Tesi sul tema "Procédé durable"
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Namhaed, Kritsana. "Etude d'un procédé durable de production de furfural à partir des résidus hémicellulosiques issus de la biomasse". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP078.
Testo completoAlong with the depletion of fossil reserves and environmental concerns, the utilization of renewable lignocellulosic biomass stands out as a promising avenue for the production of non-petroleum-derived chemicals. One such chemical of interest is furfural, which serves as a viable substitute for biofuels and additives. Furfural can be efficiently generated through the acid dehydration of C5 sugars found in hemicelluloses within lignocellulosic materials. The primary objective of this study is to develop a sustainable process for converting C5 sugars, present in hydrolysates from biomass hydrolysis (via the LEEBioTM process), into furfural using formic acid as a catalyst. Formic acid exhibits considerable promise due to its dual functionality: serving as both a solvent in biomass hydrolysis, yielding sugar-rich hydrolysates, and as an effective catalyst for the dehydration of C5 sugars into furfural. The study investigated the impact of various operating parameters on furfural production, aiming to identify optimal conditions through batch system experiments utilizing synthetic solutions. Three extraction methods - steam stripping, biphasic organic solvent systems, and supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) extraction - were employed to extract furfural from the reaction medium, thereby preventing furfural degradation and enhancing both yield and selectivity. These extraction processes facilitated the recovery of all produced furfural in the extract, while minimizing concentrations of xylose and furfural in the reactor. Furthermore, the potential of formic acid as a fractionation solvent and catalyst for the conversion of C5 sugars into furfural was explored using hydrolysates obtained from biomass fractionation via the LEEBioTM process. Under optimized conditions, furfural yields from real biomass hydrolysates surpassed those reported in the literature for all investigated systems. Additionally, a kinetic model was developed to offer detailed insights into the conversion of C5 sugars into furfural catalyzed by formic acid. This model proved highly accurate, predicting maximum achievable yields with over 90% precision. However, the presence of additional compounds, such as inorganic elements and hexose sugars, did affect the model’s accuracy. Nonetheless, the model remained instrumental in optimizing furfural production from raw materials like xylans and real biomass hydrolysates
Bourkaib, Mohamed Chafik. "Procédé enzymatique intensifié et durable de N-acylation d'acides aminés en milieux écocompatibles : caractérisation, cinétiques et immobilisation de nouveaux biocatalyseurs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0114.
Testo completoAcylated amino acids are one of the most attractive biobased surfactants for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutic industry regarding their techno-functional and bioactive properties. Those molecules are produced at industrial scale by using Schotten-Baumann chemical method which is a very productive way but non-specific and have a negative impact on the environment. Enzymatic catalysis is one of the most promising alternatives. The aim of this work was to find the best enzymatic way for the N-acylation of amino acids in green solvent. The first step was to select the couple enzyme / reactional medium enabling the implementation of this reaction. Aminoacylases from Streptomyces ambofaciens in aqueous medium showed the best N-acylation specificity towards the amino acids and the acyl donors with some correlating between the structure of the substrates and the catalytic performances compared to CALB which doesn’t show any N-α-acylation activity. The addition of cobalt to the reaction medium allowed an acceleration of the reaction rate and an increase of the activity. In a second time, the activity of the different enzymes was evaluated after the immobilization on various supports. The aminoacylases immobilized on SBA-15 functionalized with APTES showed the best performances compared to the use of the others supports but a decrease of the activity compared to the free enzymes was observed. In the case of CALB, the covalent immobilization using isocyanate as grafting agent on the macroporous silica material allowed a significant improvement of the catalytic performance under scCO2 even better than the commercial immobilized CALB. Lastly, the operational condition affecting the aminoacylases activity for the synthesis of undecenoyl-phenylalanine, a product with cosmetic interest, was evaluated. The product of the reaction was purified to >99% and the skin depigmentation activity was checked
Foret, Sylvain. "Etude d'un nouveau procédé de fractionnement des co-produits de fabrication de jambon sec et des propriétés physico-chimiques et fonctionnelles des extraits et raffinats". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0075/document.
Testo completoThe ham production by-product comes from the deboning of dressed, salted, dried and refined pork leg. It consists of more than 85% of bone and associated tissues (cartilage, ligaments, tendons). Hammer mill crushing allows homogenizing the by-product into pieces smaller than 8 cm (> 90% between 40 and 80 mm).Dry matter chemical composition of the blend; (77 ± 3% DM) is 33 ± 5% protein (89% collagen, 14% of watersoluble proteins, 6% free amino acid), 31 ± 3% lipids (triglycerides: 70% diglycerides: 3.5%; free fatty acids: 11%; saturated / unsaturated: 0.87; 24% C16: 0; 13% C18: 0; 2% C16: 1; 38% C18: 1; 4% C18: 2) and 26 ± 4% mineral matter (calcium phosphate 88%, 9% NaCl). Lipids and proteins aqueous extraction of the by-product is studied in an agitated contactor reactor. The solid raffinate was separated by hot filtration to an aggregate and the fat is separated by cold decantation.The study of the influence of main factors of the liquid / solid extraction (contact time: 30 to 90 min, temperature: 40 to 90 °C; ratio water / by-product: 4 to 10) through the implementation of an experimental design, highlights the effects of proteins dissolution and coagulation on lipid output and decantation as fat matter.By pilot scale implementation (64 kg of crushed by-product of dry-cured ham, 207 kg of water, 30 min at 90 ° C in agitated contactor), the aqueous fractionation process leads, by centrifugal filtration and drying, to a stable aggregate (yield: 59%; mineral matter: 41%; protein 43%; lipids: 16%), source of calcium phosphate (95% of the mineral) and gelatin or bone glue (88% collagenous protein).The decanted fat fraction (yield: 24%; lipids: 93%; triglycerides: 75%; diglycerides: 4% free fatty acids: 7%; saturated / unsaturated: 0.82%; 37% C16: 0; 15% C18: 0; 2% C16: 1; 44% C18: 1; 8% C18: 2) has the same physicochemical characteristics as lard, with an odor similar to that of dry-cured ham (19 identified aromatic VOC part of ham main flavors). The solubilized protein fraction, obtained as a lyophilized extract after concentration of the aqueous phase (yield: 8%; protein: 52% with 29% of free amino acids; mineral matter: 29%, with 90% NaCl, lipids: 3%), also contains sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs: 3.4%). These composition characteristics, associated with its thickening and gelling properties, adhesive and stabilizing for emulsion, transforms this minor fraction of the aqueous fractionation process of the dry-cured ham byproduct, in an high added value multiple applications extract (source of peptones for culture for fungi and yeasts, a natural and binding adhesive, ingredient for food nutraceutic and cosmetic formulation)
Diagne, Ndeye Wemsy. "Le nettoyage : une étape-clef pour une production durable par procédé à membrane : réflexion sur le lien entre conditions de production et nettoyabilité d'une membrane PES de l'industrie laitière". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01019725.
Testo completoAlvarado, patino Nelson Andrey. "Évaluation des performances thermomécaniques des enrobés bitumineux à fort taux de recyclage : Apport du procédé de régénération Fenixfalt". Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAR0021/document.
Testo completoAn experimental programme has been performed on three types of bituminous mixes with variable recycling rates and the possible addition of rejuvenator. The mix composition and the production process have been defined in order to perform a comparative analysis. The coating process modifies the physico-chemical parameters of the binders, like consistency, glassy transition temperature, cristallizable moiety, aromatics and asphaltenes rates; the above variations are limited by using the rejuvenator. As the RAP content increases, the compactibility and the rutting of the mixes decrease and the viscoelastic stiffness increases, but the rejuvenation reduces these variations. Globally, RAP increases the fatigue resistance of the mixes and flattens the Wöhler curve. Rejuvenation enhances ɛ6 fatigue parameter; fatigue performances increase with R&B temperature and colloidal index of the binder and as the viscous component of the mixes decreases. The positive impact of a high rate of RAP and of the rejuvenation on the allowable traffic has been evaluated from the structural design of a threelayered pavement. At low temperature, the deterioration of the tension ductility and of the stress restrained failure temperature produced by the RAP, is limited by the rejuvenation; a compromise with the fatigue resistance has to be found. The rejuvenated mixes laid as surface layers on a provincial road have experienced a smaller evolution that non rejuvenated mixes
Hernandez-Shek, Manuel Alejandro. "Développement et validation de méthodologies et d’outils opérationnels de caractérisation rhéologique de biomasses appliqués au procédé de méthanisation en voie solide, et conception de réacteurs de 0,5 m3". Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2579.
Testo completoContinuous dry anaerobic digestion (D-AD) in plug flow reactor (PFR) is a promising process that is growing interest in the treatment and energy recovery of agricultural waste. The biomethane production provides an additional income to farmers and a source of natural fertilizer, additionally, this process is in line with UNESCO's sustainable development objectives through the production of renewable energy, employment creation and the fight against climate change. Despite the potential of this process in the current energy context, scientific and technological obstacles need to be solved to better understand and control the phenomena involved, to increase the profitability of the installations and to make this technology more accessible to small and medium-sized farmers. The objective of this work is to provide solutions to the problems related to the development of continuous D-AD in PFR, especially for the Easymetha process. First, the objective was to develop and validate rheological measurement tools and methods adapted to D-AD process at pilot and industrial scales. Three alternative rheological analysis methods were developed to measure the rheological properties (yield stress, viscosity, cohesion and angle of friction) of the biomass as well as its flowability. A Slump Test, a consistometer and a shear box of large volumes (>10 L) allowed to characterize the rheological properties of artificial mixtures of raw and crushed straw manure. Then, the second objective focused on the development and application of a Water Retention Curve (WRC) method for the determination of the evolution of the porosity distribution of manure treated in batch reactors. Then, the objective was to establish the effect of immersion, the absence of recirculation of the liquid phase and the height of the solid mass on the degradation of the material and its physical and rheological properties as a function of height, two digestion columns with a height of 2.5 m and a total volume of 440 L were constructed. Two levels of immersion were tested to demonstrate the low need for liquid recirculation once the solid mass is immersed in the liquid fraction. The importance of this parameter for continuous D-AD systems fed with raw substrates is discussed. Immersion can promote the formation of hydraulic seals at the reactor inlet and outlet and the horizontal displacement of the material. These experiments have provided a solid basis for the next objective, which is to design and operate a continuous D-AD pilot PFR with a design as close as possible to the Easymetha process. The development of a new D-AD system at the pilot scale consisted of a 500 L PFR, a large volume where the material advances over a length of 2 m. This pilot has been operated continuously for 100 days, its operation has shown the aptitude and resilience of this system for the valorization of raw straw cattle-manure. In addition, a tool for simulation and prediction of methane flow behavior from batch data was created and validated with the experimental results of the pilot. Finally, the evolution of the rheological properties of the manure in continuous and batch reactors was measured using the previously developed and calibrated tools. This thesis is based on several multi-scale and complementary experiments allowing a better understanding and optimization of the process of continuous dry-process anaerobic digestion of raw agricultural by-products
Bergara, Tomas. "Réversibilité de l'adhérence dans des assemblages structuraux modèles". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14445.
Testo completoStructural adhesives are nowadays widely used in numerous industries like automotive, aerospace, avionics or microelectronics … for many reasons such as easy processing or weight and cost savings. A strong effort has been achieved so far to enhance the level of adherence in structural assemblies and in this particular case a new challenge appears: the easy dismantling of structural bonded joints. This innovative concept results from industrial constrains like maintenance or recycling needs.This work studies a process which offers a simple and efficient solution to the disassembling of structural bonds. Based on the use of specific additives activated by heating at a certain temperature, this new technology allows the drastic decrease of the bonding performance and allow the dismantling in a very short time. It fulfills the main characteristics required by this application, like no change in processing (implementation, curing conditions,…) and no or slight modification of the mechanical properties. The results of the influence of adding additive is evaluated.This process is based on the incorporation. of specific chemicals in the adhesive or primer formulations. These additives are selected according to specific properties like decomposition temperature. An innovative aspect of this technology lies in the localization of the dismantling. The first step of the additive action is migration from the bulk of the adhesive to the interface. In a second time, once at the interface, the decomposition gases generated by the additive (mainly steam and nitrogen) induce constrains and stresses. After a certain time, theses stresses are sufficient enough to overcome the adhesion forces and the adhesive debonds from the substrate, adhesive failure occurs. One logical consequence of this interfacial action is the use of a dismantling primer, which enables to improve the efficiency of the technology and allows additive savings.This work proposes mecanisms based on experimental results in order to explain what happens in the adhesive bulk and on the interfaces. Finally, an application of this process is described related to the use of debondable adhesive for structural coupling during ground tests in the frame of GAIA telescope. Its main structure is a multi segments brazed torus in silicon carbide. In order to test each segment, a structural and debondable epoxy adhesive was developed, allowing structural bonding at room temperature and easy dismantling with interfacial failure after thermal activation. After testing and dismantling, segments were reused for final application
Martinaux, Philippe. "Synthèse de nouvelles molécules odorantes selon des procédés de chimie durable". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5004.
Testo completoThis manuscript presents the development and investigation of sustainable methods for the synthesis of molecules dedicated to the perfume industry. Today, gold catalysis can be considered a sustainable tool for synthetic chemistry. Indeed, catalysis is a major point of the twelve principles of Green Chemistry, and gold, a non-toxic metal, has enabled the design of many original skeletons for several decades.The first project developed during this thesis concerned the scaling-up of syntheses of molecules previously selected by experts from our industrial collaborator, Expressions Parfumées. These syntheses, carried out over several grams, have enabled advanced sensory analysis of certain compounds that may be of interest to industry. The methodology applied for these syntheses led to the formation of 3-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]-hept-4-enes in a diastereoselective and racemic manner. The structures were then described olfactory as racemic mixtures. As chirality may play an important role in odor perception, an asymmetric version of this methodology was developed and enantioenriched mixtures were compared olfactively. The second project focused on a tandem cycloisomerization/reduction reaction of alcohols or acetylenic acids in the presence of gold complexes and silane hydride. The limits of this type of reactivity were explored. Finally, cycloisomerization of oxygenated acetylenic acids led to the formation of volatile 1,4-dioxan-2-ones. Thanks to their varied olfactory profiles, these structures and their precursors could stand out in the future as olfactory substitutes for risky products, or simply as original new ingredients
Monnet, Anne-Flore. "Optimisation de la transformation de matières premières issues de cultures associées légumineuse - blé tendre par une bonne connaissance de la physico-chimie des ingrédients et du procédé de fabrication". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA031/document.
Testo completoMixing wheat and legumes is a promising way of developing sustainable agricultural practices in addition to supplying proteins of good nutri-tional quality. Food chains for the valorization of wheat-legume intercrops could be designed to handle such a mixture right up to the production of cereal products enriched with legume flour. This would involve monitoring the variability of the raw materials used by the secondary processing industry. The aim of this work was to develop a tool to enable the monitoring of the quality of cakes enriched with legume flour regardless of variations in flour quality, by using the processing variables. The quality of soft cakes is defined by their structural properties at different length scales. After characterization of the variable properties of flour and of the manufacturing process, a multi- objective model for the monitoring of cake quality was built thanks to an optimal experimental design. The prediction capacity of the model was validated, and its correction efficiency was confirmed both instrumentally and sensorially in two case studies involving variations in the proportions and particle sizes of wheat and legume in the flour. Following a discussion of the sustainability of the food chain as a whole, the knowledge acquired during the course of this study was used to make recommen -dations concerning the upstream stages of the chain (selection, cultivation, sorting, first processing) using a reverse engineering approach
Fournier, Antoine. "Développement de procédés écoresponsables pour la synthèse de solvants et d'organocatalyseurs biosourcés". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK046/document.
Testo completoOxazolidinones are promising compounds for industrial applications, but nowadays there is not convenient method to produce them on large scale, because of the use of reactants and metallic catalysts harmful for health and environment. A new synthesis method of these compounds was thus elaborated using aminoalcohols and diethyl carbonate. This reaction is catalysed by a biobased imidazolium hydrogen carbonate which is produced by an electrochemical pathway in order to reduce its impact on the environment.This oxazolidinones synthesis method was then applied to the synthesis of a biobased oxazolidinone. To achieve this, an aminoalcohol synthesis was realised, and its structure was established from reactants that can come from renewable resources. The synthesis pathway was the object of modifications to permit the production of the aminoalcohol on a larger scale in safer conditions.The second thematic of these works is based on ionic liquids, very low volatile liquid salts, commonly used as solvents. These compounds are usually expensive, so, rather than to eliminate them at the end of their use, it is more interesting to recycle them. But their low volatility prevents their recycling by distillation, unlike common organic solvents. So, a first electrochemical method was developed, low energy consuming, permitting the recycling of biobased ionic liquids by the formation of an imidazolium hydrogen carbonate as intermediate. This method was compared with other recycling processes through a preliminary life cycle study.Keywords: oxazolidinone, aminoalcohol, imidazolium, ionic liquid, biobased, recycling, electrochemistry, sustainable development, eco-design, life cycle
Benattia, Seif Eddine. "Robustification de la commande prédictive non linéaire - Application à des procédés pour le développement durable". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC066/document.
Testo completoThe last few years have led to very rapid developments, both in the formulation and the application of Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) algorithms, with a relatively wide range of industrial achievements. One of the most significant challenges encountered during the development of this control law is due to uncertainties in the model of the system. In this context, the thesis addresses the design of NMPC control laws robust towards model uncertainties. Usually, the above design can be achieved through solving a min-max optimization problem. In this case, the idea is to minimize the tracking error for the worst possible uncertainty realization. However, this robust approach tends to become too complex to be solved numerically online, especially in the case of multivariable systems with a large number of uncertain parameters. To address this shortfall, the proposed approach consists in simplifying the min-max optimization problem through a sensitivity analysis of the model with respect to its parameters, in order to reduce the calculation time. First, the criterion is linearized around the model parameters nominal values. The optimization variables are either the system control inputs or the control increments over the prediction horizon. The initial optimization problem is then converted either into a convex optimization problem, or a one-dimensional minimization problem, depending on the nature of the constraints on the states and commands. The stability analysis of the closed-loop system is also addressed. Finally, a hierarchical control strategy is developed, that combines a robust model predictive control law with an integral sliding mode controller, in order to cancel any tracking error. The proposed approaches are applied through two case studies to the control of microorganisms culture in bioreactors
Calvet, Nicolas. "Stockages thermiques performants et durables pour procédés solaires : des basses aux hautes températures". Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP0002.
Testo completoFarhat, Asma. "Vapo-diffusion assistée par micro-ondes : conception, optimisation et application". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547809.
Testo completoDe, Robillard Guillaume. "Synthèse et réactivité chimiques et électrochimiques de dérivés d'imidazoliums : vers des procédés éco-responsables". Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS026/document.
Testo completoThis work deals with the use of electrochemistry as a tool for alternative synthesis of new azolium-based molecules.A new electrosynthesis method was developed for the synthesis of imidazolium carboxylates (masked carbenes) leading to a wide library of compounds. This approach was compared to already reported chemical syntheses. In the current context of sustainable development, bio based products have been synthesized and optimization of the process was achieved in order to reduce waste and energy consumption.The key role of the hydrogenoxalate anion was demonstrated in the synthesis of ionic liquids and/or imidazolium salts. Some of them were employed as recyclable catalysts for Fischer esterification.The direct electrochemical reduction of various azoliums was also studied. The coupling of two electrogenerated neutral radicals leads to the corresponding σ-dimers. The oxidation of this species gives back the starting azolium proving the “reversibility” of the reaction, paving the way for new molecular switches.Azolium containing pyrene moiety was also electrosynthesized. Thus, electrochemical oxidation of pyrene in presence of different nitrogen nucleophiles leads to azolium pyrenes. This process was optimized in order to reduce waste and simplify the experimental setup. Some products have shown antimicrobial activities
Barragan, Ferrer Jesús Manuel. "Méthode de formulation et de résolution de problèmes d’écoconception inventive : application au génie des procédés". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0028/document.
Testo completoIn recent years, the chemical industry is facing the challenge of sustainable production in order to create a balance between the economic, social and environmental development. This shift requires an evolution from the reduction of pollutants for existing processes to industrial ecology. In the design process, this shift demands that the current requirements and the environmental constraints should be taken into account in the early stages. At these stages, however, there is an increased emphasis on innovation and eco-innovation to develop new concepts, new technologies and new processes, thereby limiting the problem-solving ability of the traditional design methodologies. Hence, there is a great necessity for new methodologies in order to develop innovative and eco-innovative solutions. Consequently, in this research, we developed a methodology for the formulation and solution of ecoinnovation problems based on a conflict approach. This framework can handle multi-objective requirements with the combinatorial complexity of the search phase of solution concepts. Thus, the methodology considers the problem of solving many contradictions (conflicts) simultaneously. In this context, current approaches quickly reach their limits because they solve one conflict at a time or it is very difficult to define only one contradiction in complex problems, such as those in process engineering. The proposed methodology for treating the problem of multi-contradictions for eco-design is divided into two main steps. On one hand, an analytical framework for the formulation of contradictions based on an adapted version of OTSM-TRIZ, which provides a graphical representation of a problem and integrated method to reduce the problem situation to the main contradictions. On the other hand, the resolution of contradictions which is itself divided into two sub-steps. At first, the resolution of each individual contradiction through a tool that combines conceptual simplicity of TRIZ contradictions and the practical solutions using the physics, chemical and biological effects and phenomena. In a second step, we propose an aggregation process solution to obtain a more integrated final solution. A case study about the reduction of pollutants at output stage gasification of biomass is presented to illustrate this approach
Dejean, Guilhem. "Valorisation de laitiers sidérurgiques comme matériaux de stockage thermique pour procédés énergétiques durables : application au CSP et au CAES". Perpignan, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PERP1252.
Testo completoAit, Hak Sara. "Procédés verts et durables pour la valorisation des sous-produits du phosphate : récupération des terres rares et au-delà". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5027.
Testo completoThis thesis explores innovative methods for recovering rare earth elements (REEs) from byproducts of the phosphate industry, specifically phosphate sludge (PS), phosphogypsum (PG), and evaporation sludge (ES), aiming to enhance REEs supply chains and promote environmental sustainability. A thorough literature review lays the groundwork for the application of advanced experimental techniques, including saline concentration, pH-dependent leaching, flotation, and fractional precipitation and crystallization. The study further incorporates contemporary simulation tools such as CHEMCHAUD and Response Surface Methodology with Box-Behnken Design, optimizing data for effective REEs recovery and by-product recycling. A significant breakthrough in this research is the development of a process that enhances REEs concentration in PS from an initial 0.0418 % REEs to 2.8 % rare earth oxides (REOs), alongside the efficient recovery of high-purity calcium carbonate and silicate. Similarly, for PG and ES, which exhibit comparable properties, a unified process has been developed. This process increases REEs concentrations to 40 % and 80 % REOs from initial concentrations of 0.036 % and 0.1 % REEs, for PG and ES respectively. This process ensures the complete recycling of byproducts through the recovery of high-purity calcium sulfate and sodium fluosilicate. Techno-economic assessments performed using Aspen Plus, particularly focusing on the PG valorization process, confirm the economic viability of the developed process. The research advocates for the scaling of these techniques to pilot implementations, demonstrating their practical benefits and sustainability. By integrating scientific research with solutions to environmental and industrial challenges, this thesis advances academic knowledge and spearheads sustainable practices that address contemporary global issues
Chapuis, Arnaud. "Sustainable design of oilseed-based biofuel supply chains : the case of Jatropha in Burkina Faso". Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMAC0007/document.
Testo completoThe development of biofuel production in Burkina Faso, raises high expectations regarding the development of rural energy access and the substitution of imported fossil fuels. Several initiatives for biofuel production from Jatropha oilseeds were launched in recent year by NGOs and private operators.The government is planning to define a policy framework to support the development of this sector. To this end, the potential benefits from this activity needs to be carefully investigated in regard to sustainable development objectives.The goal of this work was to investigate these opportunities by determining the technical possibilities regarding the context and in what conditions and to what extent they can contribute to sustainable development objectives. The approach was based on the modelling and simulation of production processes coupled with environmental and economic assessment tools. Specific experiments were also led whenever data were not available, as for the determination of the oil yield of a screw press. Economic efficiency was assessed using value chain analysis, which consists in calculating the value added generated by the different activities involved in a supply chain, and the distribution of this value in the form of income to the employees, the supply chain players, the state and the banking institutions. Environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions and fossil energy consumption, are evaluated using a partial life-cycle assessment. The production of three different final products was investigated, i.e. straight vegetable oil (SVO), refined oil aimed to be used for stationary applications (power generation, shaft power, pumping…) and biodiesel dedicated to transportation. The analysis of individual processes allowed to identify the most sensitive parameters at a local level. As a general trend for all processes, the price of feedstock dramatically affects the production cost. For SVO production, the oil recovery and the seeds oil content are of paramount importance. The economic performances of the refining and transesterification processes are largely conditioned by the processing capacity, due to economies of scale, and to a lesser extent by the solution employed for energy supply. In the case of biodiesel production, the price of methanol is also a crucial factor. The developed assessment method was applied to several prospective biofuel supply chains, all relying on the production of Jatropha seeds by smallholders. The results have shown that the method can bring crucial information to policy makers. Based on a seed market price of 100 FCFA/kg, any type of biofuel can be produced in a cost effective way. In some cases, the implementation of advanced technologies for energy supply and by-product valorisation is needed to reach the required production cost. This could also be a solution to increase the price of seeds so as to provide higher incomes to farmers. The production of refined oil for power generation appears to be rather expensive relatively to the target, which imposes large processing scales. Supply chains involving a biodiesel plant supplied by several decentralised SVO plants constitute a solution for addressing at the same time rural energy access and the substitution of fossil fuels. Then the income perceived by the State is directly determined by the value and the profits generated by biofuel producers. Eventually, the environmental impacts related to seed processing, in terms of GHG emissions and fossil energy consumption, is relatively low especially when energy requirements are supplied from a renewable resource. By contrast, the impacts of biodiesel production are systematically impaired by the use of methanol of fossil origin in the process
Gardan, Julien. "Application à l'usage d'un dérivé du bois en prototypage rapide pour l'émergence de produits "grand public"". Troyes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TROY0002.
Testo completoWood has several advantages that are transferable to various derivatives allowing the introduction of a sustainable material into the product lifecycle. The research study associates the specific needs of the “general public” in the rapid manufacture of wooden-made custom products. Part 1 defines the user and their perceptions of a product. We also guided the literature searches to eco-design in order to reach environmental issues. Part 2 presents design approaches for manufacturing. We have seen the various processes existing in rapid prototyping. In part 3, we proposed complementary dual design and manufacturing approaches. On the one hand that concerns the translation of users’ needs through an Internet tool CRE-AFAB, and on the other hand that proposes the manufacture of a wood reconstituted object by rapid prototyping. Part 4 presents the CREAFAB tool and the different steps to translation customers’ needs. In part 5, we present the applications of rapid prototyping in integrating a wood derivative. The research results then lead to new applications of additive manufacturing. The research study is proposed by ARDUINNOVA Company (France) and is associated with the ICD-LASMIS team of University of Technology of Troyes to frame scientific research presented in this thesis in the executive of a CIFRE scholarship
Trela, Marc. "Optimisation des performances d'innovation : Une approche combinant inventivité technique et recherche du succès commercial". Phd thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers - ENSAM, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01016664.
Testo completoPeña-Torres, Daniel. "Vers une gestion durable des ressources : une approche d'ingénierie des systèmes de processus pour les interfaces eau-énergie-alimentation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP043.
Testo completoWater, energy, and food are critical resources required to meet basic human needs, ensure economic development, and achieve sustainable development goals. Global demand for these resources is steadily rising due to population growth and climate change. Compared to their 2012 values, reliance on water, energy, and food is projected to increase respectively by 40, 50, and 35 percent by the year 2050. In addition, it is expected that the atmosphere will continue to warm up during the twenty-first century, putting even more pressure on energy use, water availability, and food production. These pressures can result in conflicts, for example, over disputed land and resources. To ensure safe access to water, energy, and food for human development, it is important for planners and policy makers to incorporate various vulnerabilities when designing strategies to reduce climate risks. Moreover, water, energy, and food are highly interrelated, presenting both synergisms and trade-offs along their supply chains. The connection of these three resources and the study of their interdependencies has been referred to in the literature as the Water Energy Food Nexus (WEFN). This dissertation explores the Water Energy Food Nexus, examining the intricate interdependencies and potential conflicts along their supply chain.Within the challenges present in WEFN systems, effective decision-making tools are indispensable. Process Systems Engineering (PSE) tools offer promising avenues for managing WEFN systems. This thesis conducts a thorough literature review, identifying gaps in existing optimization models for WEFN management. Subsequently, a generic multi-objective optimization model is formulated and applied to a real-case study at a regional scale, with sensitivity analyses revealing diverse scenarios. Recognizing the roles of various agents and actors within WEFN systems, a multi-agent analysis, coupled with a multi-criteria decision analysis is executed. The tools and methodologies developed in this study not only contribute to the PSE community, but also provide benchmarks for a comparative analysis of WEFN systems. This research emphasizes the vital role of PSE in addressing complexities of WEFN systems, offering insights for planners and policymakers dealing with the critical interdependencies of water, energy, and food resources
Roth, Anastasia. "Développement de méthodologies génériques pour la conception optimale et durable des parcs hybrides d'énergies renouvelables". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0036/document.
Testo completoSustainable growth issues and climate change imply to shift our society organisation towards new paradigms. In the energy sector, it is illustrated by an energy transition via renewables. Within this context and the support of the company VALOREM, we propose a methodology for the sustainable development and design of renewable infrastructures. By using a Model Driven Engineering approach, we were able to adopt several viewpoints on renewable energy issues, while keeping a consistent scientific approach. First of all, from a holistic stance, we developed a conceptual framework for land settlement development process. Thanks to its modelling with UML2 and a methodology to assess the sustainability of processes, it can be used to analyse the trajectory of sociotechnical systems. The framework was tested on two case studies: the success of El Hierro hydrowind power plant implementation in Canary Islands and the failure of the Sivens dam project in the south of France. Their comparison shows that implication of stakeholders at all stages of the development process is crucial for the success of the project. We further propose to implement the conceptual framework as a software tool for the monitoring of land settlement project in real time, with the help of artificial intelligence concepts. However, this proposition was deemed not in line with Valorem’s priorities and we decided to focus on a technical instantiation of the framework for Hybride Renewable Energy Systems (HRES), which design and operation are part of VALOREM’s activity. As, the energy transition implies to change the electrical system model from a centralized to a decentralized one, there exists a need for a grassroots sizing tool for identifying new HRES opportunities. A software prototype for the grassroot optimal design of HRES was developed, offering flexibility in terms of modelling, setting constraints and defining objective functions. It is coded in C++ and based on linear programming model. We showed its relevance on four HRES case studies: two related to electricity market and two for self-supply of energy (one isolated and the other grid-connected). The results show that battery costs are too high to be profitable in HRES and that grid-connected systems seems to be a good alternative. Finally, we carried out an environmental impact assessment of several sources of electricity production to find out which are the “cleaner” ones. The results show that biomass, wind turbines and ground PV are those that should be considered for a sustainable energy transition. In the conclusion, we step back to a more complex viewpoint and develop perspectives to model human interactions within territory development process
Youssef, Nicolas. "Mise en place d’une brique géopolymère pour la construction durable : études géotechnique, environnementale et économique". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECLI0005.
Testo completoAfter the economic crisis in 2008, construction activity in France grew rapidly. The increase in demand for building materials was accompanied by an increase in the quantities of construction waste and emitted CO2. In 2018, CO2 emissions from human activities reached a world historic level of 37.1 billion tons. This encourages the development of building materials that meet the changing needs of today's and tomorrow's society. Geopolymers, prepared by alkaline activation, present an opportunity to produce new, more efficient and environment-friendly materials in the construction sector. On the other hand, industrialization and robotization are emerging in the construction sector, with many benefits such as increased productivity, reduced waste, cost and arduous work, as well as improved quality and safety.This doctoral thesis is being conducted to address these scientific challenges and issues. These are divided into three research directions: the development of new geopolymer brick formulations, the integration of geopolymer materials into the industrialization and robotization of construction processes, and finally the environmental and economic assessment of the new automated manufacturing system
Tramoni, Félicien. "Analyse du traitement et de la gestion durable des boues d’épuration en Corse. Proposition de solutions énergétiques alternatives, axées sur la méthanisation des boues avec production d’énergies, aux méthodes appliquées en Corse. Utilisation de l’outil d’aide multicritère à la décision dans le cadre du surclassement de ces nouveaux procédés". Thesis, Corte, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CORT0019.
Testo completoSludge quality is directly related to the quality of of these processing steps present in a water treatment plant. In terms of treatment and disposal of sludge, we observe on the part of local actors, a willingness to permanent and lasting abandonment of the sector 'deposit in storage centre'', given a regional plans and regulations (including the PREDIS Corsica), increasingly demanding in terms of valuations of industrial and special waste. We also observe a gradual and planned abandonment of practices for spreading. Indeed, the spreading of sewage sludge is the subject of widespread controversy which highlights the health and environmental risks it would lead to agricultural soils. In our region, this practice is not carried out regulatory manner. In Corsica, the local actors seem to have opted for the solution of compost to enhance the production of sewage sludge. Nearly 2/3 of the annual tonnage MS sludge is currently valued via this pathway. The composting process is equivalent to an aerobic fermentation involving a multitude of microorganisms. This composting stream, as well as spreading, experienced strong expansion of its business but seems to have flaws and limitations: problems with odors; regulatory increasingly demanding; and finally overproduction unsaleable compost to the views of the application.Another solution could present higher advantages: anaerobic digestion with production of electricity and heat from cogeneration. . This energy production go through the biogas produced by this system. Indeed, the biogas is a mixture containing mostly methane (50 – 70 %) and carbon dioxide. Due to a high concentration of methane, biogas is a good energy supplier (1m3 biogas has a calorific value 6 kWh equivalent to 0.6 liters of fuel). To generate electricity, the anaerobic digestion process must be coupled to an engine cogeneration or several microturbines. EDF has the obligation to purchase electricity at a price ranging between 11 and 14 euro cents/kwh. After 15 years, the redemption of the kwh produced is done at the rate offered by EDF.In Corsica, only a treatment plant is equipped with a digester coupled in series to five microturbines, producing heat and electricity cogeneration: The wastewater treatment plant at Campo Dell'Oro /Ajaccio. This energy recovery process could be improved with an eventual replacement of the microtubines by a cogeneration engine. An AMCDP allowed to outperform this technology towards microturbines, much less efficient in terms of performance.The equipment of the highest capacity treatment plants in Corsica, digesters associated with a cogeneration engine could be a lasting solution to the problem of energy recovery of sewage sludge
Heintz, Juliette. "Systemic approach and decision process for sustainability in chemical engineering : Application to computer aided product design". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0087/document.
Testo completoIn a context where environmental issues are increasingly taken into account, the chemical related industry faces situations imposing a chemical product substitution. Computer aided molecular design methods, which consist in finding molecules satisfying a set of constraints, are well adapted to these situations. Using a systemic analysis of the needs and uses linked to this context, we develop a computer aided product design tool implementing a genetic algorithm. It is able to explore a wider solution space thanks to a flexible molecular framework. Besides, by allowing a very flexible setting of the problem to be solved, it enables the search of molecules sourced from renewable resources. Based on concepts from system and enterprise engineering, we formalize a decision making process dedicated to the product substitution in an industrial context. This multi-criteria decision process includes the phases of the requirements definition, of the generation of alternative solutions, of the selection of the best alternative and of the product application. It uses a model driven approach and decision making techniques that guaranty an operational alignment in addition to the strategic alignment across the chemical enterprise. Through a case study, we expose how the combination of our computer aided product design tool and our decision making process enables an environmentally compliant approach of product substitution which is both efficient and in adequacy with enterprise context
Niakan, Farzad. "Design and configuration of sustainable dynamic cellular manufacturing systems". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0123/document.
Testo completoThe most recent revolution in industry (Industrial Revolution 4.0) requires increased flexibility, agility and efficiency in the use of production equipment. Dynamic Cellular Manufacturing System (DCMS) is one of the best production systems to meet such requirements. In addition, the increasing importance of sustainable development forces manufacturers and managers to take account of the environmental and social issues in the design and configuration of manufacturing systems. This thesis focuses on the sustainable configuration of DCMS by proposing three mathematical models. The main challenge of this study is to (i) choose appropriate social and environmental criteria, (ii) integrate them in mathematical models, and (iii) study the impact of these criteria on DCMS. The first model is bi-objective in order to make a trade-off between some social (job opportunity, potential machine hazards, etc.) and economic (various costs related to cell formation) criteria. To get closer to real-life situations, some parameters such as demand, machine-related costs and time capacity of the machines are considered as uncertain. To solve this problem, a robust optimization method is applied to cope with this uncertainty. In the second model, all dimensions of sustainable development are taken into account in a new bi-objective mathematical model. The first objective function models economic criteria (costs) and the second one environmental aspects (production waste), while social issues (mainly Daily Noise Dosage because of computational complexity) are modeled as constraints. Due to the NP-hardness of the problem, a new innovative approach called NSGA II-MOSA is proposed. The last model has three objective functions, one for each dimension of the sustainable development: environmental, social and economic. In order to be close to real life, some parameters of the model are expressed in terms of fuzzy value. We propose a hybridized possibilistic method to deal with uncertainty and an interactive fuzzy approach is considered to solve an auxiliary crisp multi-objective model in order to find trade-off solutions. Finally, the last part of the thesis studies the possibility to apply the three proposed models to the industry thanks to an easier method. A novel optimization-simulation approach is introduced to deal with the configuration of DCMS: (i) the optimization phase operates as scenario fraction method in order to reduce the number of alternative configurations by focusing on strategic and tactical levels; (ii) next, a simulation tool investigates the operational level by studying the performance of each alternative and the interaction between several components of the cells
Le, Hesran Corentin. "Integrating waste minimization concerns in operations scheduling". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI111.
Testo completoFaced with growing environmental and economic concerns, the industrial world needs to adapt in order to tackle these issues. Industrial production is responsible for 83% of the global solid waste production and 40% of worldwide energy consumption. Operations scheduling appears to be a promising tool to address both the environmental and economic aspects of this problem. A literature review shows that numerous studies have been focusing on reducing energy consumption. This dissertation focuses on a relatively nascent field, namely the topic of waste generation minimization through operations scheduling. The motivating research question can be formulated as: How to integrate waste minimization into operations scheduling? A state-of-the-art on the subject shows a heterogeneous field with a disparate terminology, and a classification scheme is proposed to help unify research on this topic. To answer the research question, a methodology combining flow assessment tools and scheduling parameters is proposed, which enables the identification of waste-minimizing scheduling opportunities in a production system and the characterization of the corresponding scheduling problem. A case study is carried out and validates the applicability of this methodology and the interest of the results it provides. Based on those results, a single-machine waste-minimizing scheduling problem with reentrance in a make-to-order context is modeled using linear programming. Two solving approaches – one exact and one metaheuristic – are compared, and highlight the potential of operations scheduling to reduce industrial waste. Alternative solutions provide relevant trade-offs to decision-makers, offering significant waste reduction in return for a limited increase in inventory. As this methodology focuses on waste, it paves the way for the integration of new environmental aspects such as energy consumption and atmospheric emissions, as well as the social criteria in order to fully encompass the triple bottom line of sustainable development
Wang, Yantao. "Synthesis and conversion of furfural-batch versus continuous flow". Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2474/document.
Testo completoFurfural, which has been identified as one of top 30 bio-based chemicals, is an important green platform molecule, The aim of this PhD work is to realize the synthesis and conversion of furfural in batch and continuous flow. Here, we developed sorne greener methods for furfural synthesis, and valorized furfural into high value-added products, such as 2-furonitrile, furfuryl alcohol etc. Several keys issues were identified in order to design processes greener than the current ones. ln detail, experiments for furfural synthesis were performed in water or in water and organic solvent when co-solvents (green or eco-friendly) are necessary. Microwave irradiation has been chosen as the heating method to accelerate the dehydration process, and microwave continuous flow reactor was also applied to improve furfural productivity. When starting from furfural to produce high value-added chemicals, efficient flow reactors, suc as Pheonix, H-cube Pro as well as microwave continuous flow With micro-reactor, were also identified as interesting alternatives to improve the productivities of target compounds. As a result, some promising results were obtained in the viewpoint of industry
Bouchard, Marie-Pierre. "Les procédés et méthodes de production (PMP) : au coeur des tensions entre le commerce et l'environnement". Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3572/1/M11548.pdf.
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