproductive age, 150 318 (12.8%) were related to a mental disorder, a substance use disorder, or an acute MHSU-related event, for a rate of 135.6 hospitalizations per 10 000 women. Of MHSU-related hospitalizations, 115 163 (76.6%) were for a principal mental disorder, 22 466 (14.9%) were for a principal substance use disorder, and 12 709 (8.5%) were for an acute MHSU-related event; 42.4% had co-occurring mental health codes and substance use codes on the discharge record. Practice Implications: MHSU-related disorders and events are common causes of hospitalization for women of reproductive age, and nearly half of these hospitalizations involved co-occurring mental health and substance use diagnoses or events. This new indicator may improve public health surveillance by establishing a systematic and comprehensive method to measure the burden of MHSU-related hospitalizations among women of reproductive age.
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Penchaszadeh, Victor B., Daniel J. Kevles e Leroy Hood. "The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project". Journal of Public Health Policy 14, n. 2 (1993): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3342970.
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Benjamin, Georges C. "Health Equity and the Public Health Code of Ethics: Rebuilding Trust from the COVID-19 Pandemic". American Journal of Bioethics 21, n. 3 (22 febbraio 2021): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2021.1880156.
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Hennink, Monique M., Bonnie N. Kaiser e Vincent C. Marconi. "Code Saturation Versus Meaning Saturation". Qualitative Health Research 27, n. 4 (26 settembre 2016): 591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732316665344.
Abstract (sommario):
Saturation is a core guiding principle to determine sample sizes in qualitative research, yet little methodological research exists on parameters that influence saturation. Our study compared two approaches to assessing saturation: code saturation and meaning saturation. We examined sample sizes needed to reach saturation in each approach, what saturation meant, and how to assess saturation. Examining 25 in-depth interviews, we found that code saturation was reached at nine interviews, whereby the range of thematic issues was identified. However, 16 to 24 interviews were needed to reach meaning saturation where we developed a richly textured understanding of issues. Thus, code saturation may indicate when researchers have “heard it all,” but meaning saturation is needed to “understand it all.” We used our results to develop parameters that influence saturation, which may be used to estimate sample sizes for qualitative research proposals or to document in publications the grounds on which saturation was achieved.
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Teichman, Ronald F. "ACOEM Code of Ethical Conduct". Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 39, n. 7 (luglio 1997): 614–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199707000-00005.
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Plante, Timothy B., Insu Koh e Andrew D. Wilcock. "Concordance of Rural Identity and ZIP Code‐Linked Rural‐Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) Code". Journal of Rural Health 36, n. 2 (marzo 2020): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12427.
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Xu, Kai, e Guangdong Tian. "Codification and Prospect of China’s Codification of Environmental Law from the Perspective of Global Environmental Governance". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 16 (12 agosto 2022): 9978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169978.
Abstract (sommario):
Global environmental governance is the fundamental way to solve the human environmental crisis. With China as the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases, the development of China’s environmental law is a key component of global environmental governance. In order to better realize the construction of an ecological civilization, the compilation of China’s Environmental Code has been officially put on the work schedule of the legislature. The compilation of the code is a sincere action, showing that China has taken the initiative to assume its own responsibility for environmental governance. In the past 50 years, China’s environmental legislation has achieved a great leap forward: from nothing to something, from something to something more comprehensive. Aside from this progress, defects such as the internal imbalance of the environmental law system, the backwardness of some environmental legislation ideas, and the inability of environmental legislation and its academic research to fully match China’s national conditions also exist. With the helping hands of conditions and times, it is most appropriate for China to start the compilation of the Environmental Code now. Environmental Codes such as the Swedish Environmental Code, the French Environmental Code and the German Environmental Code (Draft of the Committee of Experts) provide many empirical references for the compilation of China’s Environmental Code. China will make important an contribution to world environmental governance again—an Environmental Code in line with international standards while maintaining native characteristics.
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Raphael, Eva, R. Gaynes e Rita Hamad. "Cross-sectional analysis of place-based and racial disparities in hospitalisation rates by disease category in California in 2001 and 2011". BMJ Open 9, n. 10 (ottobre 2019): e031556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031556.
Abstract (sommario):
ObjectivesTo study the association of place-based socioeconomic factors with disease distribution by comparing hospitalisation rates in California in 2001 and 2011 by zip code median household income.DesignSerial cross-sectional study testing the association between hospitalisation rates and zip code-level median income, with subgroup analyses by zip code income and race.Participants/settingOur study included all hospitalised adults over 18 years old living in California in 2001 and 2011 who were not pregnant or incarcerated. This included all acute-care hospitalisations in California including 1632 zip codes in 2001 and 1672 zip codes in 2011.Primary and secondary outcomesWe compared age-standardised hospitalisations per 100 000 persons, overall and for several disease categories.ResultsThere were 1.58 and 1.78 million hospitalisations in California in 2001 and 2011, respectively. Spatial analysis showed the highest hospitalisation rates in urban inner cities and rural areas, with more than 5000 hospitalisations per 100 000 persons. Hospitalisations per 100 000 persons were consistently highest in the lowest zip code income quintile and particularly among black patients.ConclusionHospitalisation rates rose from 2001 to 2011 among Californians living in low-income and middle-income zip codes. Integrating spatially defined state hospital discharge and federal zip code income data provided a granular description of disease burden. This method may help identify high-risk areas and evaluate public health interventions targeting health disparities.
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Thanh Son, Nguyen, Simon Barraclough, Martha Morrow e Duong Quang Trung. "Controlling Infant Formula Promotion in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Barriers to Policy Implementation in the Health Sector". Australian Journal of Primary Health 6, n. 1 (2000): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py00003.
Abstract (sommario):
Despite the irrefutable evidence of the dangers of bottle feeding and international recommendations for exclusive breastfeeding of young infants, breast milk substitutes are widely used and continue to be promoted. National and international codes to restrict marketing activities of formula companies have had little effect in many countries. Breastfeeding is nearly universally practised in Vietnam, but rarely in accordance with current guidelines for optimal infant outcomes, and infant formula is easily available, especially in large cities, where socio-economic changes linked to transition to a market economy are most visible. Although Vietnam has enacted its own legally binding code, poorly paid health staff remain potential targets for companies wishing to increase sales through inducements. This paper reports findings from a study investigating adherence to the Vietnamese Code and attitudes of a range of health staff to its objectives and provisions in a sample of health facilities. An audit and semi-structured interviews were used to gather data from 22 health facilities in Ho Chi Minh City. Results suggest gifts and inducements are commonplace, awareness of the content of the Code is low, and there is considerable resistance to its provisions, based on financial considerations as well as ambivalence about the merits of breastfeeding. Further investigation to determine prevalence of violations, stricter enforcement of the existing Code, and in-service breastfeeding education are recommended to strengthen breastfeeding promotion in Vietnam.
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Maryati, Warsi, Novita Yuliani, Anton Susanto, Aris Octavian Wannay e Ani Ismayani Justika. "Reduced hospital revenue due to error code diagnosis in the implementation of INA-CBGs". International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 10, n. 2 (1 giugno 2021): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v10i2.20690.
Abstract (sommario):
In the case-mix system, diagnostic codes are used as the basis for classifying health service rates. The difference in tariffs between hospitals and the accuracy of the diagnosis code causes a gap where there are hospitals that benefit and are disadvantaged by the Indonesian case-based groups (INA-CBGs) tariff policy. This study assesses the gap factor between hospital rates and INA-CBGs rates, which include hospital characteristics and the accuracy of the diagnosis code. Samples were taken of 100 medical record documents of inpatients at two hospitals in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia in 2020 by stratified random sampling. Data were collected by observation and analyzed by Chi-Square test. There were errors in the primary diagnosis code 11 (32.35%), secondary diagnosis code 19 (55.88%), combination diagnosis code 4 (11.76%). Changes in the INA-CBG code that caused the inaccuracy of the claim rate were 26 (59.09%) case-mix main groups (CMG) codes, 44 (100%) CBG-specific codes, 31 (70.45%) severity level codes. Public-private hospitals with class B experienced a decrease in income of IDR 46,081,900 (-17.50%), while special government hospitals with class A experienced an additional income of IDR 99,733,869 (38.31%). An accurate diagnostic code can increase the odds by 42.128 times the accuracy of the INA-CBGs rate (b=42.128; 95% CI=11.127 to 159.497; p<0.001).
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Roughton, Jim. "Horizons: Safety and Health Management Through Bar Code Technology". Applied Industrial Hygiene 4, n. 6 (giugno 1989): F—29—F—31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1989.10390392.
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Robbins, Rebecca, e Brian Wansink. "Employee health codes of conduct: what would they look like and who wants to accept them?" International Journal of Workplace Health Management 8, n. 3 (14 settembre 2015): 214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-01-2014-0002.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose – Most workplace health promotion efforts have failed to consistently and sustainably encourage employees to take responsibility for their health. The purpose of this paper is to explore a potentially high-impact solution – Health Codes of Conduct – for engaging and motivating employees to assume responsibility for their health. Design/methodology/approach – This mixed methods study draws on interview and survey methodology with a sample of 149 working adults to examine the feasibility of Health Codes of Conduct. Descriptive and inferential statistics are calculated to understand reactions, characteristics of the companies likely to support the idea, and components of a Health Code of Conduct. Findings – Nearly all employees offered moderate to high support for Health Codes of Conduct; this included overweight but not obese employees. Additionally, all demographic groups either moderately or strongly supported the policy when they included either monetary incentives (such as prescription discounts) or often overlooked non-monetary incentives (such as employee recognition). Some of the more popular features of Health Codes of Conduct included annual physical exams, exercise routines, and simply being encouraged to stay home when ill. Research limitations/implications – Health Codes of Conduct offer a surprisingly well-supported potential solution. Favorable reactions were observed across all examined segments of workers, even overweight (but not obese) employees. Using the specific features of Health Codes identified here, visionary companies can tailor their company’s Health Code of Conduct with the appropriate monetary and non-monetary incentives and disincentives. Social implications – What if the workplace could be a positive source of health and empowerment for valued employees? The authors show employee Health Codes of Conduct could be this empowering, engaging solution that has been missing. Originality/value – This paper is the first to propose the concept Health Codes of Conduct and solicit feedback from employees on this novel idea. Furthermore, the authors identify both the monetary and non-monetary incentives and disincentives that employees believe would be most compelling.
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Karatekin, Canan, Brandon Almy, Susan Marshall Mason, Iris Borowsky e Andrew Barnes. "Documentation of Child Maltreatment in Electronic Health Records". Clinical Pediatrics 57, n. 9 (23 novembre 2017): 1041–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922817743571.
Abstract (sommario):
International Classification of Diseases codes for child maltreatment can aid surveillance and research, but the extent to which they are used is not well established. We documented prevalence of the use of maltreatment-related codes, examined demographic characteristics of youth assigned these codes, and compared results with previous studies. Data were extracted from electronic health records of 0- to 21-year-olds assigned 1 of 15 maltreatment-related International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes who had encounters in a large medical system over a 4-year period. Only 0.02% of approximately 2.5 million youth had a maltreatment-related code, replicating other studies. Results provide a dramatic contrast to much higher rates based on self-report or informant-report and referrals to Child Protective Services. Lack of documentation of maltreatment in electronic health records can lead to missed chances at early intervention, inadequate coordination of health care, insufficient allocation of resources to addressing problems related to maltreatment, and flawed public health data.
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Walker, Rosandra, e Harold Pine. "Physician Wellness Is an Ethical and Public Health Issue". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 158, n. 6 (8 maggio 2018): 970–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599818773296.
Abstract (sommario):
Attention to physician well-being has traditionally focused on substance abuse, usually with disciplinary implications. But, in recent years, greater notice has been granted toward physician burnout and overall wellness. Burnout and its sequelae not only affect physicians and physicians-in-training as individuals, but the impact then multiplies as it affects these physicians’ patients, colleagues, and hospital systems. In addition, the American Medical Association Code of Medical Ethics charges physicians with a responsibility to maintain their own health and wellness as well as promote that of their colleagues. Therefore, the question of physician wellness has both public health and ethical implications. The causes of burnout are multifactorial, and the solutions to sustainable change are multitiered.
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Lim, Dong Woo, Jung Yun Ahn, Ga Ram Yu, Jai Eun Kim e Won Hwan Park. "Study on the distribution in major disease category and frequency of clinical usage of national health insurance herbal prescription based on analysis on KCD8 disease code of indications". Journal of Korean Medicine 44, n. 1 (1 marzo 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.13048/jkm.23001.
Abstract (sommario):
Objectives: National health insurance herbal prescription of Korean medicine has been serving important role in public healthcare in spite of continuous demand on revision of system. However, the categories of insurance herbal prescriptions are not equally distributed throughout the KCD-based major disease categories. We analyzed statistical database of claimed national health insurance classified as major disease categories by years. We classified all 56 herbal prescriptions as per their total medical indications into 22 major disease categories to analyze their distribution. Significant increase of M and S-T code claims were found, whereas decrease of U code claims by years. We figured out that the 56 prescriptions were unequally distributed along with enrichment of certain codes such as K and J. Meanwhile, the insurance claim of each prescription was positively correlated with number of code types of their indications. As a result, we believe that the reform of national health insurance herbal prescription list is necessary to promote use of it in clinic.
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Tyndall Snow, Leigh M., Katelyn E. Hall, Cody Custis, Allison L. Rosenthal, Emilia Pasalic, Sarah Nechuta, James W. Davis et al. "Descriptive exploration of overdose codes in hospital and emergency department discharge data to inform development of drug overdose morbidity surveillance indicator definitions in ICD-10-CM". Injury Prevention 27, Suppl 1 (marzo 2021): i27—i34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043520.
Abstract (sommario):
BackgroundIn October 2015, discharge data coding in the USA shifted to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM), necessitating new indicator definitions for drug overdose morbidity. Amid the drug overdose crisis, characterising discharge records that have ICD-10-CM drug overdose codes can inform the development of standardised drug overdose morbidity indicator definitions for epidemiological surveillance.MethodsEight states submitted aggregated data involving hospital and emergency department (ED) discharge records with ICD-10-CM codes starting with T36–T50, for visits occurring from October 2015 to December 2016. Frequencies were calculated for (1) the position within the diagnosis billing fields where the drug overdose code occurred; (2) primary diagnosis code grouped by ICD-10-CM chapter; (3) encounter types; and (4) intents, underdosing and adverse effects.ResultsAmong all records with a drug overdose code, the primary diagnosis field captured 70.6% of hospitalisations (median=69.5%, range=66.2%–76.8%) and 79.9% of ED visits (median=80.7%; range=69.8%–88.0%) on average across participating states. The most frequent primary diagnosis chapters included injury and mental disorder chapters. Among visits with codes for drug overdose initial encounters, subsequent encounters and sequelae, on average 94.6% of hospitalisation records (median=98.3%; range=68.8%–98.8%) and 95.5% of ED records (median=99.5%; range=79.2%–99.8%), represented initial encounters. Among records with drug overdose of any intent, adverse effect and underdosing codes, adverse effects comprised an average of 74.9% of hospitalisation records (median=76.3%; range=57.6%–81.1%) and 50.8% of ED records (median=48.9%; range=42.3%–66.8%), while unintentional intent comprised an average of 11.1% of hospitalisation records (median=11.0%; range=8.3%–14.5%) and 28.2% of ED records (median=25.6%; range=20.8%–40.7%).ConclusionResults highlight considerations for adapting and standardising drug overdose indicator definitions in ICD-10-CM.
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Ghedamu, Tsion Berhane, e Benjamin Mason Meier. "Assessing National Public Health Law to Prevent Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Immunization Law as a Basis for Global Health Security". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 47, n. 3 (2019): 412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110519876174.
Abstract (sommario):
Immunization plays a crucial role in global health security, preventing public health emergencies of international concern and protecting individuals from infectious disease outbreaks, yet these critical public health benefits are dependent on immunization law. Where public health law has become central to preventing, detecting, and responding to infectious disease, public health law reform is seen as necessary to implement the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA). This article examines national immunization laws as a basis to implement the GHSA and promote the public's health, analyzing the scope and content of these laws to prevent infectious disease across Sub-Saharan Africa. Undertaking policy surveillance of national immunization laws in 20 Sub-Saharan African countries, this study: (1) developed a legal framework to map the legal attributes relevant to immunization; (2) created an assessment tool to determine the presence of these attributes under national immunization law; and (3) applied this assessment tool to code national legal landscapes. An analysis of these coded laws highlights legal attributes that govern vaccine requirements, supply chains, vaccine administration standards, and medicines quality and manufacturer liability. Based upon this international policy surveillance, it will be crucial to undertake legal epidemiology research across countries, examining the influence of immunization law on vaccination rates and disease outbreaks.
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Gostin, Lawrence O. "Public Health, Ethics, and Human Rights: A Tribute to the Late Jonathan Mann". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 29, n. 2 (2001): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2001.tb00330.x.
Abstract (sommario):
The late Jonathan Mann famously theorized that public health, ethics, and human rights are complementary fields motivated by the paramount value of human well-being. He felt that people could not be healthy if governments did not respect their rights and dignity as well as engage in health policies guided by sound ethical values. Nor could people have their rights and dignity if they were not healthy. Mann and his colleagues argued that public health and human rights are integrally connected: Human rights violations adversely affect the community's health, coercive public health policies violate human rights, and advancement of human rights and public health reinforce one another. Despite the deep traditions in public health, ethics, and human rights, they have rarely cross-fertilized—although there exists an important emerging literature. For the most part, each of these fields has adopted its own terminology and forms of reasoning. Consequently, Mann advocated the creation of a code of public health ethics and the adoption of a vocabulary or taxonomy of “dignity violation”.
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Maurya, Dayashankar, Amit Kumar Srivastava e Sulagna Mukherjee. "RSBY: delivering health insurance through public-private contracting". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, n. 4 (3 dicembre 2020): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2020-0136.
Abstract (sommario):
Learning outcomes The central lesson to be learned from studying the case is to understand the challenges and constraints posed by contextual conditions in designing contracts in public–private partnerships (PPP) for financing and delivering health care in emerging economies such as India. Case overview/synopsis Perverse incentives, along with contextual conditions, led to extensive opportunistic behaviors among involved agencies, limiting the effectiveness of otherwise highly regarded innovative design of the program. Complexity academic level India’s “Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana” or National Health Insurance Program, launched in 2007 provided free health insurance coverage to protect millions of low-income families from getting pushed into poverty due to catastrophic health-care expenditure. The program was implemented through a PPP using standardized contracts between multiple stakeholders from the public and private sector – insurance companies, hospitals, intermediaries, the provincial and federal government. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS: 10 Public Sector Management.
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Devisch, Ignaas. "An open future? The principle of autonomy within medical ‘codes of conduct’ versus the heteronomy effects of predictive medicine". Open Medicine 3, n. 2 (1 giugno 2008): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-008-0023-0.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractTraditionally, the average code of conduct within Western health care starts from the autonomy of the patient. In addition, medicine today is ‘evidence based’ and the patient is an ‘informed consent’. Yet, the individual autonomy of the patient in health care is not simply enhancing today. Quite a few fundamental changes have and are currently at work within health care, which I will summarize here with the paradigm of predictive medicine. One of the characteristics of this paradigm is the increase of medical consults which are not autonomously chosen by an individual. For reasons of public health and diminishing of health risks or for reasons of prevention, on one hand we are dealing with ethical codes centered around the autonomy of patients and the face-to-face relations with health care workers, on the other, we are dealing with a society that takes an increasingly greater medical initiatives. Therefore, the question arises if predictive medicine confronts us with the limits of an ethical code as we know it today. Is there not an urgent need for a political code of conduct in health care?