Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Proposition 21"

The research features families of cognate words in the Russian language as a dynamic phenomenon. Frame and proposition were adopted as the basic units of representation of word families. The study focused on derivatives with the borrowed formants -атор/-тор (-ator/-tor). Most of the propositions with -атор revealed a high degree of typification. This typification of propositions undergoes changes under the influence of the tendencies of the Russian linguistic system and as a result of assimilation. The mutation occurs both by changing the actants in the proposition, as well as by expanding the actant paradigm and the appearance of new members in the proposition. Assimilation results in polysemic potency derivatives. Occasional meanings of the analyzed derivatives form a new family with a typified frame structure. The nests are divided into propositions typical for similar families, with the same limited set of actants. The propositional-frame approach to the description of the families of cognate words makes it possible to express the knowledge of native speakers about the world, as well as to represent the epistemological basis of mental discourse.

The purpose of this study is to examine who were given the opportunity to express their opinions in the government proposition concerning the future of the school system – particularly regarding the proposal that pupils do compulsory military service - submitted to the Swedish parliament 21 March 1941. Our focus is mainly on three parts of the proposition: the proposal to introduce shooting- and grenade practice for all pupils, the proposal to introduce an obligatory military leadership training course for teachers and the proposal to introduce an obligatory summer camp for all pupils.

Using primarily a qualitative method we examine how different opinions and views are expressed in the statements and utterances responding to the pending proposition and who the responders are. We will attempt to clarify who were considered to be undisputed authorities and experts, and whose opinions, for that reason, carried a lot of weight in the decision making process, comparing them to the statements and utterances submitted on a voluntary basis by non-experts. And finally, to what extent the opinions in the statements and utterances were allowed to guide the propositional work.

Results show that the statements and utterances were submitted by authorities, chapter, county administrative boards and religious, non-profit and political organizations as well as different types of schools, representatives from the Board of Education and elementary school boards not a part of county councils or other types of associations. Government authorities, chapter and county administrative boards were given priority in the proposition and it was their opinions that the proposition came to rely on. The rest were seen as “guiding” rather than deciding factors, and then only selectively, as they were generally lumped together and treated collectively. Most of the time, their opinions were not heard, and when they were it was usually to support and corroborate decisions already made by the decision making and implementing instances.

The aim of this dissertation is to recover the aspectual pairs (proto-pairs) for the affixed verbs attested in “Zadonščina” - an Old Russian text, written between the end of the XIV and the beginning of the XV century - and, more precisely, in its copies Kirillo-Belozerskij (KB) and Undol'skij (U). Considering that the category of aspect of Old Russian differs morpho-functionally from its current state, in this work the term proto-pair, proto-perfective and proto-imperfective are used to underline this difference. Therefore, an issue that must be solved is, whether an affix's form and informative contribution could help us predict the type of proto-pair that we have to assign to the verbs of the Zadonščina. In this dissertation, which consists of an Introduction, three Chapters, the Conclusions and two Appendixes, we have tried to provide some answers to this problematics. The Introduction explains the reasons why we chose the KB and U copies. The first, KB, is the oldest copy and appeared in the XV century. Moreover, it is the only one which presents the text in the so-called “short variant”. The second, (U), instead, is one of the most recent copies, considering that it was edited in the XVII century, and it is the most complete among the “long variant”one. Apart from these reasons, it must be considered that investigating only these two copies allows us (despite the shortness of the text) to compare their affixed verbs in common textual passages. As a result, both different morpho-functional characteristics owned by their affixes and the grade of development obtained by the Old Russian aspectual system can be shown respectively in the XV (KB) and in the XVII century (U). The copies KB and U analysed here are present in the edition, proposed by R.P. Dmitrieva and published in the volume Slovo o polku Igoreve i pamjatniki Kulikovskogo cikla. K voprosu o vremeni napisanija “Slova”, published in 1966. In Chapter I we faced the issue of how to realize the proto-pairs for the affixed verbs of Zadonščina. First of all, the category of aspect is distinguished from the Aktionsarten'one, because the latter also is able, by verbal derivation, to cause a change in the aspectuality of the sentence. To take into consideration the peculiarities of the Russian language, the category of Aktionsarten has been further divided into the notion of actional class, actionality, verbal character and into the notion of sposob dejstvija. Because of the absence of studies able to predict a proto-pair from an Old Russian verb form, it was decided to apply the approach utilized (but for Modern Russian) by E.V. Padučeva (in Semantičeskie issledovanija. Semantika i narrativa, published in 1996). This approach allows us to predict the type of aspectual pair (perfektnaja, predel'naja, proleptičeskaja, trivial'naja para) from the actional class of a perfective verb. According to this, the Zadonščina's affixed verbs (and their bases) are classified into actional classes, defined by the combination of the semantic-actional properties (well-known in syncronic and dyacronic studies on Russian aspect) of [terminativity/unterminativity], [durativity/punctuality] and [stative/not stative]. On the base of these actional classes, the affixed verbs are associated to one of the types of proto-pair equivalent to the abovementioned types of aspectual pairs identified in Modern Russian. Among the various aspectual oppositions presented, for the category of aspect the aspectual distintive opposition of [+/- achievement of the limit] was chosen. This is because it underlines the strict tie between aspect and actional classes. After this introductive part, in the Chapters II and III we pursued, for each affix attested in the text, a spacial meaning (for the prefixes) or a functional value (for the suffixes) able to be considered basical, prototypical, valid in other words for all its derived uses and verbs. This allowed us, before starting the analysis of the Zadonščina's affixed verbs, to observe which derived classes could be associated to an affixed verb, when its prefix, in comparison to the basical meaning, shows a 'not-aspectual' (or 'only spatial'), 'spatial-aspectual', 'temporal-aspectual' and 'only-aspectual' value, or when its suffix, in comparison to the basical function, show a 'not-aspectual' (or 'denominal), 'temporal-aspectual' or 'only-aspectual' suffix. The temporal-aspectual values assigned to affixes (both prefixes and suffixes) are always recognized as corresponding to the ones referred to the sposoby dejstvija verbs, classified by the Linguistic Moscow School. After this, considering the actional class and the prefissal or suffixal value shown in the contexts by the Zadonščina's affixed verbs, we researched the corrisponding proto-pair formed with verbs already attested in the text or with others, which we looked up in the dictionaries of Old Russian Slovar' Drevnerusskogo Jazyka XI-XIV vv. and Slovar' Russkogo Jazyka XI-XVII vv. In the Chapter IV, tables and graphics show the quantity of verbs derived from prefixes with a spatial-aspectual, temporal-aspectual, only-aspectual value, as well by the suffixes -a-, -yva- and -nu- (and their variants) with temporal-aspectual and only-aspectual values. After all, the affixed verbs are put in correspondence with the type of proto-pair produced (if possible). Last but not least, the Appendixes 1 e 2. In the first one, the affixed verbs in the Zadonščina are described, in a dictionary article format, according to the denotative meaning they own. They are defined for their syntactic properties (actional class, tense, aspectual value), for the type of proto-pair created, and for the kind of affix chosen for forming it. In the second one, the text in the KB and U copies is presented, structured by chapters and paragraphes in order to simplify the detection of the examined affixed forms. We also provided a traslation of the text. Among the most interesting results of this work is the observation that a type of affixal value not only influences the choice of the type of proto-pair, but also the kind of derivational means (above all, prefixation and suffixation) adopted to form it. The following discovery is revealed as highly relevant for us the: it appears in the KB copy, more archaic, six proto-perfective derived verbs, with a prefix v(ъ)z- (five) and po- (one) appear; they all indicate a ingressive-incoative meaning but that are used in contexts of Historical Present. In the U copy, which is more recent, however, the same verbs are deprefixed, proto-imperfective and used in the Imperfect and Historical Present tenses. In the U copy, only in one of these cases do we find a proto-perfective verb with a preserved incoative prefix, but it appears in the Perfect tense.
Lo scopo di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di recuperare le coppie aspettuali (proto-coppie) per i verbi affissati attestati nella Zadonščina - testo antico-russo composto fra la fine del XIV e gli inizi del XV sec. - e, più precisamente, nelle sue copie Kirillo-Belozerskij (KB) e Undol'skij (U). Considerando che la categoria dell'aspetto del russo antico differisce morfo-funzionalmente dal suo stato odierno, in questo lavoro abbiamo utilizzato il termine di proto-coppia, quello di proto-perfettivo e quello di proto-imperfettivo per sottolineare questa differenza. Dato ciò, una questione che deve essere risolta è se la forma e il contributo informativo di un affisso possa aiutarci a predire il tipo di proto-coppia che dobbiamo attribuire ai verbi della Zadonščina. In questa tesi, che è composta da un'Introduzione, quattro Capitoli, dalle Conclusioni e da due Appendici, abbiamo provato a fornire delle risposte a questa problematica. Nell’Introduzione sono spiegate le ragioni del perché della scelta delle copie KB ed U. La prima, KB, è la copia più antica e risale al sec. XV, nonché l'unica che presenta il testo nella cosiddetta “versione breve”. La copia U è invece una delle più recenti, in quanto redatta nel XVII sec., ed è la più completa fra quelle della “versione lunga”. Oltre a queste ragioni, bisogna considerare che indagare solo queste due copie ci permette (malgrado la brevità del testo) di confrontare i loro verbi affissati nei medesimi passi testuali. Questo ci consente sia di mostrare le caratteristiche morfo-funzionali dei loro affissi che di verificare il grado di sviluppo ottenuto dal sistema aspettuale del russo antico nel XV (KB) e, rispettivamente, nel XVII sec. (U). Le copie KB ed U qui analizzate sono presenti nell’edizione curata da R.P. Dmitrieva e pubblicate nel volume Slovo o polku Igoreve i pamjatniki Kulikovskogo cikla. K voprosu o vremeni napisanija “Slova” uscita nel 1966. Nel Capitolo I è affrontata la questione di come realizzare le proto-coppie per i verbi della Zadonščina. Innanzitutto la categoria dell'aspetto è distinta da quella degli Aktionsarten, dato che anche quest'ultima può causare mutamenti all'aspettualità della frase attraverso la derivazione verbale. Inoltre, per rispondere alle esigenze del russo, la categoria degli Aktionsarten è stata ulteriormente scissa nella nozione di classe azionale/azionalità/carattere del verbo ed in quella di sposob dejstvija. A causa dell'assenza di studi capaci di definire una proto-coppia a partire da una forma verbale antico-russa, è stato deciso di applicare l'approccio utilizzato (ma per il russo moderno) da E.V. Padučeva (in Semantičeskie issledovanija. Semantika i narrativa, uscito nel 1996). Secondo questo approccio il tipo di coppia aspettuale (perfektnaja, predel'naja, proleptičeskaja, trivial'naja para) è predicibile a partire dalla classe azionale del verbo perfettivo. Con ciò, è stato deciso di classificare i verbi antico-russi affissati (e le loro basi) della Zadonščina in classi azionali, definite dalla combinazione dei tratti semantico-azionali (ben noti sia negli studi sincronici che diacronici sull'aspetto del russo) di [terminatività/non-terminatività], [duratività/puntualità] e [stativo/non-stativo] e, sulla base di esse, associarli ad uno dei quattro tipi di proto-coppia equivalenti ai sopraccitati tipi di coppia del russo moderno. Fra le varie opposizioni aspettuali presentate, per la categoria dell'aspetto è stata scelta quella distintiva di [+/-raggiungimento del limite], poiché marca lo stretto legame fra l'aspetto e le classi verbali. Dopo questa fase introduttiva, nei Capitoli II e III, abbiamo ricercato per ogni affisso, testimoniato nel testo, un significato spaziale (per i prefissi) o un valore funzionale (per i suffissi) basilare, ovvero prototipico, valido cioè per tutti i suoi utilizzi e verbi derivati. Questo ci ha permesso, prima di iniziare l'analisi dei verbi affissati della Zadonščina, di osservare quali classi azionali derivate associare ad un verbo affissato, quando il suo prefisso, rispetto al significato basico, mostra un valore 'non-aspettuale' (o solo spaziale), 'spaziale-aspettuale', 'temporale-aspettuale' o 'solo aspettuale', o quando il suo suffisso, rispetto alla funzione basica, mostra un valore 'non-aspettuale' (o denominale), 'temporale-aspettuale' o 'solo aspettuale'. I valori temporali-aspettuali assegnati agli affissi (sia prefissi che suffissi) sono riconosciuti sempre come corrispondere a quelli riferiti dai verbi degli sposoby dejstvija classificati dalla Scuola linguistica di Mosca. Successivamente, considerando la classe azionale ed il valore del prefisso o del suffisso mostrati nel contesto dai verbi affissati della Zadonščina, abbiamo ricercato la proto-coppia da essi formata con verbi già presenti nel testo o con altri rintracciati nei dizionari di russo antico Slovar' Drevnerusskogo Jazyka XI-XIV vv. e Slovar' Russkogo Jazyka XI-XVII vv. Nel Capitolo IV con tabelle e grafici si mostra la quantità dei verbi con i prefissi di valore spaziale-aspettuale, temporale-aspettuale e solo aspettuale, così come quella con i suffissi -a-, -yva- e -nu- (e le loro varianti) con i valori temporali-aspettuali e solo aspettuali. Dopo questo, i verbi affissati sono messi in corrispondenza con il tipo di proto-coppia prodotto (se possibile). Infine le Appendici 1 e 2. Nella prima, i verbi affissati della Zadonščina sono descritti in un formato di articolo di vocabolario, in base al significato denotativo posseduto. Essi sono definiti per le proprietà sintattiche (classe azionale, tempi verbali e valore aspettuale), per il tipo di proto-coppia creata e per l'affisso scelto per realizzarla. Nella seconda, invece, è presentato il testo nella copia KB ed U, strutturato con capitoli e paragrafi in modo da reperire più facilmente le forme affissate da noi indagate. Abbiamo fornito anche una traduzione 'di servizio' del testo. Fra i risultati più interessanti di questo lavoro, l'osservare che un certo tipo di valore affissale non solo condiziona la scelta del tipo di proto-coppia, ma anche il tipo di mezzo derivazionale (soprattutto, la prefissazione e la suffissazione) utilizzato per formarla. Spicca dall'analisi dei dati la presenza nella copia KB, più arcaica, di sei verbi derivati proto-perfettivi con prefisso v(ъ)z- (cinque) e po- (uno) di valore temporale-aspettuale di tipo ingressivo-incoativo ma usati in contesti di presente storico. Nella copia U, più tarda, essi appaiono invece come deprefissati, proto-imperfettivi, e utilizzati all'imperfetto o al presente storico. Nella copia U, solo in uno di questi casi troviamo un verbo proto-perfettivo che ha conservato il prefisso di valore incoativo, ma esso appare al perfetto.

AbstractInterstellar Grains (IGs) spread in the Interstellar Medium (ISM) host a multitude of chemical reactions that could lead to the production of interstellar Complex Organic Molecules (iCOMs), relevant in the context of prebiotic chemistry. These IGs are composed of a silicate-based core covered by several layers of amorphous water ice, known as a grain mantle. Molecules from the ISM gas-phase can be adsorbed at the grain surfaces, diffuse and react to give iCOMs and ultimately desorbed back to the gas phase. Thus, the study of the Binding Energy (BE) of these molecules at the water ice grain surface is important to understand the molecular composition of the ISM and its evolution in time. In this paper, we propose to use a recently developed semiempirical quantum approach, named GFN-xTB, and more precisely the GFN2 method, to compute the BE of several molecular species at the crystalline water ice slab model. This method is very cheap in term of computing power and time and was already showed in a previous work to be very accurate with small water clusters. To support our proposition, we decided to use, as a benchmark, the recent work published by some of us in which a crystalline model of proton-ordered water ice (P-ice) was adopted to predict the BEs of 21 molecules relevant in the ISM. The relatively good results obtained confirm GFN2 as the method of choice to model adsorption processes occurring at the icy grains in the ISM. The only notable exception was for the CO molecule, in which both structure and BE are badly predicted by GFN2, a real pity due to the relevance of CO in astrochemistry.

Abstract This paper is about a special notion of conversion found in Prior Analytics 2. 22, 68a16–21. I hope to show that the notion is worth studying for two reasons: firstly because it is interesting in itself, and secondly because it has implications for the semantics of a propositions (that is, assertoric universal affirmative propositions). Let us say that A is a-predicated of B if and only if the a-proposition ‘A belongs to all B’ is true. The notion of conversion in question is: A converts with B if and only if A is a-predicated of everything of which B is a-predicated including B itself, while B is a-predicated of everything of which A is a-predicated except of A itself. We may call this asymmetric conversion.

Political discourses provide a forum for representatives to express their opinions and contribute towards policy making. Analyzing these discussions is crucial for recognizing possible delegates and making better voting choices in an independent nation. A politician's vote on a proposition is usually associated with their past discourses and impacted by cohesion forces in political parties. We focus on predicting a speaker's vote on a bill by augmenting linguistic models with temporal and cohesion contexts. We propose TEC, a time evolving graph based model that jointly employs links between motions, speakers, and temporal politician states. TEC outperforms competitive models, illustrating the benefit of temporal and contextual signals for predicting a politician's stance.

Frequent pattern mining and the subsequent proposition of association rules are used here to promote sleep quality from wearable data sensors. The idea is to automatically provide users with relevant and personalized information regarding possible contextual factors that impact their sleep, including physiological monitoring data. This objective was achieved by revealing existing associations between contextual factors and sleep characteristics to the user. Based on data provided by users of Samsumg Galaxy Watch4 over 21 days, the FPGrowth algorithm was used to mine frequent itemsets, followed by the generation of association rules. Due to the potentially large number of generated rules, a summarization is performed by the FPMax variant. FPMax mines the maximal frequent itemsets, thus generating a condensed version of the results capable of preserving as much information as possible. The obtained result is a set of association rules capable of disclosing the users sleep patterns, thus indicating what to improve in his/her routine to get better sleep.

This paper analyses constructions with proper personal names negated metalinguistically, i.e. the objection is aimed not at the truth of the proposition (ne Vasja, a Kolja), but at the assertability of a linguistic expression (ne Vasja, a Vasilij Pavlovič). Our data from the Russian National Corpus shows, first, that metalinguistic negation constructions with proper names are used primarily to correct the representation of the referent which is associated with the particular form of naming, and the cases of correction of form only, such as linguistic mistakes, are by far less typical. Next, among the additional elements there is a prevalence of temporal markers, which indicates that metalinguistic negation constructions are commonly used to point to the change of the referent with time. Another observation is that the correction towards a more formal way of naming prevails over the opposite direction, showing that the lack of formality is regarded as a more serious mistake that the other way around. Finally, it turned out that in our sample the examples of self-correction prevail over the correction of others, which demonstrates a wider range of functions of metalinguistic negation than it was acknowledged in the previous studies.

Abductive Learning is a framework that combines machine learning with first-order logical reasoning. It allows machine learning models to exploit complex symbolic domain knowledge represented by first-order logic rules. However, it is challenging to obtain or express the ground-truth domain knowledge explicitly as first-order logic rules in many applications. The only accessible knowledge base is implicitly represented by groundings, i.e., propositions or atomic formulas without variables. This paper proposes Grounded Abductive Learning (GABL) to enhance machine learning models with abductive reasoning in a ground domain knowledge base, which offers inexact supervision through a set of logic propositions. We apply GABL on two weakly supervised learning problems and found that the model's initial accuracy plays a crucial role in learning. The results on a real-world OCR task show that GABL can significantly reduce the effort of data labeling than the compared methods.

Abstract Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS's) have proven beneficial over conventional steerable motor systems, which has driven significant market uptake over the last several decades. Consequently, applications for RSS's have expanded and encouraged RSS technology developers to meet these ever-changing market demands. Modifications to the basic proven RSS methods, attempted independent reproductions of those methods, and other novel methods have emerged to fulfill these market demands. The initial RSS method and technique were invented and proven in the late 1990s, and common ways of creating wellbore deflection emerged, allowing the industry to attempt the classification of these methods. These classifications were an attempt to gain a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each and help understand where and what version of technology to apply for an ever-increasing expansion of applications. This paper describes the attempts at classification of RSS's, then addresses the drivers, development, and field trial results of a new method for placing wells using a high dogleg automated rotary steering system (SwR; Steering-while-Rotating). The SwR was targeted to meet market changes identified in 2016 and projected out ten (10) years by the SwR technical team. Simplicity, fostering reliability and value were major design tenets. A high dogleg curve (20°/100’) design, enabling "one-run, Vertical, Curve, and Lateral" bottom hole assemblies, two-way (uplink-downlink) downhole communications along with autonomous self-steering capability, also drove the SwR development. The initial SwR prototype system for 8-3/8"-9-7/8" hole sizes was built, and field trials began in Q3 of 2019. The SwR team weathered the global Covid-19 pandemic of 2020-21 with the rest of the world and deployed systems to the Middle East, while also securing and executing trial and commercial runs within North America in 2021 and 2022. Conclusions are based upon, and data is presented from thirty-seven (37) bit runs and the first 50,000 feet drilled with the SwR. The SwR team has delivered a unique steering method to the industry and presents the early run data demonstrating the SwR technology capability to drill challenging well profiles, in challenging environments. The SwR technology was designed for the RSS market of today and for several years to come improving the value proposition for modern RSS well placement technology.

Consider a set of agents with initial beliefs and a formal operator for incorporating new information. Now suppose that, for each agent, we have a formula that we would like them to believe. Does there exist a single announcement that will lead all agents to believe the corresponding formula? This paper studies the problem of the existence of such an announcement in the context of model-preference definable revision operators. First, we provide two characterisation theorems for the existence of announcements: one in the general case, the other for total partial orderings. Second, we exploit the characterisation theorems to provide upper bound complexity results. Finally, we also provide matching optimal lower bounds for the Dalal and Ginsberg operators.

We present a generalization of belief base revision to the multi-agent case. In our approach agents have belief bases containing both propositional beliefs and higher-order beliefs about their own beliefs and other agents’ beliefs. Moreover, their belief bases are split in two parts: the mutable part, whose elements may change under belief revision, and the core part, whose elements do not change. We study a belief revision operator inspired by the notion of screened revision. We provide complexity results of model checking for our approach as well as an optimal model checking algorithm. Moreover, we study complexity of epistemic planning formulated in the context of our framework.

We consider the problem of synthesizing good-enough (GE)-strategies for linear temporal logic (LTL) over finite traces or LTLf for short. The problem of synthesizing GE-strategies for an LTL formula φ over infinite traces reduces to the problem of synthesizing winning strategies for the formula (∃Oφ)⇒φ where O is the set of propositions controlled by the system. We first prove that this reduction does not work for LTLf formulas. Then we show how to synthesize GE-strategies for LTLf formulas via the Good-Enough (GE)-synthesis of LTL formulas. Unfortunately, this requires to construct deterministic parity automata on infinite words, which is computationally expensive. We then show how to synthesize GE-strategies for LTLf formulas by a reduction to solving games played on deterministic Büchi automata, based on an easier construction of deterministic automata on finite words. We show empirically that our specialized synthesis algorithm for GE-strategies outperforms the algorithms going through GE-synthesis of LTL formulas by orders of magnitude.