Tesi sul tema "Printed ... at the Clarendon Press"

The aim of my research is to demonstrate how a practice of hand made books based on the materiality of the photographic print and photo-reprography, could engage with notions of touch in the digital age. We take for granted that most artists' books are made from paper using lithography and bound in the codex form, yet this technology has served neither producer nor reader well. As Hayles (2002:22) observed: We are not generally accustomed to thinking about the book as a material metaphor, but in fact it is an artifact whose physical properties and historical usage structure our interactions with it in ways obvious and subtle. My research examines the discourse surrounding the materiality of the photographic print within artists' publishing and explores book handling as a research method to identify non-codex forms that invite non-sequential reading, physical interaction and touch. The primary purpose of the practice element of my research is to test disruptive making strategies and fugitive materials, in order to make tacit knowledge explicit in the physical forms of prototypes and finished artists' books that operate beyond our horizons of expectations. My practice interconnects the separate fields of documentary photography and curating photography and the vernacular together with visual humour and seeks to restore a connection with the 'thingness' of photography largely absent in the post-digital age.

The 1915-1918 Genocide unleashed a literary frenzy in Armenian communities in diaspora. It generated not only literary writing expressive of the urgency of the Armenian plight but also heated debates about the purpose, function and direction of Armenian literature, especially in the crucial period of 1919-1928. This thesis brings under scrutiny the discussions of Armenian literature in this crucial period - the formative years of post-Genocide Armenian diaspora in France, Egypt, and the USA. More importantly, it explores the role of literature and literary criticism in the formation of the Armenian cultural identity. The debates on the future of Armenian literature is found primarily in the printed press of the diaspora. Literary critical materials were mainly published in the form of articles in this printed press in the Western Armenian language, the "official" language of post-Genocide Armenian diaspora. The focus of this thesis is understandably on materials appearing in the post-Genocide Armenian printed press during the years 1919-1928, in Cairo, Paris, Boston and New York, which are the main sites towards which Armenians in general and writers and intellectuals in particular gravitated in the post-Genocide exodus from Ottoman Turkey, including former Armenian cultural centres, such as Constantinople and Smyrna. This thesis, in seven chapters, provides a picture the cultural, political and intellectual topography of the post-Genocide Armenian diaspora. It gives an account of the resilience of the people of culture in the aftermath of the Genocide, when concerted efforts were made in the reorganisation of the cultural and educational life, in order to maintain the Armenian identity. It then discusses the different perceptions of literature by Armenian literary critics in the context of post-Genocide struggle for survival. This is intended to demonstrate the ways in which literature was mobilised for the struggle for survival and the building of community. Literature was not only an aesthetic enterprise but also a social and political institution, a potent tool in achieving social and political unity leading to the coherence and maintenance of Armenian cultural identity. It finally discusses the ways in which critics looked at the future direction of Armenian literature of the diaspora. Debates among the critics at the time, such as Kourken Mkhitarian, Peniamin Tashian, Nigoghos Sarafian, Garo Sasouni, Hrand Palouyian and others, focused on the feasibility of promoting Armenian ethnic values in literature outside "homeland". These debates, it may be argued, comprised two strands of thought. One viewed literatiu-e as an important tool of preservation of the Armenian cultural identity in diaspora from nationalist perspective. The proponents of this trend were senior writers, such as Garo Sasouni and Kourken Mkhitarian. And the other, headed by a new generation of writers, such as Nigoghos Sarafian and Hrand Palouyian, advocated an innovative approach to literature. It promoted the idea of hybridisation of Armenian literature with other literatures. These two trends would become the two dominant schools of Armenian literary criticism from 1928 until today.

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This work deals with the Protestant press in Brazil, covering the Baptist and Presbyterian s printed production, between the year 1837 and 1930. Firstly, we introduce the Protestant press production, namely, the multiplicity of ways in which it manifested itself, and the interests which it tried to serve. Following this, we tackle its diffusion, which includes the printing centers, and the ways of distribution used by editors. The perusal of these sources demonstrates that they were engaged in the struggle for the Brazilian religious spaces, but also as a doctrinal teaching tool for those converted to Protestantism. Being present since the early Protestant missionaries undertakings in the country, the circulation of those printed texts starts with the beginning of systematic distribution of Bibles and leaflets by the Bible Societies foreign institutions in Brazil. This is therefore, the initial milestone of our study. The final line is the year 1930, because in the following years the nature of relationship between the Brazilian political and religious fields was changed, mainly due to the fact that the National State and the Catholic Church became closer again. Finally, the studying of such press circulation warrants proposing that the Protestant printed papers and press were so deeply related to the building of Protestantism in the Brazilian territory, that we can therefore assure that the establishment of this press was a constitutive piece of a Protestant culture in Brazil
O presente trabalho aborda os impressos e a imprensa protestante no Brasil, entre os anos de 1837 e 1930, abrangendo as denominações presbiteriana e batista. Primeiramente, busca-se indicar a sua produção, ou seja, a multiplicidade de formas em que se apresentava e a que fins almejava servir. Em seguida, aborda-se a sua difusão, que contempla os centros editoriais e as formas de distribuição utilizadas pelos editores. A pesquisa dessas publicações demonstra que foram empregados na disputa pelo espaço religioso brasileiro, mas também como instrumentos de ensino doutrinário destinado aos conversos. Presentes desde as primeiras iniciativas de missionação protestante no país, a circulação destes textos tem seu ponto de partida com o início da distribuição sistemática de Bíblias e folhetos pelas sociedades bíblicas entidades estrangeiras no Brasil. Este é, portanto, o marco inicial do estudo. O ponto de chegada é o ano de 1930 devido a que nos anos subseqüentes altera-se a natureza das relações entre os campos religioso e político brasileiros, sobretudo, pela reaproximação entre a Igreja católica e o Estado nacional. O estudo da circulação de tais impressos permite, enfim, propor que os impressos e a imprensa protestantes estiveram de tal maneira imbricados à formação do protestantismo no país, a ponto de poder-se afirmar que a formação desta imprensa foi parte constitutiva de uma cultura protestante no país

Entre 1829 et 1851 le champ dramatico-médiatique s’est vu reconfiguré : l’apparition de grandes revues littéraires, la naissance de la presse à quarante francs, la multiplication des périodiques et l’augmentation de leurs tirages sont conjoints des bouleversements économiques, politiques et sociaux faisant suite à la période postrévolutionnaire, et de mutations théâtrales majeures sur les scènes parisiennes. En résulte un accroissement de la présence de textes dramatiques diffusés dans la presse, sous de multiples formes : pièces jouées à lire en feuilletons, extraits, fragments, mais aussi ensembles de scènes théâtrales et d’articles théâtralisés ou dialogués à lire le temps de la fréquentation d’une feuille. Il existe ainsi à l’époque un troisième canal d’accès du théâtre vers l’espace public – entre la scène et le livre –, la presse. Parce que le théâtre partage avec le périodique des caractéristiques discursives, stylistiques et formelles, ses limites s’en trouvent diluées sinon abolies. En cet espace spécifique qu’est le journal, il n’est pas de concept de « genre dramatique » qui tienne. Ce que nous avons coutume de nommer « théâtre » n’existe pas, et vient à former une masse textuelle impure, mêlant matières journalistiques et dramatiques. Aussi est-ce au regard de ce contexte éditorial pleinement signifiant qu’il convient d’interpréter les pièces en bonne et due forme alors diffusées, parfois composées à sa destination : un pan entier de l’écriture dramatique romantique a été « médiatique », et doit se comprendre comme tel, recontextualisé et « recotextualisé » dans un cadre éditorial soumis aux modes, à la temporalité collective, à la collaboration et aux effets de lecture redevables à la présence d’autres articles qui lui sont contigus. Étudier le lien intime que les formes dramatiques éditées dans la presse entretiennent avec leur support de diffusion dans le second tiers du XIXe siècle permet de faire émerger une autre histoire du théâtre romantique, médiatique et en grande partie textuelle, en mettant au jour des auteurs, des tentatives dramatiques ou des événements aujourd’hui oubliés, mais aussi en ouvrant à la relecture de textes consacrés, tels ceux de Sand, de Vigny ou encore de Musset
During the period 1829-1851, numerous factors brought about a reconfiguration of the relationship between print media and dramatic genres: the appearance of major literary journals, the introduction of low-priced printed press, the proliferation of mass periodicals and their increased print runs. These factors echoed not only the economic, social and political upheavals that characterized the first half of the 19th-century in post-revolutionary France but also the sweeping changes that affected the Parisian stage. As a result, one notes an increased presence of dramatic texts in the printed press. They may appear in various forms, as serialized theatrical plays, extracts, fragments but also collections of scenes and dramatized or dialogue-based articles – their length tailored to the newspaper format. Thus, between the stage and the page, dramatic forms could reach the public through a third access channel: print media. Their shared discursive, stylistic and formal features blur and even obliterate the boundaries between dramatic texts and periodical writing. In this particular context, the concept of “dramatic genre” does not apply and what we call “drama” does not exist as such. The result is a mixed mass of text, combining journalistic and dramatic materials. The “proper” plays that were circulated in the press, or even written for it, should be studied against the backdrop of this fully significant editorial context. An entire branch of Romantic playwriting was “media-oriented” and should be understood as such, with a new focus on context and co-text within an editorial framework subject to trends, collective temporality, collaborations and reading effects resulting from the influence of adjacent articles.The study of the close relationship between dramatic forms and their means of dissemination in the second third of the 19th-century gives a new, media-oriented and largely text-centered perspective on the history of the Romantic drama. Besides highlighting long-forgotten authors, events or diverse dramatic forms, it also prompts a new approach to the dramatic writings of well-established authors such as George Sand, Alfred de Vigny or Alfred de Musset

The summer of 2018 has gone down in history as one of the hottest summers in Sweden of all time. The forest was on fire in several places around the country and in retrospect, the fires have been described as the most extensive forest fires in Sweden in modern times. The purpose of this essay is to investigate the framing of the forest fires in both local and national press. The method we chose to conduct the survey was a quantitative content analysis of a total of 116 articles about the forest fires, 74 from the local newspapers Ljusdals-Posten and Mora Tidning, and 41 from the national newspapers Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet.The results of the study showed that there were major differences in the reporting and framing of the forest fires between the local newspapers and the national newspapers. The local newspapers had a much greater focus on proximity in their reporting compared to the nationwide newspapers which focused much more on threats and conflicts. The result also showed that the local newspapers had a much more positive tonality in their reporting, unlike the nationwide newspapers which were predominantly negative.
Sommaren 2018 har gått till historien som en av de varmaste somrarna i Sverige genom tiderna. Det brann i skogarna på flera platser runt om i landet och i efterhand så har bränderna beskrivits som de mest omfattande skogsbränderna i Sverige i modern tid.Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur gestaltningen av skogsbränderna såg ut i både lokalpress och rikstäckande press. Metoden vi valde för att genomföra undersökningen var en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Totalt analyserades 115 artiklar som handlade om skogsbränderna. 74 från lokaltidningarna Ljusdals-Posten och Mora Tidning samt 41 från de rikstäckande tidningarna Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet.Resultatet av studien visade att det fanns stora skillnader i rapporteringen om och gestaltningen av skogsbränderna mellan de lokala tidningarna och de rikstäckande tidningarna. De lokala tidningarna hade ett mycket större fokus på närhet i sin rapportering jämfört med de rikstäckande tidningarna som i mycket högre grad fokuserade på hot och konflikter. Resultatet visade även att de lokala tidningarna hade en mycket mer positiv tonalitet i sin rapportering till skillnad från de rikstäckande tidningarna som var övervägande negativa.

This essay uses frame analysis to study changes in the descriptions of the hymen in Swedish printed press from 1989-2015. The study shows that the traditional story about the hymen has significant power in the dominant culture and affects the idea of what the hymen is and what is believed to be its functions. The study also showcases how our ideas about the hymen are socially constructed since the descriptions can shift widely but still be considered as the truth. The concept of the hymen has gone through a change over time, from a story of a hymen that breaks during first intercourse, to the hymen being a myth that doesn’t exist at all, to then emerge into the idea of the vaginal corona – another version of a hymen that is different from the traditional image. The study also shows that the traditional frame for describing the hymen does live on, and that the vaginal corona has not replaced the idea of the traditional hymen.

A dissertação examina impressos estudantis de juventude das décadas de 80 e 90 do século XX, produzidos no Rio Grande do Sul, especialmente aqueles periódicos que circularam entre jovens estudantes, confeccionados pelos próprios jovens. Adota os pressupostos teóricos da História Cultural e da história da cultura escrita, sob inspiração dos estudos de Roger Chartier e Arlette Farge. São analisados dois conjuntos de impressos estudantis de juventude: o primeiro conjunto consiste em 31 edições do periódico intitulado Psiu, produzido pela Pastoral da Juventude Estudantil, em sua organização a nível estadual, Rio Grande do Sul; o segundo compreende 19 edições, 2 cartas e 3 edições especiais do periódico intitulado Fermento, produzido pela Coordenação da Pastoral da Juventude da Arquidioceses de Porto Alegre. Como documentação complementar, foram produzidos documentos orais a partir da realização de três entrevistas, uma com jovem que participou da confecção de um dos periódicos, uma com um assessor adulto da Pastoral da Juventude que atuou no período de circulação do Psiu e do Fermento e uma com um jovem liberado, à época atuante nesse âmbito. As entrevistas, de caráter compreensivo, focalizaram três eixos: as motivações, os envolvidos e os processos de produção desses impressos. A partir deste corpus empírico, a análise procurou apreender os usos desses objetos, em seus contextos de produção e circulação. Para isso, são descritos: a materialidade desses impressos, ou seja, os suportes nos quais os textos são dados a ler; os dispositivos textuais e tipográficos, ou protocolos de leitura propostos no Psiu e no Fermento; as muitas imagens que integram esses periódicos, e que se relacionam aos textos e à identidade visual dos impressos, caracterizando-as também como protocolos de leitura. Constatou-se que os suportes apresentam variações quanto ao número de páginas, qualidade de impressão, formatação dos textos, tamanho. Entretanto, a forma de apresentação ou a estrutura gráfica e editorial é constante, sobretudo por seu caráter artesanal. Pode-se inferir que tal forma caracteriza o gênero discursivo dos impressos estudantis, em especial da Pastoral da Juventude entre os anos 80 e 90 do século XX, além de uma inspiração em outros jornais de circulação e impressos aos quais os jovens tinham acesso. O estudo descreve e analisa, ainda, as práticas de produção que estiveram implicadas no Psiu e no Fermento, valendo-se das referências presentes nos próprios impressos e nas informações obtidas nas entrevistas. Essas referências evidenciam o caráter artesanal de produção e o envolvimento dos jovens em todas as fases, desde a escrita dos textos até a distribuição dos impressos. Por fim, importa destacar o papel formativo desempenhado por essas práticas de produção de impressos ligados às Pastorais de Juventude da Igreja Católica. Os jovens liam muito, escreviam textos, ocupavam-se da feitura (composição, diagramação), impressão e distribuição desses impressos, processo que lhes possibilitou a aquisição de novos conhecimentos, aprendizados e competências. O próprio contexto de ação em que estavam inseridos pode ser concebido como um processo educativo intenso e extenso, designado pela Pastoral da Juventude como formação de jovens.
The dissertation examines printed student youth of the 80s and 90s of the twentieth century, produced in Rio Grande do Sul, especially those periodicals that circulated among young students, made by young people themselves. Adopts the theoretical assumptions of Cultural History and the history of written culture, under the inspiration of the studies of Roger Chartier and Arlette Farge. Printed two sets of student youth are analyzed: the first set consists of 31 issues of the journal titled Psiu, produced by Pastoral da Juventude Estudantil in your organization at the state level, Rio Grande do Sul; the second comprises 19 issues, two letters and three special issues of the journal entitled Fermento, produced by the Coordination of Pastoral da Juventude of the Archdiocese of Porto Alegre. As additional documentation, oral documents were produced from conducting three interviews, one with a young man who participated in the making of one of the journals, one with an adult advisor to the Pastoral da Juventude who served during the period of circulation of Psiu and yeast and a with a young man released, the operative time in this context. The interviews, comprehensive character, focused on three areas: motivations, and processes involved in production of these printed. From this empirical corpus, the analysis attempts to capture the uses of these objects in their contexts of production and circulation. To this are described: these materiality printed, or media in which data are read texts; textual and typographical devices, or protocols proposed in reading Psiu and Fermento; the many images that integrate these journals, and that relate to the texts and the visual identity of printed, also characterizing them as reading protocols. It was found that variations in the brackets show the number of pages, print quality, formatting text, size. However, the presentation or the graphic and editorial structure is constant, especially for its artisanal character. Can be inferred that such features discursive genre of printed student, especially the youth ministry between 80 and 90 years of the twentieth century, as well as an inspiration for other newspapers in circulation printed and to which young people had access. The study describes and also analyzes the production practices that have been implicated in Psiu and Fermento, availing himself of the references in printed themselves and the information obtained in the interviews. These references show the artisanal character of production and the involvement of young people in all stages, from written texts to the distribution of printed. Finally, it is worth highlighting the formative role played by these practices linked to the production of printed Pastoral da Juventude of the Catholic Church. Young people had read a lot, wrote texts, busied themselves in making (composition, typesetting), printing and distribution of printed, a process that enabled them to acquire new knowledge, learning and skills. The context of action in which they were inserted itself can be conceived as an intense and extensive educational process, appointed by the Pastoral da Juventude and youth training.

Uppsatsen undersöker hur våldtäktsoffer framställs i två olika tidningar (Dagens nyheter och Aftonbladet) och om det finns någon skillnad i framställningen beroende av offrets kön. Studien är gjord genom att tillämpa kritisk diskursanalys på de valda tidningsartiklarna för att se om det finns några skillnader. För att göra detta har vi utgått från genusteori samt Goffmans teori kring stigma. Studiens resultat medför att artiklarna har delats upp i tre kategorier: "ideala offer", "icke-idela offer" och "manliga offer". Utöver det genererades även kategorin för "diskussions- eller debattartiklar". Artiklar som kategoriseras som "ideala offer" innehåller färre detaljer kring brotten än artiklarna om de "icke-ideala offer". Kategorin "manliga offer" uppkom på grund av att artiklarna som tillhör den var gravt underrepresenterade, däremot kunde vi se att även dessa artiklar kan jämföras med de två första kategorierna. Artiklarna i den sista kategorin diskuterar mer allmänt kring problemen som våldtäkt för med sig mer allmänt. Majoriteten av dessa artiklar riktade sig till eller handlade om kvinnor. Den slutsats som kunde dras utifrån denna undersökning är att det rapporteras olika gällande olika kön hos våldtäktsoffer. Detta visar sig bland annat genom att det i artiklar som beskriver kvinnor ges mer detaljer som beskriver offret än om de som handlar om män; artiklar om män är generellt sett relativt detaljfattiga. Detta medför också att media styr den allmänna synen kring våldtäktsoffer och har därmed makt att förbättra situationen och göra bilden av manliga och kvinnliga offer mer jämställd då båda könen behöver lika mycket stöd från omgivningen.
This essay investigates how rape victims are shown in two different Swedish newspapers (Dagens nyheter and Aftonbladet) and if there are any differences depending on the victim’s sex. The study is using critical discourse analysis for the selected news articles to find out if the views differentiate. To be able to do this we have based our research in gender theory and the theory of stigma created by Goffman. The results if this study generates three categories: "ideal victims", "non-ideal victims" and "male victims". Apart from these, another category was detected: "discussion or debate articles". Articles that categorises as "ideal victims" contains fewer details of the crime than the articles about "non-ideal victims". The category "male victims" vas created because the articles from this category was seriously diminished, we could on the other hand also apply the two previously stated categories on this one. The articles from the discussion or debate category brings up the problems of rape in a more general matter. The majority of these are speaking to or about women. The conclusion of this study is that media is presenting male and female rape victims differently. This shows, among other conclusions, that articles about female victims contains more details about the victim than articles about men; articles about men do in general rapport lesser details. This contributes to media’s control over the general view on rape victims and have therefor the opportunity to make this situation better. Media can create a more equal image of male and female victims where both will be needing support from society.

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A presente dissertação tem por escopo um estudo da memória e comemoraçãdo centenário da imprensa a partir da Revista do Instituto Histórico oe Geographico Brazileiro (IHGB). A edição comemorativa da revista IHGB visava elaborar uma espécie de inventário completo sobre todos os jornais publicados em território nacional até então. Cada estado teria um responsável por realizar esse levantamento que posteriormente seria publicado em formato de inventário. De acordo com o Instituto existiram no país aproximadamente 25 mil títulos impressos ao longo dos cem primeiros anos de imprensa oficial, contudo, foram contabilizados e publicados em forma de catálogos aap driosxciumsasdãaom seonbtree 5a cmoiml joermnaoirsa.ç Dãoe sdsoa cmenatneeniárar,io o d fao cimo pprreinncsiap aalt rdaevsétes deos tTudoom oé Consagrado à Exposição Commemorativa do Primeiro Centenário da Imprensa Periódica no Brasil, bem como outras edições regionais produzidas pelo IHGB como, por exemplo, dos estados de Pernambuco, Paraná e São Paulo. Neste caso, a imprensa como veículo fundamental na formação para a história escrita e história do Brasil. A empreitada pensada pelo Instituto serviu como uma revisão da produção impressa nacional e regional, além de ter sido um esforço intelectual coletivo que pensou a história da imprensa do Brasil. O presente estudo mostra também que o jornalismo brasileiro teve rápido desenvolvimento se for levado em consideração que a palavra impressa só foi oficialmente aceita no país no século XIX. Os discursos dos intelectuais do IHGB avaliaram a imprensa como fator importante do progresso do país, sendo esse pretexto mais do que relevante para a organização do centenário.
The present dissertation has as scope a study of the memory and commemoration of the centenary of the press from the Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geographico Brazileiro (IHGB). The commemorative edition of the magazine IHGB aimed to elaborate a sort of complete inventory of all the newspapers published in the national territory until then. Each state would have one responsible for conducting the survey that would later be published in inventory format. According to the Institute, there were approximately 25,000 titles printed in the country during the first 100 years of the official press, however, approximately 5,000 newspapers were published and published in the form of catalogs. In this way, the focus of this study is the discussion about the commemoration of the centennial of the press through the Consecrated Tomo to the Commemorative Exhibition of the First Centenary of the Periodic Press in Brazil, as well as other regional editions produced by the IHGB, such as the states of Pernambuco, Paraná and São Paulo. In this case, the press as a fundamental vehicle in training for the written history and history of Brazil. The project designed by the Institute served as a review of the national and regional print production, and was a collective intellectual effort that thought the history of the Brazilian press. The present study also shows that Brazilian journalism has developed rapidly if it is taken into account that the printed word was only officially accepted in the country in the 19th century. The speeches of the intellectuals of the IHGB evaluated the press as an important factor of the country's progress, being this pretext more than relevant for the organization of the centenary.

Den här studien undersöker om det kan utrönas skillnader, och om så är fallet, i vad dessa skillnader består i, mellan manligt och kvinnligt skriftspråk i katastrofjournalistik med avseende på diskoteksbranden i Göteborg 1998 och tsunamikatastrofen 2004.    Dessa händelser valdes med utgångspunkt av att de liknar varandra, inte bara i att de faller under katastrofjournalistik, utan för att de båda krävde ett stort antal svenska dödsoffer och genom detta haft djupgående påverkan på det svenska samhället. Studiens empiri består av 78 nyhetsartiklar från Dagens Nyheteroch Svenska Dagbladet, vilka genererats med hjälp av databasen Retriever. Dessa har sedan undersökt noga genom text- och innehållsanalys med både kvantitativa och kvalitativa inslag.    Resultatet av studien visade att det i materialet fanns språkmässiga skillnader mellan könen. De kvinnliga journalisterna tenderade att använda fler pronomen i sina texter och att beskriva händelserna mer detaljrikt än männen. Dessutom tenderade nyhetstexterna som författats av kvinnor att vara mer emotionella och innehålla fler ord än de som författats av män, samtidigt som meningslängden i deras artiklar var kortare än männens.
This study is aiming to investigate if there is a detectable difference, and if so, what characterizes that difference, between female and male written language in news reports from two catastrophic events that have had great impact on the Swedish society, namely the disco fire in Gothenburg in 1998 and the tsunami that hit the Bay of Bengal in 2004.   For the purpose of the investigation, 78 articles were pulled from the Swedish newspapers Dagens Nyheterand Svenska Dagbladet, with help by the newspaper search engine Retriever. Those articles were then closely examined through the use of both qualitative and quantitative content analysis.    The study showed that there were some differences to be found in the language use of female and male journalists concerning the two news events. Some of these differences being that the female reporters both tended to use more pronouns in their texts, and too describe events in more detail than their male colleagues. Other features that set female and male articles apart, were that female texts tended to contain more words than male texts at the same time as being more emotionally orientated. Articles by female writers also tended to be divided into shorter sentences than articles by male writers.

Depuis 2002 en Asie, 2005 en Europe et aux États-Unis, des éditeurs de presse écrite et des annonceurs proposent à leur lectorat équipé en téléphone portable ou en ordiphone d’accéder à des contenus et services numériques via ceux imprimés dans le journal. Ces nouvelles formes de communications brouillent les relations traditionnelles entre éditeurs de presse, annonceurs et lectorat, également mobinaute. Les enjeux techniques et politiques de ces services de communication s’étudient simultanément à trois niveaux. Le premier, physique, se situe dans la combinaison entre le papier et le terminal électronique de l’individu relié au réseau. Le deuxième, logique, se situe dans la forme (privée ou publique) de ce qui est imprimé sur le papier (langage humain ou machine) et la méthode logicielle mise en oeuvre (lecture locale ou à distance) de manière synchrone (presse augmentée) ou asynchrone (code graphique, recherche ou identification par l’image). Le troisième niveau, des contenus, consiste à s’interroger sur le sens de la surimpression de contenus et de services numériques à l’écran de l’ordiphone suivant ce qui est imprimé dans le journal. Notre étude aura par ailleurs consisté à mettre en lumière les régimes juridiques des méthodes logicielles basées d’une part sur le contenu et régies par le droit de la propriété intellectuelle, et basées d’autre part sur un langage informatique et régies par le droit des liens hypertextes. Avec un ordiphone, un titre de presse évolue d’un support d’information à un canal de communications électroniques où le contexte et l’identité de l’individu jouent un rôle innovant dans la transmission et l’accès à l’information
Since 2002 in Asia, and 2005 in Europe and the United States, press editors and advertisers have offered access to digital content and services to readers that possess a smartphone. These new forms of communication blur the traditional relationships between press editors, advertisers and readers. To study the technical and political elements concerning these new communication services, we rely on the three-layer network approach: the physical, the logical and the content infrastructure layer. The physical layer is located between the sheet of paper and the electronic device that links the user to a network. The logical layer corresponds to the form (private or public) of what is printed on the page (i.e., human readable or machine language) and the software employed (i.e., local or distant reading), be it synchronously (augmented press) or asynchronously (graphic codes, image search or image identification). The third layer concerns the way the content from the printed page are presented on the screen of the smartphone. Our study equally aims to shed light on the current legal translations of software methods: when based on content, the methods are seen to concern intellectual property law; whereas when based on computer language they concern the laws on hyperlinks. With smartphones, a printed edition evolves from an information medium to an electronic communication channel where the context and the identity of the user play an innovative role in the transmission and access to information

Los periódicos impresos están pasando una difícil situación que podría amenazar su supervivencia. Este trabajo pretende determinar y cuantificar en qué medida influyen cada una de las causas que afectan en este escenario como son la expansión de la prensa digital; la irrupción de los diarios gratuitos; la mayor o menor apuesta por canales de distribución paralelos, como la suscripción u otros; la incidencia de la evolución de los puntos de venta tradicionales; la determinación del precio del producto; un posible cambio de hábitos sociales; o el inicio de la crisis económica. El estudio se concreta en torno a un caso. La evolución de los seis diarios generalistas más importantes de España en función de su difusión (a saber, El País, El Mundo del Siglo XXI, ABC, La Vanguardia, El Periódico de Catalunya, y La Razón), durante el período 2000-2010, analizando con detalle sus datos de difusión y audiencia.
Printed newspapers are going through a difficult situation that could threaten its survival. This paper aims to identify and quantify the extent to influence each of the causes that affect this scenario such as the expansion of digital media, the advent of free newspapers, the degree of commitment to parallel distribution channels, such as the subscription or other, the impact of the evolution of traditional outlets, the pricing of the product, a possible change in social habits, or the beginning of the economic crisis. The study around a concrete case. The evolution of the six major Spain's newspapers in according to their diffusion (ie, El País, El Mundo del Siglo XXI, ABC, La Vanguardia, El Periódico, and La Razón), during the period 2000-2010 analyzing in detail their distribution and audience data.
Els diaris impresos estan passant una difícil situació que podria amenaçar la seva supervivència. Aquest treball pretén determinar i quantificar en quina mesura influeixen cadascuna de les causes que afecten aquest escenari com són l'expansió de la premsa digital; la irrupció dels diaris gratuïts; la major o menor aposta per canals de distribució paral•lels, com la subscripció o altres; la incidència de l'evolució dels punts de venda tradicionals; la determinació del preu del producte; un possible canvi d’hàbits socials; o el començament de la crisi econòmica. L'estudi es concreta al voltant d'un cas. L'evolució dels sis diaris generalistes més importants d'Espanya en funció de la seva difusió (és a dir, El País, El Mundo del Siglo XXI, ABC, La Vanguardia, El Periódico de Catalunya, i La Razón), durant el període 2000-2010, analitzant amb detall les seves dades de difusió i audiència.

碩士
國立中央大學
中國文學系
104
Female opera actresses in modern Chinese operas were an important facet in urban cultural entertainment, as they introduced significant changes to opera traditions and raised public awareness of their profession. These opera actresses have become the focus of the current media’s attention, which has reported on many different aspects of the role. Thus, they created a dynamic image for the actresses in modern Chinese opera. This research article focused on Chinese opera actresses active in Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai between 1912 and 1937. This era has supported many well-established publishers and media outlets, as it was a breakthrough of information dissemination from the traditional word of mouth method to printed press releases. The combination of media reporting and the performances of the opera actresses themselves became a promotional movement to create opera stars in this area of mass entertainment. During the study period, there were many press articles focused on the acting skills of the women as well as the content of the opera. Although these reports may have generated a stereotypical (i.e., negative) image for the audiences, the opera actresses, advocates, and critics all attempted to build a new positive image for this profession. These efforts represented the endeavor to increase the social standing and societal value of opera actresses. Opera actresses have played a vital role in the development of modern Chinese opera, and contributed to significant advancements made in performance art. They have laid the foundation for the development of the modern opera.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse political situation of the USA in the early 30´s of the 20th century, culminating with the election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt as the president of the USA. Afterwards the author is going to evaluate how the czech written press in the independent Czechoslovakian republic has reacted on the mentioned affairs and connections between them, while it was divided in almost every single part of the political spectre.

A presente dissertação tem como objectivo avaliar o significado histórico da obra Christiani Pueri Institutio, Adolescntiæque Perfugium de Macau, publicada no ano 1588: o primeiro livro com caracteres ocidentais impresso por tipos móveis no Extremo Oriente. Trata-se de uma edição particular da obra de Juan Bonifacio S.I. (1538-1606), cujo grande número de diferenças coloca em causa a sua natureza e autoria. Neste sentido, fazemos a distinção dos contextos, objectivos e conteúdos das impressões, dividindo a análise em duas partes: na primeira, referimo-nos aos aspectos das edições europeias; contrapondo com as singularidades da edição macaense na segunda parte. No final, concluímos com um estudo comparativo onde distinguimos e definimos o significado singular da obra impressa em Macau.
The objective of the following master's dissertation is the analysis of the historical significance of Macau's Christiani Pueri Institutio Perfugium, published in 1588: the first book printed in the Far East with western characters and by movable types. The great number of differences present in this particular edition of Juan Bonifacio's (1538- 1606) work questions it´s own nature and authorship. In this regard, we differentiate the contexts, motives and contents concerning each edition, making our analysis in two terms: on the first, we'll refer to the aspects concerning with the European editions, contrasting with the singleness of the edition form Macau on the second part. Following, we conclude with a comparative study where we distinguish and define the unique significance of the work published in Macau.

Цель магистерской диссертации заключается в выявлении редакторской специфики создания контент-маркетинговой стратегии театральных корпоративных изданий с последующим составлением рекомендаций. Редакторский подход к созданию контент-маркетинговой стратегии театрального корпоративного издания определяет новизну исследования. Материалом для исследования послужили театральные корпоративные издания «Урал Опера Балет» и Московского театра «Новая Опера». Общий объем проанализированного материала составил более 1200 текстов разных жанров и свыше 1950 иллюстраций из 135 выпусков. В фокусе исследовательского внимания оказались заметки, интервью и фотография как визуальный жанр. В процессе исследования были проанализированы коммуникативные тактики в материалах заметки и интервью, способствующие решению задач, поставленных контент-маркетинговой стратегией. Коммуникативные тактики были разделены на четыре группы – сопоставительные, воздействующие, самопрезентации, взаимоотношений со зрителем. Общими для театральных корпоративных изданий «Урал Опера Балет» и Московского театра «Новая Опера» являются тактики заботы и участия, «проблемное поле», ожидания положительной оценки, ценностной ориентации. Таким образом, издания не только формируют позитивный образ театров и транслируют их ценности, но и открыто обозначают существующие проблемы. По результатам анализа визуального контента предложена классификация жанров фотографии театральных корпоративных изданий. Было выделено три жанра – фоторепортаж, портретное и объектное фотоизображения, которые подразделяются на поджанры. Фоторепортаж представлен сценой из спектакля, фото с репетиции, событийным фото, фотоальбомом. Портретные фотоизображения имеют следующие разновидности: актер в роли, человек за работой, репортажный, постановочный, архивный. Объектные фотоизображения разделяются на фотографии театральных декораций, костюмов, интерьеров, документов. Перечисленные визуальные жанры, за исключением постановочного фотопортрета, помогают эффективно воздействовать на аудиторию и достигать целей театральной организации. При опоре на положительный и отрицательный опыт рассмотренных СМИ театральным корпоративным изданиям был предложен перечень рекомендаций для создания текстового и визуального контента.
The purpose of the master's thesis is to identify the editorial specifics of the content-marketing strategy of the theatrical corporate publications, followed by recommendations. The editorial approach to creating the content-marketing strategy for the theatrical corporate publication determines the novelty of the research. The foundation for the research was the theatrical corporate publications of «Ural Opera Ballet» and the Moscow theater «New Opera». The total volume of the analyzed material was more than 1200 texts of different genres and more than 1950 illustrations from 135 editions. Notes, interviews and photography as a visual genre were in focus of research attention. During the process of research, the communicative tactics were analyzed by the notes and interviews. These tactics contribute to the solution of the tasks, which are set by the content-marketing strategy. Communicative tactics were divided into four groups – comparative, influencing, self-presentation, relationship with the viewer. Tactics of care and participation, «problem field», expectations of positive evaluation, value orientation are common for theater corporate publications of «Ural Opera Ballet» and the Moscow theater «New Opera». Thus, the publications not only form a positive image of theaters and transmit their values, but also openly identify existing problems. The classification of genres of photography of theatrical corporate publications is proposed based on the results of the analysis of visual content. There were highlighted three genres: photo reportage, portrait and object photo images, which were subdivided into subgenres. A photo reportage is presented by a scene from a performance, by a photo from a rehearsal, by an event photo, by a photo album. Portrait photo images have the following varieties: actor in the role, person at work, reporting, staged, archived. Object photo images are divided into photographs of theatrical scenery, costumes, interiors, documents. The listed visual genres, with the exception of a staged photo portrait, help to effectively influence on the audience and achieve the goals of the theatrical organization. The list of recommendations for the creation of text and visual content was proposed to the theater corporate publications based on the positive and negative experience of the reviewed media.