Tesi sul tema "Primates – Comportement animal"
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Poirotte, Clémence. "Stratégies d’évitement parasitaire chez une population de primates sociaux en milieu naturel". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT166.
Testo completoParasite-mediated selection has driven the emergence of complex hosts’ defense mechanisms to limit the spread of parasites. In addition to their physiological immune system, animals have developed a “behavioral immune system” comprising a sophisticated set of parasite avoidance strategies that represents a first line of defense to decrease parasite encounter rates. However, behavioral adaptations to the threat of parasites have been poorly investigated in wild populations of mammals. In an attempt to fill this gap, during my PhD, I studied parasite avoidance strategies in a wild group of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), an Old World primate inhabiting dense equatorial rainforests of Africa and facing intensive parasite pressures in its natural habitat. In particular, I investigated the different behavioral strategies of defense that evolved to decrease contamination risk by two different classes of gastro-intestinal parasites exhibiting contrasted life-history traits and modes of transmission: environmentally transmitted nematodes and socially transmitted protozoa. Based on long-term observations, controlled experiments and chemical analyses, my studies document two distinct behavioral strategies emphasizing the close relationship between parasites’ ecology and hosts’ behavioral responses. On the one hand, mandrills exhibit fecal avoidance behavior when foraging and also avoid ranging in habitats previously contaminated with fecal nematodes released during the previous visit. On the other hand, mandrills avoid grooming social partners highly parasitized with fecal protozoa, particularly around the peri-anal area. This behavioral strategy appears to be operational because parasitized individuals harbor infectious protozoan cysts on their body, concentrated on the peri-anal region, and individual’s protozoan richness increases when grooming highly parasitized conspecifics. We further found that avoidance of parasitized individuals is guided by an olfactory mechanism, as protozoa influence the host’s fecal odor and mandrills discriminate and selectively avoid olfactory cues from individuals parasitized with protozoa. Such parasite-induced behavioral plasticity could be one of the major mechanisms allowing social species to cope with the increased risk of parasitism associated with group-living. Altogether, these findings shed light on the evolutionary consequences of parasite-mediated selection on several socioecological characteristics of animals, including space use and social behavior
Gallino, visman Sophie. "La notion d'institution totale appliquée aux relations anthropozoologiques : éthnographies et analyse sociologique de centres de recherche en primatologie". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH038.
Testo completoPar notre thèse de doctorat en sociologie – ayant pour objet l'expérimentation sur les singes – nous souhaitons participer aux recherches sur les relations anthropozoologiques en sciences humaines.Le travail que nous proposons porte précisément sur les interactions entre professionnels et singes impliqués dans des expérimentations animales ou des études scientifiques (biomédicales, psychologiques, éthologiques, etc.).Pour tâcher de comprendre ces rencontres humanimales, nous avons réalisé un long travail ethnographique – avec un recueil de données qualitatives – mené dans différents centres d'études en France et en Afrique centrale.Pour aborder notre étude, il convient d'accepter au préalable les deux propositions suivantes : – considérer les primates non humains comme des acteurs ; – et appréhender les lieux d'expérimentation animale comme des institutions – au sens sociologique du terme – c'est-à-dire comprenant des structures amenant une certaine prévisibilité comportementale et relationnelle entre les acteurs, accompagnées de jeux de justifications et de rationalisation.Une fois ces questions discutées, nous pouvons avancer le concept d'institution totale pour comprendre la vie institutionnelle des centres de primatologie. Cet idéaltype – appliqué à un hôpital psychiatrique états-unien à la fin des années 1960 par Erving Goffman – présente les structures organisationnelles suivantes : un endroit fermé ; soumis à un système bureaucratique et administratif qui règle la vie de tous ses membres ; où se rencontrent deux groupes : des surveillants, travaillant dans ce lieu, et prenant en charge un autre groupe : – les reclus, vivant et ne sortant pas de cet espace.Notre regard sociologique nous permet d'évaluer la force de l'emprise de l'institution sur les singes reclus, et d'interroger leur capacité à résister au rôle de cobaye qui leur est incombé. Nous proposons aussi des éléments de réponses sur la normalisation des conduites et des émotions des professionnels. Cette réflexion nous invite à considérer l’influence institutionnelle que nous avons-nous même éprouvée sur notre terrain, nous faisant parfois adopter un rôle que nous ne souhaitions pas tenir
Beaud, Alice. "Étude des représentations perceptives et de leur attribution à autrui chez le macaque de Tonkean (Macaca tonkeana) et le capucin brun (Sapajus apella)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ053.
Testo completoFaced with environmental variations, animals integrate information through different perceptual systems, leading them to form representations of the world. This thesis project aims to propose new methodological solutions to better understand these perceptual representations and their attribution to others in two species of non-human primates: the Tonkean macaque (Macaca tonkeana) and the brown capuchin (Sapajus apella). The first part examines their ability to attribute a false visual perception to others using optical illusions. The second part focuses on their capacity to consider others' visual perspective and preferences when making inferences. The results show that these perceptual representations vary depending on the individuals and the stimuli presented, without providing conclusive evidence of their ability to attribute visual perception to others. This project highlights the methodological challenge of studying the understanding of others' representations in non-human primates
Coye, Camille. "Vocal combinations in guenon communication". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15650.
Testo completoDuboscq, Julie. "Nouvelles perspectives sur la tolérance sociale à travers l'étude des femelles macaque à crête, Macaca nigra, dans leur milieu naturel". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023197.
Testo completoJoubert, Anne. "Exploration et mémoire spatiale chez de jeunes babouins (Papio papio) : aspects cognitifs et sociaux". Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22048.
Testo completoDucoing, Diaz Ana Maria. "Transmission et dissimulation d'information chez le macaque de Tonkean (Macaca Tonkeana)". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13130.
Testo completoJankowski, Frédérique. "Étude du processus d'habituation de communautés de primates en milieu naturel : approche éthologique et anthropologique". Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0345.
Testo completoHabituation is the term used to descibe the acceptance, by wild animals, of a human observer as a neutral element in their environment. This process allows to reduce flight distance of primates and to observe theim from closer. If habituation is the first step of all of primate social behaviours field studies, the process itself is rarely described. Habituation has brought obervers and animal together, but this situation has not involved any questioning about the methods that are used to interpret ethological obsevations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relevance of usual animal behaviour interpretation charts and to propose a more suitable frame of analysis of genuine field situations. Two habituations processes were initiated on baboons in the "Parc National de la Comoé" in Ivory Coast and in northwestern of Guinea. Observations were also made in South Africa. In order to interpret the reactions of baboons during habituation process more accurately, we carried out a crossed analysis of field data using ethological and anthropological methods. If the first ones allow to define some estimate indicators of the habituation level of primates to observers, they can not account for the complexity of process which commits the observer as well as the observed animals. The analysis of the process mechanisms necessarily requires a changing perspective on the object under study, from the primate itself to the primate/observer interface. The habituation is considered as an interdisciplinary study object which questions one of the fundamental processes of field studies in ethology and, globally speaking, the relationship between observer and animal
Jacobs, Armand Thomas. "Impact des pressions sociales et écologiques sur les processus décisionnels lors des déplacements collectifs chez deux espèces de primates (Eulemur fulvus et Macaca fuscata)". Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6071.
Testo completoLiving successfully as a group depends on the ability of its members to compromise between their individual needs and motivations and those of other group members. Individuals with potentially different needs can thus synchronise their activity with that of other group members and move collectively, hence preserving the group. The study of collective movement is one of the most efficient ways to tackle the question of decision-making processes in animal societies. Research in this domain has enabled us to identify differences between certain individuals or classes of individuals playing a more important role in decision-taking situations. Since this discovery, two conflicting theories have been proposed to explain the possible reasons behind this dominant role in certain individuals. The first theory explains these differences by ecological differences, whereas the second suggests that they are the result of social pressure. In order to test these two hypotheses, I studied two primate species. Firstly, the brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) was tested in a controlled environment. This species has a social system that is very different to other lemuriformes studied to date. Secondly, the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) was studied in the wild. This species has an intolerant social style. The results obtained from this thesis pinpoint the substantial impact that social factors have on decision-making processes in the brown lemur and the Japanese macaque, even in the wild. This thesis enables a further step towards a generalisation of the hypothesis that there is indeed a social influence on decision-making
Chalmeau, Raphaël. "Apprentissage en situation sociale : la coopération chez les primates". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30213.
Testo completoRomano, de Paula Valéria. "Social networks as a trade-off between optimal information transmission and reduced disease transmission". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ056/document.
Testo completoSocial structure can theoretically regulate information transmission and disease risk via social contact or proximity. In theory, the same network properties that favor information transmission also favor pathogen transmission creating a potential trade-off between them. In my thesis, I used empirical data, network analysis and individual-based modelling to understand the influence of social structure on social transmission in primate and theoretical networks. My studies show that i) central Japanese macaques transmit disease faster but are also more prone to acquiring infectious agents; ii) the number of infected individuals in 40 wild primate groups is dependent on global network properties and epidemic time; iii) network efficiency peaks with intermediate values of group substructure in theoretical and empirical networks; and, iv) variation in the network properties is a consequence of individual decisions given the trade-offs between collecting information and avoiding infection. Altogether, my thesis reveals the mechanisms of social transmission and indicates that network properties might reflect a trade-off between information and pathogen transmission
Lootvoet, Amélie. "Le rôle du comportement dans la vulnérabilité aux pressions anthropiques et à l'extinction chez les Primates". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0080.
Testo completoImproving species protection and better understanding the mechanisms leading to population decline and ultime extinction has become a major research area over the last decades. Nowadays, the causes of extinction are mostly anthropogenic, but some intrinsic factors, specific to each species, can interact with these anthropogenic pressures to determine the extinction risk. Many studies have highlighted the impact of life history traits and ecological characteristics on species vulnerability to extinction, but very few have investigated the role of behaviour. Because of the mechanisms they imply, several behaviours could constitute intrinsic factors of vulnerability among species, at the level of extinction risk, or concerning the main anthropogenic pressures threatening species. The aim of this thesis is to determine the impact of the social system and sexual selection on primate vulnerability i) to the main anthropogenic threats (i.e. hunting, logging and agriculture) and, particularly, the role of infanticide on their vulnerability to hunting, and ii) to the extinction risk as described by the IUCN conservation status. This point has lead us to examine also the impact of human footprint heterogeneity on extinction risk. All our studies are based on a comparative analysis approach. Our different works highlighted several impacts of behavioural variables at the two spatial scales and for the two levels of vulnerability, but with differences in the nature of the behavioural variables. We identified significant effects of the average group size and the socio-reproductive system in species vulnerability to logging, but not in species vulnerability to the other threats. Moreover, these effects have also been found at the level of the extinction risk, but in different ways. Thus, the mechanisms implicated in the vulnerability are different according to the type of vulnerability, and rely on several Allee effects
Sueur, Cédric. "Etude comparative de l'influence des relations sociales sur l'organisation des déplacements collectifs chez deux espèces de macaques, Macaca tonkeana, M. mulatta". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210386.
Testo completoDoctorat en Sciences
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Reghem, Elodie. "Stratégies comportementales et cinématiques de la préhension chez les primates". Phd thesis, Toulon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829107.
Testo completoCharpentier, Marie. "Système de reproduction, relations de parenté et structure sociale chez Mandrillus Sphinx : Approche intégrée en écologie comportementale et génétique". Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20158.
Testo completoMeunier, Hélène. "Etude des mécanismes sous-jacents aux phénomènes cllectifs chez un primate non humain (Cebus capucinus) : De l'expérimentation à la modélisation". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13033.
Testo completoThe main purpose of this study was to demonstrate the respective roles of anonymous processes and individual-dependent processes in collective decision-making. During decision-making relating to collective movements, group members’ decisions depend on their social identity (individual-dependent mechanism) as well as anonymous processes. Fur rubbing is also a collective behaviour involving interindividual dependence with mimetic underlying mechanisms. We found similar mechanisms, involving interindividual interactions according to simple behavioural rules, in both collective phenomenon studied. These results are the first to demonstrate the emergence of collective decision-making based on anonymous interactions in a group of non human primates. They help to understand the link between individual choices and collective behaviour and to appreciate how a social group of primates maintain its spatial cohesion and synchronize its activities
Romain, Amélie. "Prise de décision en situation risquée ou ambiguë chez les primates : quels sont les mécanismes cognitifs, biais de jugement et calculs économiques impliqués ? : Étude comparative chez les singes, les grands singes et l’Homme". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ014/document.
Testo completoAnimals, like people, have to deal with imperfect knowledge of potential out comes when making everyday life decisions. Many studies focus on mechanisms of decision making, yet their evolutionary origin remains unknown. To better understand the universality and the origin of the mechanisms of decision making in primates, this work combines an onto genetic approach (children - adults) and phylogenetic (monkeys - apes) associated with ethology and experimental economics. The experimental method - a gambling game - has been applied in a similar way to all species, and the results have been analyzed using classical economic models. Under risk, monkeys and apes have incorporated the probabilities of gains and losses in their decision,whereas children under 5 years old were unable. However, all groups studied expressed errors of judgment, therefore confirming an ancient evolutionary origin. Under ambiguity, non-human primates have managed to adapt their strategies to maximize their overall benefits
Toussaint, Séverine. "Towards primate origins : hands and feet in interdisciplinary perspective". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC145/document.
Testo completoPrimate origins are subject to important controversies. The initial radiation of first Primates and their precise relationships within Euarchontans (the clade including Primates, Scandentians, Dermopterans, and Plesiadapiformes) are still debated. Moreover, the functional and evolutionary interpretation of some of the morphological characters that define Primates is still uncertain. Among them are the acquisition of manual and pedal prehensile abilities, with a specialized grasping foot bearing an opposable hallux, and nails instead of claws on the distal phalanges. Thus, the ancestral morphotype of Primates is under active investigation, despite the consensus on the arboreality and small size of our early ancestors. This PhD dissertation aimed at revisiting some blurry aspects of primate origins focusing on hand and foot grasping mechanisms, through an interdisciplinary approach blending ethology, biomechanics, comparative morphology and phylogenetics. A reappraisal of the genus Plesiadapis (Plesiadapiformes) led to question a recent hypothesis on early Primates’ phylogeny. In addition, a quantitative analysis of manual and pedal postures relatively to substrate type used during locomotion, followed by a morphological study of hand and foot metapodials and phalanges were also conducted on series of primate and non-primate species. The results were analyzed in an integrative way to relate morphological features to functional attributes, along with assessing their phylogenetic importance. Among many results, this work allowed proposing alternative hypotheses regarding two key characters of primates, the primary function of nails: more linked to sensitivity than to a mechanical advantage; and the environmental scenario that may have driven the evolution of hallucal grasping capabilities: small vertical substrates instead of the fine branch niche. Moreover, in an effort to better understand biomechanical constraints at play during arboreal locomotion, a novel spatially-resolved force sensor was created, which has potential applications in various fields such as robotics
Meunier, Hélène. "Etudes des mécanismes sous-jacents aux phénomènes collectifs chez un primate non humain, cebus capucinus: de l'expérimentation à la modélisation". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210689.
Testo completoDoctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie animale
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Leca, Jean-Baptiste. "Dominance,négociation et processus de décision dans un groupe de capucins moines (Cebus Capucinus)". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13205.
Testo completoHow do members of a primate group resolve their conflicts of interest so as to produce collective behaviours ? Two kinds of conflicts of interest were distinguished: open conflicts (agonistic and post-conflict interactions) and objective divergence (initiation and coordination of group movements). This research was carried out in a semi-free ranging group of 13 white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus). In this species, bidirectional open conflicts involving physical contact were quite frequent. Non-aggressive interventions were observed. Reconciliation was demonstrated and was quite frequent following intense and bidirectional conflicts. Intense behavioural patterns, such as clasping behaviours, were mainly used during conciliatory bouts. As regards objective divergence, every individual could initiate group movements: leadership was largely distributed to all socio-demographic classes. By emitting particular recruitment behaviours, the initiator might signal to its conspecifics its proposal concerning the next direction to follow. During progressions, affiliative relationships, rather than dominance hierarchy, account for the spatial and temporal organisation of the group members. In white-faced capuchins, conflicts of interest are resolved by using open negotiation processes. Dominance relationships are not a major factor in the pattern and distribution of interactions, or in the decision process underlying group movements. This species is not governed by a strict formalism in social relationships, and seems to display a relatively high level of tolerance. In the social system of white-faced capuchins, many variables appear to covary: this could be due to the structural constraints that define social organisations
Wallez, Catherine. "Communication chez les primates non humains : étude des asymétries dans la production d'expressions oro-faciales". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3123/document.
Testo completoThe study of oro-facial asymmetries offers an indirect and suitable index to determine the hemispheric specialization of the processes associated to socio-emotional communication in non-human primates. However, few studies have been made in this domain and the available theories in humans are in part contradictory. In order to contribute to this field, i.e., hemispheric specialization of cognitive and emotional processing in primates, four experimental studies have been carried out during this doctorate. Firstly, two methods have been used to assess oro-facial asymmetries in adult baboons (a morphometric one and a free viewing of chimeric faces). A right hemispheric specialization for negative emotions was noticed. A third study demonstrated for the first time a population-level hemispheric specialization for the production of emotions in infant macaques and baboons. A last study tested the robustness of previous findings in chimpanzees concerning differences of hemispheric lateralization patterns depending on the communicative function of the vocalizations: intentional (left hemisphere) vs emotional (right hemisphere). Results confirmed the previous conclusions and allowed to discuss hypotheses about the origin of the evolution of language (speech). These collective findings are discussed within the context of the phylogeny of hemispheric specialization mechanisms underlying verbal and nonverbal communication in humans
Beltzung, Benjamin. "Utilisation de réseaux de neurones convolutifs pour mieux comprendre l’évolution et le développement du comportement de dessin chez les Hominidés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023STRAJ114.
Testo completoThe study of drawing behavior can be highly informative, both cognitively and psychologically, in humans and other primates. However, this wealth of information can also be a challenge to analysis and interpretation, particularly in the absence of explanation or verbalization by the author of the drawing. Indeed, an adult's interpretation of a drawing may not be in line with the artist's original intention. During my thesis, I showed that, although generally regarded as black boxes, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can provide a better understanding of the drawing behavior. Firstly, by using a CNN to classify drawings of a female orangutan according to their season of production, and highlighting variation in style and content. In addition, an ontogenetic approach was considered to quantify the similarity between productions from different age groups. In the future, more interpretable models and the application of new interpretability methods could be applied to better decipher drawing behavior
Canteloup, Charlotte. "Sur les traces de la théorie de l’Esprit chez les singes : compréhension de l’attention, des perceptions et des intentions d’autrui". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ087/document.
Testo completoTheory of Mind is the set of cognitive abilities allowing an individual to put himself in the place of others. Considered as specifically human for a long time, more and more complex social behaviours are reported in great apes, and more recently in some monkeys’ species. This work focuses on attention, perception and intention reading abilities in macaques in cooperative or competitive experiments and in interspecific and intraspecific situations. In these experiment, macaques behaved differently according to the attentional state, visual perception and intentions of their partners. However, the underlying mechanisms of these complex behaviours remain uncertain. Nonhuman primates would thus be very good behaviour readers, capable of decoding others behaviours via associative learning but could also use mental representations
Caillier, Pascal. "Rôle de la substance noire pars reticulata dans les comportements d'orientation visuellement déclenchés chez le singe". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066455.
Testo completoBaniel, Alice. "Conflits reproductifs chez un primate social vivant en milieu naturel, le babouin chacma (Papio ursinus)". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT112.
Testo completoIn group-living species, individuals of both sexes can interfere with the sexuality and social alliances of females, which may profoundly influence their reproductive strategies. Renewed attention in the operation of sexual selection on females shows that competition among females to secure reproductive resources, such as mates or allomaternal care, is common. However, to date, female reproductive competition has received little attention in polygynous species. In an attempt to fill this gap, we investigated the determinants of female reproductive competition in a polygynous primate society, the chacma baboon, focussing on a wild Namibian population. Our findings highlight that the frequency of aggression is most intense among females who are reproductively synchronous and who share the same male carer of their offspring. Females also harass sexually receptive females who attempt to mate with their offspring’s carer, likely to prevent further conceptions with him. Overall, competition to secure male carers seems to play an important role in shaping female reproductive strategies in polygynous species where males may provide females with important fitness benefits. We then examined constraints exerted by males on female sexuality. Males and females often have diverging reproductive optima, which underpins sexual conflict. In some species, males may use sexual coercion, in the form of repeated aggression before or during female sexual receptivity to induce females into mating or prevent them from mating with rivals. Here, we tested whether male aggression directed at females represents sexual coercion in chacma baboons. In support of the sexual coercion hypothesis, we found that male aggression against females is most intense when females are sexually receptive, increases male mating success with the harassed female on the short-term, and increases his chances to monopolize her around ovulation on the longer-term. Altogether, these results shed light on the determinants, intensity and evolutionary consequences of social constraints exerted on female sexuality in polygynous primates, and highlight that reproductive conflicts play a primary role in structuring female-female and male-female relationships
Fizet, Jonas. "Développement et validation d'un nouveau dispositif expérimental mobile, automatisé et autonome, permettant d'analyser les capacités cognitives de primates non humains vivant en groupes sociaux". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ085.
Testo completoScientific advances are increasingly dependent on the evolution of both technologies and experimental approaches. Following on from Fagot's research, we developed a new experimental device to study cognitive abilities in nonhuman primates living in social groups. This tool is automated, portable, equipped with an autonomous self-learning system, and it allows the subjects to perform several complex cognitive tasks concurrently. This experimental design allowed us, for the first time, to study the co-evolution of different cognitive functions on a small time scale. Our results reveal the subjects learned the tasks rules rapidly and additionally they archieved high and stable performances over time. This developmental work thus opens up new investigation prospects in cognition for studies interested in i) the underlying bases of cerebral complex processes, ii) the links between several cognitive functions, or iii) testing the effects of drugs on one or more cognitive functions concurrently
Villain, Nicolas. "Rôle de la plasticité comportementale dans l'adaptation aux variations nutritionnelles chez un primate malgache". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0006/document.
Testo completoIn order to survive in a changing environment, individuals have to express an appropriate response. It is known that animals have the ability to adjust their behaviour to their environment. This behavioural plasticity allows a quick and adapted response to environmental variations, maximizing the individual'ssurvival and gene transmission. This plasticity relies on costly brain processes making these adaptations particularly dependent of food availability and maybe quality.This thesis project aimed at better understanding the constraints of these responses in a species under a strong selection pressure. To investigate this problematic, we studied the behavioural responses of a small Malagasy primate, the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), to both quantitative and qualitative changes in food resources. The first part of this work investigated the effect of a short-term caloric restriction without malnutrition over two studies. In the first one, we studied the effects of a 60% caloric restriction without malnutrition on innate behavioural plasticity via the study of the biological clock. The results show a decrease in the ability to resynchronize on a light/dark cycle following a time-shift. This difficulty to resynchronize was linked to body mass loss, the individuals loosing the more weight being the one unable to resynchronize after the 6-hours time shift. In the second study, we investigated the effect of a 40% caloric restriction without malnutrition on acquired behavioural plasticity. This study show a decrease in learning abilities of the restricted individuals after 19 days of dietary treatment and no influence on long term memory. This decrease in learning abilities was also linked with body mass loss, with the individuals loosing the more weight being the one with the worst success rate during this task. The second part focused on the effects of a qualitative variation in food supply via a long-term supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. This part allowed us to show an increase in learning abilities associated with increased neurogenesis in three brain zones for supplemented animals after 18 month of treatment as well as a decrease of their anxiety level.This thesis work show that both quantitative and qualitative nutritional variations are able to influence different forms of behavioural plasticity and their cerebral basis and are of particular importance in the adaptation and survival of individuals