Tesi: "Public Beach"

1

Montgomery, Marilyn Christina. "Beach nourishment at Pensacola Beach, Florida assessment of public perception /". [Pensacola, Fla.] : University of West Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/WFE0000011.

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2

Norman, Garrett Tyler. "Pismo Beach Public Art Program". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1182.

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Public art plays a significant role in communities around the world. It embodies a close relationship between the artist, the space in which it’s being exhibited, and the public. The development of this project examined various literary sources that demonstrated the importance of public art and how cities, artists, and community members may benefit from the incorporation of public art. This project included the framework for development of a Public Art Program for the City of Pismo Beach, California, which outlined the critical steps of a planning process and implementation of the program.

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3

Fitton, Timothy, e tfitton@hotmail com. "Tailings beach slope prediction". RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080212.120813.

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Tailings (mining waste) disposal is a significant consideration for the mining industry, with the majority of the ore processed in most mining operations ending up as tailings. This creates large volumes of tailings, which must be handled and stored responsibly to avoid potential environmental catastrophes. The most common form of tailings storage facility is the impoundment, where tailings are contained within a basin, with beaches forming around the perimeter of the impoundment and a pond standing in the middle. A relatively new method of tailings storage is to create a 'stack', whereby the tailings solids form a large heap, with the discharge of tailings slurry from the apex of the heap. It is of significant value for mine operators and tailings engineers to be able to predict the shape of the beach that forms in either of these disposal scenarios. The key to being able to do this relies on a method of prediction of the beach slope. The aim of this work is to develop a method of tailings beach slope prediction for tailings slurries that are sub-aerially discharged from a pipe. In this thesis a literature review is undertaken, investigating existing methods for the prediction of tailings beach slopes. These methods are validated against relevant industrial and experimental data. Two separate phases of experimental work have taken place in an effort to investigate tailings deposition behaviour, one at mine sites and the other in a laboratory on a small scale. Three new tailings beach slope prediction models are presented; a simple empirical model enabling quick approximate predictions; an a priori tailings beach slope prediction model based on existing theories of open channel flow, sediment transport and rheology, which is more powerful due to the greater degree of theory in its foundation; and a new semi-empirical model that shares some of the theoretical aspects of the a priori model but offers better predictions due to its empirical calibration to the experimental data. The experimental results, along with 3 other independently collected sets of relevant industrial and experimental data, are used to validate the beach slope prediction models found in the literature, as well as the new beach slope models presented in this thesis. Statistical evaluation of the performance of all of these models is presented to enable comparison. Finally, a new beach shape model is presented for the three dimensional geometric forecasting of the beach surface of a tailings stack. Historic tailings discharge data is run through the beach shape model, and the shapes predicted by the model are compared with aerial survey data of a real tailings stack for validation of the shape model. This work not only presents a new method of tailings stack shape prediction, but also a plausible theory for explaining the concavity of tailings beaches. The stack shape model also has the potential to be developed further for the three dimensional modelling of tailings beaches formed in other types of storage facilities, such as impoundments or valleys.

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4

Ginsberg, Yona. "Regulating public space : the “religious” beach of Tel Aviv". Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3627/.

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5

Duong, Huynh Lien Stephanie, e stephanie duong@flinders edu au. "Investigating the ecological implications of wrack removal on South Australian sandy beaches". Flinders University. School of Biological Sciences, 2008. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20091125.143045.

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Accumulations of seagrass, macroalgae and other matter, collectively known as wrack, commonly occur on many sandy beaches, and can play an important role in coastal and nearshore ecosystems. Despite this, wrack removal from sandy beaches is a widespread and increasingly common practice globally, and there is little information regarding the ecological effects of such wrack removal on sandy beaches. The aim of this thesis was to establish the ecological importance of wrack in South Australian (SA) sandy-beach ecosystems. As a first step in furthering our understanding of the effects of wrack removal, I aimed to assess the importance of wrack, independent of the effects of wrack removal. The second over-riding aim of this thesis was to assess the ecological effects of wrack removal on aspects of these systems. To date, the methods used for quantifying the size of wrack deposits on sandy beaches have had limited use due to the time and expertise required to conduct thorough sampling. In Chapter 2, I thus tested the accuracy of a rapid photopoint method to visually estimate percentage wrack cover as well as provide an archived record. Comparisons of results obtained from conventional transects with those from photopoints indicated that the photopoint technique can be used to rapidly and accurately estimate % wrack cover on sandy beaches. The photopoint method has a wide range of potential applications and represents a valuable advance in the field. Currently our knowledge of the amounts and types of wrack on SA shores is limited, despite these accumulations being a feature of some SA beaches. Wrack deposits in three biogeographical regions of SA were thus repeatedly surveyed to assess spatial (between and within regions) and temporal (seasonal and inter-annual) variation (Chapter 2). Both wrack cover and the composition of wrack deposits varied spatially and temporally. Wrack deposits contained a diverse array of seagrass, algal, other biotic materials and anthropogenic debris. The South East region of SA had distinctly-different wrack deposits compared to the Metropolitan and Fleurieu Peninsula regions; in general, the cover of wrack was higher, and the diversity and biomass of kelps, red algae and green algae was higher in this region compared to the other two regions. South Australian wrack deposits are thus dynamic and complex. The amount of wrack deposited and retained on a beach may be affected by the beach morphology but, to date, few studies have investigated this link. I assessed wrack cover on beaches with a range of morphodynamic types and found that beaches that were more dissipative in nature had a greater cover of wrack than beaches of the reflective type. I also examined whether wrack deposits affected the sediment characteristics of underlying and nearby sediments. Wrack deposits had little measurable effect on underlying sediments and did not affect particle-size distribution or organic-matter content. There was, however, a trend for beaches in the South East region of SA to have higher organic matter content in their sediments, and these beaches also have higher wrack cover and higher proportions of algae in their deposits. There was also a trend for beaches with higher wrack cover to have less compacted sediments, although this trend was not consistent. Overnight pit-fall trapping surveys of the macrofauna on four SA sandy beaches indicated that local macrofaunal communities were diverse (representing 72 species from 19 Orders in total), abundant, and variable in both time and space. The macrofauna encountered were mostly terrestrial taxa with only 2 truly marine species, and spanned multiple trophic levels, concurring with the results of previous studies. Macrofaunal abundances were higher where associated with wrack than in bare sand, and macrofaunal communities differed between the driftline of wrack and wrack patches away from the driftline. Within the driftline itself, there were few differences between bare sand and wrack-covered areas, suggesting that the entire driftline area is important as a habitat and food resource. Thus, wrack deposits provide an important habitat and food source for macrofauna, and the driftline provides an area of beach with concentrated resources, which in turn concentrates a distinct macrofaunal community. Wrack deposition on sandy beaches varies spatially and is affected by morphological features on the beach-face such as cusps. In Chapter 5, I thus tested a series of hypotheses regarding the differences in wrack deposits, sediments and macrofaunal communities between cusp bays and horns. Bays had greater cover and larger pieces of wrack than horns. Sediment organic-matter content was greater on horns than in bays but mean particle size did not differ consistently between bays and horns. Macrofaunal diversity was higher in bays and this pattern was probably driven by differences in the cover of wrack between bays and horns. Cusp morphology thus influences the distribution of wrack on the beach-face, which in turn influences the distribution of macrofauna. Studies of sandy beaches with cusps should therefore be explicitly designed to sample cusp features and their associated wrack deposits. Chapter 6 assesses the incorporation of wrack into beach and nearshore ecosystems via two pathways: decomposition and incorporation into trophic webs. I assessed the decomposition of algal and seagrass wrack using litterbag experiments and found that after a very rapid initial loss of mass, likely due to cell lysis and leaching, the rate of decomposition of wrack was much slower. Most release of nutrients from organic matter decay thus appears to occur in the first few days after deposition and the processes affecting the rate and nature of wrack decomposition vary among taxa (i.e. algal versus seagrass and among species). Stable isotopes of C and N were used to assess whether beach macrofauna or nearshore macro-invertebrates and fish might rely on wrack as a source of nutrition. I found that seagrasses did not provide a food source for any consumers but algae, particularly brown algae including kelps, appeared to be potential sources of nutrition for beach and nearshore consumers. The incorporation of wrack into beach and nearshore ecosystems may thus occur primarily through consumption of algal wrack by herbivores such as amphipods and dipterans, with predation on them being important pathways for the transfer of nutrients and energy into higher trophic levels. The amount of wrack in the surf zone did not affect the abundance and species richness of fish and invertebrates netted there. The aim of Chapter 7 was to determine the effects of wrack removal on sandy beach macrofaunal communities. In the first study the effects of large-scale commercial harvest of wrack on the macrofaunal communities at Kingston were assessed. The macrofaunal communities present in the Natural area of Kingston beach were far more diverse and abundant, and included different species, compared to the Cleared area at Kingston. In the second part of Chapter 7, I experimentally removed wrack from the driftline of beaches to assess short-term effects on macrofaunal communities. The experimental treatment did not appear to have any measurable effects on the macrofaunal communities. I also analysed material that was removed from the beach in the raking experiments and found that a large proportion of the material (e.g. 81% of the DW) was sand. I recommend that future studies into the effects of wrack removal use large cleared areas of beach, attempt to use the same wrack removal methods and/or machinery used locally, and assess the macrofaunal communities repeatedly and over longer times following wrack removal activities. In Chapter 8, I attempt to assess the effects of removal of wrack for beach cleaning or commercial harvest of wrack by comparing key indicators from Chapters 2 to 7. Implications and recommendations for the management of wrack are discussed, including with regard to the techniques used in this thesis and their applicability in managing wrack deposits. I attempt to identify the shortcomings of this research as well as directions for further research. Thus I have demonstrated that wrack in SA provides an important link between offshore habitat and nearshore, beach and terrestrial habitats via the transfer of organic matter and nutrients. Wrack interacts with beach morphology and sediments, provides habitat for macrofauna, remineralises nutrients through its decomposition, and provides the basis of a complex trophic web. I conclude that wrack is a key component in beach ecosystems.

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6

Woodward, Eleanor Molly. "Rip currents in the UK : incident analysis, public awareness, and education". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3529.

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Rip currents present a severe hazard to water users worldwide, resulting in over 100 drownings and thousands of lifeguard rescues annually. This thesis examines the demographics of who is effected by rip currents in the UK, what activity they are undertaking, when and where incidents occur, how much the public know, what people have experienced, and how best to educate them. Analysis of 7909 rip current lifeguard rescues (16777 people) across the UK between 2006-2013 highlighted the most at risk group, and subsequent target audience for education, to be male teenagers aged between 13-17 years old (n=2906, 17%). Geographically, the highest incidents occurred on the beaches in the Southwest of England (n=6911, 87%). Incidents mostly occurred outside of lifeguard flagged areas (n=4302, 54%) and mainly involved those using bodyboards (n=5290, 52%). Through the analysis of 407 public beach-based rip current and beach safety questionnaires, it was established that beach users have a poor understanding of rip currents (n=263, 65%) but a good perception of the beach safety flags (n=389, 96%). People with greater knowledge were typically educated by a lifeguard, enter the sea more frequently or have been caught in rip currents themselves. The experiences of 553 people caught in rip currents were analysed using an online questionnaire. The gender split was 69% male (n= 382) to 31% female (n= 171), indicating that males are caught in rip currents more than females. Swimming directly to shore against the rip followed an initial panic (n=108, 34%) for most people caught in a rip. Swimming parallel to the beach was the most remembered, advised, utilised, and promoted safety message. Respondents advocated the use of lifeguards to disseminate rip current safety messages. A new and unique rip current education programme was developed from the synthesis of these results. A lifeguard delivered a pilot programme to 185 teenagers in three schools and two community groups in the Southwest of England. This interactive pilot consisted of exercises using videos, photographs, news reports, and a swimming machine. Levels of rip current knowledge were evaluated before and after, and at regular intervals, to assess knowledge retention. The short-term effects after 3 months were positive, showing statistically significant (p < 0.0005) improvements in mean knowledge levels. This thesis provides a new contribution to the expanding field of social and behavioural rip current research. The development of a unique rip current education programme presents an alternative method for increasing public awareness, and supports the worldwide prevention of rip current incidents and fatalities.

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7

Flaherty, Kevin N. "Assessing public use of spatial data in Long Beach, CA". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527699.

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The Participatory GIS literature (PGIS) focuses on how community based organizations (CBOs) use geographic information. With its large population and history of community development the City of Long Beach is a perfect case study to explore this. For this research, I used a mixed methodology: conceptualization, interviews and surveys.

I conducted interviews covering five distinct subject areas to learn that connected organizations are more likely to use maps and geographic information. I then conducted a survey with 29 questions to find how this is the case. One idea is that there is a process of organization. Another is the possibility of predicting map usage using development level and organization type. Finally, this research proposes that new research qualitatively trace usage using a broad population.

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8

Schoenbaechler, Jessica. "Beach Drive: Public Rights and Private Property: A Documentary Film". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5345/.

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The Texas Open Beaches Act states that the public beach extends from the water up to the line of vegetation. Once a privately-owned property is submerged, it transfers into state ownership. Because of severe erosion and the shifting nature of vegetation, the Village of Surfside has lost several rows of houses and streets and, currently, over thirty houses are located on the public beach obstructing public access in violation of the Texas Open Beaches Act. The extreme erosion in this small village on the Texas Gulf Coast puts homeowners, property owners, legislators, and beachgoers in difficult positions and many are at odds with one another. The documentary film is structured around rental property owner Russell Clinton, environmentalists Ellis Pickett and Jeff Hooton, and former State Senator A.R. "Babe" Schwartz.

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9

Fallon, Kathleen Michelle. "Rip Current Formation and Beach Safety Implications for Several U.S. Atlantic Coast Beach Areas". FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3382.

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This dissertation combines seemingly different studies, which work together to describe the physical characteristics of rip current development and associated social implications at several locations. These fast-moving, concentrated flows of water travel offshore and can be found on any beach with sufficient wave action. Any event of increased wave steepness will erode a large quantity of sediment from the beach. The material deposited offshore eventually makes its way back; during this process, ocean water becomes trapped behind a shore-attached bar resulting in a ridge-and-runnel. These formations are seen at East Hampton, where rip-like currents form as concentrated water drains from the runnel through a breach in the ridge. Camera images from 2010-2016 captured ridge-and-runnel formations and the ensuing currents. These newly described rips behave similarly to bar-gaps; however, they are not directly related to wave action. Coastal scientists consider rip currents to be the number one hazard at most beaches. In Palm Beach County, two traditional rip types were studied: bar-gap and structurally-controlled. Lifeguard incident reports from 2011-2016 were used to correlate wind speeds and wave heights to rip related rescues at three beaches. This research was undertaken in an effort to determine under what conditions most beachgoers become caught in this hazard. Rip currents were seen to be the most dangerous to bathers on days with moderate wind and wave activity. The same beach states that lead to the strongest rips also tend to keep beachgoers from entering the ocean. A social survey at Miami Beach, from 2011 to 2012, quantified beachgoer’s rip knowledge and their recognition of hazards. A significant portion of the respondents showed insufficient knowledge, which indicated they are at-risk of being caught or drowning in a rip current. Frequent exposure to the beach, maturation, and residency were identified as the main contributors to one’s literacy whereas education was the only variable that influenced a beachgoer’s visual recognition of hazard. The information gathered by these surveys can aid in creating better rip current awareness campaigns targeted to demographics that were determined as the most at-risk. An understanding of the physical and social science of rip currents can mitigate the impact of these beach hazards.

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10

Wildman, Kim. "The beach: the making & remaking of Coffee Bay (1945-2005)". Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6714.

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Coffee Bay, a small beach resort located in the heart of the former Transkei, is one of the current tourist ""hot spots"" on South Africa's Wild Coast. Through a detailed analysis of tourist literature spanning several decades, together with consideration of established theories regarding the 'making of place', this study examines the relationship between visual representations of Coffee Bay and the changing patterns of tourism in the seaside resort from 1945 to the present. This study traces the Coffee Bay's development over three separate periods - 1945 to 1969, 1970 to 1989, and 1990 to 2005 - during which time three different groups of tourists inhabited its space: cottage owners, hotel guests and backpackers. Despite their differences, each group sought the same thing an archetypal, mythical vision of a tourist ""paradise"". They thus inhabited and confected Coffee Bay's touristscape with their interpretations of this Utopia.

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11

Torma, Susan C. "The Perceptions of Elementary Guidance In the Virginia Beach City Public Schools". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26109.

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This study examines perceptions of the stakeholders (parents, administrators, faculty members, counselors, and fifth grade students) about the Virginia Beach Elementary Guidance and Counseling Program. A survey was developed by examining guidance goals and a previous study of the program (1993). Questions covered four domains: (1) home-school relationships, (2) student personal development, (3) support for academic growth, and (4) program value. Results are reported in descriptive statistics. Four one-way analyses of variance were used to compare responses of groups in domains. Included are two supplemental analyses about student access to counselors and conditions affecting counselorsâ work. Adults agreed promoting closer home-school relationships was a worthwhile goal. Parents felt less positive than administrators, faculty, and counselors that the program promoted home-school relationships, that parents met with counselors, and that parents received information and were being afforded appropriate parent educational opportunities. Adults agreed that promoting closer home-school relationships was a worthwhile goal. Means scores ranged from 3.3 to 3.7 on a 4 point scale. (4.0 represented strongly agree.) Administrators, faculty, and counselors felt more positively than parents that the program promoted home-school relationships, that parents met with counselors, and that parents received information and were being afforded appropriate parent educational opportunities. Mean scores ranged from 2.9 to 3.9. Adults felt student personal development was a worthwhile goal. Mean scores ranged from 3.3 to 3.8. All adult groups felt positive about counseling programs helping students understand themselves and others better, the program having a positive impact on childrenâ s personal development, and the program helping students cope with developmental changes. Mean scores for these adults ranged from 3.0 to 3.8. In support for academic growth, parents and faculty gave slightly lower scores, although all groups felt positive about counseling programs. Mean scores ranged from 2.8 to 3.8. Responses to open-ended questions supported these ratings. When asked about suggestions for program improvement, two responses given most often were more elementary counselors were needed and more communication with parents would be helpful. When asked for other comments, primary themes were the program is positive, the program is helpful, and counselors are good. Overall perception is the elementary guidance and counseling program is valuable. Findings suggest program administrators may want to consider reviewing home-school relationships, support provided by counselors for the academic program, and counselor-student ratio.
Ed. D.

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12

Raybould, Michael, e n/a. "Attitudes and Information Effects in Contingent Valuation of Natural Resources". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20061009.150949.

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This thesis investigated the effects of photographic and text information on respondents' attitudes and willingness-to-pay for a proposed beach protection scheme in the erosion prone Gold Coast region on the east coast of Australia. The research developed two alternative expectancy-value attitude-behaviour models to test residents' attitudes toward relevant targets and behavioural intention, expressed through stated willingness-to-pay, and compared the proposed models with one established attitude-behaviour model. The thesis set out to investigate three central research questions; one question relating to the effects of information on attitudes and willingness-to-pay, and two questions relating to the relationships between attitudes and willingness-to-pay. It was hypothesised that photographs that depicted severe erosion damage would result in more positive attitudes toward, and greater willingness-to-pay for, beach protection than photographs that showed only mild levels of erosion damage. Positive relationships were hypothesised between variables representing attitudes toward beach erosion, attitude toward beach protection, attitude toward paying for beach protection, and willingness-to-pay. Finally, it was hypothesised that the relationships between attitudes and willingness-to-pay could be adequately explained by the proposed attitude-behaviour models. The thesis describes how seven information treatments and eight attitude measurement scales were developed and tested in a pilot experiment before use in a survey of homeowners in the region of interest. Analysis of variance showed that, while respondent's attitude toward beach protection was affected by the information treatments, their willingness-to-pay for the proposed program was insensitive to information. There were no significant effects that could be attributed exclusively to text descriptions of the good but there were significant effects that could be attributed to photographic information treatments. However, none of the effects on attitudes resulted in significant effects on the behavioural intention expressed in stated willingness-to-pay. Analysis of respondents with low previous knowledge of the proposed good revealed more extensive information effects on attitudes, but still not on willingness-to-pay, and this suggests that high levels of previous knowledge in a large proportion of the sample had a moderating effect on attitude change caused by the information treatments. Regression analysis showed that seven of the eight attitude and behaviour variables in the proposed attitude-behaviour model were significant predictors of willingness-to-pay. In the final phase of the analysis, goodness-of-fit indices, estimated using Structural Equation Modelling, indicated a good fit between the data and the attitude-behaviour models tested. Standardised coefficients on the model indicated that perceived behavioural control, expected utility of outcomes, and subjective norms all had strong direct relationships with stated willingness-to-pay, and strong indirect relationships on willingness-to-pay via attitudes toward payment. These results are consistent with the relationships proposed in attitude-behaviour models and the moderating effects of these variables explain why significant information treatment effects were observed on attitude to beach protection but not on willingness-to-pay. This research showed that respondent's willingness-to-pay in a contingent valuation experiment is quite insensitive to photographic treatments when previous knowledge is high and that costly and time consuming testing procedures, recommended by authorities, may not be necessary under these conditions. It also demonstrated that measures of attitude, consistent with an attitude-behaviour model, can be collected easily in a contingent valuation study and can contribute to understanding of participant responses and to identification of protest responses.

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13

Bonilla, Tonya Davidian. "Fecal Indicator Organisms and Pathogenic Protozoa in South Florida Beach Sand: Implications for Public Health". NSUWorks, 2004. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/287.

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Traditionally, the hygienic quality of beaches has been determined by monitoring the water for microbial indicators of fecal pollution. Beach sand, which may also be an important medium for the transmission of fecal borne pathogens, has rarely been examined. The aims of this study where to examine the prevalence of fecal indicator organisms in tidally affected beach sand and in dryer upper beach sand, relative to water; identify the potential sources of indicator organisms in beach sand; examine the prevalence of selected eukaryotic microbes at sandy beaches; and investigate the potential health risks related to beach use. Three south Florida Beaches (Ft. Lauderdale Beach, Hollywood Beach, Hobe Beach) were sampled bimonthly for a I year period. Significantly, enterococci, fecal coliform, and E. coli levels were consistently present at higher concentrations in beach sand compared to the seawater at all 3 study beaches. Levels of somatic and F-specific coliphages were also present at higher concentrations in beach sand. Microbial- source tracking analysis by carbon utilization profiling suggested that the predominate sources of enterococci in beach sand were seagulls, and transiently replicating indigenous populations. Acanthamoeba spp. was the most commonly isolated free-living naked amoeba in this study and molecular analysis revealed that 19 of the 20 beach sand clones were genotype T4, the Acanthamoeba keratitis-associated genotype. With respect to salinity, the growth characteristics of beach sand Acanthamoeba isolates were similar to Acanthamoeba isolated from corneal scrapings. Results from the beach survey indicated that beach goers may have an increased risk for acquiring contact related ailments at Hobe Beach. Accordingly, bacterial and viral fecal indicator microbes were detected at the highest frequency and greatest average concentrations from Robe Beach. Reports of enteric and respiratory related symptoms were not higher in beach goers compared to the control cohort.

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14

Southerland, L. S., Phillip R. Scheuerman e N. S. Nicholas. "Analysis of Lead, Aluminum and Calcium in Southern Appalachian American Beach". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2000. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2926.

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15

Sparks, Heather R. "Comparing neighborhood opportunity best practices across affordable housing policies| A case study in Long Beach, California". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10108171.

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Previous policy studies have demonstrated that affordable housing residents who live in neighborhoods with racial and economic integration, community investment, and access to amenities are more likely to experience improved well-being. The Moving To Opportunity (MTO), Gautreaux, and Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) programs have best practices to increase neighborhood opportunity at affordable housing sites. This thesis analyzes primary policy documents to compare national best practices with those presented by an advocacy report and a Housing Element for Long Beach, California. The potential outcomes of applying such best practices in Long Beach are compared using GIS. The study finds policies conflict and converge in both guidelines and spatial outcomes. Finally, modifiable area unit problems may affect demographic-based guidelines. More research on amenities quality and neighborhood integration is needed.

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16

Shiu, Y. B. Ivan, e 蕭猷斌. "Saving the endangered longest beach of Hong Kong: enhancing public awareness on coastal and global climateproblems". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38219268.

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17

Teo, Hhih-Ting, e h. teo@griffith edu au. "Tidal Dynamics in Coastal Aquifers". Griffith University. School of Engineering, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030729.155028.

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The prediction of coastal groundwater movement is necessary in coastal management. However, the study in this field is still a great challenge due to the involvement of tidal-groundwater interactions and the phenomena of hydrodynamic dispersion between salt-fresh water in the coastal region. To date, numerous theories for groundwater dynamic have been made available in analytical, numerical and also experimental forms. Nevertheless, most of them are based on the zeroth-order shallow flow, i.e. Boussinesq approximation. Two main components for coastal unconfined aquifer have been completed in this Thesis: the vertical beach model and the sloping beach model. Both solutions are solved in closed-form up to higher order with shallow water parameter ([epsilon]) and tidal amplitude parameter ([alpha]). The vertical beach solution contributes to the higher-order tidal fluctuations while the sloping beach model overcomes the shortcomings in the existing solutions. From this study, higher-order components are found to be significant especially for larger value of [alpha] and [epsilon]. Other parameters such as hydraulic conductivity (K) and the thickness of aquifer (D) also affect the water table fluctuations. The new sloping solution demonstrated the significant influence of beach slope ([beta]) on the water table fluctuations. A comprehensive comparison between previous solution and the present sloping solution have been performed mathematically and numerically and the present solution has been demonstrated to provide a better prediction

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18

Shiu, Y. B. Ivan. "Saving the endangered longest beach of Hong Kong enhancing public awareness on coastal and global climate problems /". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38219268.

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19

Griggs, Donna M. "Older adult volunteer value in the workplace| Voices of experience with the Long Beach Fire Ambassador Program". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1569122.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of older adult volunteers in the workplace, specifically looking at the management and service delivery impact of the Long Beach Fire Ambassador Program on existing community relations efforts and employee morale, from the Command Staff perspective of the Long Beach Fire Department. The study identified seven themes that specified the value of Ambassador Program volunteers to management: supporting community relations, supporting employee morale, appreciation, extended family, pride, purpose, and significance. Ambassador and Program contributions to life safety and quality of life—for Ambassadors, their families, and the community at large—were also recurrently expressed. Results showed that older adult volunteers uniquely have much to offer and have an increasingly vital role in the workplace.

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20

Madden, Lauren A. "Rights to the city and spatial justice| The search for social justice in post-1970 Long Beach". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1526927.

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Abstract (sommario):

A historical narrative of Long Beach in the rights to the city and spatial justice literature has remained untold within the broader California narrative. This analysis looks at the case of Long Beach and focuses on two critical junctures in its development. The concept of the right to the city centers on social justice for anyone dispossessed by the conditions of urban life which can be achieved by creating more space for democratic participation and inclusivity over the production of the city for all social groups. Related to rights to the city, spatial justice theory posits that the current system of urban restructuring and development reproduce injustices through factors such as uneven development, disinvestment, and marginalization and only by transforming these processes can we achieve social justice. Rights to the city and spatial justice both underscore challenging existing power relations that drive the production of urban space.

While the focus of this research is limited to Long Beach, the implications are much broader; the concepts ofthe rights to the city and spatial justice are about understanding and transforming global processes by starting transformation at the local level. The case study of Long Beach can add to both the literature and the right to the city and spatial justice movements by demonstrating ways Long Beach community members have attempted to achieve the right to the city and transform it to a more spatially just urban area. The findings generated from the analysis of two prominent Long Beach social movement organizations, The Long Beach Area Citizens Involved (LBACI) and The Long Beach Coalition for Good Jobs and a Healthy Community (the Coalition), suggest that community members have successfully challenged the processes underlying the development of Long Beach in the pursuit of social justice.

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En-Nejjari, Maroua. "La plage urbaine spontanée : le dépaysement comme moteur d'appropriation et de renouvellement de l'espace public contemporain". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ECDN0055.

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Notre recherche porte sur « plages urbaines spontanées » des villes non balnéaires, à savoir, les espaces publics contemporains où les citadins adoptent des comportements habituellement réservés à la plage, dans des lieux a priori non aménagés à cette fin. En effet, dans un contexte où le loisir et l’oisiveté détiennent une place grandissante dans la vie des citadins, certains lieux, par leur ambiance et leurs caractéristiques spatiales et sensibles, invitent à l’arrêt et deviennent les espaces privilégiés du relâchement et du dévoilement des corps. Ces situations de plages urbaines inattendues, émergeant dans certains espaces publics urbains contemporains, souvent au bord de l’eau et permettant aux citadins de se relâcher et d’exposer leurs corps au soleil, au sol, au vent et à l’altérité, sans que le lieu ne soit aménagé à l’image d’une plage, sont peu étudiées. Notre travail de thèse porte sur le phénomène de plage urbaine spontanée prenant place dans le milieu urbain. L’objectif de notre recherche est de comprendre la manière dont l’architecture appréhende le besoin d’éprouver le dépaysement en ville, en discernant les conditions spatiales et ambiantales entourant l’existence d’une situation de plage urbaine. Nous nous attachons également à identifier les conditions temporelles, socioculturelles et sensibles qui définissent celle-ci
Our research focuses on “spontaneous urban beaches” in non-seaside towns, i.e., contemporary public spaces in which citizens behave in a way usually reserved for the beach, in places that are not a priori adapted to this end. Indeed, in a context where entertainment and idleness are playing a growing role in citizens’ life, certain places, due to their ambiance or their spatial and sensitive characteristics, invite them to pause. They become privileged spaces for the relaxation and uncovering of bodies in copresence.These unexpected beach situations appear in certain contemporary urban public spaces, often near water, and they allow citizens to relax and expose their bodies to the sun, the ground, the wind and others in places that have not been planned to this end. Such situations are little studied. This thesis work deals with the phenomenon of spontaneous urban beaches taking place in urban areas. This research aims to understand the way architecture apprehends the need to experience a change of scenery in the city by perceiving the spatial and ambient conditions surrounding the existence of these situations.We will also identify the temporal, sociocultural and sensitive conditions that define them

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Simmer, Reid A. "Source determination and predictive model development for Escherichia coli concentrations at F.W. Kent Park Lake, Oxford, Iowa". Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2142.

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Fecal contamination of Iowa recreational water bodies poses a threat to water quality as well as human health. Concern regarding the health effects of waterborne pathogens resulted in 149 beach advisories across 39 state-owned beaches during the 2015 beach season alone. While the presence of pollution is often clear, its cause and source may be difficult to identify. Furthermore, the current practice in Iowa of sampling once per week leads to high uncertainty and inadequately protects swimmers from exposure. The objective of this study was to determine the influential environmental factors and sources causing spikes in fecal contamination at F.W. Kent Park Lake in Oxford, IA, and to develop a predictive model of beach E. coli concentrations. Water samples were collected at the swimming beach as well as throughout the watershed from May to October, 2015. All samples were analyzed for Escherichia Coli using the IDEXX Colilert enumeration method. Together with weekly data from 2012 through 2014, two predictive models of E. coli based upon influential environmental and water quality variables were developed using EPA Virtual Beach software. These models proved to be more accurate than the current method used to assess risks to swimmers that assumes bacterial concentrations remain constant between samples. In addition, through statistical analysis and modeling, this study found evidence that the main source of fecal contamination were wild geese that frequent the beach.

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Silva, Ivo Luis Oliveira. "Labor and public policy; allowances for evaluation policy from tourism study of informal workers of the BEACH FUTURE IN FORTALEZA - CE". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2814.

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nÃo hÃ
This study provides subsidies for the construction of a systematic evaluation of public policies for tourism, considering the change in work in the contemporary world. For this, the research focuses on the evaluation of government policies in the segment of tourism in the city of Fortaleza, from two points. The first is the historical construction of public policies for tourism in the town of Praia do Futuro. The second shows a search to recognize the informal workers of the Praia do Futuro. The hypothesis of this work is that the tourist activity is focused more to the commodification of place, acuada the process of turistificaÃÃo of space, subject to the interests of capital and the neoliberal policies to the detriment of development itself in order to promote the common
Esse estudo oferece subsÃdios para a construÃÃo sistemÃtica de uma avaliaÃÃo de polÃticas pÃblicas de turismo, considerando as transformaÃÃes do trabalho no mundo contemporÃneo. Para tanto, a investigaÃÃo centra-se na avaliaÃÃo das polÃticas de governo no segmento de turismo na cidade de Fortaleza, partindo de dois momentos. O primeiro Ã a construÃÃo histÃrica das polÃticas pÃblicas de turismo na localidade da Praia do Futuro. O segundo momento apresenta uma pesquisa para reconhecer os trabalhadores informais da Praia do Futuro. A hipÃtese deste trabalho seria a de que a atividade turÃstica estÃ voltada mais para a mercantilizaÃÃo do lugar, acuada pelo processo de turistificaÃÃo do espaÃo, submetendo-se aos interesses do capital e das polÃticas neoliberais, em detrimento do desenvolvimento propriamente dito, com vista a promover o bem-estar comum. A reboque desse processo de turistificaÃÃo surge o efeito da precarizaÃÃo do trabalho como uma crise intrÃnseca da transformaÃÃo do processo produtivo capitalista. O desafio Ã analisar o turismo numa outra vertente, numa dimensÃo de totalidade. Os esforÃos sÃo para entender de que forma os informais sobrevivem, como se conformam e quais as resistÃncias Ãs situaÃÃes sociais e econÃmicas a eles impostas. Expressam-se as suas visÃes de mundo, suas aspiraÃÃes, estabelecendo suas redes de sociabilizarÃo, construindo novas alternativas de organizaÃÃo da vida social. Assim, considera-se que as polÃticas pÃblicas de turismo podem permitir reduzir a desigualdade gerada pela sociedade de mercado e garantir um mÃnimo de bem-estar para todos. Mas, sozinhas, essas028

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Roca, Bosch Elisabet. "Bringing Public Perceptions in the Integrated Assessment of Coastal Systems. Case studies on beach tourism and coastal erosion in the Western Mediterranean". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4976.

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La tesis aplica el pensamiento sistémico y la Evaluación Integrada (IA) al campo de la gestión costera. En particular, se analiza la contribución que el estudio de las percepciones aporta a los procesos de evaluación ambiental de los sistemas costeros, para mejorar las deficiencias de los métodos más convencionales caracterizados por su unidimensionalidad y dependencia del conocimiento disciplinar.
Se han realizado tres estudios de caso relativos a la calidad de las playas en ambientes turísticos y a la erosión costera. El primer caso se ha desarrollado en la zona de la Costa Brava, al Nordeste España. El caso afronta la necesidad de incorporar la perspectiva del usuario a los métodos de evaluación de la calidad de la Playa. Se realizaron 600 cuestionarios a los usuarios de las playas y un conjunto de entrevistas en profundidad a actores locales. Los resultados muestran que los estudios de percepción pueden ser instrumentos muy útiles para los gestores costeros, aportando información sobre el perfil del usuario, sus preferencias y sus valoraciones sobre la calidad de las playas. En estos contextos los sistemas costeros deberían ser gestionados adaptándose a las particularidades ambientales de cada playa y a la diversidad de sus usuarios, evitando prácticas de homogeneización.
El segundo caso trata el problema de la erosión costera. El estudio se localiza en Sitges (Cataluña, España) donde se analiza un conflicto social surgido a principios del 2000 como reacción a una propuesta de intervención para frenar la erosión existente. La investigación explora los elementos que dificultan dar respuestas integradas a la erosión costera a partir de un estudio de percepción basado en entrevistas en profundidad. La complejidad e incertidumbre ligadas a los propios procesos erosivos, las características de los marcos de evaluación existentes y el contexto institucional en el campo de la protección costera en España son algunos de las cuestiones analizadas. El estudio muestra como el conocimiento técnico no es suficiente para encontrar soluciones coherentes i sólidas con el contexto local y las necesidades sociales y constata la necesidad de incorporar enfoques más participativos.
Finalmente, el tercer caso se desarrolló en el Lido de Séte (Francia) y explora los beneficios de aplicar un Análisis Multicriterio Participativo (AMP) para evaluar estrategias de gestión de la erosión costera. Los resultados muestran que las alternativas más adaptativas como el retroceso controlado de la línea de costa y la recuperación de la dinámica natural son socialmente más aceptados, en el caso de estudio, que alternativas más rígidas basadas en enfoques ingenieriles. El enfoque utilizado contribuye a representar la multidimensionalidad de la costa, integra diferentes perspectivas, facilita el intercambio de conocimiento y permite el tratamiento de la incertidumbre.
La disertación concluye ofreciendo una propuesta metodológica para incorporar la dimensión social en la evaluación integrada de sistemas costeros.
The present dissertation applies complex system thinking and Integrated Assessment (IA) to the field of coastal management. It emphasises the social perspective and analyses the added value of integrating public perceptions into the processes of assessing coastal socio-ecological systems. It argues that the Integrated Assessment of coastal systems requires moving away from one-dimensional evaluation methods and to develop innovative assessment approaches capable to understand coasts in as highly complex, multidimensional dynamic systems and explicitly acknowledge their inherent degree of uncertainty.
Three case studies have been carried out regarding the assessment of beach quality and coastal erosion. The first one was developed in the area of "Costa Brava", North-East Spain, a tourist hotspot. The case study addressed the lack of bottom-up approaches to assess beach quality. The methods, which were applied on six beaches, involved a survey of 600 beach-users and a set of in-depth interviews to local stakeholders. The results showed that public perception surveys can be useful tools for coastal managers. Coastal systems should be specifically managed in an adaptive fashion considering the particularities of each beach and avoiding homogenising practices. In this way, conservation strategies could be prioritised in natural environments with recognised natural values or with higher potential for ecological recovery. While in the other hand, 'hard' interventionist approaches oriented to enhance recreational beach uses could be pursued in those intensively used beaches, normally located along urban water fronts.
The second case deals with coastal erosion. It was carried out in Sitges (Catalonia, Spain) and analyzed a conflict that arose at the beginning of the year 2000 as a reaction to a proposal for intervention to cope with coastal erosion. The research explored the elements that make it difficult to give integrated responses to coastal erosion. In this case, the research of public perception was based on in-depth interviews. Issues related to the very nature of the coastal systems - complexity and uncertainty of coastal erosion- were addressed. Furthermore, the work explored the drawbacks of the existing assessment approaches and the policy framework on coastal protection in Spain. The case study showed that the technical knowledge does not fit enough to find robust solutions that satisfy both social needs and technical requirements. The complexity of coastal erosion risks demands to move beyond the existing assessment frameworks where the role of the experts need to be reformulated. This process should open up the debate to other disciplines and knowledge which may bring more adaptive alternatives more in coherence with natural dynamics of coastal systems.
The third case was carried out in the Lido of Séte (France) and explored the suitability of applying participatory MultiCriteria Analysis (MCA) to assess different strategies to cope with coastal erosion risks. The methods used involved the Social Multicriteria Evaluation tool of Naiade combined with in-depths interviews and focus groups. Results showed that more adaptive alternatives such as "retreating the shoreline" were preferred by selected stakeholders to those corresponding to "protecting the shoreline" and the Business as Usual proposals traditionally put forward by experts and policy makers on these matters. Participative MCA contributed to represent coastal multidimensionality, elicit and integrate different views and preferences, facilitated knowledge exchange, and allowed highlighting existing uncertainties.
The dissertation concludes by drawing a methodological proposal on how to bring social perspective into the assessment of coastal systems. A 3-step procedure is put forward which includes the following: i) a baseline analysis of the values and perceptions of the society under study; ii) institutional analysis and maping out the stakeholders' relationships in order to identify barriers and opportunities to implementing integrated strategies and, iii) a public participation within the assessment process. We argue that all this in-depth knowledge on the functioning of the social system needs to be combined with an in-depth understanding of the dynamics of the ecological system under consideration.

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Raymer, Josiah Shane. "Gulf coast barrier island restoration public demonstration and education, production practices for the beach plant Iva imbricata, and restoration with composite plantings /". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013413.

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Brophy, Trista. "Environmental and Community Health in South San Diego County: A Behavior Analysis of Recreational Ocean Users Along Imperial Beach, California". Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6186.

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Garbage & sewage runoff into the Pacific Ocean at the shoreline along the U.S./Mexico Border region poses serious health and environmental threats. The purpose of this study was to analyze the current beach users’ behavioral factors that may be linked to illness prevalence from Coronado Island to the U.S./Mexico border at Imperial Beach in San Diego County. It is a continuation of a study completed by Wildcoast and Imperial Beach Clinic in 2011. The study tried to answer the following two major questions: How have the number of illnesses reported by users along South San Diego County beaches changed in the last 5 years? What relationships exist between reported illness and beach user behavior, if any? To accomplish this, a 2-page self-reporting survey was administered asking about demographics, beach recreation habits, illness and exposure information, and allowed for comments. Surveys were distributed to beach users along Imperial Beach northward to Coronado Island during May, June, and July of 2014. Quantitative as well as qualitative data were collected. The results show that the majority of respondents did not report suffering from an illness, however, for those who did report an illness, frequency of water entry, seasonality of water entry, entry during beach closures, and primary means of water contact were significantly correlated to illness prevalence.

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Laureano-Rosario, Abdiel Elias. "Evaluating Beach Water Quality and Dengue Fever Risk Factors by Satellite Remote Sensing and Artificial Neural Networks". Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7323.

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Climatic variations, together with large-scale environmental forces and human development affect the quality of coastal recreational waters, creating potential risks to human health. These environmental forces, including increased temperature and precipitation, often promote specific vector-borne diseases in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Human activities affect water quality through discharges from urban areas, including nutrient and other pollutants derived from wastewater systems. Both water quality of recreational beaches and vector-borne diseases can be better managed by understanding their relationship with local environmental forces. I evaluated how changes in vector-borne diseases and poor recreational water quality were related to specific environmental factors through the application of satellite-derived observations, field observations, and public health records. Variability in dengue fever incidence rates in coastal towns of the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) was evaluated with respect to environmental factors in Chapter Two. Correlations between fecal indicator bacteria concentrations (i.e., culturable enterococci) at Escambron Beach (San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA) and regional environmental factors are discussed in Chapter Three. Predictions of dengue fever occurrences in the Yucatan Peninsula were tested using a nonlinear approach (i.e., Artificial Neural Networks) and are presented in Chapter Four. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was also used to predict culturable enterococci concentration exceeding safe recreational water quality standards in Escambron Beach and results are presented in Chapter Five. Environmental factors assessed to understand their influence on dengue fever occurrences and culturable enterococci concentrations included precipitation, mean sea level (MSL), air temperatures (e.g., maximum, minimum, and average), humidity, and satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST), dew point, direct normal irradiance (DNI), and turbidity. These factors were combined with demographic data (e.g., population size) and compared with dengue fever incidence rates and culturable enterococci concentration using linear and nonlinear statistical approaches. Dengue incidence rates in Yucatan (Mexico) generally increased in July/August and decreased during November/December. A linear regression model showed that previous dengue incidence rates explained 89% of dengue fever variability (p < 0.05). Dengue incidence two weeks prior (previous incidence) influences future outbreaks by allowing the virus to continue propagating. Yet dengue incidence was best explained by precipitation, minimum air temperature, humidity, and SST (p < 0.05). Dengue incidence variability was best explained by SST and minimum air temperature in our study region (r = 0.50 and 0.48, respectively). Increases in SST preceded increased dengue incidence rate by eight weeks. Dengue incidence time series were positively correlated to SST and minimum air temperature anomalies. This is related to the virus and mosquito behavior. Including oceanographic variables among environmental factors in the model improved modelling skill of dengue fever in Mexico. Chapter Three shows that precipitation, MSL, DNI, SST, and turbidity explained some of the enterococci variation in Escambron Beach surface waters (AIC = 26.76; r = 0.20). Variation in these parameters preceded increased culturable enterococci concentrations, with lags spanning from 24 h up to 11 days. The highest influence on culturable enterococci was precipitation between 480 mm–900 mm. Rainy events often result in overflows of sewage systems and other non-point sources near Escambron Beach in Puerto Rico. A significant decrease in culturable enterococci concentrations was observed during increased irradiance (r = -0.24). This may be due to bacterial inactivation. Increased culturable enterococci concentrations were significantly associated with higher turbidity daily anomalies (r = 0.25), in part because bacteria were protected from light inactivation. Increased culturable enterococci concentrations were related to warmer SST anomalies (r = 0.12); this is likely due to increased bacterial activity and reproduction. Higher culturable enterococci concentrations were also significantly correlated to medium to high values of dew point daily anomalies (r = 0.19). A significant decrease in culturable enterococci during higher daily MSL anomalies (r = -0.19) is possibly due to dilution of bacteria in beach waters, whereas during lower MSL anomalies the back-washing promotes increased bacteria concentrations through mixing from sediments. These environmental variables improve our understanding of the ecology of these bacteria over time. The predictive capability increases by including more than one environmental variable. Chapter Four explains a predictive model of dengue fever occurrences in San Juan, Puerto Rico (1994–2012), and Yucatan (2007–2012). The model was modified to predict dengue fever outbreak occurrences for two population segments: population at risk of infection (i.e., < 24 years old) and vulnerable population (i.e., < 5 years old and > 65 years old). There were a total of four predictive models, two sets for each location using the specified population segments. Model predictions showed previous dengue cases, minimum air temperature, date, and population size as the factors with the most influence to predict dengue fever outbreak occurrences in Mexico. Previous dengue cases, maximum air temperature, date, and population size were the most influential factors for San Juan, Puerto Rico. The models showed an accuracy around 50% and a predictive capability of 70%. These environmental and demographic variables are important primary predictors for dengue fever outbreaks in Puerto Rico and Mexico. Chapter Five shows the application of the ANNs model to predict culturable enterococci exceedance based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Recreational Water Quality Criteria (RWQC) at Escambron Beach, San Juan, Puerto Rico. The model identified DNI, turbidity, 48 h cumulative precipitation, MSL, and SST as the most influential factors to predict enterococci concentration exceedance, based on the U.S. EPA RWQC at Escambron Beach from 2005–2014. The model showed an accuracy of 76%, with a predictive capability greater than 60%, which is higher than linear models. Results showed the applicability of remote sensing data and ANNs to predict recreational water quality and help improve early warning system and public health. This work helps to better understand complex relationships between climatic variations and public health issues in tropical coastal areas and provides information that can be used by public health practitioners.

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Aquino, Eduardo Silvério de. "Praiapaisagem: a redescoberta do espaço público na praia". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16133/tde-16102014-103451/.

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A praia urbana circunscreve um tipo de espaço dotado de um mecanismo flexível para a negociação entre pessoas e lugares, economias e culturas, arquiteturas e cidade, diferenciando-se de estruturas urbanas mais estáveis definidas por edifícios ou infraestruturas. A organização da cidade e a valorização da experiência urbana pode encontrar mais recursos nos fluxos da praia. Fluidez, mobilidade, feedback espontâneo e não-linearidade oferecem alternativas para a estabilidade, a previsibilidade, ou a racionalidade da cidade. Praiapaisagem identifica um espaço caracterizado por uma superfície dinâmica, onde as ações humanas estão em constante transformação, gerando um campo de possibilidades em face à estagnação da vida urbana. Com o olhar situado na complexa experiência da praia este estudo estabelece como hipótese uma matriz para novas direções do desenho urbano como tática espontânea, contestando as convenções da prática tradicional. A praia é aqui entendida não como tipologia, mas como um sistema complexo, integrante da cidade, promotor e organizador da vida, expandindo-se e encolhendo-se simultaneamente aos experimentos humanos em constante movimento. A partir do cruzamento entre arte e arquitetura, e considerando o fenômeno da superfície como fundamento, uma epistemologia é proposta: o mapeamento da transição do objeto da arte (a obra de arte) e do objeto da arquitetura (o edifício) dos seus estados autônomos para o ambiente urbano, tanto em práticas artísticas como em arquitetura indicando uma rede de relações. Usando como referência algumas atitudes específicas das vanguardas do século 20 o trabalho aponta para uma série de estratégias de reordenação da cidade contemporânea e das suas práticas afins. Empenhadas relacionalmente no locus da praia, tais práticas podem ser categorizadas em duas ordens: uma atua diretamente no âmbito da praia; a segunda, apreendendo-se das dinâmicas da praia, volta-se para a cidade, e utilizando-se do conceito de praiapaisagem como estratégia, busca a proposição de um outro desenho, um outro espaço público.
The urban beach circumscribes a type of space endowed with a flexible mechanism for negotiation between people and places, economies and cultures, architectures and the city, differentiating from more stable urban structures defined by buildings or infrastructure. The city organization and enhancement of the urban experience can find more resources in the fluxes located on the beach. Fluidity, mobility, spontaneous feedback, and nonlinearity offer alternatives to the stability, predictability, and rationality of the city. Beachscape identifies a territory characterized by a dynamic space, where human actions are in constant transformation, generating a field of possibilities in the face of the stagnation of urban life. Considering the complex situation of the beach experience this study establishes the hypothetical matrix for new directions of urban design as spontaneous tactics, challenging the conventions of traditional practice. The beach here is understood not as typology, but as a complex system, an integral part of the city, promoter and organizer of life, expanding and shrinking while human experiments are in constant motion. Establishing a crossing between art and architecture, and considering the surface as a phenomenon, the work proposes an epistemology: mapping the transition from the art object (the artwork) and the object of architecture (the building) from its autonomous states toward the urban environment, both in artistic practices as in architecture, as a form to indicate a network of relationships. With reference to some specific attitudes of the 20th century vanguard the work points to a number of strategies for reordering the contemporary city and its related professional practices. Relationally engaged in the locus of the beach, such practices can be categorized into two types: one operates directly on the beach; the second, seizing upon the dynamics of the beach, looks back to the city, and through the concept of beachscape envisions a strategy to propose another design, another public space.

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Teles, da Mota Vanessa. "How people engage with coastal landscapes: Insights from social media". Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/414290.

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Coastal landscapes are popular with millions of people globally engaging with them including for tourism and recreation. Monitoring engagement with natural coastal landscapes, including who visits, when and where, as well as what people talk about and value about them is important, including for tourism and recreation and landscape management. Increasingly data from social media have been used to monitor visitation and public discourse about different landscapes, overcoming some limitations with traditional methods. The overarching aim of this thesis is to understand how social media data can be used to assess how people engage with coastal landscapes by: (i) reviewing the academic literature on the use of social media to assess nature-based tourism broadly, (ii) examining how can social media be used to assess tourism and recreation in coastal landscapes at different spatial scales, (iii) assessing how social media can be used to understand public engagement with coastal landscapes, and (iv) understanding how social media can be used to assess how people feel about coastal landscapes. First, to assess the current status of research examining how social media can be used to assess nature-based tourism, a systematic quantitative literature review was conducted (Chapter 2). Such research is novel, with the first paper in 2013 and only 48 papers published up to June 2018 and most research is from Europe and North America. Data obtained from social media included image, text and/or GPS location/route-data, with Flickr, an image-based social media platform, the most commonly researched. Studies often compared results obtained from social media platforms with other methods or among locations. Research included spatial and temporal analyses, assessing cultural ecosystem services, calculating economic values and analysing sentiments expressed in posts, but few referred to ethical issues. It also highlighted other benefits and limitations with social media as a source of data. Important research gaps were highlighted including the need for research in more diverse locations, using other platforms such as Twitter, but also more research assessing Flickr as it provides geolocated data on how and when people interact with nature. Next, beach popularity was assessed in Australia at a continental scale using metadata from 32,383 Flickr images tagged “beaches” and “Australia” posted by 1,254 Australians, and 1,154 international tourists (Chapter 3). There were seasonal patterns in visitation with beaches in the south of Australia more popular in summer, but northern beaches more popular in winter. There was concentrated use of a relatively small area of the extensive coastline, with Australians preferring beaches within capital cities, while beaches in urban areas outside of major cities were more popular with international tourists. The words used to describe the images helped identify ten particularly popular beaches and people mainly expressed mainly positive emotions about the beaches. The results showed how social media data can be used to assess tourism and recreation demand at larger scales including for popular beaches. To assess beach popularity at a more local scale, Flickr image metadata for the popular tourism city of the Gold Coast, Australia, was assessed (Chapter 4). There were nearly 7,000 images of beaches, posted by 908 people, including locals (2,388 images), other Australian nationals (964) and international tourists (1,444), with other accounts not disclaiming were they were from. Locals and other nationals preferred visiting beaches early in the day and on weekends. More remote beaches were popular with locals, while beaches with lookouts were more popular with other nationals and more urbanised beaches popular with international tourists. Words used to describe images included geographical locations, natural features and events or activities. These results show that coastal landscape managers can get important information on where to allocate facilities and resources, improve access, amenities and safety infrastructure for beach tourism and recreation using a readily accessible, low cost, and continuous source of data. Lastly, Twitter data were used to examine public discourse in English and Portuguese about Arrábida Natural Park, a popular natural coastal park in Portugal, Europe (Chapter 5). This involved conducting a quantitative analysis of the content and sentiments in tweets sent by locals (920 tweets), other nationals (675) and those from other countries (465) that included the search word “Arrábida”. Tweets were mainly in Portuguese (67%) or English (29%), and often talked about natural features (58%), park visitation (17%), activities and regional food (14%) or environmental issues (10%). Locals and other nationals posted similar content in tweets, compared to international tweeters. Tweets were mostly positive (68%), but more negative emotions were expressed when tweeting about environmental issues. The results demonstrate how Twitter can be used in public engagement for coastal protected areas, including assessing what people value about these landscapes, what they are concerned about and were there may be conflicts. The literature review and three research studies illustrate how using social media data, data can assist in understanding how people engage with coastal landscapes. This is despite limitations such as fluctuations in popularity and access to data, limited demographic data and ethical and privacy norms. Online user-generated content in the form of billions of posts sent daily to social media platforms, including text and geolocated data, can be used as to complement other approaches for large and local scale monitoring of the development of adaptive landscapes and provide important insights about public engagement for the management of coastal landscapes.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Brisson, Claire. "La couleur de la plage. Géographies de l’exclusion socio-raciale sur les sables de Rio de Janeiro". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL088.

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Inscrite dans le champ de la géographie sociale et critique, cette thèse porte sur la marginalisation et l’exclusion socio-raciale sur les plages de la zone Sud de Rio de Janeiro dans une perspective intersectionnelle. Cette marginalisation doit autant à l’attention accrue des aménageurs et des planificateurs urbains pour les espaces publics de prestige qu’au souci des riverains pour leur cadre de vie, à leurs pratiques et appropriations individuelles qui sont aussi vectrices de mise à l’écart. À rebours du mythe de plages cariocas démocratiques, incarnation spatiale de la « démocratie raciale », je montre comment s’élaborent des imaginaires de corps légitimes, in place, et des stéréotypes de corps illégitimes, out of place, largement médiatisés par la diffusion de discours sécuritaires, consacrant à terme une ségrégation sur les plages. Ces stéréotypes sont spatialement construits : ils s’appuient sur les lignes de division sociales, économiques, raciales héritées de la période coloniale qui traversent la ville, opposant notamment zone Nord et zone Sud, et sur les imaginaires puissants qu’elles alimentent. Resserrant l’étude sur la jeunesse masculine noire originaire de quartiers défavorisés de Rio de Janeiro, je cherche enfin à comprendre quelles sont les appropriations possibles pour ceux les plus touchés par le stigmate et le sens conféré à la place occupée. Privilégiant une approche par les individus et le quotidien, ma recherche repose sur une méthode qualitative de type ethnographique mêlant entretiens compréhensifs, observation directe et participation observante, combinée à l’expérimentation d’une méthodologie de cartes sensibles auprès de ces enquêtés
Set within in the field of social and critical geography, and adopting an inter-sectional perspective, this dissertation focuses on socio-racial marginalization and exclusion on the southern beaches of Rio de Janeiro. This marginalization phenomenon owes as much to the growing interest of developers and urban planners for prestige public spaces as it does to the concern of the local residents for their living environment, and their individual practices and appropriations that are further vectors of side-lining. Deconstructing the myth of democratic carioca beaches as a spatial embodiment of “racial democracy”, I will demonstrate how the imagination of legitimate bodies (“in place”) and the stereotypes of illegitimate bodies (“out of place”) are produced, in particular through extended securitarian media coverage that sanctions the idea of segregated beaches. Based on social, economical and racial division lines inherited from the colonial era that extend throughout the city, and particularly polarize its northern and southern areas, these stereotypes rely on the powerful imaginations these dividing lines fuel. They are the result of a spatial construct. Narrowing the study to that of young Black men from disadvantaged neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro, I finally seek to understand what appropriations are possible for those this stigma affects the most, and the meaning given to the places they occupy. Choosing an approach that focuses on individuals and everyday life, my research rests upon an ethnographic qualitative method which merges comprehensive interviews, direct observation and observant participation with the methodical experimentation of emotional mapping of those investigated

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McDermott, Marie-Louise. "Wet, wild and convivial : past, present and future contributions of Australia’s ocean pools to surf, beach, pool and body cultures and recreational coasts". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/517.

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I investigated the past, present and possible futures of Australia’s ocean pools, over a hundred public seawater pools sited on rocky surfcoasts, so that waves wash over their walls. My interdisciplinary analysis informed by actor-‐network theory explored their contributions to surf, beach, pool and body cultures and recreational coasts. Ocean pools have since the nineteenth century been far more significant in the surf, beach, pool and body cultures of Australia and South Africa, than in those of Britain and the United States. Most of Australia’s ocean pools lie within state of New South Wales, and my work strengthens the case for recognising Australian and NSW ocean pools as having distinct collective identities and affinities with their South African counterparts. Ocean pools are sites of social and environmental learning that challenge efforts to establish human mastery over wild natures and depictions of coastal environments as mere stages for enacting human activities unconstrained by non-‐human nature. They also challenge the notion that people prefer to swim and bathe at patrolled beaches or in private or public pools far less wild than an ocean pool. They are evidence that supervision by suitably trained and equipped lifeguards or lifesavers is not the only or the most satisfactory way to adequately safeguard bathers and swimmers from the dangers of the sea. Australia’s ocean pools demonstrate that regardless of race, class, gender, age or ability, people can and do make themselves at home in pools shared convivially with wild nature and well-‐suited for sustained, unsupervised recreation and sport on rocky surfcoast. Ocean pools serve as places of refuge, therapeutic and restorative environments, adventure playgrounds, convivial public spaces, visually appealing cultural landscapes, brands, icons and symbols. Australia’s ocean pools are unified by their sites, their affordances and core actor-‐ networks linked to their fundamental and enduring identity as ‘wild but safe enough surfside pools’. Rocky shores and coastal waters characterised by surf, sharks and rips are among the most persistent macro-‐actors in these networks that include bathers, swimmers, tourism and transport networks, news media, local councils and progress associations. Australian ocean pools that gained a further identity as ‘public pools for competition and carnivals’ acquired additional actor-‐networks strongly linked since the late nineteenth century to amateur swimming clubs and schools, and since the twentieth century to surf lifesaving clubs and winter swimming clubs. Those ocean pools nevertheless, remained predominately recreational facilities. As other types of public pools became more affordable, Australia’s ocean pools remained popular despite gaining new identities as an ‘unusually hazardous type of public pool’ and ‘a type of facility no longer created’. The growing threats to ocean pools and their actor-‐networks are a further unifying factor. As sport and recreation venues cultivating healthy, convivial relationships with wild nature and possessing unrealised potential as centres for community engagement, learning and research, ocean pools are worth emulating on other rocky shores and in other public places. My work strengthens efforts to sustain and create ocean pools and supports further studies on seawater pools and their actor-‐networks.

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Freitas, Jussara Shirazawa de. "Gestão da zona costeira: políticas públicas e atores sociais na praia da Cocanha, Caraguatatuba, São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-23012013-154913/.

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A zona costeira é um amplo espaço de interação onde a dinâmica ambiental afeta as complexas relações entre o homem e o meio. Essa região é formada por um mosaico de importantes ecossistemas, que apresentam alta biodiversidade e complexidade, e cuja diversidade é marcada pela transição de ambientes terrestres e marinhos, com interações que lhe conferem caráter de fragilidade requerendo atenção especial do poder público. Observa-se nessa região quadros problemáticos do ponto de vista da gestão ambiental, demandando ações de caráter corretivo, com a mediação dos múltiplos conflitos de usos dos espaços e recursos comuns e de controle do impacto sobre os ambientes marinhos. Uma ferramenta muito importante para que se atinja o equilíbrio entre as atividades na zona costeira e a conservação ambiental é o Gerenciamento Costeiro Integrado (GCI). Este é definido como um conjunto de atividades e procedimentos que permite a gestão dos recursos naturais de forma participativa, objetivando a melhoria da qualidade de vida das populações locais, a conservação da fauna e da flora e a adequação das atividades humanas à capacidade de suporte dos ecossistemas. Uma das ferramentas, no contexto do GCI, é a Avaliação de Políticas Públicas. Esta tem por objetivo fazer com que os resultados e os conhecimentos produzidos pela avaliação resultem na construção de valores para que governantes e população obtenham referências sobre quais fatores determinaram o sucesso ou insucesso de uma ação e possam, então, interferir nos processos e corrigir e/ou propor novas políticas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender como a implementação de políticas públicas na Praia da Cocanha influenciou a dinâmica das redes sociais e contribuiu para a construção socioespacial. A área de estudo configura-se como excelente exemplo das questões e dos problemas do Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo e da região costeira brasileira. A avaliação da construção socioespacial da região e dos efeitos das ações governamentais implementadas sobre o território foi feita com base no modelo teórico de Avaliação de Políticas Públicas. Para fazer a avaliação, foram feitas entrevistas com pessoas que sofreram a ação direta das políticas (membros da comunidade), bem como pessoas que estão ligadas diretamente com a região de estudo (atores externos, como pesquisadores). O que observamos na Praia da Cocanha é que a população local não participou efetivamente e ativamente das políticas públicas implementadas na região. As políticas, apesar de impactos positivos como a geração de empregos e renda para a comunidade, foram mal planejadas e implementadas, ocasionando problemas para a comunidade e degradação ambiental. A realidade local da Praia da Cocanha é um reflexo do que ocorre no município de Caraguatatuba e em muitos outros do País. A falta de planejamento está prejudicando a população e permitindo que haja comprometimento do meio ambiente.
The coastal zone is a broad area of interactions where the environmental dynamics affect the complex relation between man and the surrounding environment. The landscape is formed by a mosaic of highly biodiverse and complex ecosystems, marked by the terrestrial-marine transition and its interactions, what gives it a character of fragility which requires special attention from policy makers. There is a series of problematic issues concerning environmental management practices. Thus, demanding corrective actions such as mediating multiple conflicts in use of space and resources, and controlling the impact on the marine environment. A very important tool to achieve the balance between human activities in the coastal zone and environmental conservation is the Coastal Zone Management (CZM), that can be defined as a set of activities and procedures that enables the management of natural resources in a participatory way, improving the communitys life quality, the conservation of fauna and flora, and the adequacy of human activities to the ecosystems support capacity. One of the tools, in the context of the CZM, is the Evaluation of Public Policies. The present study aims to understand how the implementation of public policies in Cocanha Beach influenced the dynamics of social networks, and contributed to the socio-spatial setting. The study site is considered an excellent example of common issues and problems along the northern coast of São Paulo State, as well along the Brazilian coast. The evaluation of the socio-spatial setting and the effects of implemented government actions on the territory were based on Evaluation of Public Policies theoretical model. In order to the evaluation to be done, several stakeholders were interviewed, such as those who have suffered direct effects of policies (community members), and others who are directly connected with the study site (external actors such as researchers). By the end of the evaluation, it was possible to observe that the local community did not effectively or actively participate in the public policies implemented in the region. Despite the job and income generation among the community, the implemented policies were poorly planned and executed, causing problematic arrangements for the community, as well as environmental degradation. The reality of Cocanha Beach a glimpse of what occurs in the City of Caraguatatuba, and in many other Brazilian coastal cities. The lack of responsible planning is affecting the population and compromising the environment.

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Olsen, Susan Annette. "Environmental Relocation Policy as Experienced by One Eastern Missouri Dioxin-Contaminated Community". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3714.

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Research on environmental relocation is scant and narrow, focusing on a few aspects of permanent relocation and social impacts of natural disasters. As a result, little is known about the long term social impacts of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) environmental relocation policy. A combined conceptual and theoretical framework of Walter's placeways; Ullberg's disaster memoryscapes; Richardson's remembrance and memorialization; Dynes' social capital; and, Norris, Stevens, Pfefferbaum, Wyche, and Pfefferbaum's work on community resilience guided this phenomenological study with the purpose of better understanding competing and complementary roles of each of these constructs in the context of environmental relocation of one dioxin-contaminated community in Eastern Missouri. Data were collected from archival materials and interviews with 10 adults who were youth, teens, or young adults who lived in the community from 1970 through 1986. All data were coded and analyzed using Moustaka's reflective analysis procedure. Findings confirmed that the loss of place was most significant. The loss of place in this study refers to not only the physical relocation of all the residents of the entire community, but the razing of all the physical structures that were buried in a landfill. A state park was established where the community once existed. Future research to further extend the scholarship on environmental relocation could examine one or more of the other 18 contaminated communities relocated by the EPA to compare and contrast findings. Implications for social change include informing EPA policymakers, legislators, and officials about the long term social impacts in order to improve planning and implementation phases of environmental relocation.

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Marion, Jason W. "Protecting Public Health at Inland Ohio Beaches: Development of Recreational Water Quality Indicators Predictive of Microbial and Microcystin Exposure". The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313588302.

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Uvgaard, Paul. "Ideologiska sandslott på en tvetydig strand : En aktörs- och platsstudie av strandskyddspolitikoch handläggning i tre Blekingekommuner". Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-144936.

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Why do people transgress legal borders on beaches by the lakes and the coastline, despite thefact of a Swedish law defending the beach and a rigorous administration mirroring it? Nationalstudies show great differences in regional and local practice regarding the administration ofthe law of beach defense, Strandskyddslagen.This licentiate thesis explores the administration of Swedish beaches from both an actorand a structural point of view. It was carried out as a case study of three municipalities situatedby the southeast part of the Baltic and inland. The interviewed actors were regional andlocal civil servants including local politicians. The purpose of the thesis was to reveal whatimplications daily practice among civil servants and local politicians have on the forms ofhow beaches are appropriated and dominated. The thesis focus on the dualism of the privateand the public space. Drawing on structural and poststructural theory and qualitative methodologythe importance of methodology is argued. The author use a triangulation of differenttheories and methods. Grounded on interviews, five areas were thematized; ideology, power,professional cultures, communication and mirroring. The thesis reveals that chains of causesto the heterogeneity of the local and regional beach administration, can be investigated moreefficiently by using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodology.The author found that the administrators personal ideology in relation to the ideology expressedby the law is of importance in the daily practice. He also show how the two mainparts of Strandskyddslagen contribute to the development of two identifiable approaches inthe civil servants practice. This finding he connects with the development of professional staffcultures. Eventually the thesis discuss the importance of interior communication betweendifferent levels of the administration and underpin the rising cost problem when municipalitiesare delegated the main responsibility for mirroring the beaches. This leading to a tendencyof a growing appearance of corporate influence on local public politics regarding exploitationof land close to beaches.The author propose a closer communication between regional and municipal environment-and building administrators. He emphasizes the importance of transparency, communicationand education at both the regional, local administrative and political level of the beachadministration.

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Howard, Jessi. "Bayou to Bench and Back". Thesis, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10188759.

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During and following the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) accident in 2010, concerns about air and seafood quality were paramount. Though individual perceptions varied, many people in coastal communities in southeast Louisiana felt they had been exposed to oil- and dispersant-related compounds. We hypothesized that implementation of a Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR) project would promote a more transparent and mutually beneficial relationship between researchers and the community. We conducted both in-home and community-based assessments (n=198) in culturally diverse populations most impacted by the DWH event, including the Vietnamese in New Orleans East and the residents of the Bayou communities. Levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in paired indoor/outdoor air samples and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seafood samples were determined with chemical analysis. Data were collected from multiple self-administered surveys regarding environmental awareness and impact of the DWH event, access to, and trusted sources of, information, perceptions about safety, and selected behavioral and socio-demographic variables. In an effort to enhance public understanding of the interconnectedness of their health with the Gulf ecosystem, we disseminated the information directly to the participants as well as the larger communities at risk. Through post-dissemination follow-up surveys, we explored the effectiveness of our environmental CBPR research strategy with our primary goals being to improve risk communication and promote informed decision-making among our coastal populations.

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Järlehag, Ella. "The Social Bench : Interactive product design for public space". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-71395.

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This report covers a master’s thesis project in industrial design engineering, product design, at Luleå University of Technology. The objective for the thesis has been to develop a product that enables interaction between people in the public space. This to promote meetings and create an additional experience with the help of integrated technology. Studies of concerned theories have been research which included information about interaction design, ubiquitous computing, public space and social innovation. It was decided early in the project to focus on benches as they are a natural part of public spaces like parks. To seek an understanding for the projects context an benchmark on similar projects, interviews with experts in choosing furniture for public space and a cultural probe has been conducted. This research served as a base for the design process which started with an ideation phase where creative methods were used to generate a great amount of ideas for possible interactions. Experience prototyping was one of the key methods used and when enough ideas had been developed four different concepts where put together that focused on how the interaction would be perceived. With the help of a voting process and a concept-scoring matrix one concept was chosen to further develop. This concept was then detailed design were the design for the actual bench was decided and two prototypes were built to be able to demonstrate and test the final concept. The final result of the thesis project was the interactive bench named The Social Bench. The Social Bench has integrated technology in the form of lightning and sensors that detect when someone sits down. This triggers the interaction and enables the user to choose the color on the light underneath the bench by sitting on the different colored seating disks placed on the bench. The bench is supposed to function in a network of benches that are all connected and mimics each other’s interactional patterns. This is displayed by the choosing of color were every users choice is displayed on all of the benches in the network. The Social Bench lets the user share an experience together on remote locations. It promotes interaction between people in the public space and provides with a fun and innovative way to communicate. This thesis aims to contribute in knowledge of interaction design as a tool for promoting interaction in the public space and the thesis concludes in a discussion of the outcome and recommendations for future work.
Den här rapporten innefattar ett examensarbete inom Teknisk Design inriktning produktdesign vid Luleå Tekniska Universitet. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att utveckla en produkt som stödjer interaktionen mellan människor i den offentliga miljön. Detta för att främja möten och skapa ytterliga användarupplevelser genom integrerad teknologi. En litteraturstudie utfördes på berörda områden och innefattade teorier om interaktionsdesign, ubiquitous computing, offentliga miljöer och social innovation. Från början av projektet gjordes en avgränsning till att titta på specifikt bänkar eftersom dessa är en naturlig del av offentliga miljöer såsom parker. Efter detta utfördes en marknadsundersökning på liknade produkter, intervjuer och en cultural probe för att undersöka arbetets kontext. Den informationsinsamling som bedrivits blev utgångspunkten för en idégenerering som sedan utfördes där olika kreativa metoder användes för att generera ett stort antal med idéer. En av dessa metoder var experience prototyping och efter att tillräckligt många idéer genererats framställdes fyra olika koncept. Dessa koncept innefattade hur interaktionen skulle upplevas och genom en röstnings-process och en utvärderingsmatris så valdes ett koncept för vidare utveckling. Detta koncept blev sedan detalj utvecklat där designen på den fysiska bänken togs fram. För att kunna testa och utvärdera det slutgiltiga resultatet framställdes också två stycken prototyper i full skala. Det slutgiltiga resultatet av examensarbetet är den interaktiva bänken The Social Bench. The Social Bench har inbyggd belysning och integrerade trycksensorer som läser av när någon sätter sig ned på bänken. Detta triggar själva interaktionen som möjliggör för användaren att välja färg på den integrerade belysningen under bänken genom att välja vilken av dom färgade sitt-ytorna som hen vill sitta på. Bänken är tänkt att fungera i ett nätverk av sammankopplade bänkar som interagerar med varandra och användarna. Detta illustreras genom att när en färg valts på en av bänkarna så visas också denna färg på dom andra bänkarna i nätverket. Bänken låter användare som befinner sig på olika platser dela en upplevelse tillsammans där fler användare som använder bänken leder till att fler färger adderas till interaktionen. Detta för att främja interaktionen mellan människor i den offentliga miljön på ett rolig och innovativ sätt. Examensarbetet ämnar till att bidra med kunskap inom interaktionsdesign som ett verktyg för att främja social interaktion i den offentliga miljön. Arbetet avslutas med en diskussion om resultatet och rekommendationer för framtida arbete.

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Bui, Ann. "Beach burial of cetaceans implications for conservation, and public health and safety : a thesis submitted through the Earth & Ocean Sciences Research Institute, and School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfillment [sic] of the degree of Master of Applied Science, March 2009". Click here to access this resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/669.

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Every year hundreds of cetaceans strand on New Zealand beaches. Options for dealing with disposal of their carcasses are few, creating significant problems for the Department of Conservation (DOC). More often than not their carcasses are buried in beaches at or just above high water mark, near where the animals have stranded. The primary objective of this thesis is to determine the effects of cetacean burial on beach sediments, and evaluate potential health and safety risks associated with this practice. A secondary objective of this thesis is to appraise the appropriateness of one location DOC has repeatedly transported cetacean carcasses to and buried within beach sediments, Motutapu Island in Waitemata Harbour. The chemical effects of cetacean burial over a six-month period are reported for two sites at which animals were buried in 2008, Muriwai and Pakiri beaches; the biological effects of this burial are reported for one of these sites, Muriwai Beach, 12 months post burial. Intertidal faunal and floral inventories are provided for six sites around Motutapu Island, and these then compared and contrasted with inventories compiled from an additional 290 intertidal sites between Whangarei Heads and Tauranga Harbour, North Island East Coast, to appraise the relative uniqueness of intertidal species diversity around Motutapu Island. At both Muriwai and Pakiri beaches, nitrogen and phosphate concentrations in surface sands changed considerably following cetacean burial, although over six months the effect was localized and elevated concentrations of these two chemicals that could be attributed to a buried carcass did not extend more than 40 m from the site of whale burial. Deep-core profiles revealed nitrogen and phosphate concentrations at and in the immediate vicinity of cetacean burial approximately six months after burial to be markedly elevated to the level of the water table, but elevated concentrations attributable to the buried carcass were not observed greater than 25 m from the site of burial. Elevated concentrations of nitrogen and phosphates in beaches persist in surface sediments for at least six months post burial. Twelve months post cetacean burial no significant difference in species richness or abundance were apparent in intertidal communities extending along transects proximal to and some distance from the Muriwai Beach carcass; there is no evidence for any significant short-term (to 12 months) biological effects of cetacean burial in beaches. Of those shores on Motutapu Island accessible by earth-moving equipment and large vessels capable of dealing with and transporting large cetacean carcasses, Station Bay appeared to be the most appropriate site for whale burial. However its small size and relatively high biological value (fairly high species richness for comparable shores between Whangarei Heads and Tauranga) renders it an inappropriate long-term option for whale burial. Other shores on Motutapu Island host some of the highest species richness of all shores surveyed between Whangarei Heads and Tauranga Harbour, rendering them entirely inappropriate locations for burying cetaceans, over and above other variables that may influence disposal location identification (such as archaeological sites, dwellings and accessibility). Motutapu Island is not considered an appropriate location for cetacean burial within beaches. Alternative disposal strategies need to be explored for dealing with cetaceans that strand on Auckland east coast beaches. Although burial is the most convenient and most economical strategy to dispose of cetacean carcass, especially in mass stranding events or when cetaceans are of large size, and the biological effects of this practice are not considered significant (for the one whale that could be studied), persistent enrichment of beach sediments with organic matter could result in prolonged persistence of pathogens in beaches, causing unforeseen risks to human health and safety. Recommendations are made to minimize possible threats to public following burial of cetaceans in beaches, until the potential health risks of burial are more fully understood.

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Rea, Christopher L. "Fate and Transport of Avian-Associated Pathogens in Western Lake Erie Beaches". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1385999641.

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40

Neverovsky, Catarina. "De gata borralheira a Cinderela :nova espacialidade decorrente do desenvolvimento tur?stico, diferenciada pelo estilo de vida em Ponta Negra, Natal, RN". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2005. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12398.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:57:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CatarinaN.pdf: 2550379 bytes, checksum: 509ee9db24aac664a7f2158196d2c9ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-10
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The transformations economical, social and politics in you finish them decades of the century XX brought changes that didn't just limit to the production system. The flexible accumulation took many workers lost her/it their workstations and they look for her/it new survival forms, migrating for administrative activities, of services rendered and for the tourist activity of small and medium load. The State has been investing in the implantation of plans of tourist development in order to create favorable conditions for the reproduction of the tourist activity in Brazil, mainly in the Northeast. A space when it starts to present a predominant economical activity suffers a restructuring in their social and economical relationships. The restructuring of these relationships takes to the construction of a new espacialidade. In the city of Christmas, in Rio Grande do Norte, the neighborhood of Black Tip is the most representative of the public investments for the tourist development. After intense process of tourist urbanization, Black Tip passed interfering in the global context consolidating as the tourist locus in the city. The tourist urbanization of the neighborhood took to the transformation of the space in merchandise that is sold and consumed as such. The recreation of fragments of other cultures brought by social actors, resulting from migratory processes stimulated by the tourist development, it has been presenting ruled social relationships in the informational technology, consumption of global goods and in the fragmentation of the urban space characterized by the internationalization and cosmopolitiza??o. That process has been masking the inequalities partners and cultural as well as the territorial appropriation for an economical elite. The spaces are being appropriate for investors of the tourist section, private investors, agents and real estate producers, where the inequality is not just economical, but also cultural. The local population, mainly of the urban fraction of the Town of Black Tip, it doesn't participate of the productive process in function of the little or any professional qualification and he/she doesn't also have access to the consumption process. To the native ones it remains the fight for the preservation of his/her cultural identity and for the survival
As transforma??es econ?micas, sociais e pol?ticas nas ultimas d?cadas do s?culo XX trouxeram mudan?as que n?o se restringiram apenas ao sistema de produ??o. A acumula??o flex?vel levou muitos trabalhadores a perderam seus postos de trabalho e a buscarem novas formas de sobreviv?ncia, migrando para atividades administrativas, de presta??o de servi?os e para a atividade tur?stica de pequeno e m?dio porte. O Estado tem investido na implanta??o de planos de desenvolvimento tur?stico a fim de criar condi??es favor?veis para a reprodu??o da atividade tur?stica no Brasil, principalmente no Nordeste. Um espa?o quando passa a apresentar uma atividade econ?mica predominante sofre uma reestrutura??o em suas rela??es sociais e econ?micas. A reestrutura??o destas rela??es leva ? constru??o de uma nova espacialidade. Na cidade do Natal, no Rio Grande do Norte, o bairro de Ponta Negra ? o mais representativo dos investimentos p?blicos para o desenvolvimento tur?stico. Ap?s intenso processo de urbaniza??o tur?stica, Ponta Negra passou a se inserir no contexto global se consolidando como o l?cus tur?stico na cidade. A urbaniza??o tur?stica do bairro levou ? transforma??o do espa?o em mercadoria, que ? vendida e consumida como tal. A recria??o de fragmentos de outras culturas trazidas por atores sociais, resultante de processos migrat?rios estimulados pelo desenvolvimento tur?stico, tem apresentado rela??es sociais pautadas na tecnologia informacional, consumo de mercadorias globais e na fragmenta??o do espa?o urbano caracterizada pela internacionaliza??o e cosmopolitiza??o. Esse processo tem mascarado as desigualdades s?cias e culturais assim como a apropria??o territorial por uma elite econ?mica. Os espa?os est?o sendo apropriados por investidores do setor tur?stico, investidores privados, agentes e produtores imobili?rios, onde a desigualdade n?o ? apenas econ?mica, mas tamb?m cultural. A popula??o local, principalmente da fra??o urbana da Vila de Ponta Negra, n?o participa do processo produtivo em fun??o da pouca ou nenhuma qualifica??o profissional e tamb?m n?o tem acesso ao processo de consumo. Aos nativos resta a luta pela preserva??o de sua identidade cultural e pela sobreviv?ncia

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41

Chitapi, Rudo Runako. "Women in the legal profession in South Africa: traversing the tensions from the bar to the bench". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15211.

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This paper takes the view that the substance of that knowledge and information is to be found with the very women we are concerned with. It seeks to investigate this by eliciting the experiences of women who have entered the profession, specifically the advocateâ€™s profession, more commonly known as the Bar. Closer scrutiny of women in the profession in this way will determine whether and to what extent patriarchal normative attitudes still operative in the legal profession.

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42

Peters, Avery, e Kimitake Sato. "Investigation into Characteristics of Bench Press using PUSH Band". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/491.

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Introduction: Sport scientist and strength coaches use resistance training to increase athletic performance and muscle hypertrophy. Improving muscular strength is the most essential task for these scientists, however, how best to identify weakness has yet to be established. The popularity of velocity-based resistance training has recently increased as a method to prescribe resistance training intensity, therefore, the purpose of the study was to identify the characteristics of bench press concentric velocity. It is hypothesized that the velocity output will decrease during the change from the 75% relative load of the 1RM to the 85% relative load of 1RM. It is believed that there will be a greater output of velocity during the 75% set than the 85% set. Methods: Nine female collegiate athletes (18-21 yrs), participated in this study. PUSH™ bands were used to measure barbell velocity during the bench press exercise. Each female was expected to preform 3 sets of 5 repetitions (3x5) at an intensity of 75% and 85% of their 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Only data from repetition 2-4 were used for analysis. Results: The results drawn from data collected supported our hypothesis showing a decrease in velocity among the 85% 1RM test when compared to the 75% 1RM test group. Comparisons were drawn using a t-Test table comprised of PUSH™ Band data. Conclusion: The results supported the hypothesis that this type of technology can identify the load specific velocity to help strength coaches to identify the optimal resistance for certain training program and goals by using collected data with the PUSH™ Band to identify weakness in strength and/or endurance.

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43

Fisher, Suzanne, N. S. Nicholas e Phillip R. Scheuerman. "Dendrochemical Analysis of Lead and Calcium in Southern Appalachian American Beech". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2872.

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The health of the northern hardwood forest in the southern Appalachian Mountains of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia has gained attention from the media and environmental stakeholders due to a purported decline in forest health at higher elevations. This project examined lead (Pb) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in growth rings of an important northern hardwood species, American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) at Mount Rogers and Whitetop Mountain, Virginia and attempted to examine concentration relationships with stem growth patterns. Dominant and codominant trees were sampled from 16 research plots at two elevations. Tree cores were crossdated, divided into sections of 10-yr periods, and analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Lead concentrations correlated negatively with ring width. Elevation and aspect were significantly associated with the Pb concentration, while Ca concentrations were only associated with aspect. Tree core samples taken from higher elevation plots contained higher Pb concentrations than samples collected from lower elevation plots, while the northwest and southwest aspects contained significantly higher amounts of Pb and Ca. Both Pb and Ca concentrations increased during the 1860s and again during the mid-1900s.

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44

Nkodia, Kibo Mathat. "Les relations entre le trésor public francais et les banques centrales de la zone franc". Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020004.

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Les rapports entre le Trésor français et les banques centrales africaines de la zone franc sont fondés sur la garantie de convertibilité externe que la France accorde aux francs CFA. De la sorte, le Trésor français convertit de manière illimitée les francs CFA en euro et en d’autres monnaies. Par ailleurs, la BCEAO et la BEAC sont protégées contre le risque d’épuisement des réserves de change car, elles peuvent puiser théoriquement de façon illimitée en cas de rupture de changes sur les réserves françaises. La mise en oeuvre de cette solidarité repose sur un mécanisme particulier appelé : comptes d’opérations. Hérité de la période coloniale, ce principe oblige les instituts d’émission africains en vertu des accords de coopération monétaire signés avec la France au lendemain des indépendances et rénovés en 1972 et 1973, à déposer 65 % de leurs réserves de change sur ces comptes. Cette quotité a été ramenée depuis la réforme de 2005 à 50%. Le Trésor français verse des intérêts à ces comptes lorsqu’ils sont créditeurs alors qu’il prélève des intérêts en cas de débit. Cette coopération vise deux objectifs principaux : la solidarité monétaire et le développement économique par le biais d’une solidarité monétaire sécurisée. Cette coopération a donné naissance à des institutions qui oeuvrent en vue d’atteindre ces objectifs. Lors de l’adoption de l’euro à l’échelle européenne en 1999, la France a pu obtenir de ses partenaires européens la reconnaissance de la nature budgétaire des accords qui la lient à ses anciennes possessions d’Afrique pour continuer à garantir les francs CFA. Cette coopération comporte cependant beaucoup d’inconvénients qui incitent au dépassement du cadre actuel
The monetary agreements of France and the CFA franc zone are based on the permanent free convertibility of the CFA. In this case, the French Treasury supports the free convertibility of the CFA franc into Euros and other currencies with a fixed change rate. The BCEAO and the BEAC accordingly cannot suffer from the lack of changes risk for, they are both guaranteed by France. Such a parity and interdependence principles inherited from the colonial period was renewed in the 1960's up to 2005 reforms. The main goals of this cooperation are the economical development and monetary solidarity safety. Some institutions have been created in order to achieve those goals. In anticipation of the coming of the Euro in 1999, the competent French authorities convinced the European Union to maintain the monetary agreements France has with the African countries using the CFA currency. Nevertheless, such agreements compound some shortcomings which require new ideas

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45

Alarcão, Rodrigo Ferreira dos Santos Perestrello de. "Augmented reality concept to improve public awareness and safety at the beach". Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/36855.

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Rip currents pose a threat to the safety of bathers at most beaches around the world. Risk perception and swimming preference are critical factors for safety at beaches. In general, the inability to detect a rip current and a false sense of security may lead to situations where people are confronted with unforeseen dangers. The presented research intends to contribute to improving beach safety with situational-awareness data to keep bathers informed about undergoing dangers on a selected beach. As such, the need to create a beach-safety culture and a provocative social conscience in adopting safety behaviors at the beach, during leisure time, is a ground-breaking goal. The research presents a study regarding people understanding about rip currents and other (potential) beach dangerous situations and analyze their willingness to integrate a community of users and to collaboratively contribute to improving safety at the beach, in particular for social groups with children, older adults and citizens who would like to improve their beach-safety literacy. The proposed approach includes the specification of a platform to empower the user in becoming an active beach-safety agent. For this strategic objective, a service design approach was implemented to conceptualize a solution for collecting data about potential hazards, including information on the status of active rip currents. The innovation is settled over the combination of immersive technologies (e.g., Augmented Reality) with visual data analytics and Artificial Intelligence (AI), in particular Deep Learning algorithms for image processing. Mobile Augmented Reality mixed with a gamification strategy are two other technologies considered in the architectural design of an interactive and gamified environment in promoting a beach-safety behavior. Such a mobile tool also addresses a strategy to create a social movement challenging citizens to integrate and benefit from the services and informational artifacts provided by the Beach Safety Community (BSC).

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46

Wu, Min-Ruei, e 吳敏睿. "A Study on the Public Deserted Spaces in Placement of Environmental Education concept— A Case Study of the Toucheng Beach , Yilan". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m84j6u.

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碩士
國立宜蘭大學
建築與永續規劃研究所碩士班
103
It has left unused for many years that the seabeach of the Toucheng Beach disappeared to result in, lost the majority has been regarded as the function of recreation amusement, but the subject building and most fairly good and neat states of outdoor space, can also adopt the activity ways of other types to utilize continuously. Replace original function properties, by the change of the minimum limit, let the memory of Toucheng Peoples can be gone on. And condition at the present stage of bathing beach of city of the Toucheng is utilized in environment educational feasibility very much, first have meaning and value of the negative example which serves as a lesson; Second activate and leave the space unused at present; Third reach the popularization of the environmental education theory; Fourth establish the model. This research is contented with Yilan; Adventure and experiencing Education popularizing the association of Yilan; Shuanglian Reservoir Ecological classroom with environmental education to place Toucheng Beach. In order to collate and survey and draw and deepen interview now on the spot, Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory produces Open codeing, Axial codeing, Selective codeing, complement note down with plane figure obtaining, putting the intersection of head and the intersection of city and the intersection of space and function and relation that bathing beach need into with organizational activities, and then propose the following suggestions: A. The usage of space and field 1. The alternative course for rainny days. 2. The replanning of the indoor classroom is bulletin teaching district, workspace, and exhibition area. 3. It must pay attention to the anti-corrosive work of sea water in a outfield land. 4. The original opening of a outfield land must be kept. B. The models of applicaion. 1. It should be on the overall outlook in the planning of seashore resort. 2. To reduce the partitial field-loading, out-field courses should take into consideration. 3. The movement of courses adopt the bicycles in situ. 4. The establishment of local cooperation.

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47

Fortuna, Marianela Plaza Sousa. "Valor económico das praias urbanas da Ribeira Grande". Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/2667.

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Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Económicas e Empresariais, 22 de Novembro de 2013, Universidade dos Açores.
As atividades suportadas por praias e áreas costeiras são uma parte crescente das atividades recreativas ao ar livre em comunidades insulares ou em áreas costeiras gerando oportunidades e benefícios económicos na área do lazer e do turismo. Foram associadas duas dimensões, por um lado a definição da curva da procura recreativa, segundo MCV (método de custo de viagem) e por outro, o estudo das preferências e da perceção da qualidade das praias (PPQP). Desta conjugação, associada ao princípio do utilizador-pagador, resulta um quadro de suporte à decisão de intervenção pública. O estudo de caso envolve as praias de Monte Verde, Areal de Santa Bárbara e Zona Balnear das Poças da Ribeira Grande, durante o verão de 2012 foram ministrados 304 questionários presenciais. A curva da procura recreativa, e respetivo excedente do consumidor foi determinada adotando o MCV individual segundo um modelo de Single Site agregando estes espaços balneares, de função distribuição de probabilidade binominal negativa truncada. As variáveis custo de viagem, idade, atributos da praia e dos seus espaços substitutos, e as PPQP contribuem para explicar o número de visitas revelando um comportamento adequado ao modelo económico subjacente. O valor do excedente do consumidor estimado por pessoa por viagem é de 50€. O estudo das PPQP envolvem determinar as razões para a escolha da praia, identificar perfis de utilizadores com base nessas razões, analisar a perceção da qualidade e explicar a possibilidade de ocorrência de visita à praia fora do verão, face às atividades de lazer preferidas. Perto de 70% dos indivíduos não estão dispostos a pagar para aceder a uma praia, mas os restantes concordam pagar o estacionamento num preço proposto de 0,45€/hora, o que abre uma hipótese de financiamento da intervenção pública.
ABSTRACT: The activities supported by beaches and coastal areas are a growing part of the outdoors recreational activities in island communities or coastal generating opportunities and economic benefits in the leisure and tourism. Two dimensions were associated, on the one hand the definition of recreational demand curve, according to MCV (travel cost method) and on the other, the study of preferences and perceptions of the quality of the beaches (PPQP). This combination, coupled with the user-pays principle, resulting in a support framework to the decision for public intervention. The case study involves the beaches of Monte Verde, Areal Santa Barbara and Zona Balnear das Poças da Ribeira Grande, during the summer of 2012 were administered 304 questionnaires in those locals. The demand curve recreational and respective consumer surplus was determined adopting the MCV individual according to a model of Single Site aggregating these bathing spaces with function probability distribution truncated negative binomial. The variables travel cost, age, attributes the beach and its substitute’s spaces, and PPQP contribute to explain the number of visits revealing appropriate behavior to the underlying economic model. The value of the estimated consumer surplus per person per trip is €50. The study of PPQP involve determining the reasons for choosing the beach, identify user profiles based on these reasons, analyzing the perception of quality and explain the possibility of visiting the beach outside of the summer considering favorite leisure activities. Nearly 70% of individuals are not willing to pay for access to a beach, but the remaining agreed to pay the parking in a proposed price of €0.45 / hour, which opens a possibility of financing the public intervention.

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48

Feyzi, Roghieh 1977. "Between modern and traditional dialogues to the design of public bench for Iran". Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/20647.

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Neste estudo, intitulado “Entre o Moderno e o Tradicional, Diálogos para o Design de um banco público para o Irão”, foram investigadas diferentes cidades no Irão, inicialmente através da análise de espaços públicos e dos diferentes tipos de clima que podem naturalmente e largamente ir afectando o desenvolvimento urbano e o design. Desde o início, a ascensão das cidades tem sido influenciada por vários fatores. Fatores como a visão e a perspectiva do mundo, a economia (a definição material do mundo) e o fator de ambiente ou clima têm tido impactos consideráveis sobre a estrutura das cidades. Um princípio geral subjacente a quase todas as estruturas tradicionais do Irão, é o cumprimento destas estruturas e do ambiente residencial com fatores climáticos. As diferentes características de cada clima no Irão foram altamente eficazes no crescimento das cidades e na combinação de arquitectura das regiões, de tal forma que as cidades, dependendo do tipo de clima, adquiriram uma estrutura diferente da das outras cidades (Tavasoli, 2002). Ao longo da história, os seres humanos sempre procuraram para si mesmos os locais considerados mais adequados; lugares bem localizados em termos de acesso à água potável, em relação à direção dos ventos, adequados à modificação das condições climáticas, com protecção em relação às intempéries, e o mais protegidos possiveis. Como mostram os exemplos apresentados, o projeto de edifícios e elementos urbanos parecem fazer sentido sempre que sejam baseados em princípios climáticos, tirando o máximo proveito do uso de energias naturais e tentanto lidar com o incômodo frio e calor. Além disso, eles também parecem ter em linha de conta a cultura das pessoas em cada região. O Irão oficialmente República Islâmica do Irão e anteriormente conhecido como Pérsia, é um país localizado na Ásia Ocidental. Tem fronteiras a norte com Arménia, Azerbaijão e Turquemenistão e com o Cazaquistão e a Rússia através do Mar Cáspio; a leste com Afeganistão e Paquistão; ao sul com o Golfo Pérsico e o Golfo de Omã; a oeste com o Iraque; e a noroeste com a Turquia. Composto por uma área de 1 648 195 quilômetros quadrados, é a segunda maior nação do Oriente Médio e a 18 maior do mundo. Com mais de 77 milhões de habitantes, o Irão é o 17 país mais populoso do mundo. O Irão é uma região vasta e de diversidade climática. No Irão encontramos zonas de clima arido ou semi-árido, excepto na costa do mar Cáspio, onde domina o clima subtropical. No noroeste, os invernos são frios com fortes nevões e temperaturas abaixo de zero em dezembro e Janeiro. A Primavera é relativamente amena, enquanto os verões são quentes e secos. No Sul, os invernos são suaves e os verões são muito quentes, com temperatura média diária em Julho, acima de 38 °C. Eu classifiquei neste trabalho quatro principais tipos de clima, e que tal como mencionei, essa diversidade moldou a arquitectura das cidades e gerou diferenças arquitectónicas num país de tão vastas dimensões. A partir da segunda metade do século XX, assistimos a uma rápida urbanização que emergiu com o desenvolvimento de grandes cidades sem ter em conta a cultura iraniana e certos elementos da arquitetura e design urbano. Esta mudança teve um impacto direto nas cidades do Irão ao introduzir o mobiliário urbano de cariz contemporâneo no Irão, e por isso foram estudados os diferentes tipos de mobiliário urbano, a história de móveis e bancos urbanos nas cidades e o mobiliário tradicional no Irão. Uma vez que os Iranianos sempre tiveram os melhores tapetes do mundo nunca se interessaram em sentar-se sobre pedaços de madeira ou pedras frias. Os tapetes seriam utilizados para se sentarem de forma tradicional, no chão e de pernas cruzadas, em vez de usarem a madeira ou a pedra. A história do uso de mobiliário e bancos publicos e domésticos no Irão remonta ao tempo dos Imperadores (até o império Pahlavi 1925), onde esses equipamentos serviam principalmente para distinguir os imperadores e as pessoas comuns, uma vez que a estas últimas não lhes era permitido sentarem-se. A comum postura de pernas cruzadas dos Iranianos requer projetar bancos adequados sobretudo ao serem postos em locais públicos. Em muitos restaurantes tradicionais encontramos estes bancos que permitem esta postura de pernas cruzadas em cima do banco para comer ou beber chá, assim como para simplesmente desfrutar da paisagem ou do sol. No Irão encontramos também encontramos o Korsi; Korsi é um móvel tradicional na cultura Iraniana, geralmente pequeno mas também existente em tamanho grande e é muito comum no Irão, especialmente utilizado nos meses de inverno ou em regiões de clima frio. Consiste em um tipo de mesa baixa, as pessoas sentam-se no chão com as pernas cruzadas e sentadas à volta, com um pequeno aquecedor elétrico embutido no centro, voltado para baixo, e um cobertor grosso "lacrando" a mesa pelos quatro lados para impedir que o ar quente escape - de uma forma similar a manter fechadas todas as portas e janelas em um ambiente com aparelho de ar-condicionado ligado para que o ar refrigerado não se dissipe. Ao estudar os locais públicos iranianos tradicionais e suas mudanças perceptíveis na Era Pahlavi, voltando-se para o urbanismo moderno, podemos observar na arquitetura do Irão a exclusão dos becos sem saída, das pequenas plataformas da frente das casas aonde as pessoas se sentavam e das pequenas praças que foram no passado lugares de reunião e convivio aonde as pessoas passavam parte do seu tempo diário juntos. Assim, as pessoas deixaram de sair e passaram a preferir passar a maior parte do seu tempo dentro das casas, em detrimento do ar livre. Considerando o crescimento da imigração das aldeias, cidades pequenas e zonas rurais para as grandes cidades, a população aumentou significativamente e, como consequência, as casas espaçosas e com quintais passaram a ser torres sem espaços exteriores verdes e apartamentos muito pequenos. A maioria deles não têm a luz solar, e mesmo se eles incluem algumas janelas, devido às questões de privacidade, por questões religiosas e assim por diante, os espaços tornaram-se mais fechados. O reduzido espaço dos apartamentos, juntamente com outras complicações sociais existentes no Irão tais como, os problemas económicos, o tráfego e a poluição nas grandes cidades fez com que muitas pessoas padecessem de doenças físicas e mentais, como a depressão, a raiva descontrolada e o isolamento que, gradualmente conduz obviamente à redução de pessoas saudáveis e faz com que a sociedade se torne também doente. Uma das possíveis soluções para estimular o combate a esses problemas é encorajar as pessoas a utilizar os espaços verdes mais frequentemente, para não se isolarem, também para poderem beneficiar da luz solar e passar o tempo com os amigos, conversando e relaxando longe da pressão quotidiana. Considerando as questões culturais e religiosas no Irão, piqueniques em espaços verdes têem as suas próprias regras e limitações. As pessoas precisam de ter a sua privacidade mesmo fora de suas casas. Por exemplo, seria comum observarmos em qualquer parte do Irão, em alguma área itinerante pública ou espaços verdes, uma família dentro de sua tenda completamente fechada. Mesmo entre as jovens gerações, eles preferem frequentar restaurantes tradicionais usando os bancos típicos para desfrutar de sua própria privacidade. Embora o uso destes bancos típicos tenha também algumas limitações: 1) Disponibilidade e tempo: dependendo dos horários de trabalho dos restaurantes. 2) Custo: Sendo necessário pagar uma taxa extra para utilizar o banco. 3) Em numero reduzido face à procura. Para além de existirem em número reduzido neste tipo de restaurantes típico e, às vezes, também haver o problema de acessibilidade a esse espaço. Por outro lado, do ponto de vista cultural, frequentar um local fechado como um café não é muito comum na sociedade Iraniana e as pessoas preferem sair para algo como um piquenique ou um churrasco ao ar livre e em espaços verdes. No mundo hoje em dia, que as pessoas dedicam grande parte do seu tempo a trabalhar para alcançar uma vida melhor e um futuro mais desafogado, precisam de algumas desculpas e motivações para sair e arranjar tempo e disponibilidade para desfrutarem do ar livre, sendo em piqueniques ou simplesmente num jardim em pausa de lazer. Tomando em conjunto todas as questões acima, projetar o banco que pode ser instalado em todo os espaços verdes e livremente acessível para todas as pessoas que pretendam a sua privacidade afigurou-se como uma boa solução. O presente projeto de banco está também ergonómicamente adequado à maneira típica dos Iranianos de se sentarem (em cima dos bancos com as pernas cruzadas) e pode ser uma excelente maneira para as pessoas desfrutarem de espaços verdes e da luz natural e, finalmente, com isso contribuir para uma sociedade cada vez mais feliz e saudável.Depois de estudar a urgencia da necessidade de bancos em espaços verdes nas cidades e zonas urbanas grandes, propõe-se assim um novo modelo de banco para as cidades do Irão, baseado na postura tradicional, permitindo aos iranianos sentarem-se de pernas cruzadas, recostados e mantendo a postura tradicional mais confortável para si mesmos (sentados em cima dos bancos de pernas cruzadas), de acordo com a sua tradição e conforto mas que esteja também de acordo com as actuais necessidades. Um banco que alie a desejada e natural posição de sentar em cima com as pernas cruzadas, posição natural e tipica para a sociedade Iraniana, um assento capaz de suportar várias pessoas que pretendam desfrutar de tempo juntas, para isso com as dimensões estudadas e aqui apresentadas, e que acompanhe as caracteristicas actuais e em espaço público, ao ar livre e sem custos para os seus utilizadores. A proposta que agora se apresenta permitirá que esta postura mais tradicional seja também possível em espaços públicos das cidades, podendo assim ser desfrutada livremente sem custos ou limite de tempo

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