Tesi sul tema "Protected geographical indication"

In 1992 the European geographical indication system was established. Through the years more than thousand of foodstuffs were registered to the system. Czech Republic joined the system through access to EU in 2004. In this paper the consumer's willingness to pay for selected product that carries geographical indication is analysed. For analysis the panel data from brewing industry are used. The results of the work are that the presence of a protected geographical indication in the interaction with other features of the product may affect the willingness of consumers to pay for the product. For example, was shown that the interaction of the protected geographical indications and bottled draft beer can influence the consumer's willingness to pay for GI product.

Geographical indications (GIs) are one form of protective labelling used to indicate the origin of food and alcohol products. The role of protected geographical indicators as a promising sustainable rural development tool is the basis for this research. The protection of geographical indications is a rather controversial subject and much research is still required for both sides of the debate. The research method employed for this study is qualitative critical social science. Two Case studies are used to investigate the benefits brought to rural areas through the protection of GIs. The case studies include the GIs Jersey Royal and Welsh Lamb both from the United Kingdom a member of the European Union (the EU is in favour of extended protection of GIs for all agro-food products under the 1994 WTO/TRIPS agreement on geographical indications). Twenty-five indepth interviews were conducted for this study the duration of the interviews was approximately one hour. The study identifies predominantly indirect links between GIs and sustainable rural development, through economic and social benefits bought to rural areas by the GIs investigated - less of a connection was found to ecological elements. No considerable cost for GI protection was discovered. This finding suggests that GIs are worthwhile for implementation in New Zealand as a rural development tool.

Agribusiness is an important sector to contribute the Brazilian trade surplus. The European Union and the United States are among the main destinations of agrofood products, taking part in 31.4% and 14.2% out of the exportations, respectively. The consumers, especially the Europeans, have presented themselves more demanding in what concerns farming products for human consumption, due to the nature of these products and the frequent food crisis. Thus, market segmentation based on information about the origin of the product and production process for differentiation and price attribution has become important, due to the fact that farming systems which are scale-based and linked to the production of commodities have become weakened beyond such markets. In this context, an alternative for development for certain regions is to consider regional/local specificities as factors that determine their identity, based on the concept of geographical indications. This scenario presents an opportunity for the farmers located in the APA of Ibirapuitã. Historically, the region is linked to animal production, due to the fact that the natural pastures there found provide a good support for this type of activity, which has marked the tradition, history and culture of the Gaúcho. The natural environment, therefore, characterises certain intrinsically specific attributes for the products that are originated from it, being that an important aspect in Geographical Indications. Thus, the geographical origin system, used in a Protected Designations of Origin or Protected Geographical Indications approach, is an alternative of development through the territorial perspective. This region is inserted in a conservation area legally known for its peculiar characteristics linked to the Pampa Bioma, which legitimizes extensive animal production. The development of a prototype of a system with a geo-referenced database occurred due to the need of obtaining the position of farmers in relation to the borders of the APA of Ibirapuitã. Finally the geographical indications can be used not only as tools to access other markets, but also for agricultural development, in the sense of valuing territories, mainly for small farmers that are strongly linked to their place of origin, history and culture. This space-time relation values the richness of natural, historical and cultural characteristics, i.e., the features which are fundamental for the differentiation of its production. This approach allows the origin of a product and/or its production processes to be valued, and to convert them into a differentiation and value aggregation factor, besides assuring the products identified according to pre-established parameters in what refers mainly to environmental, social and sanitary issues, as an alternative to the new barriers present in today s economical negotiations.
O agronegócio tem importante contribuição no superávit da balança comercial brasileira. A União Européia e os Estados Unidos estão entre os principais destinos dos produtos agrícolas, com uma participação de 31,4% e 14,2%, respectivamente. Os consumidores, principalmente europeus, têm se mostrado motivados em exigir maior transparência em relação aos produtos agroalimentares, devido à própria natureza destes produtos e às freqüentes crises alimentares. Assim, torna-se importante a segmentação de mercado baseado em informações sobre origem do produto e/ou processo de produção para diferenciação e agregação de valor, pois sistemas agropastoris baseados em escala e vinculados à produção de commodities se enfraqueceram frente a estes mercados. Dentro deste contexto, uma alternativa de desenvolvimento para certas regiões é considerar especificidades regionais/locais do território como determinantes de sua identidade, base do conceito de indicações geográficas. Este cenário possibilita uma oportunidade para os produtores localizados na APA do Ibirapuitã, historicamente a região está vinculada à pecuária, decorrente do suporte dos campos naturais ao desenvolvimento desta atividade, que marcou a tradição, história e cultura do gaúcho. O meio natural, portanto, caracteriza atributos intrínsecos específicos para produtos provenientes deste, sendo um aspecto importante nas Indicações Geográficas. Deste modo, o sistema de indicações geográficas, seja utilizando uma abordagem de Indicação de Procedência ou Denominação de Origem, é uma alternativa de desenvolvimento pela perspectiva territorial da região. A mesma está inserida numa unidade de conservação reconhecida legalmente por suas características pecualiares vinculadas à localização no Bioma Pampa, o que legitima a atividade de produção animal extensiva. O desenvolvimento do protótipo de um sistema com uma base de dados georreferenciada ocorreu pela necessidade de obtenção, neste primeiro momento, da localização dos produtores em relação aos limites APA do Ibirapuitã e de dados sobre recursos sócio-econômicos, objetivando obter um conhecimento prévio da área em estudo. A extensão geográfica - característica da área - associada à complexidade e diversidade de características dos sistemas agrários requer, sempre que possível, o uso de instrumentos e tecnologias disponíveis ao levantamento e análise de informações, processo que pode ser facilitado com a utilização de imagens de satélites, aplicação de fichas de levantamento adequadas à região e pelo uso de técnicas estatísticas para o tratamento dos dados. Analisando sobre estes aspectos, os resultados preliminares do protótipo desenvolvido foram adequados aos objetivos propostos, pois possibilitou a facilidade de armazenamento e obtenção de resultados baseados na análise dos dados, além da facilidade de localização destes produtores em relação aos limites desta unidade de conservação. Finalmente, as indicações geográficas podem ser utilizadas, não apenas como instrumentos para acesso a mercados, mas também como uma ferramenta de desenvolvimento rural, no sentido da valorização dos territórios, principalmente para os pequenos produtores que possuem forte vinculação com o local de origem, história e cultura. Esta relação espaço-tempo oferece a riqueza de seu patrimônio natural e histórico-cultural, ou seja, sua tipicidade fundamental à diferenciação de sua produção. Esta abordagem permite proteger e valorizar a origem de um produto e/ou processos de produção, e convertê-las em fator de diferenciação e agregação de valor, além de garantir produtos identificados de acordo com parâmetros pré-estabelecidos no que se refere principalmente a questões ambientais, sociais e sanitárias, alternativa às novas barreiras presentes nas atuais negociações econômicas.

Угода про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС передбачає створення зони вільної торгівлі, лібералізацію торгівлі між сторонами, гармонізацію законодавства. Одним із питань Угоди є гармонізація законодавства у сфері правової охорони, використання та реєстрації географічних зазначень.

This thesis explores the historical evolution of the nature of the link between a product and its place of origin in the European sui generis systems of GI protection, with a specific focus on the EU Regulation 1151/2012 on Geographical Indications for the protection of agricultural products and foodstuffs. It concludes that this link has substantively changed, since the 1930s, when some early forms of sui generis GI systems were introduced in southern Europe, especially in France and Italy. While these regimes were based exclusively on the concept of terroir, a cipher for the physical link between a product and a place, an empirical analysis carried out in the present work reveals that, today, the history of the product and of its method of production is, statistically, the predominant linking factor. Furthermore, the research shows that the historical link is almost always mentioned in the specifications of EU GI products, when protected both by Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) or Protected Geographical Indications (PGI), which are the two quality schemes provided by EU Law. In particular, the terroir element, which characterises PDOs, also appears frequently in PGI specifications, where it should be superfluous, thus suggesting that the differences between these two quality schemes are unclear. Finally, the emergence of the historical element confirms that GIs can contribute to the protection of products that are linked to a geographical area not by physical and environmental factors, but by the socio-cultural traditions of a specific place. Although history can constitute a valid product/link, however, it must be used with caution, as it can be mystified and reconstructed in an arbitrary and unfounded way. This is dangerous, because it can turn GIs into a mere marketing tool, thus damaging the origin function that distinguishes them from the broad family of quality labels.

Geographers have investigated agri-foods, commodity chains, 'alternative' food networks, 'local' production, and multicultural cuisine. However, the relationship between food, place, boundaries, environmental determinism, and authenticity remains under-researched. This thesis seeks to redress this deficiency with a detailed study of the construction of the Protected Food Names (PFN) scheme in the UK. PFNs are a type of Intellectual Property (IP) and form the European component of the international Geographical Indications (GI) system. These place-based foods and drinks originate from defined and bounded areas and are produced in supposedly traditional ways. Their manufacturers consider them unreplicable outside the protected zone. This qualitative investigation of three PFNs – Melton Mowbray Pork Pies, Stilton Cheese, and Grimsby Traditional Smoked Fish – critiques the ways in which ideas of place, boundaries, and authenticity are invoked by producers. The thesis interrogates how manufacturers understand place and its boundedness, employ supposedly 'objective' historical evidence, and apply the ambiguous notion of authenticity to stabilise and sustain local practices. The study also examines the strategies deployed to generate consumer interest in an era where uniqueness is an important marker of value. This work thus introduces a different conceptual angle to accounts of the PFN structure which primarily privilege legal or economistic assessments. It aims instead to deconstruct the geographical concepts on which the PFN edifice is based. The ultimate aim is to draw attention to the vagaries inherent in the increasingly hegemonic GI model. This research connects with geographical debates about the construction of place and boundaries, the social production of authenticity, the role of selective historical 'facts' in the development of narratives about place, and the 'selling' of location and its products. It therefore provides a lens through which the foundations and everyday operation of the GI system can be profitably analysed.

The aim of this diploma thesis is protected designation of "Czech beer" and its position on the domestic market through a questionnaire survey, awareness of the Czech population on the identification of products brand "Czech beer". In this thesis discussed the individual protected designation indicating the legislative rules that protected these markings define and put into effect. They included specific requirements for granting a protected geographical indication (CHZO) "Czech beer", specifying the requirements for the individual raw materials, production technology and inspection of products bearing this mark. In the practical part of the work was carried out a questionnaire survey which aims to map the awareness of the Czech population CHZO "Czech beer". The questionnaire survey showed that about half of the respondents are aware of the use of the "protected geographical indication". More than half marking "Czech beer" does not know, and only 10 % of respondents knew that the name "Czech beer is protected geographical indications of the European Union, whose purpose is to preserve the good name and quality of the beer produced in the Czech Republic. In particular, the importance of this label, why is introducing some breweries and why do you ask for, it seems to be a distinct people known. But itself idea of the product specifications marked "Czech beer" had only half of the respondents. The questionnaire survey shows that citizens of the Czech Republic should be more informed about the nature of implementation of protected designations in general, but also should be more familiar with the specifics of each label used. It is our aim not only food producers but also merchants that consumers are aware of the importance and promotion of products that are made in the Czech Republic, from local materials and traditional techniques. The positive impulse not only the questionnaire survey, but also as a stimulus for food manufacturers, retailers and other subjects can be perceived "consumer behaviour" of the majority , the majority of respondents - 82% would prefer when buying products labeled "Czech beer".

Dissertação de Mestrado em Tecnologia e Segurança Alimentar.
Os Açores em termos de produtos tradicionais possuem uma diversidade de produtos que constituem um legado que emergiu do "saber fazer" dos povos de cada uma das ilhas do arquipélago, ligados às especificidades e características de cada uma das ilhas de proveniência detêm características qualitativas singulares que lhes conferem uma identidade única e genuína. Assim, o principal objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de contribuir para a valorização dos Produtos Tradicionais Açorianos, para o qual recorreu-se a duas vias de valorização e proteção, o Sistema Regional de Certificação de Produtos Tradicionais para obtenção da Marca Coletiva de Origem e o Sistema Europeu de Valorização e Proteção de Produtos Tradicionais como Indicação Geográfica Protegida (IGP). Foi adotada uma metodologia descritiva, no formato de caso de estudo, que teve como objeto de estudo o Biscoito de Orelha de Santa Maria. Uma das questões essenciais que se coloca aos produtos tradicionais é a sua adaptação às exigências do mercado atual, sem contudo descaraterizar as suas especificidades identitárias, o que exige a articulação entre o conhecimento científico e o saber fazer tradicional. Assim, no presente trabalho procedeu-se à caracterização do local de produção à caracterização do sector de atividade, dos produtores, das matérias-primas utilizadas e do respetivo modo de produção. Como nos Açores os produtos tradicionais são uma realidade pouco estudada do ponto de vista científico, foram realizadas análises físicas, químicas e sensoriais ao Biscoito de Orelha de Santa Maria, assim como avaliada a sua qualidade microbiológica. Outra componente fundamental à realização deste estudo foi a avaliação dos aspetos de natureza jurídica, que nos permitiu demonstrar a possibilidade do cumprimento dos requisitos legais inerentes ao processo de certificação e elaboração do caderno de especificações. [...].
ABSTRACT: In terms of traditional products the Azores have a variety of products that are a legacy that emerged from the "know-how" of the people of each of the islands of the archipelago, linked to the specificities and characteristics of each one of the islands of origin possess unique quality characteristics that impart a unique identity and genuine identity. Thus, the main goal of this study was to contribute to the valorization of Traditional Azorean Products, for such, we appealed to two-way valorization and protection, the Regional System of Traditional Product Certification to obtain the Collective Brand of Origin and the European System of Valorization and Protection of Traditional Products as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). It was adopted a descriptive methodology, in the form of case study, which had as object of study the "Biscoito de Orelha de Santa Maria". One of the key issues facing the traditional products is its adaptation to current market demands, without however mischaracterize its specificities of identity, which requires the articulation between scientific knowledge and traditional know-how. Thus, in the present study we proceeded to characterization of the place of production, the activity sector, the producers, the raw materials used and of the respective mode of production. As in Azores traditional products are an understudied reality from the scientific point of view, were performed physical, chemical and sensory analyzes to the "Biscoito de Orelha de Santa Maria", as well as evaluated its microbiological quality. Another key component to the achievement of this study was the assessment of the aspects of legal nature, which allowed us to demonstrate the possibility of the fulfillment of the legal requirements inherent to the certification process and elaboration of the product specification notebook. [...].

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The present study intends to contribute to the characterization of Mafra’s Bread, seeking to identify potential specific characteristics of the product, aiming a potential application for Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). Six samples from the Mafra county: Barril, Carvalhal, Ericeira, Casal do Rodo, Malveira and two from Encarnação are selected. Two samples were selected from neighboring regions, Sintra and Loures. Samples were characterized for physical-chemical, sensory, and thermal properties as well image analysis of the bread slices. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis (Principal Components Analysis and Cluster). The analysis of identification sheets showed that bread from the region of Mafra differs from the conventional production process. Higher mixing times and lower fermentation times and levels of yeast used, are the main differences encountered. Results from bread samples from Alentejo were added to our results in order to evaluate discrimination ability among various regions. Through statistical treatment a complete differentiation of the Alentejo samples and samples from Mafra and bordering regions were achieved. Associated to the difference found between the neighboring regions and Mafra breads are the variables aw, firewood taste, chroma, density, hardness and Young's modulus. In conclusion, due to its characteristics, a potential PGI can be applied to Mafra's Bread.

碩士
淡江大學
歐洲研究所碩士班
100
The establishment of the Internal Market is the EU''s primary goal since establishing the European Economic Community in 1958. The free movement of goods is one of the four fundamental movements in the European Internal Market. The free movement of goods is also an important basis to complete the European Internal Market. The free movement of goods applies to agricultural products. The EU has executed the Common Agricultural Policy since 1962, the goal of the Common Agricultural Policy contributes to enhancing productivity, stabilizing the price of agricultural products, developing rural areas, strengthening food quality and safety. The protection of geographical indications is one of the instruments of maintaining food quality in the EU. The EU has enacted a regulation regarding the protection of the geographical indications and designations of origin in 1992 to create an EU-wide protection system for the geographical indications. This thesis works on the development of the EU''s protection system for geographical indications under the aspect of the free movement of goods. The case law of the European Court of Justice plays an important role for this development. Therefore, this thesis also works on the case law of the European Court of Justice to describe this development and analyse how to solve the conflicts between the protection of geographical indications and the free movement of goods.