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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Proton therap"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 15 febbraio 2025

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Proton therap"

Pryanichnikov, A. A., P. B. Zhogolev, A. E. Shemyakov, M. A. Belikhin, A. P. Chernyaev e V. Rykalin. "Low Intensity Beam Extraction Mode on the Protom Synchrotron for Proton Radiography Implementation". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2058, n. 1 (1 ottobre 2021): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2058/1/012041.

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Abstract Proton radiography is one of the most important and actual areas of research that can significantly improve the quality and accuracy of proton therapy. Currently, the calculation of the proton range in patients receiving proton therapy is based on the conversion of Hounsfield CT units of the patient's tissues into the relative stopping power of protons. Proton radiography is able to reduce these uncertainties by directly measuring proton stopping power. The study demonstrates the possibility of Protom synchrotron-based proton therapy facilities to operate in a special mode which makes it possible to implement proton radiography. This work presents the status of the new low beam intensity extraction mode. The paper describes algorithms of low flux beam control, calibration procedures and experimental measurements. Measurements and calibration procedures were performed with certified Protom Faraday Cup, PTW Bragg Peak Chamber and specially designed experimental external.

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Bussière, Marc R., e Judith A. Adams. "Treatment Planning for Conformal Proton Radiation Therapy". Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 2, n. 5 (ottobre 2003): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153303460300200504.

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Clinical results from various trials have demonstrated the viability of protons in radiation therapy and radiosurgery. This has motivated a few large medical centers to design and build expensive hospital based proton facilities based proton facilities (current cost estimates for a proton facility is around $100 million). Until this development proton therapy was done using retrofitted equipment originally designed for nuclear experiments. There are presently only three active proton therapy centers in the United States, 22 worldwide. However, more centers are under construction and being proposed in the US and abroad. The important difference between proton and x-ray therapy is in the dose distribution. X-rays deposit most of their dose at shallow depths of a few centimeters with a gradual decay with depth in the patient. Protons deliver most of their dose in the Bragg peak, which can be delivered at most clinically required depths followed by a sharp fall-off. This sharp falloff makes protons sensitive to variations in treatment depths within patients. Treatment planning incorporates all the knowledge of protons into a process, which allows patients to be treated accurately and reliably. This process includes patient immobilization, imaging, targeting, and modeling of planned dose distributions. Although the principles are similar to x-ray therapy some significant differences exist in the planning process, which described in this paper. Target dose conformality has recently taken on much momentum with the advent of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with photon beams. Proton treatments provide a viable alternative to IMRT because they are inherently conformal avoiding normal tissue while irradiating the intended targets. Proton therapy will soon bring conformality to a new high with the development of intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT). Future challenges include keeping the cost down, increasing access to conventional proton therapy as well as the clinical implementation of IMPT. Computing advances are making Monte Carlo techniques more accessible to treatment planning for all modalities including proton therapy. This technique will allow complex delivery configurations to be properly modeled in a clinical setting.

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Raldow, Ann, James Lamb e Theodore Hong. "Proton beam therapy for tumors of the upper abdomen". British Journal of Radiology 93, n. 1107 (marzo 2020): 20190226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190226.

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Proton radiotherapy has clear dosimetric advantages over photon radiotherapy. In contrast to photons, which are absorbed exponentially, protons have a finite range dependent on the initial proton energy. Protons therefore do not deposit dose beyond the tumor, resulting in great conformality, and offers the promise of dose escalation to increase tumor control while minimizing toxicity. In this review, we discuss the rationale for using proton radiotherapy in the treatment of upper abdominal tumors—hepatocellular carcinomas, cholangiocarcinomas and pancreatic cancers. We also review the clinical outcomes and technical challenges of using proton radiotherapy for the treatment of these malignancies. Finally, we discuss the ongoing clinical trials implementing proton radiotherapy for the treatment of primary liver and pancreatic tumors.

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Foocharoen, C., P. Kingkaew, Y. Teerawattananon, A. Mahakkanukrauh, S. Suwannaroj, W. Manasirisuk, J. Chaiyarit e A. Sangchan. "AB0923 COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ALGINIC ACID IN COMBINATION WITH PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR FOR THE TREATMENT OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE IN SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS PATIENTS". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 82, Suppl 1 (30 maggio 2023): 1678.1–1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.495.

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BackgroundSystemic sclerosis (SSc) patients often become refractory to proton pump inhibitor (PPI)—a standard treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)—and intolerant to PPI in combination with domperidone. PPI with alginic acid is an alternative treatment option, but alginic acid is costly.ObjectivesWe compared the costs and effectiveness of alginic acid plus proton pump inhibitor (PPI) versus standard treatments (PPI with/without antacids as needed and lifestyle modifications) for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients unsuitable for, or intolerant to, domperidone.MethodsAn economic evaluation using the Markov model was conducted among SSc patients between 40 and 65 with GERD, having a partial or non-response to 4 weeks of standard-dose omeprazole (40 mg/d) and being unsuitable for or intolerance to domperidone. Using a societal perspective, we computed the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) in terms of Thai baht (THB) per quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) between a combination of alginic acid plus PPI and standard treatment for GERD. The lifetime time horizon was used.ResultsThe ICER for alginic acid plus PPI versus standard treatments was 377,101THB/QALY. According to the one-way sensitivity analysis, the cost of alginic acid was the most impactful parameter. If the market prices of alginic acid plus PPI were reduced by 61%, this treatment option would become cost-effective at the willingness-to-pay threshold of 160,000THB/QALY (34.71 THB/USD data on 3 December 2022). Furthermore, if alginic acid were included in the public health insurance program, the national budget would be increased by 66,313THB per patient resulting in an overall budget increase of 5,106,101 to 8,885,942THB compared to the standard treatment.ConclusionAlginic acid plus PPI does not represent good value for money compared to the standard treatment among such SSc patients in Thailand unless its price is reduced significantly.References[1]Foocharoen C, Peansukwech U, Mahakkanukrauh A, Suwannaroj S, Pongkulkiat P, Khamphiw P, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 566 Thais with systemic sclerosis: A cohort study. Int J Rheum Dis 2020;23:945–57.[2]Chunlertrith K, Noiprasit A, Foocharoen C, Mairiang P, Sukeepaisarnjaroen W, Sangchan A, et al. GERD questionnaire for diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease in systemic sclerosis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2014;32:S-98-102.[3]Foocharoen C, Chunlertrith K, Mairiang P, Mahakkanukrauh A, Suwannaroj S, Namvijit S, et al. Prevalence and predictors of proton pump inhibitor partial response in gastroesophageal reflux disease in systemic sclerosis: a prospective study. Sci Rep 2020;10:769.[4] Foocharoen C, Chunlertrith K, Mairiang P, Mahakkanukrauh A, Suwannaroj S, Namvijit S, et al. Effectiveness of add-on therapy with domperidone vs alginic acid in proton pump inhibitor partial response gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in systemic sclerosis: randomized placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017;56:214–22.[5] Lei WY, Chang WC, Wen SH, Yi CH, Liu TT, Hung JS, et al. Predicting factors of recurrence in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a prospective follow-up analysis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2019;12:1756284819864549.[6] Teerawattananon Y, Chaikledkaew U. Thai health technology assessment guideline development. J Med Assoc Thai 2008;91 Suppl 2:S11-15.[7] BOI: The Board of Investment of Thailand [Internet]. [cited 2022 Apr 19];Available from:https://www.boi.go.th/index.php?page=demographic.[8] Nimdet K, Ngorsuraches S. Willingness to pay per quality-adjusted life year for life-saving treatments in Thailand. BMJ Open 2015;5:e008123.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsChingching Foocharoen Speakers bureau: Boehringer Ingelheim, Norvatis, Janssen, Pritaporn Kingkaew: None declared, Yot Teerawattananon: None declared, Ajanee Mahakkanukrauh: None declared, Siraphop Suwannaroj: None declared, Witsarut Manasirisuk: None declared, Jitjira Chaiyarit: None declared, Apichat Sangchan: None declared.

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Patyal, Baldev. "Dosimetry Aspects of Proton Therapy". Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 6, n. 4_suppl (agosto 2007): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15330346070060s403.

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High-energy photons and high-energy protons are very different in the ways they interact with matter. These differences lead to distinct advantages of protons over photons for treatment of cancer. Some aspects of proton interactions with tissue that make this modality superior for treating cancer are: (i) Initially, the protons lose energy very slowly as they enter the body; this results in a low entrance dose and low doses to the normal tissues proximal to the tumor. (ii) Near the end of range, protons lose energy very rapidly and deposit all their energy over a very small volume before they come to rest. This is the Bragg peak, a property that results in delivery of the maximum dose to the tumor. (iii) Beyond the Bragg peak, the energy deposited by the protons is zero; no dose is received by normal tissues distal to the tumor. Therefore, protons deliver their maximum dose to the tumor, a low dose to normal structures proximal to the tumor, and no dose to the normal structures beyond the tumor, ideal properties of a radiation modality to treat cancer. One distinct advantage of protons over photons is the ease with which the tumor target can be irradiated conformably to a high dose, and at the same time the normal structures in the vicinity of the tumor can be protected conformably from that high dose. Given the same dose to the tumor via photons and protons, protons inherently deliver less integral dose and, thus, lead to fewer normal-tissue complications. In addition, proton interactions also offer distinct radiobiological advantages over photons. Superior physical and radiobiological proton interactions lead naturally to the concepts of dose escalation and hypofractionation. The superiority of treatment delivery with protons as contrasted with photons is demonstrated by treatment plans.

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Giovannini, Daniela, Cinzia De Angelis, Maria Denise Astorino, Emiliano Fratini, Evaristo Cisbani, Giulia Bazzano, Alessandro Ampollini et al. "In Vivo Radiobiological Investigations with the TOP-IMPLART Proton Beam on a Medulloblastoma Mouse Model". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n. 9 (5 maggio 2023): 8281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098281.

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Protons are now increasingly used to treat pediatric medulloblastoma (MB) patients. We designed and characterized a setup to deliver proton beams for in vivo radiobiology experiments at a TOP-IMPLART facility, a prototype of a proton-therapy linear accelerator developed at the ENEA Frascati Research Center, with the goal of assessing the feasibility of TOP-IMPLART for small animal proton therapy research. Mice bearing Sonic-Hedgehog (Shh)-dependent MB in the flank were irradiated with protons to test whether irradiation could be restricted to a specific depth in the tumor tissue and to compare apoptosis induced by the same dose of protons or photons. In addition, the brains of neonatal mice at postnatal day 5 (P5), representing a very small target, were irradiated with 6 Gy of protons with two different collimated Spread-Out Bragg Peaks (SOBPs). Apoptosis was visualized by immunohistochemistry for the apoptotic marker caspase-3-activated, and quantified by Western blot. Our findings proved that protons could be delivered to the upper part while sparing the deepest part of MB. In addition, a comparison of the effectiveness of protons and photons revealed a very similar increase in the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Finally, by using a very small target, the brain of P5-neonatal mice, we demonstrated that the proton irradiation field reached the desired depth in brain tissue. Using the TOP-IMPLART accelerator we established setup and procedures for proton irradiation, suitable for translational preclinical studies. This is the first example of in vivo experiments performed with a “full-linac” proton-therapy accelerator.

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Katsoulakis, Evangelia, Natalya Chernichenko e David Schreiber. "Proton Therapy in the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer". International Journal of Head and Neck Surgery 8, n. 2 (2017): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10001-1305.

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ABSTRACT Aim To examine the value of proton therapy in relation to other treatment modalities in head and neck cancer. Review Proton therapy has evolved into more sophisticated and costly intensity-modulated proton therapy and has resulted in even greater dose reduction to normal critical structures at risk as compared with photon therapy. Early clinical studies in head and neck cancers, especially for tumors of the skull base and paranasal sinuses, suggest that proton therapy is excellent in terms of local control and is comparable to intensity-modulated radiation therapy photons but with lower rates of morbidity. Results There are many potential advantages to radiation therapy with protons. While there are many single institution studies examining the added value of protons to photon therapy, the value of proton therapy must be examined in prospective randomized clinical studies and across many subsites of head and neck cancer. Additional evidence is necessary to guide efficient clinical practice, patient selection, and tumors that are most likely to benefit from this treatment modality and justify proton therapy use given its significant cost. How to cite this article Katsoulakis E, Chernichenko N, Schreiber D. Proton Therapy in the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer. Int J Head Neck Surg 2017;8(2):45-48.

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Pullia, Marco G. "Synchrotrons for Hadrontherapy". Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 02, n. 01 (gennaio 2009): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626809000284.

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Since 1990, when the world's first hospital-based proton therapy center opened in Loma Linda, California, interest in dedicated proton and carbon ion therapy facilities has been growing steadily. Today, many proton therapy centers are in operation, but the number of centers offering carbon ion therapy is still very low. This difference reflects the fact that protons are well accepted by the medical community, whereas radiotherapy with carbon ions is still experimental. Furthermore, accelerators for carbon ions are larger, more complicated and more expensive than those for protons only. This article describes the accelerator performance required for hadrontherapy and how this is realized, with particular emphasis on carbon ion synchrotrons.

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Rohollahpour, Elham, e Hadi Taleshi Ahangari. "Feasibility of Proton Range Estimation with Prompt Gamma Imaging in Proton Therapy of Lung Cancer: Monte Carlo Study". Journal of Medical Physics 49, n. 4 (ottobre 2024): 531–38. https://doi.org/10.4103/jmp.jmp_74_24.

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Context: Using prompt gamma (PG) ray is proposed as a promising solution for in vivo monitoring in proton therapy. Despite significant and diverse approaches explored over the past two decades, challenges still persist for more effective utilization. Aims: The feasibility of estimating proton range with PG imaging (PGI) as an online imaging guide in an anthropomorphic phantom with lung cancer was investigated through GATE/GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation. Setting and Design: Once the GATE code was validated for use as a simulation tool, the gamma energy spectra of NURBS-based cardiac-torso (NCAT) and polymethyl methacrylate phantoms, representing heterogeneous and homogeneous phantoms respectively, were compared with the gamma emission lines known in nuclear interactions with tissue elements. A 5-mm radius spherical tumor in the lung region of an NCAT phantom, without any physiological or morphological changes, was simulated. Subjects and Methods: The proton pencil beam source was defined as a function of the tumor size to encompass the tumor volume. The longitudinal spatial correlation between the proton dose deposition and the distribution of detected PG rays by the multi-slit camera was assessed for proton range estimation. The simulations were conducted for both 108 and 109 protons. Results: The deviation between the proton range and the range estimated by PGI following proton beam irradiation to the center of the lung tumor was determined by evaluating the longitudinal profiles at the 80% fall-off point, measuring 1.9 mm for 109 protons and 4.5 mm for 108 protons. Conclusions: The accuracy of proton range estimation through PGI is greatly influenced by the number of incident protons and tissue characteristics. With 109 protons, it is feasible to utilize PGI as a real-time monitoring technique during proton therapy for lung cancer.

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Ma, Jie, Hao Shen e Zhaohong Mi. "Enhancing Proton Therapy Efficacy Through Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization". Cells 13, n. 22 (7 novembre 2024): 1841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13221841.

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Proton therapy, characterized by its unique Bragg peak, offers the potential to optimize the destruction of cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues, positioning it as one of the most advanced cancer treatment modalities currently available. However, in comparison to heavy ions, protons exhibit a relatively lower relative biological effectiveness (RBE), which limits the efficacy of proton therapy. The incorporation of nanoparticles for radiosensitization presents a novel approach to enhance the RBE of protons. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the recent advancements in augmenting the biological effects of proton therapy through the use of nanoparticles. It examines the various types of nanoparticles that have been the focus of extensive research, elucidates their mechanisms of radiation sensitization, and evaluates the factors influencing the efficiency of this sensitization process. Furthermore, this review discusses the latest synergistic therapeutic strategies that integrate nanoparticle-mediated radiosensitization and outlines prospective directions for the future application of nanoparticles in conjunction with proton therapy.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Proton therap"

JAFER, RASHIDA. "Laser plasma protons and applications in cancer therapy and proton radiography". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/7457.

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Recent developments in high power, ultrashort pulse laser systems enable laser intensities beyond 10^21 W/cm^2 to be achieved. When focused onto thin foil targets, plasmas with extremely high electrostatic fields (>10^12V/m) are produced, resulting in the acceleration of protons/ions to very high energies (~60MeV). During my PhD, I have worked on experimental investigations into proton acceleration driven by high power laser pulses. Key to successful deployment of laser proton sources one one side is getting higher proton energies through to achieve the ultimate goal of realising table top machines for the treatment of cancer and on the other side, optimising the beam quality, an objective that was of the main motivation for my PhD work. My two main achievements were: 1. The production of bright, ultrashort and radially smooth pulsed proton beams using laser heating of pre-plasmas formed with long (nanosecond) pulses with ultrahigh intensity picosecond pulses. 2. Use of these beams to study the ultrafast dynamics of target implosion under intense laser irradiation The experiments on proton acceleration with the specific goal of controlling the proton beam quality by optical tool design, were performed at RAL. This scheme involves the use of multiple laser pulses to enhance and control the properties of beams of protons accelerated in ultra-intense laser irradiation of planar foil targets. Specifically, one laser pulse produces and controls the expansion of the target to enhance the energy coupling to the main (delayed) laser and/or drives shock deformation of the target to change the direction of the proton beam. The preplasma formed by this low intensity nanosecond beam (~ 0.5-5x10^12 W/cm^2) was used to enhance the laser absorption of the main (delayed) CPA (Chirped pulse amplified). The main CPA picosecond beam was used at high intensity (~ 4x 10^20 W /cm^2) to produce intense proton beams from the hydrogen rich target. The optimum intensity of the nanosecond beam was investigated and optimised to yield a very smooth and circular distribution of the proton beam achieved using a second long pulse laser at 5x10^12w/cm^2. The second achievement concerns an experiment also performed at RAL on proton radiography. As the laser based protons are characterised by small source size, high degree of collimation and short duration, they can be used in point projection backlighting schemes to perform radiography. In particular, I used this idea to perform radiography of a cylindrical target ~ 200µm long imploding under irradiation by long laser pulses of nanosecond duration. This allows measuring the degree of compression of the target as well as the stagnation time in the dynamic regime. The experiment took place in the framework of the HiPER project (the European High Power laser Energy Research facility Project). The final goal of the experiment was to study the transport of fast electron in cylindrical compressed target a subject of interest for fast ignition. In parallel to proton radiography x-ray radiography was used to compare the results. One of the specific advantages of using laser generated protons is that their spectrum is continuous upto a high energy cutoff. Because of their different time of flights protons proved to be very effective in revealing the implosion history of the target. In principle, the obtained implosion can be followed in time with a single shot sensitivity. Instead x-ray radiograph gives one image per laser shot at one fixed time and one has to make several shots in order to reveal the complete history of implosion. Another advantage of using proton radiography is a simpler experimental setup keeping imploding cylinder between proton target and proton detector on the same axis. Simulations of formation of proton images were made with the Monte Carlo MCNPX Code using the density profiles of the imploded cylinder obtained with the 2D-hydro CHIC code. A detailed study of Multiple Coulomb Scattering and Stopping Powers of the protons in low energy regimes for cold and warm matter was done to interpret the experimental results. Finally, I’m taking part in the analysis of experimental results obtained at the University of Rochester (USA) on the Omega-EP laser, and concerning magnetic field effect on the proton radiographs of a wired cone.

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Battinelli, Cecilia. "Proton Arc Therapy Optimization". Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253362.

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Cancer is ranked among the leading causes of death in the world. During the last decades, the development of advanced cancer treatment software has had an increasingly important role in its treatment. To treat cancer, there are many different therapies, one of which is radiation therapy. In radiation therapy, a central component of the treatment planning software is mathematical optimization of the radiation dose. This thesis concerns proton radiation therapy and aims to propose novel methods for generating advanced treatments using a new technique for delivering the radiation. In conventional proton therapy, the patient is irradiated from a few selected directions, typically two or three. To each irradiating direction corresponds a proton beam whose energy is modulated to control the depth at which the protons deposit their energy. This thesis concerns methods for an alternative technique, called proton arc therapy, where the central idea is to irradiate the patient from significantly more directions, but with fewer energies from each direction. This has the possibility of improving both the outcome and the efficiency of the treatment. The number of energies needs to be constrained due to the fact that they are the major determinant of the treatment delivery time, which is important as it is desired to irradiate the patient for as short time as possible. Thus, the central problem to be solved in proton arc therapy is which energies to use for irradiation at each possible angle. The work in this thesis aims at improving the state of the art by implementing methods for optimally solving this problem. When modeling the treatment as an optimization problem, the objective function is a quantitative evaluation criterion for the delivered dose distribution. In this work, the conventional optimization problem used for proton therapy is extended to proton arc therapy by including a constraint on the number of energies used over the arc. This problem is solved by using different algorithms and heuristics. The methods are evaluated on three different pancreatic tumor cases according to these evaluation criteria: objective function value, treatment delivery time and biological effect of the delivered dose. The developed methods are all able to produce proton arc treatments outperforming conventional treatments with respect to all the evaluation criteria. It is concluded that the proton arc therapy has the potential to outperform conventional proton therapy in all regards. The suggested method to perform the energy selection is a hybrid approach of greedy and reverse greedy algorithms. Future work should focus on the possibility of taking the biological effect into account in the optimization, as well as incorporating machine-specific constraints in the optimization model.
Cancer tillhör de främsta dödsorsakerna i världen. Under de senaste decennierna har utvecklingen av avancerad mjukvara haft en ökad betydelse för cancerbehandlingsplanering. Idag används flera metoder för att behandla cancer. Till dem hör strålterapi. Inom strålterapi är matematisk optimering av stråldosen en central komponent i den mjukvara som används för att ta fram behandlingsplaner. Detta examensarbete fokuserar på denna optimering specifikt inom protonterapi och syftar till att utveckla nya metoder för att generera avancerade behandlingar med en ny form av strålteknik. I konventionell protonterapi så strålas patienten från ett fåtal bestämda riktningar, vanligen två eller tre. Från varje riktning skjuts en protonstråle, vars energi moduleras för att kontrollera vid vilket djup protonerna levererar sin energi. Detta arbete behandlar en alternativ teknik som kallas protonbågsterapi, där den centrala idén är att stråla patienten från betydligt fler riktningar, men med färre energier från varje riktning. Denna teknik möjliggör förbättringar av behandlingens utfall liksom dess hastighet. Antalet protonenergier som används måste dock begränsas, eftersom ändringar av energin står för den primära tidsåtgången i behandlingen och det är önskvärt att stråla patienten under så kort tid som möjligt. Därmed är den centrala uppgiften i protonbågsterapi att bestämma vilka och hur många energier som ska användas från varje möjlig strålvinkel. Syftet med detta arbete är att ta fram metoder som presterar bättre än de befintliga för att lösa denna uppgift på ett optimalt sätt. När en strålbehandling modelleras som ett optimeringsproblem så är målfunktionen ett kvantitativt evalueringsmått baserat på den levererade dosfördelningen i patienten. I detta arbete utvidgas den konventionella problemformuleringen till att även involvera ett bivillkor avseende antalet energier som används i behandlingen. Problemet löses sedan med olika algoritmer och heuristiska metoder. Metoderna utvärderas genom att generera behandlingar i tre olika patientfall, samtliga med bukspottkörtelcancer. Tre krit erier utvärderas: målfunktionsvärde, behandlingstid samt dosens biologiska effekt. De utvecklade metoderna producerar samtliga behandlingar bättre än den som ges med konventionell protonterapi, med avseende på alla tre utvärderingskriterier. Således dras slutsatsen att protonbågsterapi kan vara en förbättring av konventionell protonterapi. Den föreslagna metoden för att välja energier är en hybridmetod bestående av en girig och en omvänt girig optimeringsmetod. Framtida arbete bör fokusera på att inkludera den biologiska effekten av dosen i optimeringsmodellen, och även att ta hänsyn till maskinspecifika begränsningar.

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Aloufi, K. M. H. "Neutron spectroscopy in proton therapy". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2016. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1493068/.

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Aim: During proton therapy, neutrons are generated through the interactions of a proton beam with the treatment head and the patient’s body. A minor neutron dose to healthy tissues could be significant because of the high radiation weighting factor of neutrons. The aim of this research was to conduct a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation assessment of the relative neutron dose (neutron equivalent dose/prescribed proton therapy dose) and dose distribution during the proton irradiation at Clatterbridge Hospital. Materials and methods: Due to the required criteria for a neutron detector in a proton therapy room, a prototype neutron detector based on EJ-331 (gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator) was simulated using Geant4 and GAMOS.4.0.0 MC simulation codes. Then, the detector was constructed, calibrated and tested. Four pulse shape discrimination (PSD) methods were obtained and evaluated: charges ratio, charge to amplitude ratio, amplitude-fall time and fall time-amplitude. The proton beam line at Clatterbridge Hospital was simulated using Geant4 and GAMOS.4.0.0 MC simulation codes. Neutrons and gamma rays were tracked during the proton irradiation and their deposited energies (DEs) were scored in a voxelised water phantom (50 x 100 x 50cm^3). The simulated prototype neutron detector was located 15cm in front of and 30cm below the final collimator of the simulated proton therapy beam line. In addition, measurement was taken using the prototype neutron detector during the proton irradiation at Clatterbridge Hospital. The measurement geometry was adjusted so that it was the same as the MC simulation geometry to allow a comparison with the MC simulation results and to validate the MC results. Results: The measured prototype neutron detector energy resolution was the same as the simulated detector, which was 17% at 477keV (Cs^137 Compton edge). Using a Figure of Merit to evaluate the obtained PSD methods, the best PSD method performance was found to be the charges ratio. Thus, the charges ratio PSD method was applied to the collected data from the measurements at the proton therapy room in Clatterbridge Hospital. A good agreement was found (within 80%) between the measured and the MC results. Hence, the MC simulation of the relative DE distributions from the neutrons and the gamma rays in the voxelised water phantom were validated. The MC simulation results showed that the contribution of gamma rays to the integral equivalent radiation dose was 5.1%. In addition, the contributions of internal and thermal neutrons to the integral equivalent neutron dose were 4.1% and 1.2% respectively. Thus, fast external neutrons are the main source (89.6%) of the secondary radiation dose during proton irradiation at Clatterbridge Hospital. Most of the neutron DE was distributed in and around the target voxel. In contrast, the gamma-ray DE was widely distributed. The relative integral neutron equivalent dose, which was 1.48mSv/Gy, and its distribution, in the patient’s body (i.e. the voxelised water phantom), can be generalised for any prescribed proton therapy dose during proton therapy at Clatterbridge Hospital. Conclusion: Fast external neutrons are the main concern in terms of the additional unwanted secondary radiation dose during proton therapy at the Clatterbridge proton beam. Although the neutron dose was small compared to the prescribed proton therapy dose, it is not negligible and the dose distribution can be used as the basis of the risk estimation from radiation induced secondary cancers.

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Ryckman, Jeffrey M. "Using MCNPX to calculate primary and secondary dose in proton therapy". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39499.

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Proton therapy is a relatively new treatment modality for cancer, having recently been incorporated into hospitals in the last two decades. Although proton therapy has much higher start up and treatment costs than traditional methods of radiotherapy, it continues to expand in use today. One reason for this is that proton therapy has the advantage of a more precise localization of dose compared to traditional radiotherapy. Other proposed advantages of proton therapy in the treatment of cancer may lead to a faster expanse in its use if proven to be more effective than traditional radiotherapy. Therefore, much research must be done to investigate the possible negative and positive effects of using proton therapy as a treatment modality. In proton therapy, protons do account for the vast majority of dose. However, when protons travel through matter, secondary particles are created by the interactions of protons and matter en route to and within the patient. It is believed that secondary dose can lead to secondary cancer, especially in pediatric cases. Therefore, the focus of this work is determining both primary and secondary dose. In order to develop relevant simulations, the specifications of the treatment room and beam were based off of real-world facilities as closely as possible. Using available data from proton accelerators and clinical facilities, an accurate proton therapy nozzle was designed. Dose calculations were performed by MCNPX using a simple water phantom, and then beam characteristics were investigated to ensure the accuracy of the model. After validation of the beam nozzle, primary and secondary dose values were tabulated and discussed. By demonstrating the method of these calculations, the purpose of this work is to serve as a guide into the relatively recent field of Monte Carlo methods in proton therapy.

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Schneider, Uwe. "Proton radiography : a tool for quality control in proton therapy /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1994. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=10780.

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Morel, Paul. "MSPT : Motion Simulator for Proton Therapy". Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1094/document.

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En proton thérapie, la technique de balayage, permet de traiter efficacement le patient vis à vis de l'irradiation de la tumeur et la protection des tissus sains. Ces bénéfices dosimétriques peuvent cependant être grandement dégradés par les mouvements intra-fraction. Par conséquent, l'étude de méthodes d'atténuation ou d'adaptation est nécessaire. C'est pour cela, que nous avons développé un logiciel ”open-source” de calcul et d'évaluation de dose en 4D, MSPT (Motion Simulator for Proton Therapy), pour la technique de balayage. Son but est de mettre en avant l'impact des mouvements intra-fraction en calculant la répartition de dose dans le patient. En outre, l'utilisation de MSPT nous a permis de mettre au point et de proposer une nouvelle méthode d'atténuation du mouvement basée sur l'ajustement du poids du faisceau quand celui-ci balaye la tumeur. En photon thérapie, un enjeu principal pour les traitements délivrés à l'aide de collimateurs multi-lames (MLC) consiste à trouver un ensemble de configurations du MLC permettant d'irradier correctement la tumeur. L'efficacité d'un tel ensemble se mesure par le total beam-on time et le total setup time. Dans notre étude, nous nous intéressons à la minimisation de ces critères, d'un point de vue algorithmique, pour de nouvelles technologies de MLC: le MLC rotatif et le MLC à double couche. De plus, nous proposons un algorithme d'approximation pour trouver un ensemble de configurations minimisant le total beam-on time pour le MLC rotatif
In proton therapy, the delivery method named spot scanning, can provide a particularly efficient treatment in terms of tumor coverage and healthy tissues protection. The dosimetric benefits of proton therapy may be greatly degraded due to intra-fraction motions. Hence, the study of mitigation or adaptive methods is necessary. For this purpose, we developed an open-source 4D dose computation and evaluation software, MSPT (Motion Simulator for Proton Therapy), for the spot-scanning delivery technique. It aims at highlighting the impact of intra-fraction motions during a treatment delivery by computing the dose distribution in the moving patient. In addition, the use of MSPT allowed us to develop and propose a new motion mitigation strategy based on the adjustment of the beam's weight when the proton beam is scanning across the tumor. In photon therapy, a main concern for deliveries using a multileaf collimator (MLC) relies on finding a series of MLC configurations to deliver properly the treatment. The efficiency of such series is measured by the total beam-on time and the total setup time. In our work, we study the minimization of these efficiency criteria from an algorithmic point of view, for new variants of MLCs: the rotating MLC and the dual-layer MLC. In addition, we propose an approximation algorithm to find a series of configurations that minimizes the total beam-on time for the rotating MLC

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Salhani, Maat Bilhal. "Backprojection-then-filtering reconstruction along the most likely path in proton computed tomography". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknik och hälsa (STH), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189495.

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The backprojection-then-filtering algorithm was applied to proton CT data to reconstruct a map of proton stopping power relative to water (RSP) in air, water and bone. Backprojections were performed along three commonly used path estimates for the proton: straight line path, cubic spline path, and most likely path. The proton CT data was obtained through simulations using the GEANT4 simulation toolkit. Two elliptical phantoms were inspected, and an accuracy of 0.2% and 0.8% was obtained for the RSP in water and bone respectively in the region of interest, while the RSP of air was significantly underestimated.

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Henry, Thomas. "The development of a proton grid therapy". Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-144098.

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Smeets, Julien. "Prompt gamma imaging with a slit camera for real time range control in particle therapy". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209624.

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In a growing number of cutting edge centres around the world, radiotherapy treatments delivered by beams of protons and carbon ions offer the opportunity to target tumours with unprecedented conformality. But a sharper dose distribution increases the need for efficient quality control. Treatments are still affected by uncertainties on the penetration depth of the beam within the patient, requiring medical physicists to add safety margins. To reduce these margins and deliver safer treatments, different projects investigate real time range control by imaging prompt gammas emitted along the proton or carbon ion tracks in the patient.

This thesis reports on the feasibility, development and test of a new type of prompt gamma camera for proton therapy. This concept uses a knife-edge slit collimator to obtain a 1-dimensional projection of the beam path on a gamma camera. It was optimized, using the Monte Carlo code MCNPX version 2.5.0, to select high energy photons correlated with the beam range and detect them with both high counting statistics and sufficient spatial resolution for use in clinical routine. To validate the Monte Carlo model, spectrometry measurements of secondary particles emitted by a PMMA target during proton irradiation at 160 MeV were realised. An excellent agreement with the simulations was observed when using subtraction methods to isolate the gammas in direct incidence. A first prototype slit camera using the HiCam gamma detector was consequently prepared and tested successfully at 100 and 160 MeV beam energies. If we neglect electronic dead times and rejection of detected events, the current solution with its collimator at 15 cm from beam axis can achieve a 1-2 mm standard deviation on range estimation in a homogeneous PMMA target for numbers of protons that correspond to doses in water at Bragg peak as low as 15 cGy at 100 MeV and 25 cGy at 160 MeV assuming pencil beams with a Gaussian profile of 5 mm sigma at target entrance.

This thesis also investigates the applicability of the slit camera for carbon ion therapy. On the basis of Monte Carlo simulations with the code MCNPX version 2.7.E, this type of camera appears not to be able to identify the beam range with the required sensitivity. The feasibility of prompt gamma imaging itself seems questionable at high beam energies given the weak correlation of secondaries leaving the patient.

This work consequently concludes to the relevance of the slit camera approach for real time range monitoring in proton therapy, but not in carbon ion therapy.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Vanaudenhove, Thibault. "Shielding study against high-energy neutrons produced in a proton therapy facility by means of Monte Carlo codes and on-site measurements". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209276.

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Over the last few decades, radiotherapy using high-energy proton beams over the range from 50 MeV to 250 MeV has been increasingly used and developed. Indeed, it offers the possibility to focus the dose in a very narrow area around the tumor cells. The tumor control is improved compared to radiotherapy using photon beams and the healthy cells around the tumor are not irradiated since the range of charged particles is limited. However, due to nuclear reactions of the incident charged particles in the tissue, secondary high-energy radiations, essentially photons and neutrons, are produced and irradiate the treatment room.

As a consequence, thick concrete shielding walls are placed around the treatment room to ensure that other people and workers received a dose as small as possible. The dose measurement is performed with specific dosemeters such as the WENDI-II, which gives a conservative estimation of the ambient dose equivalent up to 5 GeV. The dose in working areas may also be estimated by means of numerical calculations by using simulation codes of particle transport such as the GEANT4, MCNPX, FLUKA and PHITS Monte Carlo codes.

Secondary particle yields calculated with Monte Carlo codes show discrepancies when different physical models are used but are globally in good agreement with experimental data from the literature. Neutron and photon doses decrease exponentially through concrete shielding wall but the neutron dose is definitely the main component behind a wall with sufficient thickness. Shielding parameters, e.g. attenuation coefficients, vary as functions of emission angle (regarding the incident beam direction), incident proton energy, and target material and composition.

The WENDI-II response functions computed by using different hadronic models show also some discrepancies. Thermal treatment of hydrogen in the polyethylene composing the detector is also of great importance to calculate the correct response function and the detector sensitivity.

Secondary particle sources in a proton therapy facility are essentially due to losses in cyclotron and beam interactions inside the energy selection system, with the treatment nozzle components and the target - patient or phantom. Numerical and experimental results of the dose in mazes show a good agreement for the most of detection points while they show large discrepancies in control rooms. Indeed, statistical consistency is reached with difficulty for both experimental and calculated results in control rooms since concrete walls are very thick in this case.

La radiothérapie utilisant des faisceaux de protons d’énergie entre 50 MeV et 250 MeV s’est largement développée ces dernières années. Elle a l’immense avantage de pouvoir concentrer la dose due au faisceau incident de manière très efficace et très précise sur la tumeur, en épargnant les éventuels organes sains et sensibles aux radiations situés aux alentours. Cependant, des rayonnements « secondaires » très énergétiques sont créés par les réactions nucléaires subies par les protons lors de leur parcours dans les tissus, et peuvent sortir du patient. Des blindages entourant la salle de traitement et suffisamment épais doivent être présents afin que la dose reçue par les personnes se trouvant aux alentours soit la plus faible possible. La mesure de la dose se fait avec des dosimètres spécifiques et sensibles aux rayonnements de haute énergie, tels que le WENDI-II pour les neutrons. L’estimation de cette dose, et donc la modélisation des blindages, se fait également avec des codes de simulation numérique de transport de particules par les méthodes de Monte Carlo, tels que GEANT4, MCNPX, FLUKA et PHITS.

La production de rayonnements secondaires calculée à l’aide de codes Monte Carlo montre des écarts significatifs lorsque différents modèles d’interactions physiques sont utilisés, mais est en bon accord avec des données expérimentales de référence. L’atténuation de la dose due aux neutrons et aux photons secondaires à travers un blindage composé de béton est exponentielle. De plus, la dose due aux neutrons est clairement la composante dominante au-delà d’une certaine épaisseur. Les paramètres d’atténuation, comme par exemple le coefficient d’atténuation, dépendent de l’angle d’émission (par rapport à la direction du faisceau incident), de l’énergie des protons incidents et de la nature et la composition de la cible.

La fonction de réponse du dosimètre WENDI-II montre également des variations lorsque différents modèles physiques sont considérés dans les codes Monte Carlo. La prise en compte d’effets fins comme les états de vibration et de rotation des atomes d’hydrogène au sein du polyéthylène composant le détecteur se révèle essentielle afin de caractériser correctement la réponse du détecteur ainsi que sa sensibilité.

L’émission secondaire dans un centre de protonthérapie est essentiellement due aux pertes dans le cyclotron et aux interactions du faisceau avec les systèmes de sélection de l’énergie, les composants de la tête de tir et le patient (ou le fantôme). L’évaluation numérique de la dose dans les labyrinthes des différentes salles du centre montre un bon accord avec les données expérimentales. Tandis que pour les points de mesure dans leur salle de contrôle respective, de larges différences peuvent apparaitre. Ceci est en partie dû à la difficulté d’obtenir des résultats statistiquement recevables du point de vue expérimental, mais aussi numérique, au vu de l’épaisseur des blindages entourant les salles de contrôle.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
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Libri sul tema "Proton therap"

Metz, James M. Proton therapy. New York: Demos Medical Pub., 2010.

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Yajnik, Santosh. Proton Beam Therapy. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5298-0.

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Paganetti, Ph.D., Harald. Proton Therapy Physics. 3^a ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781032616858.

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Breuer, Hans, e Berend J. Smit. Proton Therapy and Radiosurgery. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04301-1.

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F, De Laney Thomas, e Kooy Hanne M, a cura di. Proton and charged particle radiotherapy. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

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F, De Laney Thomas, e Kooy Hanne M, a cura di. Proton and charged particle radiotherapy. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

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Würl, Matthias. Towards Offline PET Monitoring at a Cyclotron-Based Proton Therapy Facility. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13168-5.

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Antonio Carlos Alves de Aro. Microdosimetry relevant to neutron and proton cancer therapy up to 62 MeV. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1992.

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Cosgrove, Vivian Patrick. Monte Carlo modelling and microdosimetric measurements relating to proton cancer therapy of the eye. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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Matthews, David J. Targeting protein kinases for cancer therapy. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Proton therap"

Dirican, Bahar. "Proton Therapy: Present State and Future Prospects". In The Latest Innovative Approaches in Radiation Therapy, 63–79. Istanbul: Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359425.4.

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The use of high-energy protons for radiation therapy was first proposed by Wilson in 1946. Then, at five major centers, Berkeley (United States). Dubna (Russia), Uppsala (Sweden), Harward (United States) and Moscow (Russia), between 1950 and 1960 the use of proton therapy followed. In the beginning progress was slow: 1) Because proton dosimetry and imaging techniques for tumor localization were not well developed 2) Because the accelerators used to produce the proton beams were designed as experimental facilities rather than as clinical machines. More recently, significant growth has occurred in the number of accelerators used for proton therapy. The number of centers has significantly increased over the past decade and protons are now used with more routine in multiple disease sites worldwide.

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Mallick, Supriya. "Proton Therapy". In Practical Radiation Oncology, 79–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0073-2_12.

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Daugherty, Larry C., Brandon J. Fisher, Christin A. Knowlton, Michelle Kolton Mackay, David E. Wazer, Anthony E. Dragun, James H. Brashears et al. "Proton Therapy". In Encyclopedia of Radiation Oncology, 675–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85516-3_28.

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Oelfke, Uwe. "Proton Therapy". In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics, 173–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3097-9_15.

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Chang, Joe Y., e James D. Cox. "Proton Therapy". In Lung Cancer, 338–52. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118468791.ch22.

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Bloch, Charles. "Proton Therapy". In Absolute Therapeutic Medical Physics Review, 53–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14671-8_6.

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Grassberger, Clemens, Gregory C. Sharp e Harald Paganetti. "Proton therapy". In Principles and Practice of Image-Guided Radiation Therapy of Lung Cancer, 179–210. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. | Series: Imaging in medical diagnosis and therapy: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315143873-10.

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Mendenhall, Nancy Price, e Zuofeng Li. "Proton Therapy". In Medical Radiology, 197–218. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/174_2011_266.

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Paganetti, Harald. "Proton Therapy". In Proton Therapy Physics, 3–14. 3^a ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781032616858-2.

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Armstrong, Carol L. "Proton Beam Therapy". In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2060–61. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_151.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Proton therap"

Tabrizi, F. Kazem, A. Asadi, S. A. Hosseini, H. Arabi e H. Zaidi. "Enhancing Precision in Proton Therapy: Monte Carlo Simulation Modeling and Validation of FLASH Proton Therapy for Accelerated Treatment Delivery". In 2024 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium (NSS), Medical Imaging Conference (MIC) and Room Temperature Semiconductor Detector Conference (RTSD), 1. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic/rtsd57108.2024.10657642.

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Balcerzyk, M., M. Freire, R. Fernandez De La Rosa, M. A. Pozo, A. Gonzalez-Montoro, S. Jiménez-Serrano e A. J. Gonzalez. "Dose Verification after Proton Therapy Treatment using Positron Emission Tomography". In 2024 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium (NSS), Medical Imaging Conference (MIC) and Room Temperature Semiconductor Detector Conference (RTSD), 1. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic/rtsd57108.2024.10657472.

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Cheng, Chin-Hsien. "Nano-Scale Transport Phenomena and Thermal Effect of the PEMFC Electrolyte". In ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52323.

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This paper employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to investigate the transport phenomena and thermal effect at nano-scale inside fuel cell electrolyte. The material of the electrolyte was chosen to be Nafion® which is the most commonly used material for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The transport of protons inside the electrolyte is one of the major issues that influencing the fuel cell performance. The structure of the Nafion® includes carbon-fluorine back bones and side chains (with SO3− attached at the end). Simulation results show that the transport of protons was confined to some specific regions. These specific regions (hydrophilic phase region) consist of water molecules, protons and sulfonated acid groups. Different hydration levels (3, 61.25, 9 and 15.375 H2O/SO3−) was also studied to test the sensitivity of the electrolyte water content on proton conduction. Higher water content shows greater proton mobility due to the larger water cluster size and more water clusters. The influence of the temperatures (333K, 343K and 353K) on proton mobility was due to different sizes of hydrophilic phase regions. Diffusion coefficients at various operation conditions were also evaluated and showed satisfactory agreement with the published experimental data.

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Freeman, Matthew S., Michelle Espy, Frank E. Merrill, Dale Tupa, Per E. Magnelind, Fesseha G. Mariam e Carl H. Wilde. "Proton radiography for relativistic proton beam therapy". In Physics of Medical Imaging, a cura di Guang-Hong Chen, Joseph Y. Lo e Taly Gilat Schmidt. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2293928.

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Cho, Min Kook, Jungwook Shin, Ho Kyung Kim, Myonggeun Yoon, Dongho Shin, Se Byeong Lee e Sung Yong Park. "Feasibility of proton tomosynthesis system in proton therapy". In SPIE Medical Imaging. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.844539.

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Sisterson, J. M. "Proton therapy in 1996". In The fourteenth international conference on the application of accelerators in research and industry. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52694.

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Kuzora, Natalya, Aleksandr Khalikov, Natalya Mamedova e Djan Karlin. "Proton beam therapy complex at 1000 MeV proton beam". In RAD Conference. RAD Centre, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21175/rad.abstr.book.2021.35.2.

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Eaton, Brandon, Michael R. von Spakovsky, Michael W. Ellis, Douglas J. Nelson, Benoit Olsommer e Nathan Siegel. "One-Dimensional, Transient Model of Heat, Mass, and Charge Transfer in a Proton Exchange Membrane". In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/aes-23652.

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Abstract A transient, one-dimensional, model of the membrane of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is presented. The role of the membrane is to transport protons from the anode to cathode of the fuel cell while preventing the transport of other reactants. The membrane is modeled assuming mono-phase, multi-species flow. For water transport, the principle driving forces modeled are a convective force, an osmotic force (i.e. diffusion), and an electric force. The first of these results from a pressure gradient, the second from a concentration gradient, and the third from the migration of protons from anode to cathode and their effect (drag) on the dipole water molecules. Equations are developed for the conservation of protons and water, the conservation of thermal energy, and the variation of proton potential within the membrane. The model is solved using a fully implicit finite difference approach. Results showing the effects of current density, pressure gradients, water and heat fluxes, and fuel cell start-up on water concentration, temperature, and proton potential across the membrane are presented.

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Tung-Chang Liu, Chuan Liu, Xi Shao, B. Eliasson, G. Dudnikova, R. Sagdeev e S. Sharma. "Laser-plasma acceleration of mono-energetic protons: Simulations of an energetic proton source for cancer therapy". In 2009 International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isdrs.2009.5378037.

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Coutrakon, George B. "Proton synchrotrons for cancer therapy". In The CAARI 2000: Sixteenth international conference on the application of accelerators in research and industry. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1395439.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Proton therap"

Goodnight, J. E. Jr, e J. R. Alonso. Proton Therapy Research and Treatment Center. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maggio 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7013819.

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Goodnight, J. E. Jr, e J. R. Alonso. Proton Therapy Research and Treatment Center. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maggio 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10184274.

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McDonough, James. Proton Therapy Dose Characterization and Verification. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, ottobre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada631128.

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Tochner, Zelig, Keith Cengel, Eric Diffenderfer, Derek Dolney, Simon Hastings, Joel Karp, Alexander Lin, Rulon Mayer, Sergei Savin e Jessica Sheehan. Proton Therapy Dose Characterization and Verification. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, ottobre 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601963.

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Peggs S. Fundamental Limits to Stereotactic Proton Therapy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), novembre 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1061714.

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Lee Y. Y. SOME THOUGHTS ON CONFORMAL PROTON RADIO THERAPY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1151312.

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Alonso, J. Optimizing proton therapy at the LBL medical accelerator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5228500.

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Tochner, Zelig, Chris Ainsley, Maura Kirk, Derek Dolney, James McDonough e Neha Vapiwala. Development of a Multileaf Collimator for Proton Therapy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, novembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601961.

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Tochner, Zelig, Keith Cengel, Eric Diffenderfer, Derek Dolney, Simon Hastings, Joel Karp, Alexander Lin, Rulon Mayer, Sergei Savin e Jessica Sheehan. Development of Technology for Image-Guided Proton Therapy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, ottobre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601964.

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McDonough, James, Aaron Aguilar, Keith Cengel, Ann Kennedy, Richard Maughan, James Metz, Zelig Tochner, Arnaud Belard, John O'Connell e Alexander Lin. Development of Technology for Image-Guided Proton Therapy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, ottobre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada561091.

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