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1
Harper, Mairi. "Coping and outcomes following parental bereavement". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3012.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background This thesis addresses the topic of parental bereavement, using a multi-method approach. It aims to add to knowledge about the phenomenon of parental bereavement, outcomes for bereaved parents following the loss of their child, and factors associated with these outcomes. Method An initial literature study and qualitative investigation were carried out. Findings from these informed the choice of quantitative variables to be tested in a group of parents in early and mid-bereavement. Census records were used to provide information on long term health and social outcomes. Results The literature related to the parent’s experience following the death of their child is limited. The qualitative study indicated a variety of factors for testing, related to the circumstances of the loss, continuing bonds with the deceased child, restoration-oriented stressors, for example, employment and relationship problems, and ruminative behaviours. In early bereavement, lower grief levels were found in people who had displayed cognitive restructuring behaviours. Grief and depression were prevalent, and were found to exist independently. Rumination was associated with grief and depression in mid-bereavement. Grief was predicted by depression and self-blame and depression was, in turn, predicted by rumination and education level. Rates of mothers returning to work following the loss of a child in the first year of life were lower than those whose child lived. Mortality rates were up to four times higher in bereaved parents than non-bereaved comparisons, up to 35 years post-loss. Conclusions The loss of a child has ongoing social, emotional and health consequences for parents. Social factors are a particularly important issue, and therapeutic interventions may benefit from reducing negative aspects of coping such as rumination rather than promoting specific coping strategies. Support for bereaved parents should come from a number of sources, in order to address their complex and potentially long-term needs.
2
Hunt, Sonya. "Bereaved parents : central issues of bereavement". Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/640.
Testo completo
3
Allen, Susan Elise. "A Model for Predicting Bereavement Outcome in Widowhood". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331737/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The present longitudinal study examined the effects and interactions of several variables thought to affect adjustment to conjugal bereavement. Questionnaires were administered to 147 conjugally bereaved subjects and to 46 persons bereaved of close relatives other than spouse. Independent variables included experienced competence (self-esteem, locus of control, coping self-efficacy, and prior coping strategies), impact of loss (anticipation and preventabillty of loss, centrality of relationship and life change), and perceived resources. All of the independent variables were found to be important predictors of adjustment in conjugal bereavement. However, hypothesized interactions among variables were generally not found. Experimental variables were better predictors of adjustment in conjugal bereavement than were demographic variables. Contrary to prediction, widowed subjects tended to become more lonely and showed increased bereavement adjustment difficulties over a six month period of time. However, post hoc analysis suggested that levels of adjustment do not decline over the long term in widowhood. The present study supports a view of widowhood as a multidimensional event, characterized by seemingly contradictory feelings, experiences, and behaviors.
4
Bell, Kerry Macfarlane. "Walking with the bereaved : a phenomenological investigation of the experience of the companion in grief". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28963.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This research study sought to respond to the question; what is the meaning of the experience of the companion to a grieving person? This was accomplished through using a phenomenological method of research. The researcher was guided by dramatic form in creating a common story of the experience and its structural meanings.
This study included three co-researchers, who were selected on the basis that they had each been a companion to a mother who had grieved the loss of her child through death. The co-researchers were Interviewed and asked to give detailed descriptions of their experience, which were taperecorded and transcribed, and the transcripts or protocols were analyzed by the researcher. A Phenomenological protocol analysis was used to extract meaning units and common themes from the three protocols. The themes were woven into an integrated narrative description, which was condensed into the essential structure or meaning of the experience. At each stage of the analysis, the researcher and co-researchers cooperated so that all the results were validated by the final interview.
The results of the study included a list of twenty-four themes, a narrative description of the experience being investigated, and the essential structure, which presented the meaning of the experience as concisely as possible. It was posited in the discussion that the study had particular implications for practice.Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate
5
Stevenson, Sue Louise Mahan. "The sense of meaning and purpose of hospice family members during the grief process". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184790.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study was designed to assess the process of meaning loss for family members who cared for their terminally ill loved ones during the grief process as well as determine factors that might be related to loss of meaning. The Purpose in Life Test (PIL) was used as the dependent measure. The independent variables consisted of age, education level, relationship to patient, gender, ethnicity, whether counseling was received, types of counseling received, and time between diagnosis, death and the present. The data were gathered on 87 caregivers who were participating in the St. Mary's Hospice program in Tucson, Arizona. All caregivers were over age 18 and between three and thirteen months past the death of their loved one. The data analyzed in four stages beginning with the development of descriptive statistics. During the second stage a correlation matrix was constructed and explored. A multiple regression was performed during the third stage to assess which of the independent variables could explain any variance obtained with the dependent measure. In the last stage a factor analysis was done and compared with a factor structure from previous research with the PIL Test. Nine hypotheses were tested producing the following results: Meaning in life tended to be higher for those less close in relationship to the patient such as nieces, nephews, and in-laws. There was no significant difference between a caregiver being a spouse, child, sibling or parent of the deceased loved one and meaning in life. There was no significant difference in age, education level, gender, ethnicity, whether counseling was received, types of counseling received and time between diagnosis, death and the present and meaning in life. The factor analysis revealed a five factor solution. It was concluded that the PIL Test taps two factors that can be labeled Purpose in Life and Contentedness With Life. The overall conclusion of the study was that caregivers in the sample possess a unique and similar sense of meaning in life that may be due to a sharing a common experience. There may also be some unifying factor about those choosing to enter a Hospice program that may attract a homogeneous group of people.
6
Sennett, Margot Jane. "A phenomenological explication of the experience of having one's bereavement denied by others". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004527.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bereavement is the natural human reaction to the death of a significant other. Often the experience of the bereaved person is denied expression in the social context. The aim of this thesis is to examine what it means to have one's bereavement denied by others. The relevant literature was reviewed. Theories which have both reflected and influenced the way the bereaved are perceived in contemporary western society have been discussed. The historical background to changing attitudes towards death was described and the reasons for the "denial of death" were examined . The narcissistic personality in particular was considered . Using the Phenomenological method, a question was formulated to elicit the lived structure of the experience being researched. This was asked of thirteen voluntary subjects who had experienced the denial of their bereavement by others. Five written answers (protocols) were chosen and explicated. The lived structure of the experience can be described as "a profound and fundamental distancing of the world of the bereaved from the world of others." The implications of this for the bereaved person, bereavement support groups, health care professionals, future research and society as a whole were then critically discussed .
7
Scheepers, Lucas Johannes. ""Giving voice" to the bereaved : family grief and resilience after a child has died". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021096.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study investigated family grief and resilience following a child’s death. Representing 23 families, 35 bereaved parents completed biographical questionnaires, the Family Hardiness Index, and the Family Attachment and Changeability Index 8. Significant positive correlations were found between family hardiness and family adaptation, and between parents’ age and family hardiness. Using grounded theory, interviews allowed for the formulation of categories including grief, continuing bonds, external support, religion, and family hardiness. The study reveals the need for exploring unique experiences of families bereaved by children’s deaths and identifies family hardiness as a potential resilience factor for this population
8
Acheson, Kerry. "The phenomenolgoical experience of posttraumatic growth in the context of a traumatic bereavement". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004456.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The present study involves an exploration of the phenomenological expenence of posttraumatic growth in the context of a traumatic bereavement. An idiographic case study of a student who had witnessed her mother's death twelve years previously was conducted. Semi-structured interviews elicited data which was analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IP A). Posttraumatic growth was found to have developed with regards to self-perception, relationships, and also in a broader spiritual and existential domain. The findings of this study shed light on the extant posttraumatic growth literature. In particular, findings were discussed in relation to the posttraumatic growth model as proposed by Calhoun and Tedeschi (2006). As posttraumatic growth is a relatively young concept, further research is needed in order to understand the meaning of reported growth more fully. While posttraumatic growth has been investigated in the context of bereavement, future research should distinguish more clearly between growth following traumatic and non-traumatic bereavement. Posttraumatic growth has received minimal empirical attention in South Africa, and therefore exploration of this area is suggested in the future.KMBT_363
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9
Tsang, Wai-hung Wallace, e 曾偉洪. "Attitudes towards 'life' and 'death and dying' in Chinese bereaved widows: implications for bereavement work inHong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31250294.
Testo completo
10
Shepherd, Nicole. "Suicide survivors and the reactive suicide phenomenon". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99563.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A mail survey was conducted with 49 suicide survivors from 13 different suicide support groups across Canada. Participants were asked about their experiences of grieving a suicide and if the suicide was part of a cluster. Quantitative and qualitative research methodology was used in the coding and analysis of the data. A theory diagram was devised to test four hypotheses. Results of the regression analyses contradicted one hypothesis: showing that an increase in coping mechanisms may heighten levels of grief for a suicide survivor. The number of possible suicide linkages was highly significant with 5 of the 49 participants answering positively when asked if the suicide they were grieving was part of a cluster. Suicide bereavement groups were consistently rated as beneficial or very beneficial by participants. Lastly, content analysis of the open-ended questions showed a common experience of stigma associated with a suicidal death for survivors.
11
Sanders, Sharon Lee. "Does Postformal Thinking Facilitate Recovery From Grief and Promote Well-Being During Bereavement In Widows?" CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2295.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Widows were assessed on four measures relating to recovery from bereavement: postformal thinking (measured as dialectical thinking), recovery from grief (measured as past feelings and present feelings), well-being (measured by three subscales: autonomy, environmental mastery, and positive relations with others), and age at time of participation. Eighty participants completed and returned questionnaires. It was hypothesized that age of the participant and the development of postformal thinking would predict higher scores on recovery from grief and well-being. Analysis was performed using a Structural Equation Model with a comparative fit index (CFI) of .98. Results showed that age and postformal thinking did not predict recovery from grief or higher well-being scores. In addition no correlation was found between later age and postformal thinking, although there was a correlation between scores on recovery from grief and scores on well-being.
12
Webb-Ferebee, Kelly. "Expressive Arts Therapy with Bereaved Families". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2861/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Most current grief programs support the children and/or parents of bereaved families rather than the family as a whole. This exploratory study was a quantitative and qualitative investigation of the use of expressive arts therapy with bereaved families during a weekend camp experience and a series of followup sessions. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of using expressive arts activities in improving the functioning of the bereaved family as a whole as well as individual family members. Participants included eight families who lost a child to a chronic illness between 2 to 36 months months prior to the onset of the study. Children ranged in age from 3 to15, and parents ranged in age from 26 to 66, for a total of 27 participants. The Child Life Department at Children's Medical Center of Dallas, a division of The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas recruited the families. Participants received flyers and invitational letters and registered through the mail. Families attended a weekend camp where they experienced a wide variety of expressive arts activities in a combination of group formats: multi-family groups, parents' group, developmental age groups for children, total childrens' group, individual family group, mothers' group, and fathers' group. The research design was a pretest/posttest quasi-experimental control group design, but a control group could not be established. Therefore, one-tailed t-tests were used to compare participant functioning between the beginning and end of the study. Instruments used in this study included the Family Environment Scale, the Behavior Assessment System for Children the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory. In addition, the researcher used qualitative analysis to assess contents of family members' and counseling staff's journals, expressive arts products, and family members' evaluations. Results of this exploratory study indicated some improvements in children's, parents' and total family functioning. Expressive arts therapy shows promise in effecting constructive change in bereaved families and is deserving of further research.
13
Chow, Yin-man Amy, e 周燕雯. "The development of a practice model for working with the bereaved relatives of cancer patients: the singlesystem study of the "walking through the road of sorrow"". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977881.
Testo completo
14
Nichols, Lee Anne 1957. "The hardest moment: How nurses adapt to neonatal death". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291853.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thirteen nurses were interviewed over an eight week period to explore their adaptive responses to neonatal death. A process of adaptation was identified that included several phases through which these nurses proceeded before they finalized the death experience for themselves. These phases included responses to the resuscitation of the infant; the measures taken to console the bereaved parents; feelings associated with difficult moments during the dying process; the behaviors utilized to strengthen themselves before and after the death; reactions to the silence in the unit that occurred afterwards; the values they discovered when reflecting on how the death was handled; and the development of a philosophical meaning from their experiences. Data were collected and analyzed using grounded theory methodology.
15
Legg, Susan C. "The developmental implications of childhood bereavement". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/487.
Testo completo
16
Lo, Shuk-fun Jess, e 盧淑芬. "Death-myth or reality: an exploratory study on death and bereavement perception among Chinese bereaved who losethe loved one in critical care unit". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31972986.
Testo completo
17
Chan, Shuk-fong Ide, e 陳淑芳. "Relationships among continuing bonds, attachment style, marital relationship and adjustment in the conjugally bereaved". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45587425.
Testo completo
18
Kellas, Marlen Joyce, e Lynette Christine Wheeler. "Bereavement support groups for elementary school-aged children: The impact on grief related problematic behaviors". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1538.
Testo completo
19
Henderson, John Mark. "The Relationship Between Adjustment And Bereavement-Related Distress: A Longitudinal Study". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3250/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The current study assessed 125 conjugally bereaved persons using multiple self-report measures as indicators of personal adjustment and bereavement distress across three times of testing (initial, 6-month, and 3-year follow-up). Cross-lagged panel analyses were conducted to examine the causal relationships between adjustment and bereavement distress indicators and overall factors. Exploratory factor analyses indicate measures of adjustment load on a single Adjustment factor and measures of bereavement distress load on a single Grief factor. Considering results using composite scores for each variable, adjustment was significantly more predictive of bereavement distress than bereavement distress was predictive of adjustment for both Time 1 to Time 3 and Time 2 to Time 3. Adjustment issues measured by indicators such as the UCLA, POMS, HSC, BDI, and RSES significantly influenced the extent of grief symptoms as measure by the BEQ and the severity of scope of grief symptoms as assessed by the IOLQ.
20
Waddington, Gavin A. (Gavin Alfred). "The influence of personality type and sense of coherence on coping with bereavement". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16469.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Due to the far-reaching effects of bereavement on the psychological, physical and emotional levels, this study was designed to identify the personality types that are conducive with coping and non-coping characteristics of the bereavement experience. This study examines Jung’s attitudes of Introversion and Extraversion and his functions of Sensing, Intuition, Thinking and Feeling to determine which are more conducive with coping and non-coping bereavement behaviour. The role that Sense of Coherence plays in the coping and non-coping characteristics in the bereavement process was also examined. Personality type is a construct developed by Carl Jung to explain some of the apparently random differences in human behaviour. Recognising the existence of these types, Jung’s theory provides an explanation of how these types develop. The different types are the result of the different ways in which individuals prefer to use their mind. The Salutogenic approach and Generalised Resistance Resource, developed by Antonovsky, is the building block from which the eventual development of the Sense of Coherence concept is based. Sense of Coherence is comprised of three components namely: comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. The degree to which these components are presented in one’s life determines an individual’s global orientation to life. The Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (Faschingbauer, Zisook, & De Vaul, 1987), Singer-Loomis Type Deployment Inventory (Singer, Loomis, Kirkhart & Kirkhart, 1996) and the Sense of Coherence scale (Antonovsky, 1987) were completed by twenty-seven individuals (n=27) who recently lost a loved one due to terminal illness or anticipated death. The results of the study were processed and analysed by means of ANOVAS. Because of the small sample size, use was made of the bootstrap method to optimise results. Analysis of the data showed that coping individuals displayed a significant preference for feeling, judging and a high level of sense of coherence, whilst non-coping individuals showed preferences for intuition, perceiving and low level of sense of coherence. No significant difference was found for introversion, extroversion, sensing and thinking.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Weens die verrykende gevolge van die rouproses op die sielkundige, fisiese en emosionele vlakke, is die doel van hierdie studie om die verskillende persoonlikheidstipes te identifiseer wat bevorderlik is vir die hantering van die rouproses. Hierdie studie bestudeer Jung se houding van Introversie en Ekstroversie, asook sy funksies van Waarneming, Intuisie, Denke and Gevoel om vas te stel watter van hierdie houdings en funksies ‘n rol speel in die hantering van die rouproses, al dan nie. Persoonlikheidstipe is ‘n konstruksie wat deur Carl Jung ontwikkel is om van die waarskynlike toevallige verskille in menslike gedrag te verduidelik. Deur erkenning te gee aan die bestaan van hierdie persoonlikheidstipes, verskaf Jung se teorie ‘n verduideliking van hoe hierdie tipes ontwikkel. Die verskillende tipes is die gevolg van verskillende wyse waarop individue verkies om hul verstand te gebruik. Die Salutogeniese benadering en Veralgemeende Weerstandsbron, deur Antonovsky ontwikkel, vorm die bousteen waarop die uiteindelike ontwikkeling van die konsep van Sin vir Koherensie gebaseer is. Sin vir Koherensie bestaan uit drie komponente: verstaanbaarheid, hanteerbaarheid en betekenisvolheid. Die graad waartoe hierdie komponente in ‘n mens se lewe voorkom is die graad waartoe die individu globale oriëntasie vir die lewe openbaar. Die Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (Faschingbauer, Zisook, & De Vaul, 1987), Singer-Loomis Type Deployment Inventory (Singer, Loomis, Kirkhart & Kirkhart, 1996) en die Sense of Coherence Scale (Antonovsky, 1987) is deur sewe-en-twintig individue voltooi (n=27). Slegs individue wie ‘n familielid aan ‘n terminale siekte of verwagte dood verloor het, is ingesluit vir die studie. Die resultate van die studie is geprosesseer en geanaliseer deur middel van ANOVAS. Omdat die monster klein was, is die bootstrap metode gebruik vir optimaal resultate. Analises van data het getoon dat individue wat die rouproses goed hanteer, ‘n betekenisvolle voorkeur het vir gevoel, oordeel en hoë Sin vir Koherensie. Diegene wie se hantering van die rouproses negatief is, toon egter voorkeur vir intuisie, waarneming en ‘n lae Sin vir Koherensie. Geen opvallende verskil is gevind vir introversie, ekstraversie, waarneming en denke.
21
Parente, Natasha Torlay. "A influência do coping religioso-espiritual na qualidade de vida de pais e mães, após a perda de um(a) filho(a) por causas externas". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20611.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study sought to verify the influence of spiritual/religious coping (SRC) on the quality of life of a father and/or mother who has lost a child by external causes. It is a cross-sectional, quantitative and qualitative study. Participants were invited to collaborate voluntarily and after agreeing, they answered the questionnaires Spiritual Religious Coping Scale Brief (SRCOPE brief Scale), WHOQOL Spirituality Religiousness and Personal Beliefs, and the Duke Religious Index, DUREL. The population was composed by forty participants, constituted equally by twenty mothers and twenty fathers, who lost the child by external causes, with more than three months of time of the loss. The cause of death by homicide, represents 67.5%, traffic accident composes 15%, tragedy of Kiss Nightclub constitutes 12.5%, suicide evidences 2.45%, as well as and 2.45% for lost bullet. Fathers and mothers present high frequency of IR, as well as RO and RNO. Fathers and mothers aged 29 to 44 years have a higher religiosity than those aged over 44 years. Fathers manifest a higher Positive SRC (PSRC) Offer of Help (p = 0.0001), Positive attitude towards God (p = 0.0005) and lower Negative SRC (NSRC) (p = 0.007) than mothers. No correlation was found between quality of life, religious frequency and SRC. The qualitative results revealed that mothers have greater difficulty in dealing with loss, according to Stroebe and Shut (1999; 2001), Rando (1997), Schatz (1997); There was a marked presence of illusions related to the departed child, considered expressions of continuous bonds. The positive SRC (PSRC) was highlighted in the narrative of fathers and mothers, used as a resource to serve others, through volunteering and/or building prosocial institutions, to be beneficial for well-being as well as in the construction of meaning and in the search for purpose in life
Este estudo buscou verificar a influência do coping religioso-espiritual (CRE) na qualidade de vida de um pai e/ou de uma mãe que perderam um filho por causas externas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, quantitativo e qualitativo. Os participantes deste estudo foram convidados a colaborar voluntariamente e, após concordarem, responderam aos questionários: Escala de Coping Religioso-Espiritual Abreviada (Escala CRE-abreviada), WHOQOL Spirituality Religiousness and Personal Beliefs e a Escala de Religiosidade de Duke (DUREL). A população foi composta por 40 participantes, constituída igualitariamente por vinte mães e vinte pais, que perderam o filho por causas externas, com mais de três meses de tempo da perda. A morte por homicídio representa 67,5%, por acidente de trânsito compõe 15%, na tragédia da Boate Kiss constitui 12,5%, por suicídio evidencia 2,45% e, por bala perdida, 2,45%. Pais e mães, apresentam alta frequência de RI, assim como de RO e RNO. Pais e mães de 29 a 44 anos têm maior religiosidade do que aqueles com idade superior a 44 anos. Os pais evidenciaram maior CRE Positivo (CREP) de Oferta de Ajuda (p=0,0001), Posição Positiva Frente a Deus (p=0,0005) e menor CRE Negativo (CREN) (p=0,007) do que as mães. Não foi encontrada correlação entre qualidade de vida, religiosidade e CRE. Os resultados qualitativos revelaram que mães tem maior dificuldade em lidar com a perda, conforme apontam Stroebe e Shut (1999; 2001), Rando (1997), Schatz (1997); houve uma acentuada presença de ilusões relacionadas à criança que partiu, consideradas expressões de vínculos contínuos. O CRE Positivo (CREP) se destacou nos relatos de pais e mães, utilizado como recurso para servir ao outro por meio de voluntariado e/ou na formação de instituições pró-sociais, evidenciando benefícios para o bem-estar, assim como na construção de significado e busca de sentido da vida
22
Roberts, Laura McCoy. "The Long-Term Effects of Bereavement: A Longitudinal Study". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278017/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of the present study was to examine the applicability of a model of bereavement to the long-term adjustment to loss. Based on Allen's (1990) model, it was predicted that the variables experienced competence, perceived resources, and the impact of the loss would contribute strongly to overall long-term bereavement adjustment. It was also predicted that time and multiple losses would impact adjustment to loss.
23
Rodger, Martin L. "Living beyond the unanticipated sudden death of a partner : A phenomenological study". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2005. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/647.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This research project used a Husserlian phenomenologlcal approach to explore grief and Its Impact upon men and women who have experienced the sudden and unanticipated death of his or her partner. The use of Husserllan phenomenologlcal research Into thanatologlcal study Is a valuable method of exposing the experiences of bereaved people In a vibrant and deep manner. Husserlian phenomenology allowed the surviving partner to reveal every aspect of his or her everyday life and experlencas. It Included what grief meant to them, how It was manifested In their everyday lives and how their partner's death had Impacted upon his or her relationship with themselves, with others and the world. The stories told by the surviving partner were unique, however shared common themes.
24
MacDonald, Bonnie Louise. "The role of systems-level variables in family adaptation to bereavement : a concept-validation study of cohesion and expressiveness /". Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10042006-143841/.
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Foster, Ryan D. "Effects of a Near-Death Experience Learning Module on Grief". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30455/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The researcher examined the effectiveness of a near-death experience (NDE) learning module on reducing distressing aspects and enhancing a growth aspect of grief among bereaved adults. Participants were 22 females and 2 males; 2 identified as African American, 3 as Asian, 2 as Latina/o, and 17 as White; aged 20 to 71 years with mean age 35.3 years. In this experimental design, the researcher randomly assigned 12 participants to the experimental group and 12 participants to the waitlist no treatment control group. Participants in the experimental group received the NDE learning module intervention, which consisted of 3 sessions over consecutive weeks. Six research questions were explored. A two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance was performed on five dependent variables to determine if the two groups performed differently across time according to the pretest and posttest results of the Despair, Panic Behavior, Personal Growth, Detachment, and Disorganization subscales of the Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist (HGRC). A one-way analysis of covariance was performed on one dependent variable to determine if the groups were statistically different according to the posttest results of the Blame and Anger subscale of the HGRC. Additionally, univariate eta squared was hand calculated to determine practical significance. Findings indicated that bereaved adults who participated in the NDE learning module showed small effect size for interaction on Panic Behavior (η2 = .05) and Personal Growth (η2 = .05), large effect size for interaction on Detachment (η2 = .15), large effect size for treatment type on Blame and Anger (η2 = .15), and negligible effect size for interaction on Despair (η2 < .01) and Disorganization (η2 < .01). Although no statistically significant results were found for any of the dependent variables (p > .05), effect size findings indicated modest to substantial benefits of the NDE learning module intervention for bereaved adults in the form of decreased panic behavior, blame and anger, and detachment, and increased personal growth. Implications for further research beyond this initial investigation are discussed.
26
Garzouzie, Gabrielle. "The psychological experiences of grieving for adolescents recently bereaved of a parent". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6525.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Parental bereavement has generated interest internationally, and yet very few bereavement studies have been conducted within South Africa, even though the prevalence of South African adolescents experiencing parental bereavement is on the increase. The attachment theory explains why the loss of a parental figure during adolescence could have a long lasting negative influence on adolescents’ psychological development. The present study aimed to explore the psychological experience of bereavement for 66 adolescents who recently lost either a parent or a significant caregiver who played a parental role for the bereaved adolescent. By means of a cross-sectional quantitative design the following variables were examined: depression (using the Beck Depression Inventory–Second Edition; BDI-II), anxiety (using the Beck Anxiety Inventory; BAI), coping (using the Coping Strategy Indicator; CSI), attachment (using the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment; IPPA) and social support (using the Social Support Appraisal; SSA). The results showed that the strongest significant positive correlations were between depression and anxiety, followed by positive correlations between attachment to the remaining mother figure and problem-solving coping. Furthermore, the results showed that the strongest significant negative correlations were between: depression and problem-solving coping, followed by the correlation between attachment to the remaining mother figure and peers and depression. Support from significant attachment figures in the bereaved adolescent's life was found to promote healthy adjustment to the significant loss by lowering depression and strengthening perceived social support for the bereaved adolescent. For the South African population, peer run support group interventions, based in schools or community youth groups, have been identified as best suited to promote resilience for adolescents during the bereavement process. The interventions would bring together bereaved adolescents, creating a support group for the adolescent to draw on during their bereavement.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In teenstelling met die internasionale gemeenskap geniet studies rakende ouerlike verlies in Suid- Afrika relatief min belangstelling en alhoewel gevalle van adolessente wat ouerlike verlies ondervind in Suid-Afrika vermeerder, word daar baie min sulke studies plaaslik onderneem. Die teorie van gehegtheid verklaar hoekom die verlies van ‘n ouer-figuur gedurende adolessensie langtermyn psigologiese newe-effekte kan meebring. Hierdie studie beoog om die psigologiese ondervindinge van 66 adolessente , wat onlangs ‘n ouer of voog moes afstaan, te bestudeer. Deur gebruik te maak van ‘n kwantitatiewe kruispeiling is die volgende veranderlikes bestudeer: depressie (deur gebruik te maak van die “Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition; BDI-II”), angs (deur gebruik te maak van die “Beck Anxiety Inventory; BAI”), aangewassenheid (deur gebruik te maak van die “Coping Strategy Indicator; CSI”), gehegtheid (deur gebruik te maak van die “Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment; IPPA”) en sosiale ondersteuning (deur gebruik te maak van die “Social Support Appraisal; SSA”). Die resultate toon dat die sterkste betekenisvolle positiewe korrelasies tussen angs en depressie bestaan, gevolg deur positiewe korrelasies tussen gehegtheid tot ‘n oorblywende moeder-figuur en aangewassenheid. Verder toon die resultate dat die sterkste betekenisvolle negatiewe korrelasies tussen depressie en probleem-oplossings opgewassenheid gevind kan word, gevolg deur gehegtheid aan ‘n oorblywende moeder-figuur en tydgenote en depressie. Ondersteuning van figure waarteen die adolessent aangeheg voel bewys om gesonde aanpassing tot die verlies te bewerkstellig deur die aanslag van depressie te bestry en begrip van sosiale ondersteuning te bevorder. In die Suid-Afrikaanse omgewing is gevind dat ingrypende ondersteuningsgroepe, wat bestuur word deur tydgenote van die adolessent, gebaseer in skole of gemeenskap jeug groepe, die beste vaar daarin om adolessente opgewasse te maak teen die verlies van ‘n ouer of voog gedurende die treur proses. Hierdie ingrypende ondersteuning groepeer treurende adolessente saam en bevorder so die vorming van ondersteuningsgroepe waar treurende adolessente mekaar kan bemoedig.
27
Kalischuk, Ruth Grant, e University of Lethbridge Faculty of Education. "Nurses' perception of death education". Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Education, 1992, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/49.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The primary purpose of this study was to examine nurses including student nurses perceptions of death education in southern Alberta as one way of improving futrue nursing curricula. Five nurse subgroups were included, as follows: college and university students, hospital nurses, community nurses, and nurse educators. A questionnaire was developed and piloted prior to distribution to 450 nurses in six locations, including two urban and four rural sites, in southern Alberta. Completed, useable returns numbered 373 (83%). Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and t-tests were used to analyze the data from scaled questionnaire items; content analysis was used to interpret written response items. Theoretical and conceptual frameworks were developed and utilized to guide the interpretation of findings. Generally, nurses perceived that existing death education remains inadequate as preparation for sound clinical nursing practice. Several statistically significant findings related to the provision of professional terminal care were reported amon the five nurse subgroups. Nurses identified concerns and deficits within existing nursing death educaiton and offered several
specific suggestions for improvement. The improvement of death education for nurses will most likely result in the delivery of safe, effective, quality nursing care practice to the dying person and family.xi, 160 leaves : ill., charts ; 28 cm.
28
Farnsworth, Elizabeth Brooks. "Reflexive conversations with bereaved mothers: a feminist and contextual perspective". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39132.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this study, the experiences and perspectives of 10 bereaved mothers were investigated. The research was guided by a feminist and contextual perspective. A contextual theory of stress supports an examination of the perspectives of individuals in families regarding the impact of stressful circumstances. Individuals are assumed to be both active and responsive to the social system which includes individual, dyadic, familial, social, community, and cultural levels of analysis. A feminist perspective emphasizes reflexivity, collaboration, emotionality, and accessibility in the process of research and focuses attention to broader cultural ideologies which influence the lives of individuals. Women's lives carry with them the assumption of motherhood and the protection of children. When a young child dies, mothers find themselves in a marginalized social categoryPh. D.
29
Ragow, Dina P. (Dina Paige). "The Relationship between Cause of Death, Perceptions of Funerals, and Bereavement Adjustment". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278046/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Although funerals are seen as universal rituals to honor the death of a loved one, their value in facilitating the grief process is not known. The present study explored the relationships between cause of death, feelings and attitudes toward the funeral, and subsequent bereavement adjustment.
30
Scheepers, Lucas Johannes. "Gesinsgehardheid in gesinne waarin 'n kind oorlede is". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17905.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A child’s death represents a traumatic loss, which can be understood as a crisis impacting on the family as a functioning unit. The purpose of the current study was to investigate grief and resilience in families in which a child has died, while specifically focusing on the internal resistance resource of family hardiness. A cross-sectional research design was implemented concurrently with intensive interviews conducted according to the principles of grounded theory. In total, 35 bereaved parents from the Western Cape participated in the study as representatives of 23 families. The participants each completed three questionnaires, a biographical questionnaire, the Family Hardiness Index and the Family Attachment and Changeability Index 8. Pearson and Spearman correlational analyses indicated significant positive correlations between family hardiness scores (including scores on the subscales for commitment, challenge and control) and family adaptation (measured by use of the Family Attachment and Changeability Index 8). Significant associations were also found between certain biographical variables and family hardiness. Intensive interviews were, furthermore, conducted with participants representing 12 different families. The analysis of interviewtranscriptions resulted in the formulation of various thematic categories, such as grief-reactions, continuing bonds, external support, religion, as well as the core category of family hardiness. A grounded theory was thus developed concerning grief and resilience in families in which a child has died. The results of the study reveal the importance of qualitative methods to explore the unique experiences of bereaved parents and families with the purpose of constructing applied interventions on the family level. The family hardiness concept was also clarified and shown to be a possible resistance resource conducive to family adaptation following the loss of a child.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die dood van `n kind is `n traumatiese verlies, wat beskou kan word as `n krisis wat `n impak het op die gesin as `n funksionerende eenheid. Die doelwit van die huidige studie was om verdriet en veerkragtigheid in gesinne waarin `n kind oorlede is, te ondersoek, met `n spesifieke fokus op die interne weerstandsbron van gesinsgehardheid. `n Dwars-snit opname navorsingsontwerp is gebruik in oorleg met intensiewe onderhoude, wat volgens die beginsels van gegronde teorie gevoer is. In totaal is 35 ouers, woonagtig in die Wes-Kaap, betrek by die studie, wat opgetree het as verteenwoordigers van 23 gesinne. Die deelnemers het elk drie vraelyste voltooi, naamlik `n biografiese vraelys, die Gesinsgehardheid Indeks en die Gesinsgehegtheid en Veranderlikheid Indeks 8. Pearson en Spearman korrelasie-berekeninge het aangedui dat gesinsgehardheid-tellings (asook die tellings op die subskale vir toewyding, uitdaging en beheer) beduidend positief korreleer met gesinsaanpassing (gemeet met die Gesinsgehegtheid en Veranderlikheid Indeks 8). Beduidende verhoudings is ook gevind tussen sekere biografiese veranderlikes en gesinsgehardheid. Verder is intensiewe onderhoude gevoer met die verteenwoordigers van 12 gesinne. Die ontleding van onderhoud-transkripsies het gelei tot die formulering van verskeie tematiese kategorieë, naamlik verdriet-reaksies, die voortdurende verbintenis, eksterne ondersteuning en godsdiens, asook die kern-kategorie van gesinsgehardheid. `n Gegronde teorie is sodoende ontwikkel, wat betrekking het op verdriet en veerkragtigheid in gesinne waarin `n kind oorlede is. Die resultate van die studie wys op die belang van kwalitatiewe metodes om die uniekheid van bedroefde ouers en gesinne se ervarings te verken met die doel om gepaste intervensies op gesinsvlak te ontwikkel. Die konsep van gesinsgehardheid is ook verhelder en aangedui as `n moontlike weerstandsbron, wat bevorderlik is vir gesinne se aanpassing ná die verlies van `n kind.
31
Wilhite, Thomas R. (Thomas Ray). "Interpersonal Reactions to Bereaved Parents: An Exploration of Attachment and Interpersonal Theories". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331156/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The experiment examined negative social reactions to bereaved parents from unrelated others. Both the behavior displayed by the parent and attachment style of the perceiver were expected to influence reactions to bereaved parents. Undergraduates at a southern university (N = 239) completed both attachment measures and measures of reactions to videotapes of bereaved parents. Results indicated that bereaved parents do indeed receive negative evaluations from unrelated others, in the form of decreased willingness to interact in various roles. However, a nonbereaved parent displaying depressive symptoms also received negative evaluations.
Depressed targets in the present study did receive negative evaluations, supporting the predictions of Coyne's interpersonal-process theory of reactions to depressed individuals. Contrary to the predictions of interpersonal-process theory, a bereaved parent displaying loss content without depressive symptoms also elicited negative evaluations. Coyne's hypothesis that the amount of induced negative affect in the perceiver leads to negative evaluations was not supported by the data. Subjects appear to react to a complex set of factors when forming these evaluations, including both personal and situational information. Two factors may have undermined the present study s ability to adequately test this theory. Subjects may have perceived depressive symptoms in loss content in the present study. Further, subjects may not have identified with the parent in the present study as anticipated. Research is necessary to identify the amount and focus of subjects' identifications with depressed and bereaved targets.
Only minor support was found for the prediction that attachment style would be related to reactions to bereaved parents. Continuous measures of attachment style were related to amount of induced negative affect. However, grouping subjects by attachment patterns was not related to either induced negative affect or evaluations. The present study and previous research suggest the possibility that conceptually attachment may contain several components which relate to behavior in varying degrees and ways. Further study of the components of attachment is necessary to clarify what behaviors are related to attachment disturbance.
32
De, Villiers Reniette Hofmeyr. "Verliesverwerking na ontvalling : 'n psigo-ontwikkelingsprogram vir adolessente". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52049.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (PhD)--Universiteit van Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Most researchers agree that for a child the death of a parent constitutes a psychological risk. Some of these children might experience the first onset of psychiatric disorder (depression, anxiety or substance use disorder) prior to age 20, with a peak age of occurrence at 18. Within the South African context children are more and more confronted with parental death due to the upsurge of violence, the increase in HIV, aids and tuberculoses, as well as many fatal traffic accidents. The need for psychological support of these children within the school system was brought to the attention of the researcher by concerned surviving parents. Society tends to expect an early (often premature) return of survivors to the activities of everyday life. The adult or child thus often finds him-/herself isolated in grief. In family context on the other hand, the single parent has to deal with the personal loss of a spouse, the children's loss of a parent and often also the grandparents' loss of a child. Furthermore, roles within the family have to be reallocated so as to accommodate the lost person's functions. The surviving parent is therefore often not adequately available for the child who, having had his/her personal world and belief system shattered, does not always understand the consequences of death, primarily due to cognitive immaturity. They may react with anxiety, irrational beliefs and suppression, thus blocking a healthier course of grief. The aim of this study was to design and implement a psycho-educational grief resolution program and to investigate the effect thereof on the mood states, coping skills and self-concepts of 17 urban adolescents who had experienced parental death. Using the General Systems Theory as metatheory and the Intervention Designand- Development research methodology (Thomas & Rothman, 1994), a model of adolescent grief resolution was devised which served as basis for the design of the program. The participants were requested to reappraise personal resolution of grief tasks and were introduced to cognitive restructuring (for example the relinquishment of suppression and the disputing of irrational beliefs). With a clearer understanding and the skills to control emotions and behaviour, they were encouraged to attribute (now with hindsight) meaning to the experience of having lost a loved one, and to incorporate the event into a personal narrative. Statistical analyses of test-retest results indicated, amongst others, that adolescents tend to prematurely avow acceptance of the loss; that the experimental group demonstrated less fatigue-inertia after attending the program than the control group; and that a high risk group, comprised of members of both the experimental and control groups, showed more depression during the re-test situation. The last finding indicates that a high risk group should rather receive psychotherapy than participate in a psychoeducational program which is not primarily of a psychotherapeutic nature. On the other hand taking part in the program caused those adolescents to become aware of their need for psychotherapy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die meeste navorsers is dit eens dat die dood van 'n ouer vir die kind sielkundige risiko's inhou. Sommige van dié kinders mag voor die ouderdom van 20 jaar (met die grootste aantal teen 18 jaar) psigiatriese probleme soos depressie, angs of middelmisbruik vertoon. Suid-Afrikaanse kinders word tans toenemend aan ouersterfte blootgestel weens die toename in geweld, die Hl-virus, vigs, tuberkulose en verkeersongelukke. Agtergeblewe ouers het die behoefte aan sielkundige ondersteuning van dié kinders binne skoolverband onder die aandag van die navorser gebring. Dit blyk dat die gemeenskap 'n vroeë (dikwels voortydige) terugkeer van die treurende na die gewone daaglikse aktiwiteite verlang. Die treurende beleef hom-/haarself dus dikwels as alleen in smart. In gesinsverband word daar verder hoë eise aan die enkelouer gestel, soos om die verlies van 'n huweliksmaat te verwerk, om kinders wat 'n ouer verloor het, en moontlik ook grootouers wat 'n kind verloor het, te ondersteun. Verder moet die rolle binne die gesin herverdeel word om ook die oorledene se funksies te vervul. Die beskikbaarheid van die agtergeblewe ouer is dus ingekort, en die kind wie se leefwêreld en oortuigings aan flarde is, het weens veral kognitiewe onrypheid, selde begrip vir die nagevolge van sterwensverlies. Hulle mag reageer met angs, irrasionele denke en onttrekking wat die rouproses kan inhibeer. Die doel van die studie was die ontwerp en toepassing van 'n verliesverwerkingsprogram Cn psigo-ontwikkelingsprogram) en die bepaling van die programeffek op die gemoedstoestand, streshanteringsvaardighede en selfkonsep van 17 stedelike adolessente met ouerverlies. Met die Algemene Sisteemteorie as metateorie en die Intervensie-Ontwerp-en-Ontwikkelingsnavorsingsparadigma (Thomas & Rothman, 1994) kon 'n adolessente verliesverwerkingsmodel saamgestel word wat gedien het as basis vir die ontwerp van die program. Die deelnemers kon die eie verwerking van routake herbeoordeel en kognitiewe herstrukturering waar nodig toepas (onder meer deur die opheffing van onderdrukte gedagtes en die betwisting van irrasionele aannames). Met beter begrip vir die eie situasie en beheer oor emosie en gedrag kon ook betekenisgewing (terugskouend oor die verliesgebeure) volg en kon die ervaring geïnkorporeer word in 'n persoonlike lewensverhaal. Statistiese ontleding van die toets-hertoetsresultate het onder meer daarop gedui dat adolessente neig om voortydig aanvaarding van die verlies aan te dui; dat die eksperimentele groep, vergeleke met die kontrolegroep, minder vermoeid-lusteloos was na programdeelname; en dat hoë risikodeelnemers uit beide die eksperimentele en kontrolegroepe met die na-toetsing meer depressief voorgekom het. Laasgenoemde bevinding dui daarop dat die hoë risikogroep eerder op psigoterapie aangewese was. Diegene uit die hoë risikogroep wat wel aan die program deelgeneem het, het nogtans bewus geword van die behoefte aan sodanige terapie en dit daadwerklik opgevolg.
33
Pinkenburg, Lisa. "The Influence of Relationship Quality and Preventability of Death on Perceptions of Funerals in Bereaved Adults". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279145/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Four hundred and thirty-eight participants who had lost a close friend or family in the last 2 years completed questionnaires regarding their experiences with the funeral. Results indicated individuals emotionally close to the deceased person reported higher levels of participation in funeral rituals and greater levels of bereavement adjustment. Those emotionally distant from the deceased person reported
greater satisfaction with the funeral. Individuals who viewed the deceased person as a central figure in their lives had greater participation in the funeral. Those who viewed the deceased person as a peripheral figure had higher levels of bereavement adjustment. Additionally, those who viewed the death as unpreventable reported greater satisfaction with the funeral, and had higher levels of bereavement adjustment.
34
Small, Michael F. "Impact of student death on teachers of the severely disabled". Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-165532/.
Testo completo
35
Seretlo-Rangata, Mmakwena Linda. "The psychological meaning of mourning rituals in Botlokwa Community, Limpopo Province". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2032.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis ((M. A. (Clinical Psychology)) --University of Limpopo, 2017.The study explored the psychological meaning of mourning rituals in Botlokwa community, Limpopo Province. The study focused on identifying and describing the types of mourning rituals observed and performed by the participants after the loss of a loved one. Furthermore the study explored the subjective meaning the participants attach to the mourning rituals so as to identify and articulate the psychological themes embedded in the mourning rituals. A total of ten participants (male = 5; females = 5; aged between 40 and 60) were selected using the purposive sampling method. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Thematic content analysis method was used to analyse the data. The three major themes that emerged during data analysis were; a) The types of mourning rituals observed and performed after the death of a loved one; b) the subjective meaning that the bereaved attach to the mourning rituals and c) the psychological meaning embedded in the mourning rituals observed and performed after the death of a loved one. The findings of the study suggest that the mourning rituals performed by the Batlokwa people have significant psychological meanings. These include assisting the bereaved to cope with the death of a loved one, strengthening the bereaved and ensuring that the bereaved are healed and accept the death of a loved one. The study results further shows the different subjective meanings that the bereaved attach to the mourning rituals performed. Furthermore the findings of the study suggest that the participants perform mourning rituals in order to prevent them from misfortunes, illnesses, bad luck and to remove what is perceived as a “dark cloud” hanging over them after the death of a loved one. The findings further suggest that the bereaved benefit psychologically from performing the mourning rituals. One of the benefits is having to let go of the deceased with the knowledge that their loved ones’ soul is resting in peace. The study is concluded by, among others, recommending that psychologists familiarise themselves with different cultural groups and different ways of grieving and mourning within different cultures in order to better understand patients’ different mourning processes.
NIHSS scholarship
36
Human, Berquin. "Resilience in families in which a parent has died". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52434.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The death of a parent calls on the family to utilize all its resources in order to adapt successfully and maintain normal family functioning. Within the mental health field a paradigm-shift from pathology-based to health-oriented is underway. Integral to this health-oriented paradigm is resilience, the ability to rebound after being stressed or challenged, as well as being able to rise above adversity and to survive stress. Family resilience theory emphasizes the role that family characteristics, behaviour patterns and capabilities play in cushioning the impact of stressful life events and in assisting the family in recovering from crises (McCubbin, Thompson, & McCubbin, 1996). Using a crosssectional survey research design, the present study aimed to explore and explicate those resiliency factors which enable families to adjust and adapt successfully after the loss of a parent. Families in which the death of a parent took place 1 to 3 years ago, and in which the eldest child was between 12 and 19 years old were approached to take part in this study. Thirty nine families completed questionnaires, as well as an open-ended question in which they were asked to report the most important factors or strengths which they felt helped their family through the stressful period. Results indicate that intrafamilial support such as emotional and practical support amongst family members, and family hardiness characteristics such as the internal strengths and durability of the family unit, contribute to resilience within the family. Individual characteristics, such as positive personality characteristics like optimism, are as important. Support from extended family and friends, as well as support obtained from religious and spiritual beliefs and activities, were reported as facilitating successful adjustment to the loss.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die dood van 'n ouer vereis dat 'n gesin alle bronne moet benut ten einde suksesvolle aanpassing en gewone gesinsfunksionering te handhaaf. Binne die geestesgesondheidsveld is daar 'n paradigma-verskuiwing vanaf patologie-gebaseerd na gesondheidsgeoriënteerd. Integraal tot hierdie gesondheidsgeoriënteerde paradigma is veerkragtigheid, die vermoë om terug te bons, uit te styg, en te oorleef nadat teëspoed ervaar is. Gesinsveerkragtigheidsteorieë beklemtoon die rol wat gesinseienskappe, gedragspatrone en bekwaamhede speel met betrekking tot die versagting van die impak van stresvolle lewenservaringe, asook die gesin se herstel na die krisis (McCubbin, Thompson, & McCubbin, 1996). 'n Dwarssnit opname-navorsingsontwerp is gebruik om die veerkragtigheidsfaktore te identifiseer en te beskryf wat gesinne help om suksesvol na die dood van 'n ouer aan te pas. Gesinne waar 'n ouer tussen een en drie jaar vantevore gesterf het, en die oudste kind tussen 12 en 19 jaar oud is, is genader vir deelname aan hierdie ondersoek. Nege-en-dertig gesinne het vraelyste sowel as 'n oop-end vraag voltooi waarin hulle gevra is om die belangrikste faktore te beskryf wat hul gesin deur die stresvolle periode gehelp het. Resultate dui daarop dat intragesinsondersteuning soos emosionele en praktiese ondersteuning, en gesinsgehardheid met kenmerke van interne sterkte en die volhoubaarheid van die gesin as eenheid, bygedra het tot gesinsveerkragtigheid. Individuele eienskappe soos optimisme het net so 'n essensiële rol gespeel. Ondersteuning van familie en vriende, asook ondersteuning as gevolg van godsdienstige en spirituele oortuigings en aktiwiteite, was fasiliterend in die suksesvolle aanpassing na die dood van 'n ouer.
37
Makgahlela, Mpsanyana Wilson. "The psychology of bereavement and mourning rituals in a Northern Sotho community". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1586.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph.D. ( Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016The Euro-American bereavement literature has greatly contributed towards the management of the bereaved over centuries by psychologists. However, much of the literature lacks inclusion of non-westerners‘ bereavement and grief experiences. In light of this historical weakness, the aim of the present study was to explore bereavement and mourning in the Northern Sotho community with a view to identifying and documenting the psychological themes embedded in this culturally constructed experience. A total of fourteen participants (male = 7; females = 7; aged between 35 and 85) were selected using the snowball sampling method. The data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Hycner‘s adapted phenomenological explicitation method was used to analyse the data. The four major themes that emerged during data-explicitation were; a). The influence of belief systems on the conception of death; b). The experience and expression of the pain of grief; c). Diverse bereavement rituals and cultural practices that are performed to heal the bereaved, and; d). Various mechanisms that are put in place to quarantine the bereaved from spreading death contaminations. The study findings suggest that the conceptualisation, experience, and expression of bereavement is profoundly influenced by an interplay of a plethora of factors that include people‘s varying worldviews, cultural practices, and now, the emerging new-global culture. Based on the findings of the study, a culturally informed bereavement conceptual model was developed. The model proposes that a clinician should be guided by four domains when providing grief counselling. The first domain involves the clinician looking into the client‘s belief system and how this influences the client‘s grieving process. The second domain entails analysis of the nature and circumstances surrounding death. In the third domain, the clinician will need to examine the influence of various psychological, physical and socioeconomic factors on the client‘s grief. And lastly, the clinician will need to determine the intensity and duration of the grief experience. It is envisaged that this model could help in the provision of person-centred grief counselling services within a multicultural context. The study further elaborates on the lessons the field of psychology could learn from the study findings. The findings are also discussed in the context of the emerging field of Africa psychology.
SAHUDA/NIHSS
38
Portillo, Carmen Julieta. "The process of bereavement for Mexican-American widows: A grounded theory approach". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185064.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this study was to generate substantive theory on the bereavement process. A qualitative research design, grounded theory, was used to analyze the experience of bereavement for Mexican American widows. Research questions addressed were: What is the process of bereavement for Mexican American widows? What factors are associated with the bereavement process for Mexican American widows? Theory discovery was accomplished using the grounded theory methodology. Interviews were conducted with nineteen Mexican American widows who had been bereaved for approximately 18 months. Theoretical sampling involved the use of interviews and observations triangulated with scientific and popular literature. The constant comparative method of analytic induction was used for the analysis of data, in order to identify the elements and structure of the theory. A basic social process, Reorganizing a New Me, was identified as the core category of the theory. Reorganizing a New Me is the continuous process used by Mexican American widows in order to adjust and adapt to widowhood. The process includes four subcategories: (a) Feeling the Void is defined as the efforts of monitoring or becoming aware of the loss and highlighted the uncertainty that accompanied the experience, (b) My Mind and Body explains the Mexican American widow's work of resolving her grief in the form of culturally sanctioned idioms and emotional expressions, (c) Confronting the Paradox is defined as the centralization of the thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that represented the concerns and compensations of being a widow, and (d) Tempering explains the work of adapting to the process of becoming a widow. Coping strategies that Mexican American widows utilized during this process were also identified. The significance of the study for nursing is that it (a) sensitizes nurses and other health professionals to the bereavement process and coping strategies for Mexican American widows, (b) provides a map which can guide the assessment of the bereaved Mexican American widow, and (c) identifies a substantive theory on the bereavement process, which, through further study, can be raised to a formal theory on this transitional phase for women.
39
Weise, Kerri Ann. "The impact of the death of a peer on adolescents". Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03032009-040328/.
Testo completo
40
Bernard, Lori Lynn. "Husband's and Daughter's Role Strain During Breast Cancer Hospice Patient Caregiving and Bereavement Adjustment". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2542/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Current literature regarding caregiver bereavement adjustment has advanced two competing models explaining adjustment in relation to caregiver interrole conflict: the Relief Model and Complicated Grief Model. This research has primarily focused on the experience of those providing care to dementia patients. This study tests these competing models of bereavement adjustment for husband and daughter caregivers of breast cancer hospice patients. For husbands, greater psychological strain and health strain were predictive of greater difficulty with bereavement adjustment, supporting the Complicated Grief Model of bereavement adjustment. For daughters, strain was not a significant predictor of bereavement adjustment, and thus did not support either bereavement adjustment model. While daughter caregivers experienced more role strain than husband caregivers during patient care, the degree of role strain was predictive of bereavement adjustment for husbands but not for daughters, suggesting that relationship type (husbands versus daughters) between caregiver and patient impacts which factors influence bereavement adjustment.
41
McCall, Marsha Joan. "Perceived causal attributions and their relationship to grief intensity in early miscarriage". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27720.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Grief and causal attribution are two of the most commonly observed reactions to early miscarriage, yet little is known about these reactions or whether a relationship exists between them. This exploratory and descriptive correlational study examined the maternal grief intensities, the causal attributions, and the relationship between them in a convenience sample of 15 women who spontaneously aborted at 16 weeks' or less gestation. Women responded to both a written questionnaire and a semi-structured Interview at 6 to 10 weeks post-miscarriage. Their responses Indicated both current and retrospective reactions to their miscarriages. Responses were analysed using nonparametric statistics and content analysis.
Maternal grief Intensities were found to vary widely at the time of the miscarriage, but all decreased significantly 6 to 10 weeks later. All women reacted to their miscarriage with attribution-seeking behaviors. The explanations most women formed were comprised of more than one causal attribution. Attributions were observed to have four distinct characteristics. Causal attributions were found to be either philosophical or physically oriented; to be organic, non-specific or maternal/self-blaming In origin; to be either dominant or non-dominant, and/or to refer to causalities immediate or prior to the physical event.
At the time of the miscarriage a positive correlation between grief Intensity and maternal/self-blaming attributions and between grief Intensity and philosophical attributions was found. These relationships were not observed 6 to 10 weeks later. A positive correlation was found between grief intensity and attributions to maternal emotions at both the time of the miscarriage and 6 to 10 weeks later.Applied Science, Faculty of
Nursing, School of
Graduate
42
Thiessen, Janice G. "A phenomenological study of parents’ experience following stillbirth or early infant death". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24424.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study was designed to discover parents' experience following a stillbirth or early infant death. The conceptualization of the research problem was based on Kleinman's (1978) cultural system model which directed the researcher to elicit directly from clients their explanatory models, or their way of viewing the experience.
The specific research questions were (1) How do couples perceive and interpret their experience following stillbirth or early infant death? and (2) How do couples view the social support they have received at the time of their infant's death?
Six couples, who were recruited primarily from bereavement support groups, participated in the study. Each couple had experienced a stillbirth or early infant death between four months and four years prior to the study. Data were collected from the subjects with the use of unstructured interviews, allowing the experiences to unfold as they were perceived by the participants.
Four main themes that evolved from the data were (1) anticipation of parenthood and the shattering of hopes with the death or knowledge of impending death of the infant; (2) a multidimensional personal grief experience; (3) an interpersonal grief exerience influenced by the social support of health care professionals, of friends and family and of the spouse; and (4) reflection and search for meaning in the experience.
The discovery of couples' perceptions of their bereavement experience and their view of the support received will assist in enhancing the ability to provide more effective nursing care to bereaved families. Implications for nursing practice, research and education are delineated.Applied Science, Faculty of
Nursing, School of
Graduate
43
Ener, Liz D. "A Canonical Correlational Analysis Exploring Characteristics of Children Presenting to Counseling for Grief and Loss". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804937/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To date, researchers who have explored the complexity of childhood bereavement have utilized unstandardized assessment instruments and/or have independently evaluated specific constructs rather than factoring in the dimensionality of loss. The purpose of this study was to use parents' completion of established instruments--the Child Behavior Checklist and the Parenting Stress Index--to examine the multivariate shared relationship between characteristics of bereaved children referred for counseling--their ages, genders, ethnicities, types of loss, and life stressors--and their behavioral manifestations as well as the relationship between these characteristics and levels of parent-child relational stress. Utilizing archival clinical files, I examined these characteristics from bereaved children (N = 98) whose parents sought counseling services from two university-based counseling clinics. The sample consisted of 67 boys and 31 girls between the ages 3 and 11 years old (M = 6.28). The majority of participants (67%, n = 66) identified as Caucasian, 10% (n = 10) as African American, 10% (n = 10) as Hispanic/Latino, 6% as Bi-racial (n = 6), 4% as Native American (n = 4), and 2% as Asian (n = 2). A canonical correlational analyses (CCA) was conducted to examine relationship between characteristics of children and their subsequent behavioral manifestations. The full model was found to be statistically significant using the Wilks’s λ = .611 criterion, F(25, 328.41) = 1.862, p = .008. The R2 type effect size was .389, which indicates the full model explains about 39% of the variance shared between the two variable sets. A second CCA was conducted to explore the relationship between characteristics of bereaved children and levels of parent-child relational stress. The full model was found statistically to be significant using the Wilks’s λ = .790 criterion, F(10, 154) = 1.926, p = .045. The R2 type effect size was .210, which indicates the full model explains about 21% of the variance shared between the two variable sets. Overall, correlational findings from this study provided insight into bereaved children’s manifestations of loss and levels of parent-child relational stress as contingent upon specific characteristics. Specifically, results indicated a strong relationship between age and bereaved children’s behavioral manifestations. This finding reinforced the importance for clinicians to understand developmental implications when working with bereaved children. Furthermore, caregivers who reported minimal overall external stressors also reported less parent-child relational interference. This finding further emphasizes the importance for caregivers to maintain utmost stability for bereaved children.
44
Shahbaz, Amy Renee. "Spiritual experience: The relationship with the grief process". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2118.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
There were four major purposes of this study: (1) to evaluate the level of grief experience by bereaved individuals who attend either a grief support group or grief psycho-educational group in the Inland Empire, (2) to evaluate the level of spirtuality experienced by bereaved individuals who attend either a grief support or grief psycho-educational group in the Inland Empire, (3) to correlate the level of grief reactions with the level of spiritual experience within bereaved individuals, and (4) to describe demongraphic and grief/spiritual-related factors that may influence a bereaved individual's spiritual experience and grief process.
45
Malenkovich, Ilona Yurivna. "Grief Lives Online: An Empirical Study of Kübler-Ross' Categories of Bereavement on MySpace Profiles". PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1441.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With the widespread use of the Internet, grief has been extended in its representation. Specifically, social networking sites, like MySpace, have turned grief presentation from private expressions into public displays of mourning. This study utilizes the theoretical foundations of the grief presentation process of Kübler-Ross' (1969) five categories of bereavement (denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance) to determine whether the grief presentation process is present in an online setting. In this study, the researcher conducted an empirical investigation of 4,931 comments, resulting in 22,263 bereavement themes outlined by Kübler-Ross, which were condensed into 2,288 time-point comparisons posted to 140 MySpace profiles of users who have passed-on. Results revealed noteworthy practices surrounding grief presentation on the MySpace profiles of the deceased. Specifically, bereaved commenters post a significantly greater number of bereavement narratives in the first three months post-mortem as opposed to months four through six. Additionally, race and sex of the deceased, as well as sex of the bereaved, did not prove to be mitigating factors in online grief presentation. Moreover, across observed races and sexes, the bereavement category of acceptance was found most often, followed by depression, denial, anger, and bargaining. Findings suggest that post-mortem commenting behavior blends current memorializing practices while also extending the space for communication and grief presentation. Additional implications for understanding grief communication on MySpace and future directions for research conclude this study.
46
Maeda, Tatiane Sayuri. "Cemitério é lugar de criança? a visita guiada ao Cemitério Consolação como recurso para abordar a educação sobre a morte nas escolas". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20674.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-13T09:11:23Z
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Tatiane Sayuri Maeda.pdf: 2486218 bytes, checksum: a1830cd150296c13e48dace99fc4b193 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T09:11:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiane Sayuri Maeda.pdf: 2486218 bytes, checksum: a1830cd150296c13e48dace99fc4b193 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-01
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The present qualitative research aimed to understand how teachers from the city of São Paulo perceive the matter of education about death, from the experience of taking their students to a guided visit to Consolação Cemetery. A focus group with 9 participants was formed, with teachers who work with first and second grade students of municipal public elementary school, who had had this experience a month before the focus group had it. The instruments used were field observation of the school group which had a guided visit to Consolação Cemetery and a semi-structured interview by means of focus group. The collected material was analysed by the Bardin (2016) technique of content analysis, allowing identification of the categories: fear of death; sociocultural and religious context; participation in funeral ceremonies; meaning of the cemetery; effects of childhood experiences in the adult life; bereavement; communication about death at school; school visit to the cemetery; Zippy‟s Friends Program; students learning; pedagogy trainees learning; education on death at school. The observation has shown that students and teachers were participative and interested in thinking about the topic of death, having explored the cemetery as a place for learning. Teachers perceived the education on death as important at school and that they can also use their past personal childhood experiences with loss and death to help sympathise with the child‟s pain, as well as validate their perceptions and child‟s bereavement acknowledge. The results show that some children would ask questions based on what they had learnt in the classroom, in a previous project, while the teachers training indicate that the visit to the cemetery was an enabler for the appreciation of the idea of including the death topic at school, and the importance of observing the student‟s emotional issues in the learning process
A presente pesquisa qualitativa teve como objetivo compreender como professores de São Paulo percebem a questão da educação sobre a morte, a partir da experiência de levar os seus alunos à visita guiada ao Cemitério Consolação. Realizou-se um grupo focal com 9 participantes, professores que lecionam no primeiro e segundo ano do ensino fundamental da rede pública municipal, que tiveram esta experiência no mês anterior da data de realização do grupo focal. Os instrumentos utilizados foram observação em campo da visita guiada com uma escola no Cemitério Consolação e entrevista semiestruturada de grupo focal. O material coletado foi avaliado a partir da técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2016), permitindo a construção das categorias: medo da morte; contexto sociocultural e religioso; participação nos rituais fúnebres; significado de cemitério; repercussões das vivências infantis na fase adulta; luto; comunicação sobre a morte na escola; visita escolar ao cemitério; Programa Amigos do Zippy; aprendizado dos alunos; aprendizado das estagiárias de pedagogia; educação sobre a morte na escola. A observação evidenciou alunos e professores participativos e interessados em refletir sobre o tema da morte, tendo explorado o cemitério como lugar de aprendizado. As professoras percebem como sendo importante a educação sobre a morte na escola e que o resgate de suas experiências pessoais de perdas e morte na infância, ajuda na empatia com o sofrimento da criança assim como a validação de suas percepções e o luto infantil reconhecido. Os resultados apontam que algumas crianças faziam perguntas a partir do que tinham aprendido em sala de aula, em projeto anterior, enquanto que a existência de capacitação das professoras indica que a visita ao cemitério foi um facilitador para a valorização da inclusão do tema morte na escola e da importância de observar questões emocionais dos alunos no processo de aprendizagem
47
Peveto, Cynthia A. "Death and Ethnicity: A Psychocultural Study-Twenty-Five Years Later". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3036/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
his study compares ethnic, age, and gender differences concerning attitudes and behaviors toward death, dying, and bereavement among Caucasian, African, Hispanic, and Asian American adult participants in north Texas with the results of a 1976 study by Kalish and Reynolds on death attitudes and behaviors of Caucasian, African, Mexican, and Japanese American adult participants in Los Angeles, California. A modified version of Kalish and Reynolds' study questionnaire was administered to 526 respondents (164 Caucasian, 100 African, 205 Hispanic, and 57 Asian Americans) recruited from community and church groups. Findings of this study were compared with those of Kalish and Reynolds in specific areas, including experience with death, attitudes toward one's own death, dying, and afterlife, and attitudes toward the dying, death, or grief of someone else. Data was analyzed employing the same statistical tools as those used by Kalish and Reynolds, i.e., chi square calculations, frequencies, percentages, averages, and analyses of variance. As compared with the earlier study, results indicated that this study's participants were less likely to have known as many persons who had died recently or to state they would try very hard to control grief emotions in public. Present study participants were more likely to have visited dying persons, to want to be informed if they were dying and believe that others should be informed when dying, to prefer to die at home, to have made arrangements to donate their bodies or body parts to medicine, to have seriously talked with others about their future deaths, to consider the appropriateness of mourning practices and the comparative tragedy of age of death from a relative standpoint, and to want to spend the final six months of their lives showing concern for others. Between study differences were found in ethnic group, age group, and gender group comparisons. Within study differences in death and dying attitudes were also found in this study among ethnic, age, and gender groups.
48
McKibbin, Christine L. "Self-Help Intervention and Locus of Control Perceptions of Conjugally Bereaved Older Adults". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278394/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Locus of Control (LOC) is operationalized as a dispositional trait remaining stable throughout life, but may also be conceptualized as a domain specific state. Widowed persons' support groups, consisting of recently conjugally bereaved older adults (N=22) and one high functioning, long-term widowed peer group leader, were utilized to test LOC malleability. A significant increase in one State measure subscale, Desire for Control, was noted. Trait LOC remained stable. The change in State and Trait LOC change did not significantly relate to psychological symptom reduction. However, Trait LOC Internality related to fewer symptoms whereas State LOC Internality related to more symptoms.
49
Servaty, Heather L. "Identity Status and Adjustment to Loss Among Adolescents". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278146/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of the present investigation was to explore the relationship of the adolescent experience of parental death to the variables of identity formation, adjustment, and coping. The inclusion of adolescents who had experienced parental divorce and those who had not experienced either loss condition allowed for group comparisons.
50
Captari, Laura E. "Pathways to Prolonged Grief and Posttraumatic Growth: Examining the Roles of Attachment, Identity Distress, and Shattered Assumptions". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248525/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The sudden or violent death of a loved one (e.g., suicide, homicide, accident, etc.) poses unique challenges for the bereaved. Research has found such losses to be associated with higher levels of chronic psychological distress, now termed Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder in the DSM-5 and Prolonged Grief Disorder in the forthcoming ICD-11. The present study, developed through the lens of Multidimensional Grief Theory (MGT; Kaplow et al., 2013), explored underlying mechanisms and risk and protective factors for both prolonged grief and posttraumatic growth. With a mixed college and community sample of 374 traumatically bereaved adults, results of a path analysis suggest that insecure attachment strategies play a significant role in prolonged grief symptoms through the mediators of identity distress and shattered assumptions. Faced with the traumatic loss of a loved one, the ability and desire to effectively access relationships facilitating intentional processing that promotes cognitive reorganization is predicated on the bereaved's internal working model of attachment. Specifically, attachment anxiety in relation to close others and God, and attachment avoidance in relation to close others, were indirectly associated with prolonged grief. However, attachment avoidance in relation to God was negatively associated with both prolonged grief and posttraumatic growth, and there was no evidence for mediation. One explanation for this could be that individuals endorsing divine attachment avoidance are less likely to make negative religious attributions about the death, which have been associated with chronic psychological distress, but are also less likely to be able to utilize the sacred as a context for growth. By considering traumatically bereaved individuals' internal working model of attachment, level of identity distress, and potentially shattered assumptions, our model accounted for each of MGT's three domains of distress thought to impact post-lost adjustment. That these domains were both inter-related and associated with differential outcomes speaks to the complex nuances of each grief journey and the importance of attending to more than global levels of distress. These results inform the assessment and treatment of individuals bereaved through sudden or violent means.