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1
Chmielewska, Dorota. "Chosen Problems from the Activity of the Municipality Noworadomsko 1917–1919". Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Zeszyty Historyczne 15 (2016): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/zh.2016.15.16.
Testo completo
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Uskov, I. Yu, e A. E. Pyanov. "Partisan Movement in Kuzbass during the Civil War of 1917-1919". Nauchnyi dialog, n. 3 (30 marzo 2020): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-3-423-438.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the characterization and dynamics of the development of the partisan movement during the Civil War in the territory of modern Kemerovo Region in 1918-1919. The issues of the activity of individual partisan detachments in the territory of Kuzbass are considered. Attention is paid to the specifics of the partisan movement in this territory. Based on the analysis of archival data and local media materials, the military operations of partisan detachments are described. The question is raised of the partisan movement role in the victory of the Reds. The novelty of the study is in the fact that for the first time on the basis of processing a wide range of sources the state and dynamics of the partisan movement in Kuzbass during the years of the Civil War are presented. The features of the partisan movement in the region are demonstrated. The reasons for the entry of peasants into the ranks of partisans are revealed. The relevance of the study is due to its scientific and social significance. The first is determined by the fact that this kind of research, based on an analysis of a wide range of sources, is considered for the first time. The second is related to the need to rethink the features of the course of the civil war in the regions of the country and to attract the attention of scientists and society to the problems of a split in society during the crisis years.
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Morozova, Tatyana I., e Vladimir I. Shishkin. "“…Into the fighting ranks of the Revolutionary Communist Party”: Admission of Former Socialists to the RSDLP(b) – RCP(b) (1917-1924)". History 19, n. 8 (2020): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-8-79-91.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article analyzes one of the problems of inter-party interaction in Russia in 1917–1924, which was not studies either intentionally or occasionally by Russian or foreign scholars. The subject of the research is the admission of socialists, who quit other parties, to the RSDLP(b) - RCP(b): more specifically who resigned the membership of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (of Internationalists), Mensheviks, Right and Left wings of Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, Socialist-Revolutionaries-autonomists, Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists, Party of Revolutionary Communism, anarchists and so on. Based on the wide range of published materials, including data from the central and local periodicals, as well as unique archival sources that were added to the ever-growing aggregate of scientific knowledge for the first time, the article investigate, when, how and on what conditions former members of socialist parties (so-called “vykhodets”) were accepted for the RSDLP(b) – RCP(b) membership. The authors conclude that during 1917-1924 the conditions of admitting to Bolshevik Party changed crucially. At different moments, the Communist leadership solved different problems allowing former socialists to join the Bolshevik ranks. In 1917-1919 the admission of former socialists was initiated in order to rise the number of members of the RSDLP(b) - RCP(b), and the target audience mainly consisted of revolutionaries who had extensive experience in party and social work. After the October Revolution in 1917, the entering former members of the other parties to the Bolshevik party was considered as a tool of splitting and fragmentation of socialist parties and groups that were opponents and / or competitor for the Bolsheviks. Since the end of 1919, the admission of socialists to the RCP(b) had been gradually lost its significance as a source of recruiting and transformed mainly into an instrument for the destruction of the Mensheviks and Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, as well as a mechanism for the adoption and incorporation of small groups with socialist and communist orientation. Since 1921, the admission of former socialists to the RCP(b) actually ceased to play the role into the process of increasing membership, but became one of the most important implement of degrading and defeating the Mensheviks and Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries. From the beginning of 1924, it was used exclusively as a factor of discrediting the socialists.
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Grankina, Irina. "Building the system of public libraries state management and library professional training in October 1917 - early 1919". Scientific and Technical Libraries, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2017): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2017-1-118-125.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The author reviews how the authorities for managing out-of-school education and public libraries, as well as professional training in the central cities and other regions, were established. The Library Section of NARKOMPROS Out-of-school Department was among the early Soviet institutions in charge of library professional training. The section was headed by O. I. Chachina. The priority problems to be solved by the Library section (soon transformed into the Library Subdepartment) are listed.
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Cheremuchin, Viacheslaw. "From “Russian Manchester” to “Red Verden”: Tsaritsyn and the Civil War in Russia (1917–1920) (By the Materials of the Periodical Press)". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n. 4 (settembre 2022): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.4.9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction. The history of Tsaritsyn as a frontier is a unique example of urbanization, the struggle for which was both ideological and strategic. Since the Russian Revolution of 1917, the city has been under pressure from the ideological systems of the “fiery revolutionaries” of 1917, the Bolsheviks and their opponents in 1917–1920. Methods. Using the accumulated historiographical material, based on the material of the local periodical press, practically not put into circulation, an attempt is made to reconstruct the life of Tsaritsyn in 1917–1920. Analysis. The analysis revealed a number of important problems. The central problem of the city was the food issue, which reached a crisis stage under the influence of public criticism of the government’s actions to introduce food appropriation (1916) and was not resolved until the end of the war. The crisis, aggravated by revolutionary actions, introduced the public into (2) a spiritual crisis, which manifested itself in the unwillingness of people to participate in the activities of self-government. Fuel, crime, epidemiological and budgetary problems led to the breakdown of the urban economy and the lack of combat capability of the military. The capture of the city by the Whites in 1919 only worsened the urban economy. The public was in crisis and quickly panicked at reports of the threat of a fall in volunteer power. The return of the city to the leadership of the Red Army and the creation of an independent province with its center in Tsaritsyn led to the gradual restoration of the city on the basis of an industrial base established in the 19th century. Results. Research into the history of Tsaritsyn during the transition years has shown that radical transformations and the inconsistent policy of successive regimes led to the deformation of urban structures, bringing them into a state of permanent crisis. Only the end of hostilities and the establishment of a stable state course of development can provide the potential for the functioning of the city within the state.
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Комар, Володимир. "СПІВПРАЦЯ ПОЛЬЩІ І УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ У 20-Х РОКАХ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ". Уманська старовина, n. 9 (23 dicembre 2022): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2519-2035.9.2022.269859.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ключові слова: «Варшавська угода», «Союз Пілсудський–Петлюра», УНР, Симон Петлюра,Юзеф Пілсудський, «Київський похід».
У статті проаналізовано передумови, процес і результати Варшавської угоди 1920 р. між Польщею іУНР, яка в польській історіографії названа «Союзом Пілсудський–Петлюра». Розкрито також зміствійськової конвенції, була підписана 24 квітня 1920 року і стала додатком до самого договору і являла собоютаємну угоду про надання військової та економічної допомоги УНР у спільній війні з Радянською Росією.Продовженням згаданих угод став фінансовий польсько-український договір від 9 серпня 1920 р. Польськавлада виконувала союзницькі обов’язки перед Україною й на міжнародній арені.Правове, політичне, фінансове і дипломатичне забезпечення Варшавського договору, названого пізніше«Союзом Пілсудський–Петлюра», відбувалося майже одночасно зі спільним антибільшовицьким походом наКиїв, який розпочався 25 квітня 1920 р.Отже, відносини між Польщею і УНР у 20-х роках ХХ ст. еволюціонували від взаємного протистояннядо співпраці. Серед найважливіших актів цього періоду слід назвати Варшавську угоду, військову конвенцію іспільний польсько-український похід на Київ. Так, були закладені традиції польсько-української співпраці, якізнайшли своє продовження в майбутньому.
Посилання
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Pshenychnyi, T. "UKRAINIANIZATION OF THE LITURGICAL LIFE IN 1917–1918". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, n. 146 (2020): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.146.11.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Socio-political transformations caused by the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921, made not only political issues relevant but also cultural and even ideological. In the struggle for statehood could not be ignored church problems that became very popular in society not in 1917, but only in 1918. It is this year that the autocephalous movement in the Ukrainian church space of the centre-region, whose members declared their desire to create a Ukrainian Orthodox Church independent of the Russian Orthodox Church, is appearing and actualized. The article reflects the process of Ukrainianization of liturgical life as an integral part of the autocephalous movement. An example of the activities of Ukrainian composers at the beginning of the 20th century shows their place in the creation of church works in Ukrainian, which became part of the spiritual heritage of Ukraine and the world. In addition, the authors point to the educational movement, which was caused by Ukrainianization of church life and its scale. The Ukrainian church tradition is the heritage of the Ukrainian people. It has been formed for centuries and belongs today to the national cultural heritage of the state. It is based on the spiritual experience of generations, which at the genetic level affects the formation of the mentality of the nation. This metaphysical process goes beyond the limits of human rationality and empiricity and is practically not always guided. Domestic cultural space of Ukraine was formed under the influence of various factors. One of them was the church. The place of the church in the life of the Ukrainian people, of course, should not be underestimated. Soviet historiography attempted to deny this fact, to interpret it in its own, ideologically atheistic dogmas, and order. However, from a historic retrospective, today we have a great opportunity to see that, to a large extent, it was in the church environment that we managed to preserve the original traditions of the Ukrainian people, its sacred legacy, language. The authors aim is to show the phenomenon of Ukrainianization of liturgical life in Ukraine in one of the most dramatic periods in the national history of the twentieth century. 1917 became the frontier in the modern history of Ukraine. Revolutionary events intensified the initiatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia that long settled on the margins of social consciousness. Competitions for statehood brought to the general churchreligious issues. The All-Ukrainian Orthodox Church Council in 1918, which gave rise to political battles of the time, frankly testified to the presence in the Ukrainian society of the population who sought ecclesiastical autocephaly for the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. In this regard, the national idea was closely intertwined with the Christian tradition of the people, since the latter was firmly rooted in national culture. Despite all the difficulties that arose during discussions about the theme of the independence of the domestic church space from the Russian Orthodox Church, the Third, the last and the key, the session of the Council became the most significant for the Ukrainian church in the search for its own national identity. She was tried to show through the prism of various factors, in particular – spiritual music and liturgical ritual. Thus, a special Commission on Ukrainianization of the Liturgy was created, which considered the reform of church chants, which included both leading musicians and priests. An urgent issue that was discussed during the meetings of the commission on the Ukrainianization of liturgical life in the Ukrainian church was the introduction of universal church singing in Ukrainian churches. Ultimately, one of the key consequences of the church debate during the First All-Ukrainian Church Council was the question of Ukrainianization of the Ukrainian church in general and its clear separation from the Russian cultural space. Thus, analyzing the entire spectrum of socio-political processes at the end of 1917 – early 1919, we can state the fact that for the first time in many decades Ukrainians have had a real chance to declare themselves on the geographical and political map of Europe.
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Tikidzhyan, R. G. "POLITICAL PREFERENCES OF THE COSSACKS AND THE PEASANTRY OF THE DON ARMY REGION ON THE EVE AND DURING THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1917-1918". Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, n. 4 (30 dicembre 2017): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2017-4-103-107.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The author reveals in the context of the analysis of the work of historians existing in the Soviet and modern historiography the main problems of Cossack and non-resident population of the don, analyzes the political preferences and sympathies of the Cossacks and the peasantry of the don Cossacks before and during the revolution of 1917-1918гг, determining the value of discussion and unexplored issues of this important topic. Specifics of the process of regional patogeneza all the main political directions. Defined: among some of the frontline (the average of the Cossack middle peasants) and Cossacks, and especially of the poor in 1917-1919.g became popular and the idea of popular Soviet and socialist democracy. It is concluded that many factors contributed to the aggravation of contradictions between different social groups of the Cossacks and Cossack, the peasant and the provinces, the working population of the region. The lack of understanding, lack of experience of the culture of political and social compromise, mutual concessions complex interweaving of elements of the century and inter-class hatred, sometimes burdened with ethno-cultural and inter-religious hostility, severity and complexity “of the agrarian question", belittling the status of non-resident and working population of the region, has led to a gradual slide towards bloody civil war. “Don Vendee" in the end, was the beginning of the global Russian civil war.
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Bogomazov, Nikolay I. "The First World War and the Reconstruction of the Petrograd Railway Junction: 1914–18". Herald of an archivist, n. 4 (2021): 1155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-4-1155-1167.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study of the Russian railways functioning in the days of the First World War is one of most important topics for understanding Russian economy problems on the eve of the Russian revolution, as well as for comprehending the 1917 revolution itself. The transport crisis, which in 1915 already became a manifestation of the governance problems, was obviously one of the components of the revolutionary situation that had developed in the Russian Empire by 1917. Identifying government capabilities for preventing crisis is one of relevant tasks for studying the history of Russia during the First World War. A key aspect thereof is consideration of the transport situation in the capital — Petrograd. The expansion of source base for this topic is the main goal of the author. The article analyzes the text of the explanatory note to the general scheme for the development and reorganization of the Petrograd railway junction, drafted in the Administration of the Nikolaevskaya railway by engineers S.I.Kulzhinsky and A.A. Glavatsky (late 1915). This document shows that Russian engineers were well aware of the transport problems in the Russian capital and proposed solutions that could have helped to avoid food crises, such as the one that arose in February 1917. Moreover, the plan was to take into account planned cargo turnover up to 1930 and difficulties that were to emerge in the future (for example, connecting the railway network to the city metro). After its approval by the Special Council on Transportation, in March 1916 loans were allocated for the work. But it was too late: the revolution and the ensuing Civil War prevented the implementation of the project. In 1919, construction works finally stopped and constructed sections were dismantled. Some of the recommendations were implemented in the 20th century, but a significant part of the proposals remained on paper. However, many proposals remain relevant today for improving the transport system in St. Petersburg. For instance, the main theses of the plan may prove useful for the development of plans for linking St. Petersburg to the high-speed highway Moscow—St. Petersburg. The study has drawn on materials from the Russian State Historical Archive and from the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg.
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Alexander V., Nikolaev. "The mountain movement and the white army in the North Caucasus in 1918-1919: the history of the failed union". Kavkazologiya 2023, n. 2 (30 giugno 2023): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2023-2-65-73.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the problems related to the possible military-political alliance of the White Guards of the south of Russia and the mountain liberal figures during 1918-1919. It is proved that the prospects for such a combination of efforts were fully justified. Throughout 1917, the mountain and Terek Cossack leaders established quite successful relations based on a general rejection of the growing influence of the Bolsheviks in the Caucasus region. Attention is focused on the successful episodes of the anti-Bolshevik struggle: the Provisional Terek-Dagestan gov-ernment, the Terek anti-Bolshevik uprising of 1918, the armed struggle against the Bolsheviks in the North Caucasus. Conclusions are drawn that despite the obvious mutual benefit from joining forces to fight the Bolsheviks, the political ambitions of the leadership of the White Guards and mountain activists prevailed and eventually led to the defeat of all anti-Bolshevik forces in the North Caucasus.
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Zhukovskii, V. I., L. V. Zhukovskaya, S. P. Samsonov e L. V. Smirnova. "The Savage principle and accounting for outcome in single-criterion nonlinear problem under uncertainty". Izvestiya Instituta Matematiki i Informatiki Udmurtskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 59 (maggio 2022): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2226-3594-2022-59-03.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the middle of the last century the American mathematician and statistician professor of Michigan University Leonard Savage (1917-1971) and the well-known economist, professor of Zurich University (Switzerland) Jurg Niehans (1919-2007) independently from each other suggested the approach to decision-making in one-criterion problem under uncertainty (OPU), called the principle of minimax regret. This principle along with Wald principle of guaranteed result (maximin) is playing the most important role in guaranteed under uncertainty decision-making in OPU. The main role in the principle of minimax regret is carrying out the regret function, which determines the Niehans-Savage risk in OPU. Such risk has received the broad extension in practical problems during last years. In the present article we suggest one of possible approaches to finding decision in OPU from the position of a decision-maker, which simultaneously tries to increase the payoff (outcome) and to reduce the risk (i.e., “to kill two birds with one stone in one throw”). As an application, an explicit form of such a solution was immediately found for a linear-quadratic variant of the OPU of a fairly general form.
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Novikova, Liudmyla. "THE STATE OF RESEARCH OF THE HISTORY OF BELARUSIANS IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA: AN OVERVIEW OF MODERN PUBLICATIONS". Chornomors’ka Mynuvshyna, n. 16 (24 dicembre 2021): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2519-2523.2021.16.245747.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the analysis of contemporary Ukrainian, Belarusian and Polish historiography of the history of Belarusians in the south of Ukraine and in Odesa and the district during the Ukrainian National-Democratic Revolution. The scientific relevance of the problem of research is associated with an insufficient level of its research in Ukrainian historiography. This aspect was chosen with taking into account the fact that during the Ukrainian National Democratic Revolution of 1917-1920 the territory of Southern Ukraine, mainly the city of Odesa and the district, due to economic ties and its political significance, became an important region for concentration of Belarusians, their trade activities, participation in political life and national state construction, etc. Of particular interest are the researches of M. Sсhavlinskiy, D. Mikhalyuk, O. Zubko. The researchers from Odesa are represented insufficiently. Researchers address such important problems as the creation of the Belarusian National Council in Odesa, the Belarusian National Commissariat and the Consulate, the activities of Belarusian national organizations. Most of the research examines the history of Belarusians in the south of Ukraine and the city of Odesa in the context of studying other problems. As a result of the study, it was found that in modern historiography – Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish – some aspects of the history of Belarusians in the south of Ukraine, mainly in Odesa and the district, were covered for the period of 1917-1919.The researches are as special as and more general, in which events in the region are mentioned briefly in the context of a wider problem related mainly to the Belarusian national movement and the Belarusian state construction. As a rule, the investigators are limited only to mentions of personalities, or briefly characterize the Odesa period of their biographies. Further research requires the problem of interaction between the Belarusian ethnic group in the population of Odesa and in the south of Ukraine in the early XX century and Belarusian refugees during World War I, also Belarusian cultural and educational activities in the south mentioned in the research literature, etc.
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Alexander V., Nikolaev. "Participation of the Terek Cossacks in the anti-Bolshevik movement on the Terek in 1917-1920: political aspect, armed struggle, results". Kavkazologiya 2023, n. 1 (30 marzo 2023): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2023-1-61-69.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article handles the problems related to the study of the participation of the Terek Cossack army in the events related to the Revolution and the Civil War of 1917-1920 on the territory of the Terek region. The struggle was for raising the political status of the Terek Cossacks and the Terek region, for which it was necessary to enter an alliance with the mountain liberal intelligentsia, which also fought for autonomy, and then federalization within the framework of the democratic Russian Republic. An analysis of the reasons for the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks on the Terek in 1918, the role of the Terek Cossacks in this process, the results of the Terek uprising of 1918 are given. The active participation of the Terek Cossacks in the anti-Bolshevik armed movement in 1919-1920 is argued. The consequences of the defeat of the white movement for the Terek Cossacks, the deportation of the Terek villages from the territory of the region, are showed. Conclusions are drawn that the defeat in the Civil War and active participation on the side of the White Guard led to the deportation of the Cossacks and the deprivation of the “titular” status of both the Terek Cossacks and the Tersk region itself.
14
Biryukova, Yulia A. "South-Eastern Russian Church Council in 1919 in light of the legacy of the All-Russian Local Council of 1917–1918". Issues of Theology 2, n. 4 (2020): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu28.2020.406.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to identifying the place of the South-Eastern Russian Church Council of 1919 in the social and church life during the period of the Russian Civil War. The author notes a significant increase in public and scientific interest in its legacy in recent years, explained, in particular, by the awareness of the Southern Russian Council with the Sacred Local Council of 1917–1918, which can be traced in the article. The processes that took place during this period in Russian Orthodoxy must be considered as a council-centric process, of which the South-Eastern Council was also a part. The Council sought to preserve both the conciliar character of solving Church problems, which had just been restored at the Local Council, and the approach to finding ways to develop Church life, which released the accumulated huge creative potential of the Church people. The continuity of the issues raised, as well as the procedural and structural relationships between the two Councils is traced in the article. The Southern Russian Council sought to continue the work of the Local Council on administrative and territorial changes in the dioceses (in this case, the South of Russia under its control), and tried to implement the parish charter. The South-Eastern Council is also interesting because it was the first experience of determining the position of the Church in the socio-political space of the White South, against the background of a complex political struggle, even in the camp of the White movement itself. While maintaining the priority of moral values, the South-Eastern Council sought to distance itself from the political struggle. However, in its proclamations, the Council certainly condemned the civil conflict and revolution, which it saw as a reflection of the moral decay of society.
15
Shayakhmetova, Irina Zufarovna. "Public safety in the activities of the municipal authorities of the Southern Urals in 1870-1919". Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University 58, n. 2 (23 giugno 2022): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/22-2/08.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the issues of public safety in the practical activities of the city dumas and temporary committees of public organizations. In 1870-1919, the activities of the city self-government bodies were reduced to the introduction of the apartment tax in order to take into account the citizens tenants of apartments, to ensure supervision of all citizens to prevent the spread of the revolutionary movement, especially after 1905. The formation of city dumas is associated with the constant supervision and patronage of this process by the ministry of internal affairs. Normative acts regulating the formation and functioning of self-government bodies in cities were drawn up and issued by the ministry of internal affairs. The city regulations of 1870 and 1892 clearly defined the composition of voters, the powers of the mayor and his comrades, the functions of city councils. The city duma was called upon to become a pillar of state power on the ground along with the governor's office. However, as a result, instead, the municipal governments became oppositional to the governor's power. The entire period of its existence, the city duma was in constant confrontation with the administrations of governors. The content of the practical activities of municipal governments in the cities reflected the everyday problems of citizens: housing, maintenance, road construction, sanitation and health, public education and culture, public safety. The provisional committees of public organizations formed after February 1917 were to become transitional bodies of self-government: from pre-revolutionary city dumas to post-revolutionary ones. Their main task was to organize local elections to the new duma. However, their practical activities were fully focused on public security.
16
Yuzykayn, Erik A. "Prehistory and prerequisites of the creation of the Mari national theatre (1907–1919)". Finno-Ugric World 12, n. 3 (26 ottobre 2020): 332–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.012.2020.03.332-343.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction. Alongside with other cultural initiatives, the development of the theatre movement as a forerunner of the creation of the Mari national theatre was the result of the development of Mari cultural nationalism in the early twentieth century. The purpose of this article is to consider the facts of the prehistory of the creation of the Mari national theatre, which was set up in November 1919, and the factors that influenced the development of the theatre movement among Mari people. Materials and Methods. To achieve the goals, the author reviewed the first Mari periodicals, research and publications on the history of the Mari theatre and the development of the national movement, and the protocols of the Mari congresses. The systematic analysis of sources for the reviewed period, an attempt to restore events in chronological order allows us to formulate the most objective answers to the research problems. Results and Discussions. One of the key factors that influenced the development of the Mari theatre movement and interest to the theatre was the movement for the national and cultural education and development of the Mari people, initiated by Mari cultural nationalists that gradually developed since the beginning of the twentieth century. Prehistory of the creation of the Mari national theatre in November 1919 goes back about ten years and it is linked with the publication of the first periodical in the Mari language “Marla calendar”, development of literary creativity in the Mari language, and the first amateur initiatives to stage performances. The climax of this prehistory was the decisions made by the first Mari forums on theatre issues, and the rapid development of interest to the theatre among the people in 1917–1919. Along with this factor, the cultural and social specific features of Mari played an important role: a theatrical tradition in the festive and ritual spheres and the low level of literacy of the people in this period. Conclusion. The processes of development of modern Mari national culture, began with the publication of “Marla calendars”, were crucial for the entire Mari people. The ideological contradictions that appeared with the development of Soviet power among the Mari intelligentsia did not immediately begin to influence the work of the first Mari playwrights. The supporters of different ideological movements were the colleagues for many years. Although they had disagreements, they acted in a single direction in the development of their native people, in particular in support of the theatre movement. Newspaper publications and increased dramatic creativity clearly indicate that the Mari activists intuitively, and sometimes purposefully, fuelled interest in theatrical creativity, promoted and, thus, preceded the appearance of their own national professional theatre.
17
Shutak, O., e N. Konoplenko. "Ksenophon Sosenko – Ukrainian folklorist, ethnographer, patriot". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, n. 94 (26 giugno 2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9405.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Many figures of Ukrainian culture are waiting for the recognition, study and promotion of their work. Among them is the representative of the Ukrainian intelligentsia at the end of the 19th – the first half of the 20th centuries – Ksenophon Sosenko, who played an important role in the folklore process in Galicia in the 20–30's of the last century. He was an adherent of the Viennese Cultural and Historical School, adopting its methodology, which he applied in his thorough and original works which still impress the scholarly erudition. The article attempts to characterize the life and scientific path of O. Ksenofont, to identify the main directions of research and its contribution to the history of Ukrainian folklore. Attention is drawn to how K. Sosenko illuminated the “moral image of the people”, as expressed by P. Kulish, having touched on the problems of ethno-ethics, emphasized the people's view of traditions as holiness, as a moral duty. The studies of the researcher are imbued with patriotism. K. Sosenko's desire in all his writings to prove the autochthonousness of the Ukrainians on their land was determined primarily by the political situation of the early XX century. When pessimism, panic, despair, and indifference prevailed in Ukraine after the unsuccessful national-political contests of 1917–1919, it was K. Sosenko's studies that once again aimed to reaffirm to the world that Ukrainians have their original history, rich and unique culture and, therefore, have the right to live on their own lands and on their state forever.
18
Titko, Anna V. "FEATURES OF SIMBIRSK BOLSHEVIKS’ WORK AMONG THE CHUVASH POPULATION (1918–1920)". Historical Search 1, n. 3 (21 dicembre 2020): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2020-1-3-127-131.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article deals with the problems of creation and activity of the Chuvash national section in 1918–1920 in Simbirsk. The analysis of document kept at the State Archives of Modern History of Ulyanovsk region is indicative of the national rise of the Chuvash people after the February Revolution of 1917; it shows a high level of education among the Chuvash communists. The work experience of Chuvash Bolsheviks among the population is analyzed. Errors and achievements of propaganda work among the Chuvash population of the province are shown. In Simbirsk province 250 thousand Chuvash lived, and Simbirsk was a recognized Chuvash cultural and educational center. From 1868 the Chuvash Teacher Seminary worked in the town, which launched the beginning of national intelligentsia formation. Graduates and students of the seminary (27 persons) became members of the Chuvash section of the RCP(b), setting the task of conducting propaganda and campaigning among the Chuvash population in their native language.
The members of the section were young, energetic and fairly well educated. They were able to deploy the work on the scale of the whole province but they made mistakes: they put emphasis on the printed word. Most of the peasants were illiterate. Neither the calls of the Chuvash communists to create collective farms caused their sympathy. The members of the section found the right path to the masses. They noticed a passionate interest of the Chuvash population in art. Since the autumn 1919 all the public speakings of activists were accompanied by performances and singing of national choirs. Success was not long in coming.
19
Janoczkin, Swiatosław. "История Лунинецкого местного самоуправления. 1842–1939 гг." Textus et Studia, n. 1(25) (22 settembre 2021): 139–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/tes.07104.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A local government is an association of persons of public law, based on community of interests of residents of a territory determined as units of the administrative and territorial division. It is regulated and administered by organs chosen by residents on their own territory, under control of suitable government organs within the framework of authorizations determined in state law. It acts in its own name, on its own territory and on its own responsibility. It possesses assets and budget, earnings and expenses. The author of the elaboration set the task of examining of the formation and functioning of local government structures on the example of one region and the city of today’s Belarus – Łuniniec. The territorial range which is the subjcet of considered issues covers the territory of the contemporary Łuninice region of Brzesko district on Belarus, as well the area of the Łuniniec administrative district from times of Poleskie province of the Second Polish Republic. Ideas of the local government, though in a limited meaning, were already put into pratice on the area of Łuniniec in the second half of the XIXth century – czar Alexander II’s reforms: enfranchisement (1861), municipal (1864) and urban (1870), and also in the first half of the XXth century. The work, in the initial conception, was thought as a classical monograph devoted to the formation of Łuniniec local government covering the period of almost a hundred years (1842–1939). It was the time when the contemporary Łuniniec region was, at first, a part of the Russian Empire. Then the region became a part of Poleskie province of the Second Polish Republic.Due to needs of the periodicals the whole material was divided into four readable, in terms of content, compact and separate parts. In the first part the administrative division, territorial and the demographic structure of Łuniniecki territory, history of the local government in the first half of the XIXth century were presented, and also the influence of Russian State reforms that took place in the second half of the XIXth century on its functioning. The activity of the local government within a period of 1917–1919 was also mentioned. The second part presented history of the formation of the local government within the period of the Second Polish Republic, when Łuniniec became a capital of a newly formed Polish territorial unit – Łuniniec province. Issues such as: the administrative territorial division and population of Łuniniec area within a period of the Seconf Polish Republic, creation and organization of the local government in Poleskie province in years 1919–1926, the demographic structure and functioning of the authorities in years 1919–1926 were mentioned. In the next part legal bases on the baisis of which Łuniniec local government functioned in years 1927–1932 were presented as well as its activity in 1926–1933; recordings of law from 23 June, 1933 presenting the partial change of structure of the local government were taken into account. The last part presents refers to problems of legal bases concerning activities of Polish local governments in the 30’s of the XXth century. In this part the author described history of the local government of Łuniniec province in 1934–1939. The fourth part is closed by the summary that refers to the whole material presented in all separated fragments of the monograph of the local government of Łuniniec province in 1842–1939. Maps and illustrations enriching the content and making it easier to understand easier were added to each part, and also the bibliography refering to all contents of four elements of the elaboration.
20
Dyhtyar, R. V., e M. V. Hryhorchuk. "Comparative legal analysis of certain aspects of state formation in the constitutions of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Far Eastern Ukrainian Republic (Green Wedge) and other documents". Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, n. 6 (18 febbraio 2023): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.06.3.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The events of the last eleven months brought to the fore the problems related to the establishment of Ukrainian statehood. The reason for this was the full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of sovereign Ukraine on February 24, 2022.This unprecedented violation of international law became an additional incentive for an indepth study of the processes of Ukrainian state formation not only in Ukraine, but also outside its borders, primarily in the territories of the Russian Federation.The authors’ historical and legal analysis of historical and legal documents and archival funds proved that Ukrainians were marked by a desire for self-reliance and independence in any part of the world. This happened despite the fact that ethnic Ukrainians were forcibly evicted from their native land and actually had real prospects of assimilating among the indigenous peoples to whose land they were deported.In this article, the authors carry out a historical and legal study of individual stages of Ukrainian state formation in the Far East in the period 1917-1922. We are talking about the Far Eastern Ukrainian Republic (Green Wedge), a true independent Ukrainian state that existed de facto in the specified time period. It was a state entity that developed and adopted the Basic Law (Constitution of the National and Cultural Autonomy of Ukrainians in the Far East» (at the Second Session of the Ukrainian Far Eastern Regional Council on May 30, 1919).Applying the method of comparativism, the authors performed a comparative analysis of this Constitution and the Constitution of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. The study of the specified historical and legal documents showed close cooperation and national ties between mainland Ukraine and the Far Eastern Ukrainian Republic (Green Wedge). The article provides specific examples of the same understanding and interpretation by the leaders of the Green Wedge and the Ukrainian People’s Republic of the key provisions of state formation, the introduction and use of similar legal mechanisms to assert sovereignty and national identity.
21
Скрипник, Олена, e Віталій Друганов. "ІДЕЯ ЧОРНОМОРСЬКОЇ ФЕДЕРАЦІЇ: ПОГЛЯДИ МИХАЙЛА ГРУШЕВСЬКОГО І СТЕПАНА РУДНИЦЬКОГО ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ СЬОГОДЕННЯ". Уманська старовина, n. 9 (26 dicembre 2022): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2519-2035.9.2022.269850.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ключові слова: Чорне море, геополітика, М. Грушевський, С. Рудницький, політична арена, Українськареволюція 1917-1921 рр.
У статті показано основні політико-ідеологічні засади геополітичного проєкту «Чорноморськоїфедерації», що був створений в працях українського історика М. Грушевського та його учня С. Рудницького вперіод Національно-визвольних змагань та Інтербелума, а також похідні ідеї цього проєкту що існують в XXIстолітті. Проаналізовано передумови, які викликали необхідність розробки концепції співпраці різних країнБалтійсько-Чорноморського регіону на початку ХХ ст. Окреслено основні перспективи імовірності розвиткуспівпраці в межах регіону у майбутньому. Зроблено висновок про те, що щоб бути міцною та незалежноюдержавою, Україна повинна міцно триматися за ті геополітичні переваги, які має, а винайдення новогоформату співробітництва між європейськими державами означеного регіону не може відбуватися безосвоєння досвіду попередників.
Посилання
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22
Огуренко, Е. В. "EVOLUTION OF THE REGIONAL ARCHIVAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE MIDDLE URALS DURING THE SOVIET PERIOD (1918–1991)". Гуманитарные науки в Сибири 31, n. 2 (28 giugno 2024): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15372/hss20240212.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
В статье рассматриваются становление и развитие системы региональных архивных учреждений в 1918–1991 гг. На базе методологии исторического институционализма (historical institutionalism) последовательно анализируются государственная политика, законодательная и нормативная база, организационная структура и основные направления деятельности архивных учреждений. История архивной службы Среднего Урала представляется типичной схемой развития регионального архивного управления в стране. На значительном архивном материале показано, что эволюция архивной отрасли в Советском Союзе прошла ряд этапов, специфика которых заключалась в изменении государственных интересов, информационных потребностей общества и технологического развития. Исследование опирается на материалы Государственного архива Свердловской области. The present article examines the problem of managing archival institutions and archival information resources in the Soviet society using the example of an analysis of the work of the archival service of the Sverdlovsk Oblast, which celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2019. In September 1919, the Archival Department of the Yekaterinburg Governorate was formed (the Governorate was created in July of the same year). In 1923–1934, the Ural Oblast was formed in the territory of the former Perm Governorate. The Sverdlovsk Oblast appeared in 1934 as a result of the dissolution of the Ural Oblast, consisting of 60 districts. The purpose of this work is to analyze the main stages in the development of the regional archival management system in the USSR. The evolution of archival bodies is considered by the example of regional archival structures located in the territory of the Middle Urals and successively replacing each other – the Yekaterinburg Governorate (1919–1923), the Ural Oblast (1923–1934) and the Sverdlovsk Oblast (1934–1991). The system of state archives management was established at the stage of creation of the Soviet state during the socio-political transformations of 1917–1920. It is possible to distinguish three consecutive stages of system evolution; within each stage, its own model for managing archival information is formed. The description of the model includes characteristics of government policy, legislative framework, organizational structure and priorities in the activities of archives. The first stage (1918–1938) coincided with the period of formation of Soviet statehood and experiments in the field of archival construction. For the Middle Urals, this stage was marked by serious administrative and territorial transformations, which influenced the structure of the archival network of the entire region. The second stage (1939–1960) was characterized by over-centralization of the entire state organism, which significantly influenced the structure of archival fonds and the practice of their use. During this period, the archival service of the Sverdlovsk Oblast was reorganized and aimed at prioritizing provision for information needs of government agencies. The third stage (1961–1991) is distinguished by the stable and progressive development of the archival system and archival science. It was during this period that the most intensive work of archival institutions in the Middle Urals occurred. In conclusion, the article highlights the problems and contradictions in the development of the archival industry in the USSR in 1918–1991.
23
Naumov, Oleg N. "The Arsenyevs Nobles — Employees of the Library of the State Rumyantsev Museum in the Post-Revolutionary Years". Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 71, n. 3 (9 settembre 2022): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2022-71-3-285-294.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Basing on the new sources from the Archives of the Russian State Library (RSL), the author reconstructed the insufficiently yet studied and comprehended mechanism of adaptation of Russian nobles to Soviet reality, which is one of the main problems of the social history of the early post-revolutionary years. For the first time in historiography, the paper analyses the work of four representatives of the Arsenyevs family (diplomat, former Russian ambassador to Norway Sergey Vasilyevich, genealogist and archaeographer Vasily Sergeevich, literary critic Sergey Ivanovich and his wife Elizabeth Nikolaevna) in the Library of the State Rumyantsev Museum (since February 6, 1925 — V.I. Lenin State Library of the USSR, nowadays — RSL) in late 1910s — early 1930s. The article introduces into scientific circulation the documents of personal files from the Archives of the RSL. The author shows how nepotism and mutual assistance of members of the noble family helped to overcome the consequences of official sociocide.Two of the Arsenievs got the job at the Library of the State Rumyantsev Museum almost simultaneously — in the spring of 1919: difficult material conditions forced representatives of the former elite to look for new means of livelihood. In library work, the experience of research in the humanities and knowledge of foreign languages were in demand, but successful and long-term activities of family members in the Library were hindered by the repressions carried out after 1917 on social grounds.Personal files from the Archives of the RSL make it possible to reconstruct the process of the Arsenievsʼ employment in the Library and the details of their work activities, to find out the degree of reliability and novelty of the information of the sources introduced into scientific circulation. The author shows that an important aspect of the problem is the analysis of the degree of distortion in the documents of biographical information necessary for the identity of candidates to be acceptable to the Soviet institution.The official persecution of the nobility led to the appearance in the Library of the State Rumyantsev Museum (later — V.I. Lenin State Library of the USSR) of new employees with extensive knowledge in various humanities, who spoke languages and had organizational skills. They contributed to the development of the State Rumyantsev Museum and later V.I. Lenin State Library of the USSR as a major scientific centre.
24
Bondarenko, O., e Yu Nazarchuk. "Species of plants in Odesa School of Horticulture (XIX–XX centuries) (based on MSUD materials)". Agroecological journal, n. 1 (17 maggio 2023): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.1.2023.276727.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Landscaping of the South of Ukraine was and remains a topical issue, as it helps to solve a wide range of long-term or local problems: from economic to environmental. Both amateurs and, historically, professional institutions (nurseries, arboretums, botanical gardens, etc.) play a huge role in leveling the demand for trees, shrubs, and beautiful flowering herbs. Information about their work can be obtained from various sources, in particular — on the basis of collections of various institutions (including herbariums). Regional herbariums, due to the direction and capabilities of collectors, contain information on the appearance of new species and assortment of plants, including cultivated ones. This is important information, because a certain segment of plant species can become naturalized and spread outside the areas of cultivation, be a threat to the biodiversity of natural ecotopes. The object of research, in the Herbarium of ONU named after I.I. Mechnikov (MSUD) were herbarium sheets, the labels of which contained the inscription «School of Horticulture». It existed in Odesa for a certain time: from 1886 to (according to indirect information) 1929. There are 116 herbarium sheets for 88 species. The collectors were G.Y. Potapenko (meetings of 1917, 1923) and A. Kratinov (1919, 1920). For the authorship of G.Y. Potapenko currently has 101 ha. with 78 species from 36 families. For the species Vitis vinifera L., 20 h.a. are presented. with materials of different grades. The largest number of species and genera is found in the following families: Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Salicaceae, Aceraceae, Pinaceae. 22 families are monospecific. Among the life forms, the distribution is presented: 49 phanerophytes, 22 chamephytes, four species with transitional forms, three species — herbaceous plants. Sozophytes, with the category «exotic» are Ginkgo biloba L., Taxus baccata L. Only 19 species (24.36%) are adventive: one evapophyte, two ephemerophytes, five agrophytes, 11 ergasiophytes. According to the chronotype, chenophytes (16 species) prevail. According to the frequency of occurrence of tree–shrub species, currently in the flora of Odessa, the species are divided: 13 species occur «alone»; 14 — «occasionally», 24 — «often», 18 — «massively». There are also two herbarium sheets with an invasive species of North American origin, Acer negundo L., which has overcome the F-barrier on the territory of Ukraine. The gatherings of A. Kratinov are presented by 15 h.a. and 13 species from 11 families. Only two families (Oleaceae and Vitaceae) are represented by two species and genera each. Other families are monospecific. The spectrum of life forms includes three phanerophytes, one species with a transitional form, four chamephytes, and five types of herbaceous plants. 30.80% of species are synanthropic species: one agrophyte and evapophyte, two ergasiophytes. Herbarium materials contain valuable information, in particular for the introduction of new species in the regions, help predict aspects of the existence of new synanthropic species in the region
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Purinaša, Ligija. "FACTORS OF INSPIRATION IN ČENČU JEZUPS’ NOVEL “PĪTERS VYLĀNS”". Via Latgalica, n. 8 (2 marzo 2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2016.8.2237.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Čenču Jezups or Dzērkste (real name Jezups Kindzuļs, 1888–1941?) was a Latgalian public figure, agronomist, publicist and writer. Date of his death is unknown – he was arrested in February 1941 by NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs), but after that there is no information about his further life. He participated in the Latgalian Awakening movement at the beginning of 20th century. Later J. Kindzuļs was one of the organizers of the Latgalian congress (1917) in Rēzekne and a member of Constitutional Assembly of Latvia (1920–1922). He was an editor of such periodicals as “Latgalīts” (1921), “Latgolas Zemkūpis” (1924–1935), “Latgolas lauksaimnīks” (calendar, 1924–1935). He wrote his novel “Pīters Vylāns” between 1935 and 1941. It was first published in Daugavpils in 1943 by writer and publisher Vladislavs Luocis. Later it was published again in Germany in 1967.Čenču Jezups’ novel “Pīters Vylāns” was analysed by Miķelis Bukšs, Ilona Salceviča, Oskars Seiksts. The mentioned papers reveal the meaning of Latgalian self-confidence, which is disclosed in “Pīters Vylāns”, but unfortunately the author of this novel seems to be forgotten. Therefore the aim of this research is to “decode” factors of inspiration in Čenču Jezups’ novel “Pīters Vylāns” to gain more information about author’s life and his value system.Inspiration is always connected with writer’s life experience. Furthermore, the writer creates his own world. Vladislavs Luocis wrote that J. Kindzuļs planned to write a trilogy (Lōcis 1965: 26), but because of Latvia’s occupation by the Soviet Union this intention was not fulfilled. Factors of inspiration are divided into two groups: literary and non-literary (Lukaševičs 2007: 5). Non-literary factors of inspiration are those connected with J. Kindzuļs’ life (social and political events, education and public activities, private life). Literary and cultural factors of inspiration refer to his interests and Latgalian self-identification.Novel “Pīters Vylāns” was written during the authoritarian regime of Kārlis Ulmanis (1934–1940) and deals with peasants’ life during the Russian Revolution of 1905 (1905–1907) in Latgale. The problems of Latgalian identity (to be russified or polonized, quest for identity as a possibility) are dealt with by means of such characters as Vera Semjonova, Stefa, Meikuls Stumbris and Buks. It may be that the characters Pīters Vylāns and Ontons Sleižs are the two sides of J. Kindzuļs’ alter ego. His life experience until World War I is revealed in Pīters Vylāns, but after 1920 – in Ontons Sleižs. J. Kindzuļs may have studied either agronomy or law in Petersburg (after 1907). He took part in Latgalian Musical society and later he worked in the editorial office of newspaper “Drywa” (1908–1912). J. Kindzuļs was involved in the First World War and after that he worked in Rēzekne Commerce School (1919). After 1922 he started farming in his household “Pelēķi” in Laucesa rural municipality and was busy with issues of agronomy in Latgale.J. Kindzuļs’ private life is revealed in two women characters: Elvira and Stefa. Kindzuļs himself had three wives: unknown (married before 1919), Hortenzija Kindzule (Dardedze, married about 1921), Jadviga Kindzule (Kondrāte, married before 1933). J. Kindzuļs became a widower twice. He had two sons: Česlavs (from his first marriage) and Andrivs Jēkabs (from the second marriage). The third child was a daughter, but he and his wife Jadviga lost her because she died of an illness when she was 3.Because of lack of information about J. Kindzuļs, there is no possibility to find out his interests. The only way to get more information about J. Kindzuļs is to research his novel “Pīters Vylāns”. From the novel we know that for J. Kindzuļs there are three groups of literary and cultural factors of inspiration. Firstly, it is Latgalian self-confidence, which appears in the use of Roman Catholic elements such as rites, prayers and honour songs for God. Secondly, it is syncretism of Christian faith and paganism, which is presented as rewriting of folksongs by hand and “vakariešona” or evening gathering. Thirdly, it is European culture, because it is clear that J. Kindzuļs knew, for example, such writers as Goethe, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, classical music (F. F. Chopin) and architecture. The amount of information about J. Kindzuļs must be enriched and research must be continued. Novel “Pīters Vylāns” was written after 1935 and it is autobiographical. Such characters as Pīters Vylāns and Ontons Sleižs reflect the personality of J. Kindzuļs, but Elvira and Stefa reveal some traits of his wives Hortenzija and Jadviga. J. Kindzuļs glorifies values which became significant after 1934: land and farming, peasants and unity. He describes the Latvians of Latgale during the Russian Revolution of 1905 (1905–1907), but at the same time he criticizes the tendency to be latvianized. The same attitude he has to russification. He accepts the ideological course of Kārlis Ulmanis policy and this ideological position of J. Kindzuļs is manifested as a form of rebellion.
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MOTA, ELSA, PAULO CRAWFORD e ANA SIMÕES. "Einstein in Portugal: Eddington's expedition to Principe and the reactions of Portuguese astronomers (1917–25)". British Journal for the History of Science 42, n. 2 (22 dicembre 2008): 245–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087408001568.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractAmong various case studies addressing the reception of relativity, very few deal with Portugal at either the international or the national level. The national literature on the topic has mainly concentrated on the reactions to relativity of the Portuguese mathematical community. The absence of Portuguese astronomers alongside Eddington during the 1919 expedition to Principe, then a Portuguese island, has been implicitly equated with the astronomical community's lack of interest in the event. In reception studies dealing with general relativity, analysis has tended to focus on the physics and mathematics communities, less on the astronomers. Given that relativity was born at the interface of physics, mathematics and astronomy, reactions of members of these scientific communities depended on differences in shared traditions, values, problems and expectations, as well as on individual practitioners' idiosyncrasies. This paper addresses the contributions of the overlooked Portuguese astronomical community, evaluates the actions and reactions of its members to the expedition and assesses their role in the process of appropriation of relativity.
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Malahovskis, Vladislavs. "THE SITUATION IN THE LATGALIAN COUNTRYSIDE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE 1920s". Via Latgalica, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2008): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2008.1.1593.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
During the first independence of the Latvian Republic, the radical agrarian reform between 1920 and 1937 was the most important attempt to solve the agrarian problem. At the core of the reform was the nationalization of the estates, the buildings, the interior inventory and the cattle, and the distribution of the land which had become property of the National Land Fund (NLF) among landless peasants and small farmers. The objective of the paper is to identify the different factors that cumbered the beginning of the agrarian reform in Latgale and made it more complicated. In Latgale there was a big problem to abandon the system of land management under collective responsibility, which slowed down the personal initiative of the farmers and therefore constrained the introduction of more progressive methods of land cultivation and management. In Latgale, as a long-term adminstrative part of the guberniya of Vitebsk, archaic methods of managementi similar to those in Russia prevailed. After the formation of the Latvian state, when the region of Latgale joined the better developed regions of Vidzeme, Kurzeme and Zemgale, the agrarian underdevelopment of Latgale became particularly obvious. Therefore, eliminating this gap in the agrarian development became one of the most important tasks on the way to an economically and politically stable state. Although the Latvian law on the Agrarian reform was meant to apply to the whole territory of Latvia, the agrarian reform in Latgale needed to react to peculiarities that demanded additional measures. While preparing and implementing the agrarian reform in Latgale, it was necessary to consider the historical „heritage” from the times when Latgale was part of the Polish- Lithuanian state and the Russian Empire: - A non-efficient system of management which was based on rural management expertise; - An artificially created shortage of land among the Latgalian, i.e. Catholic farmers, since there were restrictions for them in land purchasing; - Poorly educated and conservative farmers. Since 1917, the situation of the Latgalian farmers became worse because of unlawful activities by different armies such as the requisition of cattle and looting. Because of the continuing existence of the Soviet regime until January, 1920, the registration of landless peasants and the land assignment started later in Latgale than in other regions. When the land assignment in Latgale started, at first the data that the land surveyors and regional managers of the National Land Fund had gathered on site had to be processed. The precise area under the administration of the National Land Fund was not known, nor was the area of the land which was used for agricultural purposes. There were no maps of the major part of the estate and village lands in Latgale. As long as Latgale used to be the part of the Guberniya of Vitebsk, there was no data about Latgale. Many archives of the agrarian commission were destroyed by the communists in 1919, and during World War I parts of them had already been taken to Russia. There was no organized land register in Latgale. From a legal point of view, the land was registered under the name of one owner, but in reality many heirs often cultivated the land together. In addition, there were some legally registered shared land properties in Latgale. There were not many landless peasants in Latgale, but there were indeed many small farmers who had obtained the right to acquire additional land. The quantity of the land of the National Fund in Latgale did not correspond to the large number of land claims. In Latgale, about 60% of the small farmers had a right to claim land. Since the procedure of land assignment was therefore much more difficult in Latgale than in other Latvian regions, the special instruction № 25 was drafted for Latgale in addition to the law on the agrarian reform. This instruction regulated the principles of land assignment from the National Fund in the region. The instruction provided for greater privileges for land claims put forward by locals. Although there were a lot of difficulties and problems during the preparation of the agrarian reform and the land assignment in Latgale, it finally proved to be a great achievement for the solution of the agrarian problems in Latvia in general.
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Harrowfield, David L. "‘For the sake of science and country’: the Ross Sea party 1914–1917". Polar Record 51, n. 4 (27 novembre 2014): 343–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247414000795.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACTIn December 1913 Sir Ernest Shackleton released a prospectus and announced The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. His goal was to undertake the first crossing of Antarctica from the Weddell Sea via the polar plateau to McMurdo Sound on the Ross Sea. The journey had already been attempted by Wilhelm Filchner whose shipDeutschland, had become beset in the Weddell Sea ice for nine months in 1912. Shackleton aimed ‘to make all possible scientific observations on [the Trans-Antarctic] journey; to carry on similar work by parties operating from the two bases on the Weddell and Ross Seas [and] to carry on scientific work, and travel unknown portions of the coastline, by the two ships of the expedition’(Shackleton 1913: 3). WithEndurancea continental crossing party of six led by Shackleton would begin from the Weddell Sea and a supporting depot laying party led byNimrodveteran Lieutenant Aeneas L.A. Mackintosh RNR, with the auxiliary barquentineAurorabased in McMurdo Sound. Unbeknown to each party, both experienced problems beyond their control.Endurancewas holed and sank in the Weddell Sea andAuroralocked in ice, although damaged, reached New Zealand. Here the ship was repaired and then undertook a relief expedition with Shackleton as a passenger, to McMurdo Sound. In spite of these major setbacks each party conducted valuable scientific observations.When Shackleton published his bookSouth(Shackleton 1919) on the expedition, compiled with New Zealand journalist and friend Edward Saunders, with exception of accounts on the Ross Sea party sledging and drift of the shipAurora, no recognition was given to work undertaken by the four Ross Sea party scientists and an assistant. Later publications have focused on the depot-laying, while books on Antarctic science have largely overlooked the science undertaken.The purpose of this paper is to make this better known, and to give credit to the four scientists involved. The science conducted although primarily concerned with meteorological observations, also covers limited glaciological observations including the ablation of lake ice, solution of glacier ice in salt water, tidal recordings, collection of zoological and other specimens, along with the use of improvised equipment to undertake observations. The science achieved was secondary to the field work. The Ross Sea party science was done however, under conditions not normally conducive for such field work with health issues a major contributing factor. A lack of funding, equipment, personality problems, concern forAuroraand crew, uncertainty of Shackleton's Antarctic crossing and their own relief, led to depression, sleeplessness and insomnia.
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Shumskaya, Lilya M., Elena I. Biliutenka e Iryna K. Komarova. "Humanistic tendencies in the artistic and aesthetic system of Z. N. Gippius in her Petersburg Diaries of 1914–1919". Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, n. 2 (2023): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/83/9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Petersburg diaries (“Blue Book,”, “Black Notebooks,” “Black Book,” and “Gray Notepad”) document the attitude of Z. N. Gippius to the events related to the historical upheavals in Russia in the early 20th century. Searching for new ideas about personal freedom and choice in the epoch of historical cataclysms, the writer asserts the principles of new spirituality allowing one withstand the great upheavals of the era and achieve true freedom, found in God as a guarantor of the harmonious personality development. This study has established that the writer solves the problems suggested in the diaries by comprehending the fate of Russia during the First World War and the February and October revolutions of 1917 and searching for new humanistic ideals. She condemns the destructive nature of the revolution that causes the loss of moral ideals. Of particular relevance to the writer is the assertion of a specific, effective and practical humanism that takes into account the moral component of human life, approves the moral way of life, and combines practical actions with a focus on the individual as the ultimate goal. For Gippius, the ideal is embodied in the Russian intelligentsia with humanistic ability to sympathy, compassion, sacrifice, and sanctity and potential to withstand the political cataclysms of Russia. The aesthetic findings of Gippius in her Petersburg diaries embrace the inclusion of various associative chains into the forms of auto-documentary literature, enrichment of particular historical images with universal symbols, and synthesis of lyrical self-expression and an epic worldview.
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HRYTSENKO, ANDRII P., OLENA A. CHUMACHENKO e VICTOR S. PROKOPCHUK. "The initial period of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy in the Sumy region in the 1920s: agitation for literacy, encouragement to study on an ideological factor (according to the State Archives of Sumy region)." SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL, n. 38 (2022): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2022.i38.p.48.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article characterizes the initial stage of a large-scale campaign to eliminate illiteracy, which took place in Ukraine in the 20s-30s of the ХХth century. It’s stated that general illiteracy hampered the economic and cultural development of the whole country. Therefore, after the October Revolution of 1917, along with the military front and the front of the struggle against economic destruction, there was a third – cultural, whose primary task was the struggle for literacy of the population. For the first time, documents from the State Archives of the Sumy Region on the process of a liquidation illiteracy in the region are being introduced into scientific circulation. The documents provide an idea of such activities as agitation of the population for literacy, encouragement of adults to study in illiteracy institutions and the ideological factor of the campaign to eliminate of illiteracy in Sumy region. One of the most important stages in the history of education and culture of the early twentieth century was the work to eliminate illiteracy, which unfolded widely after the adoption of the Decree of the People’s Commissar of the RSFSR «On the elimination of illiteracy among the RSFSR population» of December 26, 1919. The document provided for the complete elimination of illiteracy throughout the country. Liknep in Ukraine was initiated by the resolution of the SNC of the USSR «On Combating Illiteracy» of May 21, 1921, which virtually duplicated the previous decree of the People’s Commissar of the RSFSR, thus giving it effect in the Ukrainian SSR. Boyko, V. Kozyr, V. Motuz, and S. Svistovych dealt with the issue of eliminating illiteracy in Ukraine in various aspects. The elimination of illiteracy in the Sumy region is not represented by extensive historiography. Mostly local historians developed the topic of Ukrainization in the Sumy region in the 1920s and 1930s. In recent years, there has been interest in the topic, in particular, the issue of the liknep campaign is the subject of articles by L. Epik and N. Petrenko, the latter is working on thorough work on this issue. The source base of the study consists of documents of the 20-30s of the XX century of the State Archives of Sumy region. The term «liknep» (likvidatsiia nepysmennosti – elimination of illiteracy) meant the elimination, ie elimination of illiteracy, in other words, the teaching of basic literacy to those who cannot read, write and count at all. In contrast to the broad understanding of the word, in the system of likneps the word «literacy» meant only the initial, alphabetic literacy. The elimination of illiteracy was carried out by the educated part of the population in the order of labor service. Not only educational institutions, but also cultural and educational institutions, trade unions and committees of poor peasants took an active part in the dissemination of education. To solve the complex of problems related to the elimination of illiteracy, a system of special educational institutions has been created within the framework of public education. Working on the funds of the State Archives of Sumy region, we managed to find documents that characterize the initial stage of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy in Sumy region. In general, various forms of agitation for writing were used to attract illiterate citizens to the lyceums: reports at the meeting, devoted to substantiating the importance of writing with examples of its practical use; evenings of agitation for education, lectures. In addition, the agitation was also obvious. In particular, printing houses offered organizations a variety of campaign posters and illustrations. The agitation was successful. However, the authorities also understood that the population needed an incentive to study. That is why the authorities sent out documents with detailed instructions on benefits for students and those who have already learned to read and write. In particular, the hours of work with the preservation of wages were reduced for students, as well as certain benefits were provided when applying for and paying off loans, when insuring property, during market operations, and so on. All this was done in order to instill communist ideology, because from the first days of the Bolshevik revolution, the fight against illiteracy was considered by its ideologues as the most important political task, without which the success of social transformation was unlikely. Therefore, the elimination of illiteracy had a dual purpose: the Bolsheviks followed the general idea of the need for knowledge and the ideal of creating a full-fledged personality, on the other – setting the task of industrialization, the country needed a more literate worker. But this worker could fully meet the demands of the new government only if, along with knowledge, he mastered the advanced ideology. The policy of eliminating illiteracy was implemented on the territory of Ukraine, and a certain range of archival documents gives reason to believe that this political campaign was successful in Sumy region. The documents presented in the publication provide an opportunity to consider in more depth the initial stage of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy not only in Sumy region, but in Ukraine as a whole, as most of these documents were sent by the central government to all educational institutions. Documents are published with the original language and punctuation.
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EKİCİ, Yunus. "Armenia as a Geopolitical Factor in British Interests in Azerbaijan (1917-1919)". ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi (ODÜSOBİAD), 12 giugno 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1107207.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The geopolitical interests of Great Britain in Azerbaijan, as well as the policy of the Caucasus in general, are considered an integral part of the historical Eastern question. It is an undeniable fact that historically every great power has used various pretexts and factors to maintain its own imperialist policy. These factors can be observed in the geopolitical interests of the great powers in current events in the world. XX. at the beginning of the XIX century, Armenians were one of the main factors in the pursuit of Britain's geopolitical interests both in the Ottoman geography and in the South Caucasus. The priority of the UK was to decipher which nation among the various ethnic and religious groups in the Caucasus could seriously resist the Turks. They did not trust the Azerbaijani Turks, who sympathized with the Ottomans because they were Turks. In turn, the Azerbaijani Turks were very worried about the British assistance to the Armenians. This aid was even used by the Armenians to annoy the Azerbaijanis. These actions of the Armenians have created public opinion that the British government is pursuing an openly anti-Islamic policy. In this study, information is discussed that the UK plays a key role in the emergence of the Armenian problem and its transnational problems, including its expansionism, and uses Armenians as the main tool in its geopolitical interests in the South Caucasus.
32
Smith, P. D. "'n Preek van HCM Fourie na aanleiding van die Oktober-rewolusie in 1917". HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 44, n. 3 (23 gennaio 1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v44i3.2235.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A sennon of HCM Fourie with reference to the October Revolution in 1917 Doctor HCM Fourie, a theologian of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika, conducted several sermons in the years 1919—1938 concerning the danger that socialism entails. Under the heading 'Account', the method of investigation, as well as the problems concerning the study of a historical document, that is the written text of the sermon, is explained. The sermon is analized, and Fourie's criticism of socialism, valuated. Then follows the ultimate analysis of the historical document where the significance of this human effort is evaluated.
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Papushina, Anastasia. "Funeral Reform and the Materiality of Death in the Russian Civil War". Quaestio Rossica 9, n. 1 (4 aprile 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/qr.2021.1.571.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Based on documents produced by various Soviet institutions in Moscow, Ivanovo-Voznesensk, and Yaroslavl’ in 1917–1922, this paper looks at the transformations of the Soviet funeral industry during the Civil War. After the October Revolution, a series of decrees proclaimed the secularization of funeral practices and attempted to purify them of monetary relations and hierarchy. The funeral ranks, or razryady, were eliminated, and Soviet institutions were obliged to provide equal services for all citizens regardless of their social background. This initiative was part of a larger project of creating a new man with new values by changing everyday practices. Due to administrative difficulties caused by the regime change and wartime challenges, the implementation of the funeral reform was fraught with perturbations at state, local, and family level. In Moscow, these problems led to the fullfledged “funeral crisis” of 1919, when the rise in mortality, serious shortages in supplies, and bureaucratic prevarications resulted in dead bodies being left unburied for prolonged periods of time. In the smaller towns of Ivanovo-Voznesensk and Yaroslavl’, the crisis was less intense, and the funeral industry, while being transformed in accordance with the decrees, could still cope with popular demands. Several factors might explain this difference, including town size and the less rigid attitude of the provincial authorities to the implementation of funeral innovations. The ambitious funeral reform was not entirely successful: this paper argues that the attempts to change this death-related industry did not concern the fundamental norms of dealing with the dead, namely the idea shared by both the Soviet officials and the population that a dead body deserves personal space, privacy, and respect.
34
Panfilova, T. "National issue in the West Ukrainian People's Republic. The 100th Anniversary of the achievements of Ukrainian state-building". Democratic governance, n. 25 (21 giugno 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.33990/2070-4038.25.2020.213661.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Problem setting. In different epochs, the state-building processes in Ukraine had characteristic features that should be taken into account today. The achievements of the Central Rada, the Hetmanate, the Directory, and the Soviet government in Ukraine reveal the complex external and internal circumstances of state-building. Political leaders of this period pursued their own principles of governance, often ignoring the lessons of the past. Under each government, there were different views among the political electorate on this issue, which did not always reflect the interests of the people of Ukraine, and important decisions were generally made to please Western Europe.Recent research and publications analysis. Historical events of the early XXth century in Eastern Galicia are interesting for researchers of various specialities. In particular, V. Velykochyi, L. Volosianko, Yu. Zaitsev, S. Kobuta, O. Krasivskyi, M. Lytvyn, K. Mytsan, I. Pater, H. Poslavska, O. Rublov, O. Reient, Yu. Slyvka, V. Soldatenko, I. Soliar and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Modern problems of state-building in Ukraine and the participation of representatives of national minorities in them need a thorough scientific substantiation. In this regard, the direction of previously unresolved issues concerning the current state-building practices of the past years is singled out.Taking into account the lessons of national history, identifying the relationship between historical experience and modern problems, ensuring certain heredity, combining Ukrainian achievements with the achievements of world practice of state-building determines the topicality of the problem.Paper main body. Meaningful experience of state-building must be taken into account when reforming modern state structures and, in particular, regarding the definition of powers, tasks, cooperation of various branches of government. Nevertheless, the events of 1917 – 1920ies haven’t been studied enough, because the understanding of the achievements and miscalculations of Ukrainian state-building of the revolutionary era would help to outline the strategic understanding of Ukraine’s tasks at the present stage.In October 1918 after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ukrainians of Western Ukraine began preparations to create their own independent state. In the western Ukrainian lands, although the state revival took place under the significant influence of the events in the Dnieper region, in almost all aspects the desire of Western Ukrainians to gain state independence was radically different from the attempts of Eastern Ukrainians.In a short time, the West Ukrainian People's Republic managed to create a fairly effective system of public administration, based on the constitutional practice of Austria.Already in the first months in Western Ukraine, central and local public administration bodies were formed: the Ukrainian National Council, the State Secretariat, State Secretaries, County National Councils, County Commissioners, Public and City Councils, and Public and City Commissioners.The courts were independent of other branches of government, according to the law of November 21, 1918, and the Highest State Court in Lviv, following the Austrian model, was the Supreme court institution.The West Ukrainian People's Republic managed to ensure stability and order on its territory, despite the war, and it was even passed the Law on Land (April 14, 1919) and introduced its own currency – hryvnia and karbovantsi. Prompt and effective creation of public administration is a unique achievement in the whole of Eastern Europe. It was an ideal model of a modern European democratic state governed by the rule of law – the result of the propensity of Galicians to social organization, which developed significantly in the pre-war decade.The Act of Unity became a powerful manifestation of the will of Ukrainians to ethnic and territorial consolidation, evidence of their dynamic self-identification, and the formation of a political nation.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The experience of Ukrainian state-building is important for today, as it makes it possible to anticipate similar situations and avoid mistakes. The West Ukrainian People's Republic has left a noticeable mark in the development of Ukrainian national statehood. For the first time since the Galician-Volyn era, Western Ukrainians gained national independence. Important reforms have been carried out in many spheres of public life. An effective system of central and local authorities and administration, health care, education, publishing, and a capable Ukrainian Galician Army was created.The main achievement of the events of 1917 – 1920 was the revival of the idea of Ukrainian statehood and national-state consciousness of the population of Ukraine, and a new generation of Ukrainian intellectuals picked up the concept of the national-state building.