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Hamza Salman e Noor Shuhadawati Binti Mohamad Amin. "RIGHTS OF PRISONERS UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW: A CASE STUDY OF THE PALESTINIAN PRISONERS IN ISRAELI PRISON". IIUM Law Journal 29, n. 2 (23 dicembre 2021): 85–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v29i2.565.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Israeli occupation of Palestine has triggered several forms of Palestinian resistance, resulting in the detainment of Palestinians through Israel systematic policies which destroy the will of the Palestinians. This has made the issue of prisoners one of the most important concerns that the Palestinians continue to endure in their daily lives. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the role of international humanitarian law (IHL) in protecting prisoners. It also discusses the rights granted to prisoners by international treaties and conventions and Israel’s application of the rules of IHL to Palestinian prisoners. This research is based on doctrinal and qualitative methods using the sources of IHL about prisoners’ rights. This study also discusses the violations committed by the Israeli occupation against Palestinian prisoners, which are the inhuman treatment they are subjected to, and the passage of a group of laws that violate the rights of Palestinian prisoners. The study concludes that Israel denies Palestinians the rights as prisoners of war, describing them as illegal combatants, and claims that the convention does not apply to the occupied Palestinian territories although IHL under the Geneva Convention includes members of the resistance and organised armed forces. As a result, prisoners from the Palestinian resistance can be considered prisoners of war.
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QAFISHEH, Mutaz M., e Ihssan Adel MADBOUH. "Palestine's Accession to Geneva Convention III: Typology of Captives Incarcerated by Israel". Asian Journal of International Law 11, n. 2 (luglio 2021): 299–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251321000229.
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AbstractUpon the 2014 State of Palestine's accession to Geneva Convention III, captured Palestinians who took part in belligerent acts against the occupier should be treated as prisoners of war due to the fact that they belong to a party to an armed conflict. These individuals fall under three categories: members of security forces, affiliates of armed resistance groups, and uprisers who fight the occupant spontaneously on an individual basis. Contrary to established rules of IHL, Israel does not make any distinction regarding the status of these three types. Unilateral Israeli treatment of its captives does not hold water under international law. Such actions may trigger liability based on international criminal law, particularly as the ICC decided in 2021 that it possesses jurisdiction to investigate crimes occurring in the territory of Palestine. The mere fact of confining prisoners of war after the cessation of hostilities may constitute a ground for criminal prosecution.
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Aristov, Stanislav V., e Valentina N. Aristova. "The role of communication in the survival of Nazi concentration camp prisoners". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, n. 480 (2023): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/480/10.
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The aim of the article is to analyze the communication of prisoners of Nazi concentration camps as one of the factors in the prisoners' struggle for life in extreme conditions. The sources of the research are materials from Russian and foreign archives: the State Archive of the Russian Federation (Russia), the Yad Vashem Archive (Israel), the Security Service Archive (Ukraine), the Holocaust Memorial Archive (USA), the Bundesarchive (Germany), as well as published memoirs and interviews of former prisoners. In particular, the authors analyzed the testimony of former prisoners, criminal cases against the concentration camps' administrative and security personnel convicted in the course of post-war trials. As a result of their research, the authors concluded that language ability and communication played a critical role in the rescue of prisoners. If prisoners spoke several languages, mastered the internal camp jargon, and also managed to build communication with representatives of the camp administration, functionary prisoners and ordinary prisoners, their chances of survival increased significantly. If adaptation to the camp's linguistic realities did not take place, prisoners had practically no opportunity to escape. The authors examine the characteristics that determined the framework of the camp community, among which the main were Nazi ideological attitudes, as well as prisoners' pre-camp experience. They thoroughly analyze German and camp jargon - the languages that, if mastered, determined prisoners' survival. The authors show how German changed due to lexical and semantic neologisms and the role it played in prisoners' subjugation, demonstrate that the camp jargon developed in several directions - the formation of a single lingua franca and the formation of jargon in national groups of prisoners, and also pay particular attention to the role that translators played in the camp life. The authors characterize the basic models of camp communication: “SS man - ordinary prisoner”, “SS man - camp functionary”, “representative of the camp ‘elite' - ordinary prisoner”, “prisoner - prisoner”, “prisoner - civilian worker”, and note the possibility (or impossibility) of prisoners within each of them to be saved. Finally, the authors describe the role of communication in organizing the underground Resistance, in order not only to survive, but also to actively resist the Nazi terror.
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Hajjar, Lisa. "International Humanitarian Law and ““Wars on Terror””: A Comparative Analysis of Israeli and American Doctrines and Policies". Journal of Palestine Studies 36, n. 1 (2006): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.21.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The second intifada and the U.S. ““global war on terror,”” though quite different, both involve asymmetrical warfare that pits powerful states against non-state organizations. This article focuses on international humanitarian law (IHL) to assess and compare how Israeli and American doctrines and policies for waging ““wars on terror”” have departed from international consensus on norms and rules for military engagement in occupied territories and the treatment of enemy prisoners. Neither Israel nor the United States ignores IHL; rather, they seek to reinterpret it in a manner that permits the pursuit (militarized or otherwise) of political agendas, even while claiming the reinterpretation to be legally valid.
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Abu Sitta, Salman, e Terry Rempel. "The ICRC and the Detention of Palestinian Civilians in Israel's 1948 POW/Labor Camps". Journal of Palestine Studies 43, n. 4 (2014): 11–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2014.43.4.11.
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The internment of thousands of Palestinian civilians in Israeli-run prisoner of war camps is a relatively little known episode in the 1948 war. This article begins to piece together the story from the dual perspective of the former civilian internees and of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Aside from the day-to-day treatment of the internees, ICRC reports focused on the legal and humanitarian implications of civilian internment and on Israel's resort to forced labor to support its war effort. Most of the 5,000 or so Palestinian civilians held in four official camps were reduced to conditions described by one ICRC official as “slavery” and then expelled from the country at the end of the war. Notwithstanding their shortcoming, the ICRC records constitute an important contribution to the story of these prisoners and also expose the organization's ineffectiveness—absent a legal framework as well as enforcement mechanisms beyond moral persuasion, the ICRC could do little to intervene on behalf of the internees.
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Francis, Sahar. "Status of Palestinian Prisoners in International Humanitarian Law". Journal of Palestine Studies 43, n. 4 (2014): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2014.43.4.39.
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This essay addresses the legal status of Palestinian political prisoners under international humanitarian and human rights law. At the heart of this issue lies the fundamental question of Israel's right to arrest hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, put them on trial before arbitrary military courts, and treat them as criminals in its capacity as the occupying power given the internationally-recognized right of Palestinians to resist occupation and pursue self-determination. This question takes on all the more urgency considering the illegal nature of the Israeli occupation1 and given that the laws and rules of war are applicable to Palestinian detainees as their status conforms to the definition of prisoners of war and civilians under occupation pursuant to the Geneva Conventions of 1949.
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Houmine, Mohammed. "Protection of Civilians and Treatment of Prisoners during War are at Stake: A Comparative Study". Journal of Current Social and Political Issues 2, n. 1 (24 luglio 2024): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jcspi.v2i1.660.
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The atrocities of Israel's aggression perpetrated from 07 October 2023 on the civilian population and the treatment of prisoners of war shocked the world. Western governments have encouraged Israel to continue its tyranny. Many other governments around the world preferred to remain silent despite the presence of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). This has led to a re-launch of the debate on the credibility of IHL and the positioning of International Islamic Humanitarian Law (IIHL) on the world stage. The aim of this study is therefore to compare IHL and IIHL, from a theoretical and practical point of view, in the field of the protection of civilians during war and the treatment of prisoners of war. To do this, we opted for a comparative approach between these two components, both conceptually and functionally. This approach focused, on the one hand, on the main sources of the Sharia, the Quran and the Sunnah, as well as on the opinions of Muslim scholars (ulamas), supported by concrete examples of the application of Islamic norms by the Prophet and the Rashidoun caliphs. On the other hand, it also examined all the conventions, treaties and other documents that constitute the sources of the IHL. From a theoretical point of view, the results showed that there are many similarities between the two laws. In practical terms, however, the IIHL stands out for its concrete form and effective application. These observations led us to recommend that the current world order be rethought in view of the juxtaposition of the IIHL and IHL rules.
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Gökatalay, Semih. "British Colonialism and Prison Labour in Inter-War Palestine". Labour History 125, n. 1 (25 ottobre 2023): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/labourhistory.2023.23.
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Great Britain ruled modern-day Israel and Palestine from 1917 to 1948. The exploitation of prison labour became a source to fund its colonial government. This study explicates the economic and legal rationale for prison labour, the living and working conditions and discipline of convicts, and public debates and controversies surrounding political prisoners in Mandatory Palestine. With specific references to forced labour in the colonised world, it evaluates the experience of Mandatory Palestine from a transnational perspective and makes a connection between global colonialism and prison labour. Using a rich trove of official documents and newspaper articles as its primary sources, this article links the proliferation of the prison labour system with the introduction and consolidation of British colonialism in Palestine and argues that colonial ideology and practices coloured and justified the use of prison labour.
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Sitorus, Herowati. "Teologi Pembuangan: Suatu Kajian Teologis Konsep Teologi Pembuangan Menurut Yeremia". Jurnal Teologi Cultivation 4, n. 1 (25 luglio 2020): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.46965/jtc.v4i1.217.
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AbstractThe title of this research is The Exile’s Theology: theological studies of exile acording to the Message of Jeremiah. Theology is science that describes God in relation to Israelites as prisoners of war in Babylon. Writing of this journal uses qualitative research methods, namely research sourced from text books, journals and other written materials, reveals: the ecperience of foreigners as immigrants, refugees and foreigners in this country is a commom theme for Jews and Christian scriptures. The story of the Israel as a nation is a story about migration becoming as a stanger.Keywords: exile; theology.AbstrakPenelitian ini mengangkat judul Teologi Pembuangan: Suatu Kajian Teologis Teologi Pembuangan menurut Yeremia. Teologi adalah ilmu yang mendiskripsikan tentang Allah dalam hubungannya dengan orang Israel sebagai tawanan perang di Babilonia. Penulisan jurnal menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, yaitu penelitian yang bersumber dari bukubuku teks, jurnal dan bahan-bahan tertulis lainnya, adalah Pengalaman orang asing sebagai imigran, pengungsi, dan orang asing di negeri ini adalah tema umum bagi orang Yahudi dan kitab suci Kristen. Cerita bangsa Israel adalah suatu cerita tentang migrasi, menjadi orang asing di tanah asing. Pembentukan identitas kolektif Israel sendiri terkait dengan pengalaman mereka sebagai orang asing.Kata Kunci: Pembuangan; Teologi.
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Solomon, Zahava, Karni Ginzburg, Yuval Neria e Abraham Ohry. "Coping with war captivity: The role of sensation seeking". European Journal of Personality 9, n. 1 (marzo 1995): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410090105.
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This study examines the implication of both sensation seeking and the subjective appraisal of captivity in the long‐term adjustment of ex‐prisoners of war (ex‐POWs). 164 Israeli ex‐POWs and 184 comparable controls were studied, 18 years after their participation in the Yom Kippur War. The findings indicate that high‐sensation seekers adjusted better than low‐sensation seekers to the stresses of captivity. Low‐sensation‐seeking ex‐POWs reported more PTSD symptoms, more severe psychiatric symptomatology, and more intense intrusive and avoidance tendencies. High‐ and low‐sensation‐seeking POWs differed also in feelings when taken prisoner, subjective assessment of suffering in prison, ways of coping with prison, and emotional states during captivity. The present study supports the postulation that sensation seeking is an important stress‐buffering personal resource. The role of coping styles in long‐term adjustment following war captivity is discussed.
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Polley, Gabriel. "“The Sun is Shining in Salameh”: An American Communist Observes the Nakba". Journal of Labor and Society 26, n. 1 (10 febbraio 2023): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24714607-bja10110.
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Abstract This paper investigates the writing of A.B. Magil, a journalist for the Communist Party of the USA. In Palestine in 1948, he witnessed the birth of the State of Israel and, correspondingly, the creation of the Palestinian refugee crisis. Magil had unfettered access to Jewish military commanders who later joined Israel’s political elite, but also to Palestinian prisoners of war and Communist politicians. He reported from recently ethnically cleansed towns and villages without seeming to recognise the enormity of what had taken place. A close study of Magil’s coverage throw into relief subsequent shifts in the Western left’s understandings of imperialism, (settler-)colonialism and resistance. After returning to the US, he continued his commentary on the Middle East, his later writings revealing how leftist sympathies for Israel were tested throughout the 1950s, including by the Suez Crisis, though without a re-evaluation of the circumstances of Israel’s creation.
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Tall, Boaz. "Sądzenie tych którzy nie mogą być sądzeni – procesy kolaborantów w Izraelu". Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały, n. 2 (2 dicembre 2006): 99–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.32927/zzsim.182.
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As part of the purification and self-cleansing atmosphere in the newly liberated countries of Europe following the end of World War II, dozens of Jews were put on trial for their actions during the war, and some were even convicted. This dispensation of justice did not pass by the young Jewish state. In 1950, the "Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, 5710-1950" was passed in Israel. Although the law was supposedly intended to bring to justice Nazis, in fact the majority of defendants were Jews. Until the beginning of the 1960s, close to 40 Jewish survivors of the holocaust who were accused of collaboration with the Nazis, were put on trial under this law. Most of them had been prisoners with special duties in Nazi camps, which were known by the collective name, "Kapo".
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Wishah, Um Jabr. "““Prisoners for Freedom””: The Prisoners Issue Before and After Oslo". Journal of Palestine Studies 36, n. 1 (2006): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.71.
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This is the third and final installment of Um Jabr's ““life story,”” earlier segments of which——on village life in pre-1948 Palestine and on the 1948 war and its aftermath——were published in JPS 138 (winter 2006) and JPS 140 (summer 2006). The current excerpts focus on Um Jabr's intense involvement in the prisoner issue that began when two of her sons were in Israeli jails. In particular, her activism took the form of organizing other women to visit prisoners from Arab countries who had no one to visit them on the twice monthly visits allowed. Um Jabr's 36,000-word ““life story”” was one of seven collected as part of an oral history project, as yet unpublished, carried out by Barbara Bill, an Australian who since 1996 has worked with the Women's Empowerment Project of the Gaza Community Mental Health Program, and Ghada Ageel, a refugee from al-Bureij camp now earning her Ph.D. at the University of Exeter in England. The women who participated in the project were interviewed a number of times during the first half of 2001; after the tapes were transcribed, the memories were set down exactly as they were told, the only ““editing”” being the integration of material from the various interviews into one ““life story.”” Um Jabr, who was in her early 70s at the time of the interviews, still lives in al-Bureij camp, where she has since 1950.
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Levi, Ofir, Eyal Fruchter e Yitshak Kreiss. "Challenges in the homecoming of released prisoners of war: Israeli defense force preparations—A case study of freed prisoners of war from the Yom Kippur War and Second Lebanon War." Traumatology 24, n. 4 (dicembre 2018): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/trm0000155.
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Lilach Rosenberg-Friedman. "Captivity and Gender: The Experience of Female Prisoners of War during Israel's War of Independence". Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues, n. 33 (2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/nashim.33.1.04.
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Solomon, Zahava, Mark A. Waysman, Yuval Neria, Abraham Ohry, Joseph Schwarzwald e Michael Wiener. "Positive and Negative Changes in the Lives of Israeli Former Prisoners of War". Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 18, n. 4 (dicembre 1999): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1999.18.4.419.
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Kirschbaum, Saul. "Max Aub: alemão, francês, espanhol, mexicano? Judeu." Revista de Estudos Orientais, n. 8 (31 dicembre 2010): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2763-650x.i8p55-73.
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Max Aub was a Spanish dramatist, fictionist and essayist, who fought in the Spanish Civil War, was held prisoner in several concentration camps for his participation in the Republican side, and finally moved to Mexico, where he lived and published for the rest of his lite. But he was of Jewish origin. Being a Jew, he experienced painful conflicts with his own jewishness, his repudiated Jewish identity, mainly when he stayed in Israel during the Six Days War, in 1967. After the war, he published Imposible Sinai (Impossible Sinai). This article analyzes Aub's dilemmas of being and not willing to be a Jew, feelingsclose to what is called self-hate, and often expressed in his Diaries.
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NERIA, YUVAL, ZAHAVA SOLOMON e RACHEL DEKEL. "An Eighteen-Year Follow-up Study of Israeli Prisoners of War and Combat Veterans". Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 186, n. 3 (marzo 1998): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199803000-00006.
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McQuillan, Martin. "Clarity and Doubt: Derrida among the Palestinians". Paragraph 39, n. 2 (luglio 2016): 220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.2016.0196.
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This essay takes the Genet column of Derrida's Glas as its point of departure for a wider discussion of Derrida's contribution to thinking on the question of Israel–Palestine. What would it mean for Genet to be at war, encircled or outcast? What of the polemos in Genet, in Derrida, in Glas? How are we to show that what always interests Derrida takes place (or the place of Genet) among the Palestinians? What is the space of literature here? How does Genet explode as Western thought takes a bow? Through a reading of Genet's Prisoner of Love and a number of Derrida's writings on Israel–Palestine, this essay unpacks an important configuration of the biographical, the literary and the philosophical in Glas, which still has profound significance for us 40 years after its original publication.
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Solomon, Zahava, e Rachel Dekel. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Israeli Ex-Prisoners of War 18 and 30 Years After Release". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66, n. 08 (15 agosto 2005): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v66n0811.
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Lahav, Yael, Sharon Avidor, Jacob Y. Stein, Xiao Zhou e Zahava Solomon. "Telomere Length and Depression Among Ex-Prisoners of War: The Role of Subjective Age". Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, n. 1 (5 febbraio 2018): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby006.
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Abstract Objectives Exposure to captivity increases the risk for multiple disturbances that may intensify during old age. In later phases of life, former-prisoners-of-war (ex-POWs) may suffer from depression as well as from accelerated aging, manifested in older subjective age and leukocyte telomere shortening. The current study assesses the link between these varied facets of increased vulnerability during old age and explores (a) the associations between subjective age and telomere length; (b) the mediating role of changes in subjective age over time within the associations between depression and telomere length. Methods Eighty-eight ex-POWs were assessed prospectively 30 (T1), 35 (T2), and 45 (T3) years after the 1973 Israeli Yom-Kippur War. Depression was assessed at T1; subjective age was assessed at T2 and T3; and telomere length and control variables were assessed at T3. Results Older subjective age at T3 was associated with concurrent shorter telomeres, beyond the effect of chronological age. Change in subjective age between T2 and T3 mediated the relations between depression at T1 and shorter telomeres at T3 beyond the effects of control variables. Discussion Findings suggest that the detrimental ramifications of accelerated subjective age involve premature cellular senesces, and may explain the relation between depression and accelerated aging processes among trauma victims. Hence, clinical interventions may seek to address accelerated subjective age among trauma survivors who suffer from depression.
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Zerach, G., Y. Levi-Belz, M. Michelson e Z. Solomon. "Suicidal ideation among former prisoners of war's wives – a longitudinal dyadic study". European Psychiatry 33, S1 (marzo 2016): s276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.735.
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IntroductionThe long-term associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidal ideation (SI) among ex-prisoners of war (ex-POWs) has recently been exemplified. Several studies have revealed the toll of war captivity on secondary traumatization’ (ST) of ex-POWs’ wives. However, a question remains regarding the possible SI among ex-POWs’ wives.ObjectivesUnderstanding of SI phenomena among wives of severely traumatized ex-POWs in a longitudinal dyadic designed study.AimsAssessment of SI among ex-POWs’ wives and the longitudinal associations with their husbands’ PTSD. We also aim to assess the moderating role of the couple's dyadic adjustment in these associations.MethodA sample of 233 Israeli couples (142 ex-POWs couples and a comparison group of 91 veteran couples) completed self-report measures at two time points: T1 30 (2003-4) and T2 37 (2010) years after the ‘Yom Kipur’ 1973 war.ResultsSurprisingly, no significant differences were found between ex-POWs wives and veterans’ wives, with and without husbands’ PTSD, in SI at T1 and T2. Only among ex-POW couples, an increase in the husband's level of PTSD and SI was related to a more moderate increase in their wives’ SI between T1 and T2. Interestingly, the more a wife reported positive dyadic adjustment, the more moderate the increase in her SI between T1 to T2, regardless of the study group.ConclusionsSuicidal ideation among ex-POWs’ wives is closely related to their husbands’ PTSD and is moderated by their perception of marital adjustment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Rowe, Paul S. "Postponing Armageddon? Christian Zionist and Palestinian Christian Responses to the Problem of Peace". Chronos 28 (21 marzo 2019): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v28i0.399.
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Of all the problems of peacemaking and peacebuilding in the modern international system, none is as contentious a matter of religion and identity as that of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The weight of spiritual significance and history has caused more than one author to expound upon the way religion has uniquely marked this land. Foreign interest and interference in the allocation of privileges and ownership in the region have led one recent analyst to bemoan the plight of this "much too promised land." (Miller 2008) In a history of the conflict written long before its descent into the first and second intifadas and the expansion of the number of religious antagonists, David Smith noted that .the years after the 1967 [Arab-Israeli] war would defy a solution an spawn a new conflict between Arabs and Jews. In the tiny battleground of the West Bank — just 80 miles long and 26 miles wide — the two peoples would live together, contesting the same territory. Many on both sides would claim that it was granted to them by God... In the process, Arabs and Jews would be locked in a modern-day secular conflict, fuelled by age-old religious zealotry and bigotry. They would become prisoners of God. (Smith 1987: 4)
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Avidor, Sharon, Yafit Levin e Zahava Solomon. "Guilt as a mediator between depressive symptoms and subjective age: A 17-year longitudinal study of Israeli ex-prisoners of war." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 88, n. 2 (2018): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ort0000212.
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Semczyszyn, Magdalena. "Icchak Cukierman, Aba Kowner i Eliezer Lidowski − organizatorzy powojennej emigracji żydowskiej do Palestyny". Polish Biographical Studies 2, n. 1 (2014): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/pbs.2014.06.
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The paper describes three Zionists who organized illegal emigration of Jewish population from Poland between 1944−1947. Two of them − Icchak Cukierman and Aba Kowner are well known as Ghetto Fighters from Warsaw and Vilna. Eliezer Lidowski was a Jewish partisan from Baranowicze. In 1944 they’ve started organizing illegal emigration to Palestine (the so-called Bricha). Kowner and Lidowski left Poland and formed special unit named “Nakam” − Revenge. “Nakam” was a group of assassins that targeted Nazi war criminals with the aim of avenging the Holocaust. On April 14 1946, “Nakam” painted with diluted arsenic some loaves of bread for the 12 000 German POWs from the Langwasser internment camp near Nuremberg (Stalag XIII). Before that, Kowner had been arrested by British Militia and spent some time in prisons in Cairo and Jerusalem. Till 1947 Lidowski has worked as Bricha member in Italy. After The Kielce’ Pogrom (4 of July 1946) Icchak Cukierman done an unofficial deal with communist authorities in Poland under which border crossings were opened secretly. With the silent consent of the authorities, the Bricha movement in Poland spread to a massive scale. By 1947, about 140 000 Jews left Poland illegally. In 1947 the borders were closed as the authorities feared the reaction of the British diplomacy. Cukierman, Lidowski and Kowner finally settled in Israel and lived in kibbutzim till their death.
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Conache, Ian D. "Prisoners of war". BMJ 332, n. 7537 (9 febbraio 2006): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7537.350.
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Rich, J. W. "Prisoners of War". Classical Review 55, n. 1 (marzo 2005): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clrevj/bni133.
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Franklin, Ann E. "Prisoners of War". Neurology Now 12, n. 3 (2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nnn.0000484616.24670.57.
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Abu-Jamal, Mumia. "Prisoners of War". Monthly Review 53, n. 3 (5 luglio 2001): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-053-03-2001-07_5.
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Doyle, Robert C., Philip Towle, Margaret Kosuge e Yoichi Kibata. "Japanese Prisoners of War". Journal of Military History 65, n. 4 (ottobre 2001): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677691.
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Piafsky, Michael. "Prisoners of War (review)". Missouri Review 27, n. 2 (2004): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.2004.0060.
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Krivonozhenko, Alexander. "Prisoners of War and Local Population in Karelia during the World War I". ISTORIYA 13, n. 3 (113) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015970-6.
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The main reason for the appearance of prisoners of war in Karelia during the World War I is associated with the implementation of large construction projects. The total number of prisoners of war was established based on archival sources. It was prepared special statistical samples. On the basis of them it was established the ethnic picture of the contingent of prisoners, as well as their nationality. It was found that the prisoners of war temporarily affected the current demographic situation in the region because in a separate territory of Karelia their number exceeded the number of the local male population. The problem of interaction with the local population is considered from several positions. The prisoners lived in peasant houses and had the opportunity to buy food from peasant shops. There were cases of prisoners marrying local women. The prisoners living in Petrozavodsk became part of the city's everyday life by the end of the war. Their civilian qualifications were in high demand among local residents.
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Natalia, Shabelnik. "Work of Foreign Powers of War During the Restoration of the Central Chernozemye Industry in the Years the Great Patriotic War". TECHNOLOGOS, n. 2 (2021): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.kipf/2021.2.08.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study of aspect prisoners of war in the restoration of the USSR industry during the Great Patriotic War arouses scientific interest of native historiography. Contradictory opinions and assessment of foreign prisoners of war contribution to the restoration of the USSR industrial facilities accentuate the relevance of the topic. The study of this issue at the regional level arouses great interest. The practical significance of the topic lies in the fact that, firstly, it is the material for further study of the problem of foreign prisoners of war on the territory of the Central Chernozemye Region, and secondly, it can be used as the material for the examination of a number of topics on the history of prisoners of war during the Great Patriotic War at government level. During the Great Patriotic War the front line passed through the territory of the Central Chernozemye Region (summer 1942 – winter 1943). Kursk and a part of Voronezh region were occupied by Nazi troops. In the second half of 1942 the first production camps for foreign prisoners of war were established in the Central Chernozemye Region. The increase in the number of camps, the number of prisoners of war and their involvement in production began in 1943. The main reason for the use of prisoners of war labor was, first of all, associated with a sharp increase in the number of prisoners of war after the Battle of Stalingrad; and secondly, with a shortage of manpower. In the first months of the camps operation the involvement of prisoners of war in the work remained low. But in the second half of 1944 it began the massive use of prisoners of war labor. Their labor included restoration work in all industries of the Central Chernozemye Region. By the end of the war prisoners of war had been recruited to work according to their civil specialties. Despite the active use of prisoners of war labor as a part of the complex of restoration measures in the Central Chernozemye Region their contribution was insignificant in comparison with the material damage caused. The article, based on the analysis of archival materials and historical literature, as well as on the historical-comparative, systemic, statistical and other methods of scientific research, shows the contribution of foreign prisoners of war to the restoration of industrial facilities in the Central Chernozyom region during the Great Patriotic War.
34
Krivonozhenko, Alexander. "Use of Prisoners of War Labor in Karelia During the First World War". Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, n. 4 (30 dicembre 2020): 604–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2488.2020.21(4).604-629.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article describes the study of using prisoners' labor in Karelia during the First World War. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time the angle of approach to this problem was beyond the traditional context of the issue, that usually covers the details of the Murmansk railway construction and prisoners labor service. The author analyzed the proposals which were put forward by the Zemstvos and by the governing bodies of the Olonets and Arkhangelsk provinces. They proposed to use the labor of prisoners in the implementation of several infrastructure projects, which were aimed at achieving major strategic defense objectives, as well as at solving local economic problems. The text has a special focus on the problem of using prisoners of war in the field work in Karelia. The study concluded that the labor of war prisoners was hardly used in Karelia. The only major construction project, which included prisoners labor, was the construction of the Murmansk railway. Several reasons for that were defined and presented in the article. Firstly, it was due to the reluctance of the Central authorities to spend money on major projects duplicating the railway to Murmansk, which was under construction. Secondly, it was caused by the position of the Olonets provincial administration, which resisted the additional inflow of prisoners of war to Karelia. Thirdly, it was dependent on the specificities of local peasant population and its regional economic structure.
35
Chapaeva, Anna M. "The Content and Treatment of Prisoners of war During the First World War (on the example of the Kostroma and Yaroslavl provinces)". Vestnik Yaroslavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. P. G. Demidova. Seriya gumanitarnye nauki 15, n. 2 (11 giugno 2021): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1996-5648-2021-2-184-193.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article is devoted to the content of prisoners of war in the Kostroma and Yaroslavl provinces during the First World War. The international and Russian legal framework for the detention of prisoners of war is indicated, which prescribes the conditions for providing medical care, the use of labor and the treatment of officers and lower ranks. Examples of the content of prisoners of war and the attitude of the local population to military prisoners are given. The approximate expenses for the maintenance of prisoners of war in the specified provinces are shown. The generaliter information concerning equipment with medical and disinfection equipment is given. The analysis of archival documents and publications concerning the maintenance of prisoners of war is carried out.
36
Salman, Hamza A. K., Shahrul Mizan Ismail e Rohaida Nordin. "PRISONERS OF WAR: CLASSIFICATION AND LEGAL PROTECTION UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW". UUM Journal of Legal Studies 14, n. 2 (31 luglio 2023): 677–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2023.14.2.11.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The International humanitarian law, through a set of international conventions, protects prisoners of war from any violation orinfringement of human rights during their captivity. The status of prisoners of war is only applicable in international armed conflicts.After The Hague Convention had failed to identify the categories of fighters who would benefit from their privileges as prisoners of war in World War II, the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions and their protocols were established to justify the inclusion of broader categories of combatants. Descriptive and analytical approaches are used in the study reported in this article to identify the category of people regarded as prisoners of war. by examining international treaties and agreements in relation to the definition of a prisoner of war before characterising the individuals who fulfil the criteria of “prisoner of war” under these treaties. Moreover, it explains the legal mechanisms necessary to ensure that the parties involved in international conflicts comply with the international conventions on prisoners of war. This article concludes that the prisoners of war are often members of the military forces of one of the belligerents who fall into the hands of the opposing party and other types of people who possess the right to the status of prisoners of war or can be treated as prisoners of war following the Third Geneva Convention of 1949. In contrast, traitors, deserters and mercenaries are not considered the prisoners of war. If they commit a war crime, they can be prosecuted by the internal law of the Detaining Power. On the other hand, the overlapping definitions of the prisoners of war can create confusion in combatant interactions during the armed conflict, hence increases violations. Consequently, states must take practical steps to prevent any expected violations against the prisoners of war, for instance enacting national laws to ensure international treaties compliance and raise the awareness of international law among leaders and officials during armed conflicts to limit the violence against combatants.
37
ОПЛАКАНСКАЯ, Рената. "Проведение репатриации польских военнопленных в Минусинском уезде Енисейской губернии в 1921 г = Provedeniye repatriatsii pol'skikh voyennoplennykh v Minusinskom uyezde Yeniseyskoy gubernii v 1921 g". Historia i Świat 4 (16 settembre 2015): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2015.04.16.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
After the conclusion of the of Riga peace treaty between Poland and Soviet Russia the repatriation procedure was started. At that time in the Minusinsk's County was 418 prisoners of war. There were prisoners of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies and the former lieges of the Russian Empire. Natives of the Russian Empire accounted for one third group of Polish prisoners of war, but among them were many representatives of the nobility, as well as persons who have received education before the war. The Prisoners of war were part of labour brigades in the Yeniseijsk`s province which were sent to the logging and working industrial enterprises. All of the prisoners of war were to be registered. Special Commission including the Soviet leaders of Polish origin, dedicated to setting of Polish nationality to persons who had no documents. During the registration, some of the prisoners of war were persecuted by the Cheka. The arrested prisoners were charged with voluntary service for Kolchak, counterrevolutionary propaganda. It was a violation of the Agreement of the repatriation between Poland and Soviet Russia. After the repatriation a small group of Polish prisoners of war remained to Minusinsk`s County.
38
Shevyakov, S. V. "Actions of the Italian government regarding prisoners of war of Italian nationality of the Austro-Hungarian army during World War I". Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities 29, n. 3 (28 giugno 2024): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2024-29-3-857-868.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Importance. From 1915 to 1917, a camp for Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war of Italian nationality functioned in Kirsanov, Tambov Governorate, who accepted the offer of the Italian government to send them to Italy and subsequently join the ranks of its armed forces. The Italian government decided to carefully select prisoners of war based on their political and national trustworthiness, thereby delaying repatriation. Prisoners of war began to write to irredentist associations in Italy and the national press, thereby putting pressure on the Italian government. As a result of these actions, the Italian government changed course to send prisoners of war as soon as possible. The activities of prisoners of war are insufficiently covered in modern historiography. The purpose of the study is the impact of the media on the Italian government, which was provided by prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian army of Italian nationality in Tambov Governorate during World War I, aimed at accelerating repatriation to the Italian Kingdom.Materials and Methods. The source base is archival materials, as well as a number of published studies. The retrospective method is used, which allows to recreate, in individual details and later sources, the actions of the Italian government in relation to Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war of Italian nationality.Results and Discussion. It is shown that the sending of prisoners of war to Italy was delayed at the initiative of the Italian government. The prisoners of war who were in the Kirsanov camp were able to put pressure on the Italian government with the help of the media. In the spring of 1916, the government, realizing the possible negative consequences, agreed in favor of all prisoners of war who agreed to join the Italian armed forces, rather than limiting it to a few officers who could pay for the trip.Conclusion. While waiting to be sent to Italy, a group of soldiers and officers, being prisoners of war, contacted the national press and irredentist associations. The purpose of these appeals was to put pressure on the Italian government, which was supposed to speed up the repatriation of prisoners of war.
39
Siegel-Itzkovich, J. "Israel: All prisoners have voluntary HIV test". BMJ 310, n. 6975 (4 febbraio 1995): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6975.282b.
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40
Rodionov, Ivan. "Labor Use of Polish Prisoners of War in the Camps of Central Russia, 1920–1921". Izvestia of Smolensk State University, n. 4(60) (12 aprile 2023): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2022-60-4-153-166.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Based on the materials of the federal and regional archives of Central Russia, the article analyzes the practice of labor use of prisoners of war of the Polish-Soviet War in the camps of Central Russia in 1920–1921. The author examined the regulatory framework for the labor use of prisoners of war of the Polish army. The study showed the professional composition of Polish prisoners of war, as well as their level of education. In fact, Polish prisoners of war were a large group of educated special-
ists whose work was used in various fields. The regions also requested the necessary number of Polish prisoners of war for certain labor tasks, partially covering the shortage of labor. An attempt to organize labor squads from captured Poles is considered. But, labor squads were formed in Moscow and in those provinces where there was a high concentration of prisoners of war of the Polish army. In the rest, for the most part, labor unions were never formed. With the beginning of the repatriation of Polish prisoners of war, they began to gradually remove from work and look for a replacement for them. Before repatriation, prisoners of war submitted applications
to the sub-departments of forced labor to issue them salaries, funds earned from forced labor, which they were supposed to receive on the day of departure to their homeland. The labor of Polish prisoners of war was paid at local rates, and they
were equated with Red Army soldiers in terms of supply.
41
Blank, Laurie R. "THE APPLICATION OF IHL IN THE GOLDSTONE REPORT: A CRITICAL COMMENTARY". Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 12 (dicembre 2009): 347–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135909000130.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractOperation Cast Lead, the Israeli military operation in Gaza that began on December 27, 2008, demonstrated anew the challenges international humanitarian law faces in contemporary conflict. The Goldstone Report presented an opportunity to examine critically how the law applies in complicated modern warfare and how the law might be used to solve difficult problems such conflict poses.This article analyzes the Goldstone Report's application of the law to the conduct of both parties in the conflict to examine how it applies and interprets the legal standards within the framework of the Gaza conflict. In particular, the article focuses on two main shortcomings in the Goldstone Report's application of IHL: areas in which the report could have benefitted from a greater sensitivity to the complexities of modern warfare, and areas in which its approach is questionable as a matter of law.First, the article highlights the report's flawed examination of the challenges posed by contemporary conflicts in two fundamental areas of IHL: distinction and military objectives. Both require that military commanders and soldiers understand who is a civilian and who is a fighter or combatant, and which targets are military targets and which are civilian objects. Without a thorough and sophisticated understanding of how to make these determinations, military commanders, soldiers and policy makers will face grave difficulty in planning and carrying out military operations within the bounds of the law. The challenges presented in Operation Cast Lead are emblematic of some of the most difficult dilemmas modern warfare poses.Second, the article highlights several areas in which the Goldstone Report's application of IHL is questionable, either because it uses the incorrect legal standard or because it applies the wrong law when more than one body of law applies. The report errs twice in its treatment of the principle of proportionality, first by approaching jus in bello proportionality retrospectively rather than prospectively, and second by conflating jus ad bellum proportionality with jus in bello proportionality. Additional problems arise in its analysis of the law governing precautions in attack and the treatment of prisoners of war, and its assessment of responsibility for specific crimes, including attacks on civilians, destruction of property and hostage taking.
42
Lobko, N. V. "Rights and obligations of prisoners of war in the World War I and their observance in Lebedyn District of Kharkiv Province". Legal horizons, n. 21 (2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2020.i21.p7.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
History of World War I that due to its global consequences started a new stage of development of European civilization still draws attention of many researchers. One of the most interesting topics for researchers is the topic of war imprisonment during the World War I. Stay of prisoners of war in the territory of Ukraine is a scantily studied issue. The objects of this study are prisoners of war who were in Lebedyn district of Kharkiv province during the World War I (1914–1918). The subject of the research is the legal status of prisoners of war, the protection of their rights and the observance of their duties. The author analyzed norms of international law and Russian legislation for regulation conditions of war imprisonment during the period of war. Using materials of Lebedyn District of Kharkiv Province, being deposited in the archives of Sumy Region, the author examines the legal status of prisoners of war, the protection of their rights and the observance of their duties. The position of prisoners of war during the World War I on Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian Empire was determined by the norms of international law and Russian legislation for regulation conditions of war imprisonment during the period of war. Using the archival sources kept in funds of the State Archives of Sumy Region, it was found that the rights of prisoners of war were generally ensured on the territory of the Lebedyn District of Kharkiv Province. However, there were not a few cases when Austrian and German prisoners suffered from hunger, domestic inconvenience and abuse by employers. There were also repeated violations of their duties by prisoners of war. The most common violations were refusal to work, leaving the workplace.
43
Kravtsova, M. O., e T. K. Datsiuk. "International standards for the protection and observance of the rights of prisoners of war". Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, n. 2 (23 giugno 2023): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.02.69.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The main international standards for the protection and observance of the rights of prisoners of war and the legal acts that regulate them were considered. It was revealed that the main international standards regulating the protection and observance of the rights of prisoners of war include: Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions, Statute of the International Committee of the Red Cross, UN Resolution on the Protection of Human Rights in Counter-Terrorism, Art. 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the UN Convention against Torture and other legal acts. Within the framework of the UN, there are also a number of resolutions aimed at protecting the rights of prisoners of war. The application of international standards regarding prisoners of war forms a system of international humanitarian law. Existing international standards and national laws and policies are aimed at the safety, health and wellbeing of military personnel, as well as at preventing violations of their rights during armed conflicts. It was determined that the Geneva Conventions set the minimum standards for the treatment of prisoners of war and civilians who are in the hands of the enemy during an armed conflict. Requirements for the maintenance of prisoners of war include: requirements for food, compliance with hygiene standards, the provision of the right to receive education and many more rights for prisoners, as well as requirements for the prevention of cruel treatment, humiliation, etc. The main principles are the principles of humanity, non-discrimination and reciprocity. Court cases regarding prisoners of war are decided in the Nuremberg and Tokyo courts, and there are no other special courts for the military. Currently, a number of problems have been identified with respect to the treatment of prisoners of war. Unsolved problems require finding new ways to solve them and improve the treatment of prisoners of war in the world.
44
Skelton, William Paul, e Nadine Khouzam Skelton. "Women as Prisoners of War". Military Medicine 160, n. 11 (1 novembre 1995): 558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/160.11.558.
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Abidin, Ali Zainal. "Perlakuan terhadap Tawanan Perang dalam Hukum Humaniter Internasional dan Hukum Islam". Qonuni: Jurnal Hukum dan Pengkajian Islam 3, n. 01 (16 giugno 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.59833/qonuni.v3i01.1161.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In war, those who become prisoners of war must act as individuals as referred to in the 1949 Geneva Convention III. Meanwhile, according to Article 5, if there is doubt about the status of someone who is at war and falls into his hands. Enemy, that person must remain in custody until his status is determined by a court of competent jurisdiction. In Islam, the rules of Islamic warfare refer to what the Islamic scholars accept in sharia (Islamic law) and fiqh (Islamic law) as laws in Islam that Muslims must follow when fighting each other. Especially in the treatment of prisoners of war and the process of protecting their rights through law. This study uses the standard legal method in which the author examines the provisions of international law and examines all crimes committed by the military against war prisoners of enemy countries. Outside the Abu Ghraib prison, Iraq, which is currently associated with the rights contained in Islamic law. The data collection method in this study uses survey data. There are similarities and principles in the treatment and protection of prisoners of war according to humanitarian law and Islamic law, namely the provisions regarding prisoners of war in Islamic law are in line with the Geneva Convention III of 1949 and Additional Convention I of 1977 which recognize that respect, security guarantees for prisoners of war, and medical care for prisoners of war. According to the principles of management of prisoners of war in the Qur'an, particularly in sura al-Baqarah verse (190) as three principles of international humanitarian law.
46
Карабін, О. Ю. "Issue of taking prisoners, placement and registration of German and Austro- Hungarian prisoners of war in Ukrainian territories during the First World War". Grani 22, n. 9-10 (13 dicembre 2019): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/171987.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this article, the author studied the issue of taking prisoners of war by the Russian army payingspecial attention to international agreements regulating this process signed by the Government of theRussian Empire and regulatory documents in the form of regulations and instructions, which did not alwayscomply with these international agreements. The author also emphasizes the fact that the process of takingGerman and Austrian-Hungarian prisoners of war by soldiers of the Russian Empire did not always complywith these instructions and provisions.For example, according to international agreements signed by thegovernment of the Russian Empire, a prisoner of war had to state only his name and rank. However,according to the regulatory documents regulating the prisoners of war interrogation issue, approved by thesame government, he had to answer a number of questions relating the information on his military unit,the state of the enemy army, and the information the enemy was aware of on the Russian army. In addition,the author gives an example of certain military units, which did not even try to comply with regulatorydocuments, treated the prisoners of war very cruelly, and sometimes even executed them.The author considers the issue of placement of prisoners of war in the territory of the Russian Empire,which highlights the plans of the Government of the Russian Empire regarding this issue, and gives a numberof objective reasons preventing the implementation of these plans. Taking into account the regulatorydocuments and recollections of eyewitnesses, he analyzes the procedure for the transfer of prisoners of warfrom the moment of their capture to the places of their detention.On the ground of the provisions on prisonersof war, he characterizes the standards of their living arrangements and describes the way these were put intolife, focusing his attention on their stay in Ukrainian territories. The author comes to the conclusion thatprisoners’ of war living arrangements did not always meet the established norms. They were very differentdepending on where the prisoners of war were.Their living conditions in the military units differed fromthe living conditions in the prisoners’ camps or the places of their labor exploitation.Also, sometimestheir living arrangements varied depending on which nationality a prisoner of war was. Therefore, livingarrangements were better for the Slavic prisoners of war than for the Germans or the Hungarians. A part ofthe prisoners of war was transferred to the private parties for assistance in housekeeping. There were evencases when such prisoners of war, getting to the widows’ households, started living together as spouses.The author examines the structure of the institutions and organizations of the Russian Empire, whichwere supposed to keep records of prisoners of war, and gives reasons why these records were not aseffective as it was expected and dozens of thousands of prisoners of war were lost in the expanses of theRussian Empire.
47
Chamoli, Amit. "Israel at War". International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, n. 1 (5 gennaio 2024): 780–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24111104207.
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Helemey, Yu M. "Principles of legal policy in the field of treatment of prisoners of war". Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, n. 5 (17 novembre 2023): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.05.101.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article analyzes the principles of legal policy in the field of treatment of prisoners of war. It is motivated that the actualization of the issue of the status of prisoners of war is due to the following circumstances: the presence of a state of war on the territory of Ukraine and an increase in the number of prisoners of war on both sides; the absence of a real mechanism to guarantee the proper treatment of prisoners of war, the weakness of international institutions in this area; normative legal acts were adopted after the Second World War in the conditions of the information society, globalization and changes in the life of society in all spheres, therefore a modern update of the norms and their clarification and the development of an effective policy in this area are necessary.
It was established that a significant breakthrough in the direction of humanizing social development was the adoption of norms of international law, in particular, those related to the rules of treatment of prisoners of war. Formally, there is a model for protecting and ensuring the humane situation of this group of participants in the armed conflict. However, it is necessary to state a significant, even colossal problem: the declarativeness of international obligations, the ineffectiveness of international institutions and the lack of real influence on the party that holds prisoners of war. In this context, we should talk about updating the international norms of international humanitarian law in general, as well as prisoners of war in particular.
The author points out the lack of a clear legal agreement on the concept of «prisoner of war» and the generally significant political nature of the issue.
Within the scope of the represented scientific research, the essential principles (main principles) of the legal policy of democratic states in the field of treatment of prisoners of war are defined. They are grouped into two categories - general (prohibition of ill-treatment, humane treatment, right to dignity, preservation of personal belongings and documents, right to contact with family and protection agencies, right to return home) and special (rehabilitation and special state support prisoners of war after returning from captivity; support for families of prisoners of war).
49
Eryomin, Igor A. "ATTITUDE OF THE AUTHORITIES AND THE POPULATION OF WESTERN SIBERIA TO THE PRISONERS OF WAR PLACED IN THE REGION DURING WORLD WAR I". Vestnik Altaiskogo Gosudarstvennogo Pedagogiceskogo Universiteta, n. 51 (15 giugno 2022): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2413-4481-2022-2-88-95.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The history of the attitude towards World War I prisoners of war placed in Western Siberia by the local community and authorities of various levels is considered. The principles of the government’s policy towards the prisoners of war depending on their ethnicity are characterized. The main areas of support for Slavic prisoners of war by the authorities and the local population are identified.
50
Twomey, Christina. "Prisoners of war of the Japanese: War and memory in Australia". Memory Studies 6, n. 3 (28 giugno 2013): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698013482649.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article reflects on the place of prisoners of war of the Japanese in Australian memory of World War II. It examines the return to prominence of prisoners of war memory in the 1980s and places this phenomenon in the context of the memory boom and the attention accorded to difficult or traumatic memories. By exploring the relationship between Australian war memories and debates about Indigenous suffering, it suggests that cosmopolitan memory cultures form an important conceptual link between them. Recognising prisoners of war memory as an example of traumatic memory allows us to move beyond an analysis bounded by the nation state, and to argue that instead of seeing it as emerging in competition with other contemporary memories focused on the suffering of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, it shares some elements in common with them.