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1
Smith, David Sellers. "The Elimination of the Unworthy: Credit Men and Small Retailers in Progressive Era Capitalism". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 9, n. 2 (aprile 2010): 197–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400003935.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The largest organization of capitalists during the Progressive Era was one that most American historians have never heard of. Motivated primarily by overproduction and ruthless competition, many of the nation's largest manufacturers, distributors, and commercial banks formed the National Association of Credit Men (NACM) in 1896 to reduce the supply of credit available to retailers and consumers. The story of the Credit Men confirms many standard assumptions regarding the rise of corporate America to economic power and cultural legitimacy while challenging others. Advances in technology and salaried organization made possible their mobilization, yet more important was the significant lag in the development of mass retail institutions and consequently mass consumerism behind mass production and distribution. The NACM deployed standardized methods and hungered for administrative efficiency but used these modern tools to instill order and ethical discipline in the nation's business, not to secularize the economy and culture of the new century. America's corporate capitalists seized power by promising moral regulation for unbridled individualism.
2
Makler, Harry, Walter L. Ness e Adrian E. Tschoegl. "Inequalities in Firms’ Access to Credit in Latin America". Global Economy Journal 13, n. 03n04 (dicembre 2013): 283–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2013-0024.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A variety of social and economic institutions have contributed to the decline in poverty and inequality in Latin America. We focus on the bank-SME nexus because of the importance of banks as a source of finance for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and the potential role that SMEs can play as sources of innovation, employment, and in reducing poverty and inequality. Our regression analysis of data from World Bank (WB) surveys of firms in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico shows that firms that are smaller, newer, less technically advanced, and less well-located firms are more likely to report being credit constrained. The factors that did not count are executive characteristics such as gender, education, and experience in the sector, and firm performance or foreign ownership. Firms that worked with several banks, developed affiliations to business groups or were in trade and political associations were less likely to report credit constraint.
3
Dang, Trang, David Leatham, Bruce A. McCarl e Ximing Wu. "Measuring the efficiency of the Farm Credit System". Agricultural Finance Review 74, n. 1 (29 aprile 2014): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-12-2011-0035.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop information on the relative efficiency of Farm Credit System (FCS) lenders. Also the evolution of relative efficiency is examined as influenced by the biofuel boom, the financial crisis, and farm income increases. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A stochastic frontier production function is used to estimate technical efficiency of FCS banks and associations. Findings – A significant difference is found in efficiency between large and small associations and banks. Larger asset bases and management compensation are found to be positively associated with efficiency. Banks are found to have higher technical efficiency than associations (66-46 percent). Association efficiency is found to be increasing indicating likely effects of recent consolidation. The financial crisis was not found to have a significant effect with the bioenergy and farm income booms being likely countervailing forces. Research limitations/implications – Further work is needed on the impact of the biofuel boom, increases in farm income, and new regulations. Practical implications – The study provides information and indications of strategies for FCS management including additional consolidation. Originality/value – This does an updated assessment of FCS efficiency taking into account changes in consolidation, lending practices, and economic conditions. Implications are developed for management actions such as more consolidation. The study also uses a more advanced methodology compared to older studies.
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SHEHU, Suleiman, O. Yusuf e H. Egwuma. "IMPACT OF FINANCIAL SERVICE ASSOCIATIONS’ CREDIT SCHEME ON INCOME OF BENEFICIARY FARMERS IN KATSINA STATE NIGERIA". FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, n. 4 (28 gennaio 2022): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0504-815.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study examined the impact of FSAs’ credit scheme on beneficiary farmer’s income in Katsina State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from two categories of farmers; beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of Financial Service Associations’ (FSAs) credit scheme with the aid of structured questionnaire and interview method. A multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted and slovin’s formula to obtained the sample size from the four Local Government Areas (LGAs): Bakori, Danja, Funtua and Malumfashi. The data were analyzed using Descriptive statistics such as percentage, frequency etc. and inferential statistics such as Propensity Score Matching (PSM) model. The results from PSM estimator revealed that FSAs’ credit scheme had a positive and statistically significant impact on the income of beneficiary farmers. The Radius matching (0.50) shows that an increase of N21, 158.360 and Kernel Matching shows an increase of N11, 977.580 on average was achieved, by beneficiary farmers who benefited from the scheme. The study revealed that there is a positive and significant impact of the loan scheme on the income of the beneficiaries in the study area at one percent level. There is a need to linking FSAs with formal financial institutions, the provision of adequate amount of loan and timely disbursement of funds to improve loan utilization by the beneficiary farmers. There is also the need to improve the administrative and management processes of the associations. The loan should be monitored by relevant bodies for effective utilization in agricultural production and other economic activities to a
5
Ronalds, Ahimbisibwe Jerome, Osiru David e Fina Opio. "Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Uptake of Coffee Production Recommended Practices in Kichwamba and Kirugu Sub-Counties Rubirizi District, Uganda". East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology 6, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajab.6.1.1069.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study was on socioeconomic factors influencing the uptake of coffee production recommended practices in the Kichwamba and Kirugu Sub-counties of the Rubirizi district and was conducted in February 2021. Objectives were to identify the coffee production systems and practices used, identify the socioeconomic challenges associated with the uptake of recommended practices for coffee production, and identify the policy interventions to address the challenges associated with the use of recommended coffee practices. Farmers continue to register low coffee yields hence affecting their livelihoods and incomes and achieving maximum coffee production requires that farmers apply recommended practices since the quantity and quality of the crop rely on the practices used. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using simple random sampling and a total of 376 coffee farmers were sampled. Results indicated that Arabica coffee commonly grown has two major systems intercropping and mono-cropping. The coffee-recommended practices used were weeds control (23.7%), shading (21.5%), pruning (15.5%), fertiliser application (14.1%), pest and disease management (12.2%), water drainage management (6.6%), transplanting (4.0%), and seedbed preparation (2.7%). Statistically significant socioeconomic factors affecting the uptake of recommended practices for coffee were age [p=0.014], education level [p=0.002], labour [p=0.005], Farm size [p=0.001], farming experience [p=0.031], gender [p=0.031], land slope [p=0.048], un-accessibility to credit services [p=0.032], and plot ownership [p=0.049]. Policy interventions were farmer capacity building (35.1%), strengthening agricultural extension (23.7%), credit extension to the farmers (15.7%), re-visiting land reform policies (13.6%), and group formation (11.9%). The study concluded that coffee in the study area was grown under two production systems; intercropping and mono-cropping; the major coffee recommended practices used were; seedbed management, transplanting, pruning, shading, fertiliser application, weeds control, pest and disease management, and water drainage management. Socioeconomic factors like Education level, shortage of labour, farm size, experience in farming, gender, the slope of the land, un-accessibility of credit services, farmer age and plot ownership type were significant socioeconomic factors affecting uptake of recommended practices. Suggested policy interventions were re-visiting land reform policies, credit extension, capacity building, strengthening agricultural extension, and farmer group formation. More education and training for farmers, revisiting land policies, groups, associations and cooperative formation, and credit services extension are recommended.
6
Appiah-Twumasi, Mark, Samuel A. Donkoh e Isaac Gershon Kodwo Ansah. "Farmer innovations in financing smallholder maize production in Northern Ghana". Agricultural Finance Review 80, n. 3 (30 dicembre 2019): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2019-0059.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore smallholder agricultural financing in Ghana’s Northern region by identifying farmers’ preferred traditional and innovative financing methods and estimating the determinants of use of innovative financing methods. Design/methodology/approach This paper presented a list of documented traditional financing methods to farmers during in-depth interviews and employed descriptive statistics to summarize choice and amounts sourced from traditional methods. Two questions from the survey revealed a felt need for extra financing sources for credit-rationed farmers. Farmers with positive responses to either or both questions were classified as “users of innovative financing”. The authors then used a probit model to examine factors that influence decisions to use innovative financing method. Findings Farmers’ own savings, reinvesting past season’s profits and financing maize production with income from other commercial crops were the most popular traditional methods. The authors found complementary relations between formal and informal lending systems in the rural financial market. Smallholders also took farm and non-farm “by-day” jobs to raise income for farm investment and/or joined Village Savings and Loans Associations (VSLAs) specifically to take advantage of possible credit opportunities. These two latter methods were operationalized in this study as innovative agricultural financing. The results show that access to credit, social capital and market participation increased the likelihood of using innovative financing methods. Alternatively, farmer group membership, diversity in crop production and being a household head diminished the likelihood of innovative financing use. Practical implications The activities of VSLAs can be regulated and expanded to spread its benefits to more farmers. Also, creating avenues for dry season labour market participation in the region could enable farmers raise capital for farm investment. Originality/value This study explores existing practices and farmer innovations to agricultural financing and, by so doing, deviates from the vast literature focussing mainly on microcredit provisioning as the main model of smallholder agricultural financing in Africa.
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Aung, Phyo Pa Pa, e Ji-Yong Lee. "Technical Efficiency of Mung Bean Producers: The Case of Myanmar". Agriculture 11, n. 12 (10 dicembre 2021): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121249.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Agriculture plays a key role in Myanmar and it is the backbone of the country’s economy. Among the major export-earning crops in Myanmar, mung bean is one of the important, and it creates many opportunities for smallholders. About 90% of the total production of mung bean is exported for overseas or border trade and has extended markets, especially China, Vietnam and EU countries. This study aims to measure the level of technical efficiency of green mung bean producers and determine the factors influencing the technical efficiency of mung bean production in Tatkon Township, Myanmar. Data from 144 farms were analyzed using a DEA model and Tobit regression. The empirical results reveal that about 46% of farmers had an efficiency score of more than 0.90, which indicates that 54% of farmers were relatively inefficient in their production. The results also show that socioeconomics factors, such as age of farmers, farmers participating in associations and soil fertility, had a significantly positive impact on technical efficiency. Gender, education, access to credit and extension services had a positive impact on the technical efficiency of mung bean production in the study area. To reduce inefficiency, the government should consider providing more services to male farmers and older farmers to improve their capacities, as well as providing an extension of services, new technologies, credit and improved variety for mung bean production.
8
Kumar, Soam Sudhir. "Agri-Inputs Consumption Patterns, Access, and Delivery Mechanism in India". Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 23, n. 2 (1 aprile 2023): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2023/apr_jun/6-15.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Government of India has initiated several programs to provide timely inputs to farmers with special subsidies on regular inputs such as seed material, fertilizers, irrigation, animal purchase, etc. These inputs are supplied through various mechanisms such as government departments, agricultural universities, KVKs, NGOs, local shop owners, producer's associations etc. Studying the agri-inputs available and their supplying mechanisms in India provides clarity on the status of farmers and the number of farmers who benefi ted from diff erent services provided by GOI. A survey questionnaire was developed to collect data from the 14 states with a sample size of 409 farmer respondents and was administered to the Foundation course for Agricultural Research Service (FOCARS)-82 batch, who were undergoing fi eld experience training (FET) at ICAR-NAARM, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State. The survey revealed that most farmers felt satisfi ed with the quality of seed, followed by agrochemicals and chemical fertilizers. Among all the assets, farmers spent the most money on purchasing animal feed (INR 46047.05) followed by planting material- saplings (INR 34445.07) and adult draught animals (INR 31805.07). The maximum number of respondents specifi ed that storage facility for grains, electricity, and byproducts were suffi ciently available. More money is spent on purchasing the recurrent associated input, i.e., irrigation sprinkler/drip, followed by irrigation wells. The Maximum number of farmers has access to Common Property Resources (CPRs) such as pasture land, irrigation sources, threshing fl oors, water harvesting structures, producer's associations, selfhelp groups, and primary cooperative society. About 269 farmers availed credit facilities; among them, 103 farmers took a credit of >10,000-50,000, which was majorly used for input purchase (240 farmers responded). About 132 farmers said they receive subsidies on seed/propagating material, fertilizer/agrochemicals, and irrigation. Most farmers received quality seed/propagating material from the local shop owners, followed by neighboring farmers, govt. departments and private companies. Very few are using/visiting Agricultural Universities, KVKs, cooperatives, NGOs, Agri-clinics, producers' associations, and village panchayats for seed purposes. In terms of credit suppliers, farmers listed public sector banks fi rst, followed by cooperative society credit cards and moneylender. Farmers with medium-sized land holdings have a better chance of availing subsidies compared to small-category farmers. Most small landholders need more opportunities to access agricultural credit. An adequate supply of timely inputs and support of low-cost credit from institutional sources is of great importance to small and marginal, farmers who contribute almost 60 per cent of total food grain production in India. The output of this study would become a benchmark for future assessments and decision-making in the fi eld of agri-inputs.
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W.M., Ndayitwayeko, Mpawenimana D. e Bigirimana J. "Influencing Drivers of Agricultural Production Technology of Rice in Burundi". Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 42, n. 6 (28 giugno 2024): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2024/v42i62499.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The adoption of agricultural technologies has become the key to limiting imports and meeting Burundi's rice food needs. This is because rice production is generally low in the country due to the ever-increasing population. This study identified the constraints of rice production, assessed the rate and identified the determinants of the adoption of the rutete rice variety. Primary data was collected using the well-structured questionnaire from 524 rice farmers who were selected using a simple random sampling in the study area. Data analysis was performed using Kendall's tau coefficient for constraints, probit for adoption rate and Heckman's sample selection model for determinants. According to the results, the insufficiency or delay in the supply of fertilizers, the problem of water availability and the problem of access to agricultural credit are the major constraints of rice production. They also show that 29% of respondents have adopted the rutete rice variety. Furthermore, the results show that sex, level of education, planted area, access to extension services, membership in an association and possession of a mobile phone are the determinants of the adoption of the variety of rice rutete. It is therefore recommended that farmers in the study area be encouraged to adopt the rutete rice variety. We also recommend that the government subsidize agricultural inputs and put in place a policy of loosen the tax burden to the microfinance so that the cost of access agricultural credit for rice farmers is lowered. This will prompt an increase of production. Rice farmers who are not members in the farmer-associations should be sensitized to participate.
10
Wilcox, Dean. "Political Allegory or Multimedia Extravaganza? A Historical Reconstruction of the Opera Company of Boston's Intolleranza". Theatre Survey 37, n. 2 (novembre 1996): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400001642.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the fall of 1993, I had the pleasure of interviewing the world-renowned Czech scenographer Josef Svoboda. We spent some time talking about his career and his longevity as a designer, but it was his response to a question about a specific production that prompted further investigation. When asked about his first full-scale U.S. design for The Opera Company of Boston's 1965 production of Luigi Nono's Intolleranza, the already animated Svoboda exploded. His eyes sparkled as he recalled “the biggest, most complicated and best production I have ever done. It has not been surpassed since.” This was an intriguing comment from a man with over 700 designs to his credit in a career that has spanned six decades, and who has worked in virtually every major opera house and theatre in both Europe and America.
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Wulandari, Eliana, Miranda P. M. Meuwissen, Maman H. Karmana e Alfons G. J. M. Oude Lansink. "The role of access to finance from different finance providers in production risks of horticulture in Indonesia". PLOS ONE 16, n. 9 (27 settembre 2021): e0257812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257812.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper aims to investigate the association between perceived production risk of horticultural farms and access to finance from different finance providers. The collection of data was conducted among 434 farmers in Indonesia particularly farmers produced mango, mangosteen, chili and red onion. Production risk was measured by the coefficient of variation, skewness, kurtosis and the 25th percentile. Depending on the risk measure, a lower production risk was found for commercial credit from banks and flexible payments of inputs to kiosks. Conversely, we did not find any lower production risk associated with finance provided by farmers’ associations and other sources such as family and friends. Results of this study are useful for policy makers, finance providers and supply chain actors in agriculture. For policy makers, the results of this study can help in designing policy to enhance farmers’ access to finance, whereas finance providers and supply chain actors, such as traders, obtain insight into whether their financial provisions effectively reduce production risk.
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Havey, Michael J., e Farhad Ghavami. "Informativeness of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Relationships among Onion Populations from Important World Production Regions". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 143, n. 1 (gennaio 2018): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04277-17.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped using a high-density array and DNAs from individual plants of important onion (Allium cepa L.) populations from major production regions and from the likely progenitor of onion, Allium vavilovii Popov et Vved. Genotypes at 1226 SNPs were used to estimate genetic relationships among these populations and revealed close associations among onions grown in Europe and those in North America, South America, and eastern Asia, supporting paths of introduction from Europe to the Americas and Asia. ‘Nasik Red’ is a population grown on the Indian subcontinent and was divergent from onions of European origin. Frequencies of SNPs among and within populations were used as a measure of informativeness, and 199 commonly polymorphic SNPs were identified distributed across the eight chromosomes of onion. These SNPs will be useful for estimations of relatedness among broader collections of onion populations, mapping of important phenotypes, fingerprinting of inbred lines and hybrids, and quality control of seed lots.
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Wijekoon, Champa, Thomas Netticadan, Yaw L. Siow, Ali Sabra, Liping Yu, Pema Raj e Suvira Prashar. "Potential Associations among Bioactive Molecules, Antioxidant Activity and Resveratrol Production in Vitis vinifera Fruits of North America". Molecules 27, n. 2 (6 gennaio 2022): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020336.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are rich in bioactive molecules contributing to health benefits. Consumption of grapes is linked to reduced incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Studies on table grape cultivars are limited although much attention in research was focused on the wine industry. Bioactive effects of grapes as anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, vasorelaxant, phytoestrogenic and neuroprotective have also been reported. For example, resveratrol is a natural food ingredient present in grapes, with high antioxidant potential. Here we conducted an exploratory study to investigate bioactive molecules, antioxidant activity and the association between constitutive stilbene synthase (STS) gene expression and the resveratrol biosynthesis in selected table grape varieties in North America. The phenolic compounds, fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of four grape varieties were compared. Red Globe variety was rich in unsaturated fatty acids as well as phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, quercetin and resveratrol. Meanwhile, the constitutive expression of grape stilbene synthase gene was higher in Flame and Autumn Royal where resveratrol content of these cultivars was relatively low compared to the Red Globe variety. This study shows the potential links in grape antioxidant activity and resveratrol production, but more studies are necessary to show the association.
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D'Haese, Marijke, Guido Van Huylenbroeck, O. Doyer e Mieke Calus. "A netchain development perspective on woolfarmers' associations in poor communities: a case study in South Africa". Journal on Chain and Network Science 7, n. 1 (1 giugno 2007): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2007.x074.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this article we describe an initiative from the local wool growing industry to integrate small-scale farmers in the wool chain in the Transkei area, one of the former homelands of South Africa. These communities are poor and sustain their livelihoods from diverse income sources, primarily pensions and remittances; therefore income-generating activities are needed to alleviate poverty. In this light, agriculture remains an important activity for many of the rural poor in former homelands to generate food and cash. Small-scale farmers, however, face many challenges, such as inadequate access to technology, credit, land and markets. The local associations are a mechanism for collective access to technology, post-harvest handling and marketing, and are supported by a development initiative from the National Woolgrowers' Association (NWGA). The aim of this research note is to discuss our research into the difficulties woolgrowers in the Transkei area encounter in their production and market environment and to provide insights into how collective action by farmers' associations can contribute to access the most basic chain links.
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YUSUPH, MOHAMED, e P. K. T. MUNISHI. "The potential contribution of peri-urban wetlands to livelihood of local communities in Shinyanga Municipality, Tanzania". Bonorowo Wetlands 8, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2018): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/bonorowo/w080204.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Yusuph M, Munishi PKT. 2018. The potential contribution of peri-urban wetlands to the livelihood of local communities in Shinyanga Municipality, Tanzania. Bonorowo Wetlands 2: 75-83. The study took place in Shinyanga Municipality, Tanzania to assess the potential contribution of peri-urban wetlands to the livelihood of nearby communities. The specific objectives were to examine the participation of the suburban wetland ecosystems to natural capital-(food production/food security), evaluate the involvement of periurban wetlands ecosystem to financial capital-(household income) and assess the advantages received by farmer groups/associations formed around the utilization of wetlands (social capital). Information was acquired through households and farmer's group/associations questionnaires, focus group discussion as well as field observations. Data were analyzed by employing descriptive and inferential statistics by applying correlation and t-test. As many as 79.2% of the wetland nearby communities rely on the wetlands for food. The major food crops were paddy, fruits, vegetables, and sweet potatoes. The average production levels of cereals, vegetables and fruits were prominently higher in wetlands compared to uplands. In the case of household income wetland cultivation (paddy, vegetables, maize, and fruits) brought about statistically higher household annual mean income of Tshs 2,335,852/year (US$ 1,168) compared to Tshs 197,475/year (US$ 99) produced by upland cultivation. The results further suggested that 70% of the farmer groups/associations established around wetland utilization accessed loans/credit to support agricultural production as an advantage from being members. Sustainable use of peri-urban wetlands in Shinyanga Municipality produces substantial livelihoods to adjacent communities. Conservation of such wetland ecosystems is indispensable for continued contribution to livelihoods while ensuring environmental protection. Further studies are necessary to unravel the nature of social capital associated with utilization of wetland ecosystems.
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Orifah, Martins Olusegun, Mohammed Hussaini Sani, Murtala Nasiru e Abdul Abu Ibrahim. "Perceived effectiveness of adaptation strategies to climate change among rice farmers in Jigawa State, Nigeria: Implication for rice production". Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 54, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2021): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2021-0013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This study assessed rice farmers’ perceived effectiveness of adaptation strategies to climate change in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 183 respondents from whom data were collected using questionnaires. Data were summarised using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Pearson Correlation. Majority of the respondents were males (98%), married (90%) and had formal education (66.1%) with a mean age of 41 years. On the overall, more than half (56.3%) of the respondents perceived the effectiveness level of adaptation strategies to climate change to be low, whereas 43.7% perceived it to be high. Insufficient farm credit, high cost of raw materials, inadequate capital, high cost of labour, limited access to land and inadequate information on weather were the main constraints to adaptation to climate change. The inferential analysis revealed that years of farming experience (r = 0.172, p = 0.020), membership of cooperative (χ 2 = 4.207, p = 0.047) and level of education (χ 2 = 9.570, p = 0.023) and extension contact (χ 2 = 14.270, p = 0.000) were significantly associated with respondents’ perceived effectiveness of adaptation strategies to climate change. Efforts should be made to sensitise farmers on the efficacy, appropriateness and applicability of adaptation strategies to foster favourable perception that will trigger positive attitude and subsequent adoption of the strategies where applicable. Government should implement policies that support farmers’ access to credit facilities that is intended to help enhance farmers’ capacity to build resilience. Farmers should be encouraged to take up membership of farm base associations so as to enjoy the benefits therein.
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Woods, Timothy, e Roberta Cook. "A Path Dependency and Cluster Competitiveness Framework to Examine Regional Marketing Systems and Conflicts". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 35, n. 2 (agosto 2003): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800021271.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper develops a framework for competitiveness that incorporates path dependency within production regions. Patterns of technological innovation, product development, institutions, and market orientation follow a certain local path. This evolution creates regional economies that emerge with unexpected competitive advantage. The model draws on previous work looking at, among other things, induced innovation. The framework is applied here to the major regional tomato producers in North America. The paper examines the role of various institutions (grower associations, governments, research institutions, and support industry) in influencing the path along which a regional sector evolves.
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Vu, Hung Van, Huong Ho e Quoc Hoi Le. "Impact of Farmers’ Associations on Household Income: Evidence from Tea Farms in Vietnam". Economies 8, n. 4 (26 ottobre 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8040092.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Farmers’ associations play an important role to help members increase their access to supports of information, capital, and technology; bring benefits to members; and partly promote production, enhance productivity, and increase income. This paper systematizes the theoretical foundation and empirical evidence on income difference between the member and non-member farmers and identifies factors that affect their decisions to join associations. By comparing specific characteristics between the member and non-member farmers, the paper examines the impact of joining farmers’ associations on the income of tea farmers in Vietnam by using the data from the survey of 742 farms. In our sample, 376 respondents are members and 366 non-members of associations in the four largest tea-producing areas, which cover 30 provinces in Vietnam. The paper uses OLS regression model to identify the factors that influence the decision of tea farms to join farmers’ organizations and tobit model to assess more detailed impacts of membership on income. The findings show that the farmers, who are members of an association, are more helpful in the ability to access better market services and more tea prices, and are more likely to earn a higher average income than those are non-members. Moreover, their memberships result in an increase of 0.166 unit of income. The research results also show that other factors, including labor, tea price, share of tea sold, farmer age, tea area, ability to access extension services, and credit services, affect the farmer’s income.
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Muhammad, M. B., A. Garba, A. Aliyu, A. U. Umar e L. M. Umar. "Analysis of Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Sesame Production Practices in Peri Urban Districts of Jigawa State, Nigeria". BADEGGI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENT 4, n. 1 (3 marzo 2022): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35849/bjare202204003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study was carried out to evaluate the awareness and use of improved sesame production practices in Peri-urban areas of Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to select the respondents for the study from five districts that make up peri-urban areas of Dutse. Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaires administered to 165 respondents out of which only 159 were found to be useful. Data collected were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, means and ranking. Finding from the study revealed that the means of age was 38.7 years. All were male, 85% were married and 76.7% had formal education. The mean household size was 10 persons whereas the mean farm size and mean farming experience was 2.2 hectares and 14 years, respectively. About 59% do not belong to any association. The result of Logit regression analysis indicated that out of the twelve variables modelled and regressed as explanatory variables, only three were found to have significantly influenced the adoption of improved sesame production practices of the farmers. These are level of education (0.062), farm size (0.091) and access to credit (0.031). The main problems encountered by the respondents were lack of processing machines (71.7%), poor capital base (58.5%) and non-availability of loans to farmers (57.9%). The study recommended the formation of associations that could lead to taking advantage of such associations in aiding increased funding by governmental or non-governmental lending agencies and other financial institutions which could alleviate these major problems bedevilling sesame production in the study area.
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Máquina, Dalmildo Agostinho, Lérida Palmira Domingos Madeira Castiano, Bilde Agostinho Máquina e Adérito Jeremias Vicente da Silva. "Analysis of determinates for the adoption of agricultural technologies by family farmers in the administrative post of OCUA, Northern Mozambique". Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering 11, n. 3 (19 giugno 2024): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2024.11.00360.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The adoption of new technologies in agriculture has attracted special attention in economic development because they offer the opportunity to substantially increase production and income. Therefore, the present research aims to analyze the potential factors for the adoption of agricultural technologies by farmers in the family sector in the Administrative Post of Ocua. To carry out the research, semi-structured interviews were carried out to collect information/data, which were then processed using Excel and SPSS software. The results show that around 73% adopt row cultivation using the compasses and density recommended for each type of crop, 54% use improved seeds, 52% apply some type of irrigation, 33% seed conservation, 32% use organic fertilizers, 34% use tractors and 21% capture and conserve rainwater on the farm. Regarding the determining factors for the adoption of different agricultural technologies, 91% point to Access to rural extension services, followed by Access to agricultural credit (89%) and membership in a farmer association (78%). Another significant part points to formal education at a rate of 53% and finally access to information on agricultural products at a rate of 42%. Access to credit, access to extension consultancy services and members of farmer associations are more likely to adopt new agricultural technologies.
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Walker, James A., e Esteban Gazel. "Igneous Rock Associations 13. Focusing on the Central American Subduction Zone". Geoscience Canada 41, n. 1 (4 marzo 2014): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2014.41.036.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Central America has recently been an important focus area for investigations into the complex processes occurring in subduction zones. Here we review some of the new findings concerning subduction input, magma production and evolution, and resultant volcanic output. In the Nicaraguan portion of the subduction zone, subduction input is unusually wet, likely caused by extensive serpentinization of the mantle portion of the incoming plate associated with bending-related faulting seaward of the Middle America trench. The atypical influx of water into the Nicaraguan section of the subduction zone ultimately leads to a regional maximum in the degree of mantle melting. In central Costa Rica, subduction input is also unusual in that it includes oceanic crust flavored by the Galapagos plume. Both of these exotic subduction inputs are recognizable in the compositions of magmas erupted along the volcanic front. In addition, Nicaraguan magmas bear a strong chemical imprint from subducting hemipelagic sediments. The high-field-strength-element depletions of magmas from El Salvador through Costa Rica are related to local variations in the depth to the subducting Cocos plate, and, therefore, to segmentation of the volcanic front. Minor phases, probably amphibole or rutile, control these variable depletions. Silicic magmas erupted along the volcanic front exhibit the same along-arc geochemical variations as their mafic brethren. This and their mantle-like radiogenic isotopic compositions suggest the production of juvenile continental crust all along the Central American subduction zone. Punctuated times of enhanced magmatic input from the mantle may aid in crustal development.SOMMAIREL’Amérique centrale a récemment été le lieu de recherches sur les processus complexes se produisant dans les zones de subduction. Ici nous passons en revue certaines découvertes sur nature des intrants de subduction, la production et l’évolution des magmas, ainsi que les extrants volcaniques résultants. Dans le segment nicaraguayen de la zone de subduction, les intrants de subduction sont exceptionnellement humides, probablement à cause de la serpentinisation généralisée de la portion mantélique de la plaque en subduction, fissurée par flexure dans partie marine de la fosse océanique de l’Amérique centrale. L'afflux atypique en eau dans le segment nicaraguayen de la zone de subduction induit ultimement un maximum régional de la proportion de fusion du manteau. Dans la portion centrale du Costa Rica l’intrant de subduction est lui aussi atypique en ce qu’il comprend une croûte océanique teintée par le panache des Galápagos. Ces deux intrants de subduction atypiques sont répercutés dans la composition des magmas éjectés le long du front volcanique. En outre, les magmas nicaraguayens affichent une forte empreinte chimique héritée des sédiments hémipélagiques en subduction. Les appauvrissements en éléments à fortes liaisons atomiques des magmas, du El Salvador jusqu’au Costa Rica, sont liés à des variations localisées de la profondeur de la plaque en subduction de Cocos, et donc, à la segmentation du front volcanique. Des phases mineures, probablement amphibole et rutile, déterminent ces appauvrissements variables. Les magmas siliceux éjectés le long du même front volcanique montrent les mêmes variations géochimiques le long de l’arc que leur contrepartie mafique. De plus, les compositions radiogéniques de leurs contreparties mantéliques évoquent la production d’une croûte continentale juvénile le long de la zone de subduction de l’Amérique centrale. Des épisodes d’accroissements ponctuels des intrants magmatiques du manteau peuvent contribuer au développement d’une croûte.
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Korten, Christopher. "Pope Gregory XVI's Chocolate Enterprise: How Some Italian Clerics Survived Financially During the Napoleonic Era". Church History 86, n. 1 (marzo 2017): 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640717000476.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Chocolate has early associations in the West with Spanish Catholic missionaries to America. From the middle of the sixteenth century, chocolate was employed in many useful ways, including economic capacities. However, till now, there have been no associations with the liquid drink and financial survival during and after periods of war or revolution. Yet during the Napoleonic years (1798–1814), chocolate was employed to support certain impoverished Italian clerics during the leanest years of the period. Leading one of these initiatives was Mauro Cappellari, the future Pope Gregory XVI (r. 1831–1846), who, along with others in his Camaldolese order, produced and retailed the chocolate throughout Italian lands. This article draws on Italian archival materials in Rome and Camaldoli in order to piece together this hitherto overlooked food enterprise. In addition, this article will also reveal much about the chocolate trade and production in Italian lands in general.
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Cooney, Jerry W. "Oceanic Commerce and Platine Merchants, 1796-1806: The Challenge of War". Americas 45, n. 4 (aprile 1989): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007310.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 by Charles III of Spain and his Edict of Free Commerce two years later brought unprecedented commercial prosperity to the port cities of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. Unlimited trade was now allowed between this region of South America and Spain. Exports—mainly silver from Alto Perú and pastoral products from the pampas—flowed in ever greater volume to the Iberian Peninsula. In return, merchants of the estuary received from Spanish commercial houses European manufactures and luxury items. This trade which spanned the South Atlantic depended upon a complex web of credit and merchant associations between the Old World and the New, and also upon the unobstructed traffic of Spain's merchant marine. In the 1780s and early 1790s with the Empire at peace Platine commerce contributed to both government revenues and the growth of a dynamic immigrant merchant community recently arrived from northern Spain. By 1794 the booming trade of the new viceroyalty justified the creation of the Real Consulado de Buenos Aires, essentially an official merchants guild to regulate the business affairs of this region.
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Méndez, V. Ernesto, Christopher M. Bacon, Meryl Olson, Seth Petchers, Doribel Herrador, Cecilia Carranza, Laura Trujillo, Carlos Guadarrama-Zugasti, Antonio Cordón e Angel Mendoza. "Effects of Fair Trade and organic certifications on small-scale coffee farmer households in Central America and Mexico". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25, n. 3 (4 giugno 2010): 236–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000268.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractWe provide a review of sustainable coffee certifications and results from a quantitative analysis of the effects of Fair Trade, organic and combined Fair Trade/organic certifications on the livelihood strategies of 469 households and 18 cooperatives of Central America and Mexico. Certified households were also compared with a non-certified group in each country. To analyze the differences in coffee price, volume, gross revenue and education between certifications, we used the Kruskal–Wallis (K–W) non-parametric test and the Mann–Whitney U non-parametric test as a post-hoc procedure. Household savings, credit, food security and incidence of migration were analyzed through Pearson's chi-square test. Our study corroborated the conditions of economic poverty among small-scale coffee farmer households in Central America and Mexico. All certifications provided a higher price per pound and higher gross coffee revenue than non-certified coffee. However, the average volumes of coffee sold by individual households were low, and many certified farmers did not sell their entire production at certified prices. Certifications did not have a discernable effect on other livelihood-related variables, such as education, and incidence of migration at the household level, although they had a positive influence on savings and credit. Sales to certified markets offer farmers and cooperatives better prices, but the contribution derived from these premiums has limited effects on household livelihoods. This demonstrates that certifications will not single-handedly bring significant poverty alleviation to most coffee-farming families. Although certified coffee markets alone will not resolve the livelihood challenges faced by smallholder households, they could still contribute to broad-based sustainable livelihoods, rural development and conservation processes in coffee regions. This can be done by developing more active partnerships between farmers, cooperatives, certifications and environmental and rural development organizations and researchers in coffee regions. Certifications, especially Fair Trade/organic, have proven effective in supporting capacity building and in serving as networks that leverage global development funding for small-scale coffee-producing households.
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Wambui, Esther. "WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN KENYA". Journal of Gender Related Studies 2, n. 2 (24 dicembre 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jgrs.743.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The main aim of the article is to assess women empowerment in the agricultural production in Kenya. The agricultural sector has a unique potential for empowering women and providing diverse opportunities. Almost 80% of the world’s food is produced on small-scale farms. However, in some country’s women farmers are the majority. In eastern Africa, over half of farmers are women. Women farmers are not only being held back because they are women, but they also faced the challenges felt by all small-scale farmers. For starters, they have less access to land, loans and machinery than men do. They also carry the famous “double-burden” of paid work and unpaid childcare/home labour. Growth in small-scale agriculture is two to four times more effective at reducing hunger and poverty than any other sector, and women farmers are playing a central role. Women’s empowerment is widely perceived to be a key factor in closing gender gaps in agricultural productivity. we find that having the power to make important decisions about agricultural production to be the most important driver of agricultural productivity. women’s empowerment impacts positively on agricultural productivity and suggests a great scope of possible interventions, ranging from financial inclusion mechanisms such as digital savings accounts, affordable mobile-money-based credit schemes and asset-building mechanisms, to programmes facilitating the formation of strong community associations for women. Women specific-training programs are needed to build women’s capacity to participate in organic and sustainable farming. Attention should be paid to achieving substantive women’s equality. A tickbox approach, for example in counting the percentage of women in a committee, or the number of female toilets, is not sufficient and can indeed disguise a lack of women’s agency. A positive and determined choice for women’s empowerment needs to be made.
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Cespedes-Leon, Cecilia, Monica Graciela Balzarini, Roberto Jose Zoppolo, Hugo Alberto Zarza, Elsa Margarita Rodriguez, Nelida Isabel Granval e Ivan Amado Torrico. "Successful Organic Production Practices in the Southern Cone". Sustainable Agriculture Research 6, n. 3 (31 maggio 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n3p26.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The growth of demand of organic products has increased the interest of growers all around the World. To reach a sustainable organic production system, growers have to go through a long and difficult process. Eighty-one successful organic production systems in the Southern Cone of America were evaluated regarding management practices, such as disease control, soil fertility, and biodiversity management. The aim of the study was to determine associations between production techniques, farmer training, experience in organic agriculture, yields obtained, and the contribution of organic production to the profitability of farmers. A multivariate analysis was performed to characterize the variability between systems, correlate the management variables and explain economic sustainability. The economic sustainability of farmers was highly correlated with self-production of fungicides and insecticides, use of permitted commercial fertilizers, organic matter application, the use of natural enemies, commercially permitted fungicides and insecticides and the implementation of preventive practices for disease management. Pest monitoring correlated significantly with farmer training and sustainable practices implementation. Farmer’s perception on the importance of crop diversity in organic production correlated with the importance of external inputs independence, green manure, cover crop, and the experience of farmers in organic production. Farmers who implemented more management practices had yield losses below 20% of total production and a gross margin of organic farming of more than 1.5 times the minimum wage of the country than farmers that implemented few or no management practices.
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Coker, Christine E., William Evans, Michael Collins e Walter Blankenship. "State Partnership Program: Mississippi and Bolivia". HortScience 41, n. 4 (luglio 2006): 1003E—1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1003e.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The National Guard State Partnership Program seeks to link the National Guards of the United States with Ministries of Defense of emerging democratic nations in cooperative activities of mutual benefit. The Program aims to enhance those connections by bringing “Hometown America” onto the international stage through personal, sustained relationships. These associations could build a “Bridge to America,” establishing and nurturing bonds of mutual understanding at the grass roots level. The focus of the program has shifted rapidly to the “citizen” aspects of the National Guard, with instruction, orientation, and personnel exchanges in areas such as economic development, small business administration, and entrepreneurship. Mississippi's program partner is Bolivia. Mississippi State University was called upon to participate in the program by providing Subject Matter Experts. Scientists spent seven days in Bolivia working with the Bolivian military (made up of conscripted soldiers as young as 14 years of age), the Catholic University, and local villages, advising on greenhouse vegetable production and instructing program participants on cultural practices that would benefit their communities.
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Ho, Ngoc Ninh, Phuong Thao Lai, Thi Cam Anh Truong, Van Hung Hoang, Thi Thuy Do e Thuy Nguyen. "The contribution of livelihood diversification activities to poverty reduction of ethnic minority households: A case study in Son La Province, Vietnam". Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 8, n. 6 (21 giugno 2024): 6465. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i6.6465.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The livelihood of ethnic minority households in Vietnam is mainly in the fields of agriculture and forestry. The percentage of ethnic minorities who have jobs in industry, construction, and services is still limited. Moreover, due to harsh climate conditions, limited resources, poor market access, low education level, lack of investment capital for production, and inadequate policies, job opportunities in the off-farm and non-farm activities are very limited among ethnic minority areas. This paper assessed the contribution of livelihood diversification activities to poverty reduction of ethnic minority households in Son La Province of Vietnam. The analysis was based on the data using three stages sampling procedure of 240 ethnic minority households in Son La Province. The finding showed that the livelihood diversification activities had positively significant contribution to poverty reduction of ethnic minority households in Son La Province. In addition, the factors positively affecting the livelihood choices of ethnic minority households in Son La Province of Vietnam are education level, labor size, access to credit, membership of associations, support policies, vocational training, and district. Thus, improving ethnic minority householder’s knowledge through formal educational and training, expanding availability of accessible infrastructure, and enhancing participation of social/political associations were recommended as possible policy interventions to diversify livelihood activities so as to mitigate the level of poverty in the study area.
29
Astorkia, Hernandez, Bocs, Armentia, Herran, Ponce, León et al. "Association Mapping Between Candidate Gene SNP and Production and Oil Quality Traits in Interspecific Oil Palm Hybrids". Plants 8, n. 10 (26 settembre 2019): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8100377.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Oil palm production is gaining importance in Central and South America. However, the main species Elaeis guineensis (Eg) is suffering severely from bud rod disease, restricting the potential cultivation areas. Therefore, breeding companies have started to work with interspecific Elaeis oleifera × Eg (Eo × Eg) hybrids which are tolerant to this disease. We performed association studies between candidate gene (CG) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and six production and 19 oil quality traits in 198 accessions of interspecific oil palm hybrids from five different origins. For this purpose, barcoded amplicons of initially 167 CG were produced from each genotype and sequenced with Ion Torrent. After sequence cleaning 115 SNP remained targeting 62 CG. The influence of the origins on the different traits was analyzed and a genetic diversity study was performed. Two generalized linear models (GLM) with principle component analysis (PCA) or structure (Q) matrixes as covariates and two mixed linear models (MLM) which included in addition a Kinship (K) matrix were applied for association mapping using GAPIT. False discovery rate (FDR) multiple testing corrections were applied in order to avoid Type I errors. However, with FDR adjusted p values no significant associations between SNP and traits were detected. If using unadjusted p values below 0.05, seven of the studied CG showed potential associations with production traits, while 23 CG may influence different quality traits. Under these conditions the current approach and the detected candidate genes could be exploited for selecting genotypes with superior CG alleles in Marker Assisted Selection systems.
30
Upadhayay, Bijaya, Ajay Poudel, Pradeep Raj Rokaya, Santosh Chand e Bhimsen Mahat. "ASSESSMENT ON ADOPTION OF IMPROVED MAIZE VARIETY AND MAIZE PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN BAITADI, NEPAL". Agribusiness Management In Developing Nations 1, n. 2 (5 luglio 2023): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/amdn.02.2023.45.52.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The main objective of this study is to assess the status of adoption of improved maize varieties and cultivation practices of maize in Baitadi district. This study aims to identify the determinants of adoption of improved maize variety (IMV) among farmers and their cultivation practices in Baitadi district and subsequently ascertain the factors influencing the intensity of IMV adoption. The study areas; Dashrathchand-2, Dashrathchand-9, Patan-4 and Pancheshor-6 were selected purposively as these were under the command area of maize zone. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, independent samples t-test, probit model and index score ranking method were used for the data analysis. The productivity of local variety was found 2mt/ha and improved variety was 3.51mt/ha. Majority of farmer preferred to cultivate local and improved variety with Manakamana being the most adopted improved variety. Membership of agricultural groups and training related to maize cultivation were the major determinants of improved variety adoption. Unavailability of seed in vicinity followed by higher cost of seed were the major constraints faced by the farmers in adopting improved maize variety. Distant market and gap between fragment and retail price are the major marketing problem faced by the farmers. Thus, the study concluded that improving farmers’ education, expanding coverage and depth of extension services and firming up farmer associations are suitable policy actions for promoting adoption of improved maize varieties. It is also important to address availability, accessibility and affordability issues constraining adoption of improved varieties and technologies, enhance credit access for farmers and mitigate risk perceptions.
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Nohamba, Siphiw’okuhle, Joseph P. Musara, Yonas T. Bahta e Abiodun A. Ogundeji. "Drivers of Postharvest Loss among Citrus Farmers in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa: A Zero-Inflated Poisson (ZIP) Regression Model Analysis". Agriculture 12, n. 10 (9 ottobre 2022): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101651.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Reducing postharvest losses (PHLs) in the South African citrus industry is fundamental in ensuring food, income, and nutrition security. However, there is limited knowledge on the extent of postharvest losses, their diversity, and the associated inhibiting factors. These factors compromise postharvest loss management strategies and how they can be scaled up across production zones in South Africa. The study adopted a pragmatic philosophy to assess the magnitude and diversity of PHLs for citrus crops and assess the determining factors. A standardized questionnaire was administered to 137 citrus producers from the Eastern Cape Province’s three production zones. Multistage sampling which combined purposive and stratified proportionate sampling was utilized to select the province, production zones, and farmers. The study employed the embedded research approach with a zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) model. The countfit and Vuong tests were used in Stata 15 to ascertain and correct for overdispersion and inflated zeros while isolating the model which best fitted the data. The ZIP regression model indicated that social (e.g., marital status, education, age), economic (e.g., yield), institutional (e.g., markets, extension, credit), and cross-cutting (e.g., pruning, cultivar) factors determined the magnitude of PHL exposure. Targeted and tailored capacity building on good agricultural practices in citrus production might help to reduce postharvest losses through the extension pillar. The production of Nova and Navel citrus cultivars may be promoted when these cultivars are easily accessible and available to farmers while researching other traits to reduce PHL incidences. Investment programs to support the use of water-efficient drip irrigation systems need to be initiated to reduce the chances of incurring considerable postharvest losses. Likewise, pest and disease control in citrus production should be intensified and targeted. Subsidized support for the maintenance of citrus plantations should be provided by the government and other stakeholders, such as citrus production associations.
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Gibbons, P. M., e M. E. Pesato. "Development of competencies for new graduates in small ruminant practice by utilizing a survey of current practitioners". American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings, n. 55 (17 luglio 2023): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/aabppro20228707.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
There are no standardized clinical competencies for new graduates interested in small ruminant herd health, medicine and surgery. This void is obvious as other professional veterinary associations publish competency guidelines for new graduates. Small ruminants are becoming increasingly popular with the development of niche markets, low startup cost and increased interest in livestock production for home consumption by owners in suburban areas, which leads to more mixed and small animal practitioners being tasked with seeing small ruminants. A survey was sent to small ruminant practitioners in North America to gauge the type of small ruminants seen by the practice, procedures performed on small ruminants, and small ruminant disease prevalence in the practice. Results from this survey will be used to establish clinical competencies for new graduates interested in small ruminant practice.
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Loewe-Muñoz, Verónica, Mónica Balzarini e Marta Ortega González. "Pure and mixed plantations of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) for high quality timber production in Chile, South America". Journal of Plant Ecology 13, n. 1 (22 agosto 2019): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtz042.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Aims Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.), an interesting forest species for the veneering industry, requires adequate management to produce valuable high-quality logs. Since species associations and management level can improve stand productivity, the novelty of this work was to assess Persian walnut performance in different planting mixtures and in pure plantations conditioned to management intensity. Methods Growth, straightness and survival measurements were taken annually for 7 years after planting pure and mixed plantations under two contrasting management scenarios. Diseases were recorded at Age 7 in all plantations. Under each management intensity, besides the monoculture, three mixtures were tested: a mixture of only main forest species, main forest species plus one arboreal companion species, Black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) and main species plus the shrub Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) as nurse species. A test of interaction between plantation type and management scenario was conducted using repeated growth data. Important Findings The interaction was significant, indicating the presence of different mechanisms underlying plantation effects under high and low management level. Compared with pure plantations, Persian walnut associated with the nurse shrub exhibited 78% higher height and 53% higher diameter growth in plantations under low management. Health benefits (lower presence of walnut blight than in the monoculture) and better straightness were also found in the association including the shrub when the management intensity was not high. These beneficial effects in the presence of Russian olive were not present under high management intensity (irrigation, fertilization, tutoring and frequent pruning). Site-specific designs for Persian walnut plantations would depend on the foreseen management intensity.
34
Fedick, Scott L. "Land Evaluation and Ancient Maya Land Use in the Upper Belize River Area, Belize, Central America". Latin American Antiquity 6, n. 1 (marzo 1995): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971598.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this study I examine local-scale associations between land resources and the density distribution of Maya residential sites for the prehistoric population maxima of the Late Classic period (ca. A. D. 600-900). Methods involve agricultural land evaluation following USDA guidelines, under assumptions of hand-cultivation technology. I give specific attention to the issue of concordance between the geographic scale of household agricultural production and the scale at which agricultural land evaluation is conducted. The focus is the upper Belize River area of Belize, Central America, where intensive archaeological survey and local-scale land-resource mapping provide the data necessary for a detailed analysis of ancient land-use patterns. The analysis reveals a strong and consistent relationship between prehistoric Maya settlement density and the agricultural productive capability of local soil types. For each land type, I discuss the amount of land available for each residential locus and probable cultivation methods used. I argue that the ability to identify clearly and quantitatively the association (or lack of association) between household settlement pattern and agricultural land capability is a necessary component of regional studies that seek to test models of Maya political economy and social change.
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Bibikova, N. O. "TRENDS AND PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT INDIVIDUAL GRAIN FARMS IN CONTEXT OF PROVISION FOOD SECURITY OF UKRAINE AND ITS REGIONS". Economic innovations 19, n. 3(65) (19 dicembre 2017): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2017.19.3(65).15-27.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the article author analyzes changes in the dynamics and structure of grain production in Ukraine, determined the growth trend the share of individual sector in gross grain collection from 2,8 % in 1990 to 34,7 % in 2016 due to a decrease in the share of corporate sector. Individual grain farms occupy a market niche of production little profitable, but socially significant strategic crops (cereals and barley) for domestic consumption. Determined tendency of excess concentration of grain production, which is growing in the export segment, and a tendency of excess concentrate land in large enterprises of the corporate sector. According to results of the analysis are substantiated the main problems of development of individual farms, in particular: (1) limited access of small commodity producers to market infrastructure, lack of alternative grain delivery channels, except for implementation of opaque �other channels�, underdevelopment of processing and state directions of sales products; (2) dependence of small and medium grain producers from the price policy of traders, as owners of 90 % of sold grain, which influence the formation of seasonal purchasing prices of products; (3) disproportionate distribution of income between corporate and individual sectors, which is reinforced by seasonal and regional price volatility; (4) limited access of direct producers of grain to credit resources and state financial support; (5) unsatisfactory institutional providing for development of individual farms, the absence of their representations in professional associations. Volumes of grain production individual farms determine the level of real coefficient food security of the state and its regions. Increasing the profitability of subjects individual sector will promote development and state support of grain cooperation in Ukraine.
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Постернак, І. М., С. О. Постернак e О. C. Постернак. "ORGANIZATION OF BUILDING PRODUCTION CORPORATIONS OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE AS THE ORIGIN OF " CSTC T-PPR "". Building production, n. 73 (22 maggio 2023): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36750/2524-2555.73.46-51.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The modern world market is a complex system of interactions between commodity producers, financial and credit, exchange and state institutions, the basis of which is the phenomenon called the large joint-stock corporation. The principle of corporations is the principle of contemporary urban communities: their members, paying taxes to the king or lord, form an association that can protect their common interest. The period of the most intensive formation of corporations (associations) in architectural and construction production is considered – the period of Gothic architecture (individual elements – the end of the 11th...12th centuries; widespread use – the 13th...15th centuries). In particular, it is considered how this architecture was created, the sources of its origin are indicated, as well as the circumstances that caused its spread. For this, Gothic architecture itself was considered from the standpoint of: social orientation (city communities and cathedrals); position of the architect and workers; methods of payment. A comparative SWOT analysis (strength; weakness; opportunity; probable threats) of corporations of the Gothic period and modern times has been developed. In the process of forming plans for the social and economic development of large cities, a situation arises more and more often, when increasing the efficiency of resource use requires not only a concentration of efforts, but also new progressive forms of production organization. We propose to create in the urban reconstruction of the city of Odessa "Corporate scientific and technical complex of urban energy reconstruction "CSTC T-PPR" as an innovative organizational structure that uses in practice the accumulated scientific and technical potential for the reconstruction of the buildings of the historical development of Odessa according to energy efficiency standards.
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Rodriguez-Saona, Cesar, Charles Vincent e Rufus Isaacs. "Blueberry IPM: Past Successes and Future Challenges". Annual Review of Entomology 64, n. 1 (7 gennaio 2019): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-112147.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Blueberry is a crop native to North America with expanding production and consumption worldwide. In the historical regions of production, integrated pest management (IPM) programs have been developed and provided effective control of key insect pests. These have integrated monitoring programs with physical, cultural, biological, behavioral, and chemical controls to meet the intense demands of consumers and modern food systems. Globalization of the blueberry industry has resulted in new pest-crop associations and the introduction of invasive pests into existing and new blueberry-growing areas. Invasive pests—in particular spotted wing drosophila—have been highly disruptive to traditional IPM programs, resulting in increased use of insecticides and the potential to disrupt beneficial insects. Moreover, regulatory agencies have reduced the number of broad-spectrum insecticides available to growers while facilitating registration and adoption of reduced-risk insecticides that have a narrower spectrum of activity. Despite these new tools, increasing international trade has constrained insecticide use because of maximum residue limits, which are often not standardized across countries. Great potential remains for biological, behavioral, cultural, and physical methods to contribute to blueberry IPM, and with more regions investing in blueberry research, we expect regionally relevant IPM programs to develop in the new production regions.
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Sadiq, Mustapha A., John K. M. Kuwornu, Ramatu M. Al-Hassan e Suhiyini I. Alhassan. "Assessing Maize Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change and Variability in Ghana". Agriculture 9, n. 5 (29 aprile 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9050090.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study examined the adaptation strategies of maize farmers to climate change and variability in the Eastern Region of Ghana using primary data collected from 150 maize farming households by the administration of structured questionnaires. The results of the multinomial logit regression revealed that rainfall perception, access to credit, and farming experience significantly influenced the adoption of recommended agricultural practices, whereas the adoption of soil-related strategies is influenced by gender and rainfall perception. Farming experience and rainfall perception influenced the adoption of improved varieties strategies. This study highlights the need for the development of water resources for maize production in the context of the changing climate. In this respect, the crucial roles of the Ghana Irrigation Development Authority, the agricultural extension division of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and other international organizations such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the World Bank regarding the development of irrigation facilities and the associated capacity building of the farmers are very important. Finally, the formation of Water User Associations for the smallholder farmers regarding the usage and maintenance of the irrigation facilities would be a step in the right direction.
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Ibitoye, Olakunle, e Isaac Olusegun Ogunwande. "Effect of Bio-fortified Vitamin A Cassava on Poverty Status of Farming Households in Nigeria, Evidence from Oyo State." Gadau Journal of Pure and Allied Sciences 3, n. 1 (30 giugno 2024): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54117/gjpas.v3i1.121.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Profitable farming is a prime target of all farmers regardless of the scale of production adopted and the veritable opportunity to attain the threshold of bumper harvest is not unconnected with the adoption of new technology. Bio-fortified vitamin A cassava remains the best option for farmers to experience improvement in cassava performance in both the quality and quantity terms and they are encouraged to adopt it in order to improve their households’ welfare. The survey was launched to investigate the effect of bio-fortified vitamin A cassava on the poverty status of the farming households in Nigeria using Oyo State as a case study. A Multistage sampling technique was used to sample a total of 186 cassava farmers comprising 92 adopters and 94 non-adopters of bio-fortified vitamin A cassava variety using copies of well-structured questionnaires. Parametric tools used were descriptive statistics and probit regression for socioeconomic characteristics and adoption status analysis. The socioeconomic results showed that both the adopters and non-adopters were in the productive ages of 42 years and 59 years respectively. The majorities of farmers in the two categories were married and had formal education. Years of experience possessed by them were 11 years and 18 years while both groups were members of associations. Poverty classification result showed 41.3% of adopters being poor while 83.0% of non-adopters were poor. Marital status (2.1271<p=0.05), education (1.1510; p<0.1), seasonal income (0.0757; p=0.05) and poverty status (I.6019; p<0.1) had influence on the farmers’ adoption status while lack of credit was voted highest among the factors militating against adoption of bio-fortified vitamin A cassava. It is therefore recommended that stakeholders in the crop enterprise should make frantic efforts in providing credit and other basic inputs that will enhance improved vitamin A adoption.
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Woods, Joanna L., e David H. Gent. "Susceptibility of Hop Cultivars to Downy Mildew: Associations with Chemical Characteristics and Region of Origin". Plant Health Progress 17, n. 1 (gennaio 2016): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-15-0044.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Hop downy mildew (caused by Pseudoperonospora humuli) is a yield-limiting disease in many hop-production regions of the world. In this research, 110 cultivars that are or were widely grown in the United States, Europe, or Australasia were evaluated in western Oregon over three years for their reaction to the shoot infection phase of downy mildew and vigor. There was a large range of downy mildew susceptibility and vigor amongst commercial cultivars, with some cultivars possessing a very high level of resistance. Overall, however, disease resistance and vigor were significantly greater in cultivars originating from Europe than those originating from the United States, Japan, and Australia/New Zealand. Amongst a subset of 79 cultivars, vigor was negatively correlated with levels, in cones, of cohumulone, a chemical constitute of bittering acids typically found in germplasm derived from North America. The generally poor vigor observed in cultivars derived outside of Europe likely is indicative of a lack of tolerance to the crown infection phase of the disease. Thus, the best sources of downy mildew resistance seems to be found in cultivars from the United Kingdom and continental Europe, and such cultivars are typically lower yielding and lack distinctive aroma and flavor characteristics presently desired by craft brewers. Introgression of downy mildew resistance into North American germplasm with high yield and desirable brewing characteristics is needed. Accepted for publication 3 March 2016. Published 7 March 2016.
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Bwalya, Richard, e Mabvuto Zulu. "The Role of Savings Group on the Nutritional and Economic Wellbeing of Rural Households: The Case of World Vision’s Savings for Transformation (S4T) in Zambia". Business and Economic Research 11, n. 2 (24 marzo 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v11i2.18451.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Smallholders and the poor populations, especially in rural areas, tend to have little or no access to formal credit, which limits their capacity to invest in the technologies and inputs they need to increase their yields and incomes and reduce hunger and poverty. This mainly arises because financial institutions interested in serving this market face a myriad of risks and challenges associated with agricultural production and lending, including seasonality and the associated irregular cash flows, high transaction costs, and systemic risks, such as floods, droughts, and plant diseases. As a solution to the challenge of financial exclusion among the rural poor, several international development organizations have been using Village Savings and Lending Associations (VSLAs) as an alternative option to increasing financial inclusion among the rural communities in most developing countries. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, this study aimed to assess whether membership to these VSLAs results in significant improvements in household economic status as well as household food security. The results show that compared to non-members, members of these savings groups are more likely to have increased access to alternative and more sustainable financial tools. Membership to these savings groups is also associated with improved nutrition, education, living standards while the likelihood of being poor is also reduced.
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Zampaligré, Nouhoun, e Lisa Elena Fuchs. "Determinants of Adoption of Multiple Climate-Smart Adaptation Practices in Sudano-Sahelian Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Production Systems". Sustainability 11, n. 18 (4 settembre 2019): 4831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184831.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To improve their ability to plan for and respond to potential negative impacts of climate shocks, such as droughts and dry spells, in the Sahelian agricultural production systems, many farmers have adopted diversified coping and adaptation strategies to secure their livelihoods. However, the scientific understanding of the key factors that determine the decisions that these pastoralist and agro-pastoralist households make, as well as the relation between existing human, social, natural, physical and financial assets and the adoption of adaptation practices at the household level has remained insufficient. Therefore, multivariate probit estimates were used to identify the key drivers of multiple adoption of climate-smart agro-pastoral adaptation practices in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso. The results indicated that respondent households adopted a combination of adaptation practices rather than a single practice. Most of these practices aimed at enhancing household food security and livelihoods. Regarding the variables that are related to the adoption of these adaptation practices overall, a few assets were found to contribute significantly to the decision to adopt the assessed adaption practices. These include the possession of household and farm assets and equipment, membership in associations and assistance from government, farming experience of the household head, access to credit, as well as ownership and size of farmland. In addition, access to climate and agronomic information, as well as a household’s location within a specifically dedicated pastoral zone, enhanced uptake of various adaptation practices in this study. Access to these assets and features hence plays a critical role in pastoralists’ and agro-pastoralists’ adaptive capacity. This study provides insights for policy makers in view of climate change adaptation and wider sustainable development planning in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Africa.
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LIFSHEY, ADAM. "The Borderlands Poetics of Bruce Springsteen". Journal of the Society for American Music 3, n. 2 (maggio 2009): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196309090142.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
How does the music of Bruce Springsteen interrogate prevailing constructs of the U.S.-Mexico border region? In his folk masterpiece The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995) and other works that feature Spanish-speaking protagonists, Springsteen implicitly reconceptualizes the Americas as an unbordered and fluid space. His performances enact Mexico and the United States as transamerican ideations rather than discrete nations. Although the booming academic field of border studies reframes static images of both Latin America and the United States in favor of malleable transnational paradigms, it still tends to privilege cultural production emanating from the borders themselves. This propensity does not leave much space for an engagement with canonical figures of U.S. culture such as Springsteen, a singer/songwriter who theorizes the borderlands in ways that at first may seem at odds with his career-long, conscious associations with red, white, and blue semiotics. This article examines the Hispanic presences in Springsteen's oeuvre from his debut 1973 albums onward and contrasts them with the relatively fixed representations of the borderlands in the lifework of Bob Dylan.
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Willenberg, Ingrid. "‘Once upon a time in Bearland’: Longitudinal development of fictional narratives in South African children". First Language 37, n. 2 (14 dicembre 2016): 150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723716679798.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Children’s narrative skills have been widely studied in North America, but there is a paucity of African research. Within South Africa’s diverse socio-cultural context, this study of mixed-race children explored the development of narrative production and the influence of home background variables. Using the Bear Story picture prompt, this longitudinal study investigated the fictional oral narrative skills of 70 English-speaking children in kindergarten and Grade 3. Four key findings emerged: first, with age, narratives increased in lexical diversity, macrostructure elements and written discourse features. However, there was no increase in evaluation, thus highlighting the complexity and nonlinear nature of narrative development. Second, early book reading experiences in the home were positively associated with Grade 3 narrative macrostructure. Third, there were no associations between narrative abilities and maternal education or mothers speaking a first language other than English, underscoring the importance of parental behaviours above factors such as education and language background. Finally, contrary to expectations, the findings suggest more similarities than differences between these children and their peers in other contexts.
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Graham, Gary W., P. Charles Goebel, Randall B. Heiligmann e Matthew S. Bumgardner. "Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Production Practices within the Ohio Maple Syrup Industry". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2007): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/24.4.290.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Maple syrup production contributes approximately $5 million annually to Ohio's economy and provides supplemental nontimber forest product income for forestland owners. To better understand the factors that influence this important nontimber forest industry in Ohio, including producer heritage, producer age, sap collection methods, size of maple operation, and educational programming, we conducted a detailed survey of all known Ohio maple syrup producers (761 total producers). Over 80% of producers responded to the survey (620 respondents), making our analysis one of the most extensive of a maple industry in North America. In general, most maple operations in Ohio are part-time, family-based enterprises and over 25% of Ohio's maple producers are of Amish heritage. Although we estimate that there are over 400,000 taps in the state, the typical sugarbush is relatively small—the average sugarbush is 27 ac in size and over a third of the operations have fewer than 100 taps. Chi-square analyses did reveal several significant (α = 0.05) associations among producer characteristics. Although Amish producers were significantly younger and had significantly larger operations than their English or non-Amish counterparts (P < 0.001), a higher proportion of English producers reported using tubing collection systems than Amish producers (P = 0.031). Additionally, while larger maple operations tended to use tubing systems more frequently (P < 0.001), we did not detect a significant association between sap collection method (bucket versus tubing) and producer age (P = 0.169). Finally, English producers tend to be older. Older producers (>53 years old), producers using tubing collection systems, and producers with more than 250 taps were significantly more likely to participate in Ohio State University (OSU) Extension educational programming (P ≤ 0.05). These results suggest significant relationships among producer demographics and the characteristics of maple operations in Ohio, and future OSU educational programming should be tailored to reflect these important relationships.
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Meghana J. "Economic Evaluation of Mudimadagu Sub- Watershed project in Kolar District of Karnataka, India". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, n. 01 (2023): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01.058.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study was undertaken in Srinivaspura taluk, Kolar district of Karnataka to analyse the economic benefits derived by watershed beneficiaries of Mudimadagu sub-watershed project implemented under Credit Institute for Reconstruction-watershed area project (KfW). Primary data of the study was collected from randomly selected 60 farmers from the project area which includes 30 watershed beneficiaries and 30 nonbeneficiaries. Data Collected were examined using Simpson’s index, cost and returns analysis and Garett’s ranking. Higher crop diversity was found among watershed beneficiaries than the non - beneficiaries with Simpson’s index values of 0.84 and 0.79 respectively. Production, productivity and net returns of the major crops cultivated was found higher in watershed area compared to Non-watershed area. Average Annual income for unit farm was found higher in watershed area with Rs. 2,98,855 compared to Non-watershed area with Rs1,73,189. Lack of awareness about benefits of watershed technology among the beneficiary farmers and poor participation by the farmers during training programmes conducted by the implementing agencies were the major constraints faced during the watershed project implementation. From the results it was clear that the watershed activities benefited farmers by enhancing their yield, net returns and overall income. It was also found that formation of watershed area farmers’ associations is necessary for the maintenance of soil and water conservation structures by watershed area development department.
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Mirajkar, Nandita S., Aschalew Z. Bekele, Yogesh Y. Chander e Connie J. Gebhart. "Molecular Epidemiology of Novel Pathogen “Brachyspira hampsonii” Reveals Relationships between Diverse Genetic Groups, Regions, Host Species, and Other Pathogenic and Commensal Brachyspira Species". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, n. 9 (1 luglio 2015): 2908–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01236-15.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Outbreaks of bloody diarrhea in swine herds in the late 2000s signaled the reemergence of an economically significant disease, swine dysentery, in the United States. Investigations confirmed the emergence of a novel spirochete in swine, provisionally designated “Brachyspira hampsonii,” with two genetically distinct clades. Although it has since been detected in swine and migratory birds in Europe and North America, little is known about its genetic diversity or its relationships with otherBrachyspiraspecies. This study characterizesB. hampsoniiusing a newly developed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach and elucidates the diversity, distribution, population structure, and genetic relationships of this pathogen from diverse epidemiological sources globally. Genetic characterization of 81B. hampsoniiisolates, originating from six countries, with our newly established MLST scheme identified a total of 20 sequence types (STs) belonging to three clonal complexes (CCs).B. hampsoniishowed a heterogeneous population structure with evidence of microevolution locally in swine production systems, while its clustering patterns showed associations with its epidemiological origins (country, swine production system, and host species). The close genetic relatedness ofB. hampsoniiisolates from different countries and host species highlights the importance of strict biosecurity control measures. A comparative analysis of 430 isolates representing sevenBrachyspiraspecies (pathogens and commensals) from 19 countries and 10 host species depicted clustering by microbial species. It revealed the close genetic relatedness ofB. hampsoniiwith commensalBrachyspiraspecies and also provided support for the two clades ofB. hampsoniito be considered a single species.
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Burkart, Stefan, Manuel Díaz, Karen Enciso, Andrés Charry, Natalia Triana, Martín Mena, José Luis Urrea-Benítez, Irieleth Gallo Caro e Rein Van der Hoek. "The impact of COVID-19 on the sustainable intensification of forage-based beef and dairy value chains in Colombia: a blessing and a curse". Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 10, n. 3 (30 settembre 2022): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(10)237-248.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the difficulties associated with the need to transition the cattle sector in Latin America towards achieving sustainability and created a “double crisis” of pandemic and climate change. The increasing demand for animal sourced foods and the need to address the negative environmental impacts of cattle production, including greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss and deforestation, and the implications of climate change on cattle production (prolonged droughts, prolonged rainy seasons, heat stress), have placed strong emphasis on sustainable intensification of forage-based beef and dairy systems for climate change mitigation and adaptation. This is needed to meet the commitments made by many Latin American countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under the Paris Agreement. Through a qualitative approach, this perspective paper reviews the present and potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on progress towards sustainable intensification of the Colombian cattle sector. It also outlines new opportunities for sustainable intensification in Colombia that may provide useful examples for other Latin American countries. Short-term impacts such as: (i) increased input prices, (ii) limited access to inputs, credit, and technical assistance, and (iii) reduced incomes, have limited investment in sustainable intensification along the value chains. Reduced resources for research and development funding, unavailability of skilled and experienced staff, restrictions to travel and person-to-person interactions, in tandem, have caused setbacks in the development and application of sustainable technologies and programs. This has been addressed by increased use of technology for communication but there are difficulties with the broad availability of such technologies, especially farmers. A long-term shift of consumer demand towards more sustainable animal products is occurring and expected to continue, and this should lead to new opportunities for sustainable intensification.
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Mozhaev, E. E., A. K. Markov e I. V. Vasilyeva. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE AGROINDUSTRIAL CLUSTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM". Scientific Review Theory and Practice 11, n. 7 (2021): 1986–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2021-11-7-1986-1994.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article discusses the issues of improving the management of the agro-industrial cluster, which is a condition for increasing the efficiency of its production and financial activities. In the domestic economic literature, it is customary to distinguish between 3 types of clusters, each of which emphasizes a particular priority of its functioning. We consider the third type of cluster – industry clusters – large-scale associations, defined in relation to any main industry (agro-industrial, chemical clusters, etc.). Research shows that the process of development or lagging of the economy, including the agricultural sector, is not accidental, but is determined by the quality of the management system. The regional agro-industrial complex management system is one of the main elements of the entire agro-industrial complex management system, the essence of which is to establish the optimal ratios of individual blocks, modules of the production vertical and structural horizontal. The functioning of these blocks of management of the regional agro-industrial complex is based on a rational combination of integration and cooperation in the agricultural sector, integrated information systems, price and financial-credit mechanisms, budgetary support and investments. In the pro- posed model of management of the regional agro-industrial complex on the principles of state regulation, the priority role belongs to state bodies, which allows, in modern conditions, to establish intersectoral and interregional ties. When preparing progressive models of agro-industrial complex management, developers should take into account the following factors: climatic and economic, the specifics of the development of the region (country, federal district, constituent entity of the Russian Federation, municipal formation); management level; provision of labor resources and their quality characteristics; the readiness of the subjects and objects of management to perceive this model; financial, logistical and other capabilities, etc.
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Sapbamrer, Ratana, e Ajchamon Thammachai. "A Systematic Review of Factors Influencing Farmers’ Adoption of Organic Farming". Sustainability 13, n. 7 (31 marzo 2021): 3842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073842.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Understanding the evidence-based factors that influence the adoption of organic farming yields benefits in terms of managing said adoption effectively. We searched relevant articles published in databases including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google. The inclusion criteria were as follows: original article; published in journals, proceedings, or dissertations; full article publication; published between 1999 and 2021; focusing on assessing the adoption of organic farming or conversion to organic farming; published in English; included data analyzed via correlation coefficient analysis, regression analysis, or discriminant analysis. Out of the 50 articles identified, 33 studies described findings associated with farmer and household factors, 32 described psychobehavioral and psychosocial factors, 36 assessed farming factors, and 33 analyzed supportive factors. The literature provides evidence that relevant factors include the following: (1) farmer and household factors (i.e., gender, off-farm income, and level of education); (2) psycho-behavioral and psychosocial factors (i.e., positive attitude, normative and moral obligations); (3) farming factors (i.e., organic farm experience, production cost, and farm ownership); (4) supportive factors (i.e., training, support of technology, organic farmer neighbors, information acquisition, membership of association, and extension contacts). To promote the adoption of organic farming, extension agents play a vital role in the provision of information via training and the encouragement of conventional farmers to shift towards organic agriculture. The target groups that have the greatest potential for the adoption of organic farming are young farmers, females, individuals who have ownership of their farm, those with a high level of education, and farmers with off-farm income. Farm associations also play a vital role in the sharing of experience and in increasing bargaining power. Support by the government in terms of resources, credit, markets, and subsidy is also relevant in motivating organic farming adoption. Therefore, three sectors, extension agents, farm associations, and the government, are key drivers for the sustainable adoption of organic farming.