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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Pretreatment"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 25 maggio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Pretreatment"

Adiandri, R. S., R. Purwadi, Hoerudin e T. Setiadi. "Recent Methods in the Pretreatment of Corncob Wastes for Value-Added Bioproducts Carbon Sources". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1024, n. 1 (1 maggio 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1024/1/012032.

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Abstract Corncobs are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose and hemicellulose are monomeric sugars that can be utilized as carbon sources for microbial growth and bioproduct formation. However, corncobs present several challenges due to their complex and recalcitrant nature. Addressing these challenges for increased enzymatic and microbial accessibility requires pretreatment methods to break down resistant structures, thus enabling the recovery of fermentable sugars. Different pretreatment methods on corncob wastes have been studied extensively: chemical, physicochemical, and combined pretreatments. Among the developed pretreatment methods, combined pretreatments are the most widely used in the corncob pretreatment process to overcome various limitations in a single pretreatment method. Several combined pretreatment can increase sugar production, shorten processing time and repress inhibitor formation. This review article would assist in determining the best pretreatment method for corncobs according to the advantages, challenges, and effectiveness of various pretreatment methods

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Ethaib, Saleem, Rozita Omar, Mustapa Kamal Siti Mazlina e Awang Biak Dayang Radiah. "Evaluation of the Interactive Effect Pretreatment Parameters via Three Types of Microwave-Assisted Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Sugar Yield". Processes 8, n. 7 (6 luglio 2020): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070787.

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This study aims to evaluate the sugar yield from enzymatic hydrolysis and the interactive effect pretreatment parameters of microwave-assisted pretreatment on glucose and xylose. Three types of microwave-assisted pretreatments of sago palm bark (SPB) were conducted for enzymatic hydrolysis, namely: microwave-sulphuric acid pretreatment (MSA), microwave-sodium hydroxide pretreatment (MSH), and microwave-sodium bicarbonate (MSB). The experimental design was done using a response surface methodology (RSM) and Box–Behenken Design (BBD). The pretreatment parameters ranged from 5–15% solid loading (SL), 5–15 min of exposure time (ET), and 80–800 W of microwave power (MP). The results indicated that the maximum total reducing sugar was 386 mg/g, obtained by MSA pretreatment. The results also illustrated that the higher glucose yield, 44.3 mg/g, was found using MSH pretreatment, while the higher xylose yield, 43.1 mg/g, resulted from MSA pretreatment. The pretreatment parameters MP, ET, and SL showed different patterns of influence on glucose and xylose yield via enzymatic hydrolysis for MSA, MSH, and MSB pretreatments. The analyses of the interactive effect of the pretreatment parameters MP, ET, and SL on the glucose yield from SPB showed that it increased with the high MP and longer ET, but this was limited by low SL values. However, the analysis of the interactive effect of the pretreatment parameters on xylose yields revealed that MP had the most influence on the xylose yield for MSA, MSH, and MSB pretreatments.

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Liu, Yutao, Xicun Chai e Mingmei Chi. "Effects of a Pretreatment Combining Rubbing with Dilute Alkali on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis-Reducing Sugar Yield and Structure of Rice Straw". Transactions of the ASABE 62, n. 6 (2019): 1705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13627.

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Abstract. Current pretreatments to digest cellulose straw are characterized by high energy consumption, environmental pollution, and other problems that limit straw biomass utilization. In this work, a rice straw rubbing pretreatment that is less energy-intensive than existing pretreatments is proposed to partly destroy the silicon layer. The rubbing pretreatment did not significantly increase the enzymatic hydrolysis-reducing sugar production rate of rice straw, but it enhanced the effect of subsequent dilute alkali pretreatment. The enzymatic hydrolysis-reducing sugar production rate after combined rubbing and alkali pretreatment was 33.63%, which was significantly higher than the rates achieved with original straw and with dilute alkali pretreatment alone. Rubbing pretreatment removed 33.40% of the surface silicon from the straw. This was significantly higher than the removal rates for original straw and dilute alkali pretreatment alone, but there was no marked difference in removal rate between the rubbing pretreatment and the combined rubbing and alkali pretreatment. The results indicate that rubbing pretreatment is an effective way to promote the efficiency of alkali pretreatment, and combined rubbing and alkali pretreatment greatly enhances the efficient utilization of rice straw.Highlights33.40% of the silicon layer on the surface of rice straw was removed by the rubbing pretreatment.Cracks caused by the rubbing pretreatment are beneficial for chemical reagents to access the inner composites.The rubbing pretreatment could enhance the efficiency of follow-up treatments for rice straw. Keywords: Rice straw, Rubbing pretreatment, Silicon layer, Sugar yield, Structure.

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Hendrasetiafitri, Citasari, Yong Joo Sung e Dong-Seop Kim. "Effects of pretreatments on the chemical composition and thermal conversion of oil palm empty fruit bunch". BioResources 17, n. 2 (28 marzo 2022): 2727–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.2.2727-2742.

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The combustion of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) can cause severe fouling, slagging, and ash melt-down problems, which originate from its non-organic components such as potassium, calcium, and silicon. To improve the usability of OPEFB as raw materials for combustion energy generation, the effects of pretreatments with various solution on the chemical composition and the thermal degradation were investigated. Soaking pretreatments with alkali, acidic, and neutral conditions were applied. The acid soaking pretreatments resulted in the reduction of the alkaline ash materials, although the silicon and the chlorine were effectively reduced by the alkali or the water soaking pretreatment. The changes in the ash composition by the different pretreatment conditions resulted in the changes of thermal properties. The pretreated OPEFB showed increased thermal degradation temperatures, indicating the improvement of the thermal stability by the pretreatment. The results of the various pretreatments showed that the water soaking pretreatment of OPEFB could be a promising pretreatment method to improve the applicability for combustion as a bio-fuel, in terms of economic viability and environmental sustainability.

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Yao, Lan, Chang Geun Yoo, Yunqiao Pu, Xianzhi Meng, Wellington Muchero, Gerald A. Tuskan, Timothy J. Tschaplinski, Arthur J. Ragauskas e Haitao Yang. "Physicochemical changes of cellulose and their influences on Populus trichocarpa digestibility after different pretreatments". BioResources 14, n. 4 (21 ottobre 2019): 9658–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.9658-9676.

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Pretreatment is commonly used to reduce recalcitrance of the lignin-carbohydrate matrix. In this study, leading pretreatment technologies, including dilute sulfuric acid, liquid hot water, alkaline, and organosolv pretreatments, were applied to the selected Populus trichocarpa genotype with relatively low lignin content to elucidate cellulose physicochemical property changes and digestibility-related factors. Pretreated Populus trichocarpa (BESC 131) exhibited higher accessibility and glucose yield than the untreated biomass. Chemical composition and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis results revealed that hemicellulose and lignin were removed to a varying extent depending on the pretreatment techniques applied. The degree of polymerization of the cellulose was decreased to the largest extent after dilute acid pretreatment, followed by organosolv, alkaline, and liquid hot water pretreatments. Cellulose crystallinity index was slightly changed after the pretreatments; however, its differences were not remarkable between those pretreatment techniques. Among four different pretreatments, organosolv was the most effective pretreatment technology in terms of sugar release, which was three times higher than that of the untreated native biomass. Among all of the tested cell wall traits, the lignin content of Populus trichocarpa was the most remarkable feature associated with glucose release, though Populus trichocarpa recalcitrance was not solely dependent on any single factor.

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Liu, Chao, Rui Zhang, Jingjie Yu, Jing Chang e Wenjuan Zhang. "Comparative study of single stage and two-stage pretreatments on corn stover: A kinetic assessment". BioResources 17, n. 1 (5 gennaio 2022): 1257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.1257-1269.

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The effects of two-stage pretreatment consisting of tepid water (first stage) and FeCl3 (second stage) pretreatments on hemicellulose hydrolysis were investigated. A kinetic comparison between the single stage (FeCl3-only pretreatment) and the two-stage pretreatment was evaluated. Compared with single stage pretreatment, the two-stage pretreatment decreased the activation energy Ea of hemicellulose hydrolysis by 38.3% and decreased the optimal reaction time by 34.8%. Besides, the xylose content increased by 14.9% and the catalyst dosage decreased by 31.9% in the two-stage pretreatment. This study provided an efficient pretreatment process for hemicellulose hydrolysis.

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Schroeder, Bruna Grosch, Havva Betül İstanbullu, Matthias Schmidt, Washington Logroño, Hauke Harms e Marcell Nikolausz. "Effect of Alkaline and Mechanical Pretreatment of Wheat Straw on Enrichment Cultures from Pachnoda marginata Larva Gut". Fermentation 9, n. 1 (11 gennaio 2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010060.

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In order to partially mimic the efficient lignocellulose pretreatment process performed naturally in the gut system of Pachnoda marginata larvae, two wheat straw pretreatments were evaluated: a mechanical pretreatment via cutting the straw into two different sizes and an alkaline pretreatment with calcium hydroxide. After pretreatment, gut enrichment cultures on wheat straw at alkaline pH were inoculated and kept at mesophilic conditions over 45 days. The methanogenic community was composed mainly of the Methanomicrobiaceae and Methanosarcinaceae families. The combined pretreatment, size reduction and alkaline pretreatment, was the best condition for methane production. The positive effect of the straw pretreatment was higher in the midgut cultures, increasing the methane production by 192%, while for hindgut cultures the methane production increased only by 149% when compared to non-pretreated straw. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the alkaline pretreatment modified the surface of the wheat straw fibers, which promoted biofilm formation and microbial growth. The enrichment cultures derived from larva gut microbiome were able to degrade larger 1 mm alkaline treated and smaller 250 µm but non-pretreated straw at the same efficiency. The combination of mechanical and alkaline pretreatments resulted in increased, yet not superimposed, methane yield.

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Mahmood, Hamayoun, Saqib Mehmood, Ahmad Shakeel, Tanveer Iqbal, Mohsin Ali Kazmi, Abdul Rehman Khurram e Muhammad Moniruzzaman. "Glycerol Assisted Pretreatment of Lignocellulose Wheat Straw Materials as a Promising Approach for Fabrication of Sustainable Fibrous Filler for Biocomposites". Polymers 13, n. 3 (26 gennaio 2021): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030388.

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Glycerol pretreatment is a promising method for the environmentally-friendly transformation of lignocellulosic materials into sustainable cellulose-rich raw materials (i.e., biopolymer) to fabricate biocomposites. Here, a comparison of aqueous acidified glycerol (AAG) pretreatment of wheat straw (WS) with alkaline, hot water, and dilute acid pretreatments on the thermal and mechanical characteristics of their fabricated composite board is presented. A comparison of total energy expenditure during WS pretreatment with AAG and other solutions was estimated and a comparative influence of AAG processing on lignocellulosic constituents and thermal stability of WS fiber was studied. Results imply that AAG pretreatment was superior in generating cellulose-rich fiber (CRF) as compared to other pretreatments and enhanced the cellulose contents by 90% compared to raw WS fiber. Flexural strength of acidic (40.50 MPa) and hot water treated WS composite (38.71 MPa) was higher compared to the value of 33.57 MPa for untreated composite, but AAG-treated composites exhibited lower values of flexural strength (22.22 MPa) compared to untreated composite samples. Conversely, AAG pretreatment consumed about 56% lesser energy for each kg of WS processed as compared to other pretreatments. These findings recognize that glycerol pretreatment could be a clean and new pretreatment strategy to convert agricultural waste into high-quality CRF as a sustainable raw material source for engineered biocomposite panels.

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Alba-Galvín, Juan, Leandro González-Rovira, Manuel Bethencourt, Francisco Botana e José Sánchez-Amaya. "Influence of Aerospace Standard Surface Pretreatment on the Intermetallic Phases and CeCC of 2024-T3 Al-Cu Alloy". Metals 9, n. 3 (12 marzo 2019): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030320.

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A standard three-step surface pretreatment employed in the aerospace sector for Al alloys have been investigated prior to the generation of cerium conversion coatings (CeCC) on aluminium-copper alloy 2024. Two pretreatments were analysed, one without final acid etching (Pretreatment 1) and another with this step (Pretreatment 2). Both pretreatments affect the alloy intermetallic phases, playing a key role in the development of the CeCC, and also in the susceptibility to localised corrosion in NaCl medium. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) revealed that after Pretreatment 2, Al(Cu,Mg) phases were partially or totally removed through dealloying with their subsequent copper enrichment. Conversely, none of these intermetallic phases were affected when the final acid step was not employed (Pretreatment 1). Meanwhile, Al-Cu-Fe-Mn-(Si) phases, the other major Al–Cu alloys intermetallics, suffers minor changes through the whole pretreatments chain. The protective efficiency of CeCC was evaluated using electrochemical techniques based on linear polarisation (LP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Samples with CeCC deposited after the Pretreatment 1 gave higher polarisation resistance and impedance module than CeCC deposited after Pretreatment 2. SEM-EDX and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS) indicate that the main factors explaining the corrosion resistance of the coatings is the existence of Al(Cu,Mg) intermetallics in the surface of the alloy, which promote the deposition of a cerium-based coating rich in Ce4+ compounds. These Al(Cu,Mg) intermetallics were kept in the 2024 alloy when acid etching was not employed (Pretreatment 1).

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Rezania, Shahabaldin, Hossein Alizadeh, Jinwoo Cho, Negisa Darajeh, Junboum Park, Beshare Hashemi, Mohd Fadhil Md Din et al. "Changes in composition and structure of water hyacinth based on various pretreatment methods". BioResources 14, n. 3 (12 giugno 2019): 6088–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6088-6099.

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The deconstruction of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin has varying effects on lignocellulosic biomass. To understand and evaluate these effects it is important to conduct compositional and structural analyses. In this study, the effect of different pretreatments on the composition and structure of water hyacinth (WH) was investigated. The pretreatment methods investigated were acid, alkali, ionic liquid (IL), and microwave-alkali. The structural analysis was completed before and after the pretreatment using scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the biomass recovery rate was measured to evaluate the composition of the WH biomass. Based on the results, all pretreatment methods effectively disrupted the crystalline structure and enhanced the digestibility of the WH through increasing the cellulose and hemicellulose content and reducing the lignin content. The acid pretreatment resulted in high cellulose digestibility while the microwave-alkali pretreatment destroyed only the lignin structure of the WH. The alkali and IL pretreatments increased the cellulose and hemicellulose content of the WH. The highest recovery rate was obtained via IL pretreatment. The acid, microwave-alkali, and alkali pretreatments had the second, third, and fourth highest recovery rates, respectively. This study showed that the biomass recovery rate, compositional makeup, and structural analysis are important to use WH for bioenergy production.

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Tesi sul tema "Pretreatment"

Xu, Bingjie. "Improved Membrane Pretreatment by Floatation". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32614.

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Coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation is a common pretreatment process prior to microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF) to alleviate membrane fouling, however there has been limited research on floatation as the pretreatment separation process. The main objective of this study is to compare sedimentation with floatation as part of the pretreatment for ultrafiltration of Ottawa River water (ORW) with relatively high natural organic matter (NOM) content. Water samples pretreated at two full-scale plants were subjected to multiple-day UF membrane fouling tests (constant flux with backwash and chemical cleaning) using an automated bench-scale UF hollow fiber membrane system. For all the experiments, the transmembrane pressure (TMP) increased sharply during the beginning of the operation (~10 h), which indicated the adsorption was significant. In the later cycles, the TMP showed a more linear constant increase, which indicated the built up of the cake layers. The total fouling index (TFI), hydraulically irreversible fouling index (HIFI) and chemical irreversible fouling index (CIFI) for floated water were much smaller than those of settled waters during both summer and winter testing. Thus, for this type of water coagulation/floatation pretreatment was superior process compared to coagulation/sedimentation, the decreased fouling appears to be linked to greater hydrophobic NOM removal by the coagulation/floatation. For all the tests, HIFI/TFIs were less than 0.1, which is to mean most of the fouling was reversible by hydraulic backwashing.Large fluctuation of backwash efficiencies with time were found for all the tested waters. Enhanced chemical backwash with 100 ppm chlorine and chemical clean with 0.1N NaOH & 200 ppm chlorine were found to be very effective at reducing fouling for pretreated ORW. As expected longer filtration cycles resulted in greater fouling but with a slightly greater degree of hydraulically reversible fouling.

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Wang, Liqian. "Different Pretreatments to Enhance Biogas Production : A comparison of thermal, chemical and ultrasonic methods". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Ekologi och miljövetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-16190.

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Ikiz, Nida. "Field investigation of anti-icing/pretreatment". Ohio : Ohio University, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1176405449.

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Nkansah-Boadu, Frank. "Delectric heating pretreatment of organic slurries". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45627.

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Badir, Amir. "Thermal pretreatment of municipal solid waste". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17615.

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A kinetic study of the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) was carried out bythermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Different runs were performed at heating rates of 5, 10and 150C/min. The effect of the N2, CO2 and O2 gas with different combination in theprocess was also evaluated. The results show that the most weight loss was obtained whenthe MSW was treated at a temperature interval of (20-750)0C which led to a weigh loss of95%. The kinetic study of the pyrolysis process showed also the gas mixture used in theprocess effect also the activation energy of the process and the presence of the CO2 in theincreased the activation energy (Ea) to 56 kJ/mol. Higher concentration of CO2 in the processlead to increase in the activation energy which is not optimal for the reaction. The treated andthe untreated samples were incubated and the biological activity was observed. The resultsshow that the pretreated samples did not have any biological activity. From these results itcould be concluded that the thermal pretreatment could be an alternative way for of waste forlong period of time, which could have significant impact in i.e. for transportation anddurability during storage.
Program: Högskoleingenjörsutbildning i kemiteknik

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Brandt, Agnieszka. "Ionic liquid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9166.

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This thesis is concerned with the thermal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass using ionic liquids for the purpose of comminution via dissolution, for fractionating the biological composite and for obtaining aqueous solutions of carbohydrate monomers from the pulp via enzymatic hydrolysis. A major focus was the relationship between the choice of the anion and the effectiveness of the treatment. The synthesis of a range of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with strongly hydrogen-bond basic anions was accomplished. Selected, process-relevant physicochemical properties were measured, such as the Kamlet-Taft solvent polarity, hygroscopicity and thermal stability. It was shown that 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate is not stable at 120°C, while other ionic liquids e.g. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate exhibit very good long-term thermal stability. It was shown that hydrogen-bond basic 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids attract more than stoichiometric quantities of water when exposed to air, suggesting that ionic liquid pretreatment under anhydrous conditions is difficult to achieve. Dissolution of air-dried wood chips in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids was attempted. It was shown that the large particle size and the moisture contained in the biomass hamper complete dissolution. The hydrogen-bond basicity of the ionic liquid, described by the Kamlet-Taft parameter ß, was correlated with the ability to expand as well as partially and anisotropically dissolve wood chips. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium methyl sulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate was explored and high saccharification yields were reported. It was found that successful application of methyl sulfate and hydrogen sulfate ionic liquids requires addition of water and that comparatively high water contents are tolerated. Fractionation of lignocellulose into an insoluble cellulose fraction, a solubilised hemicellulose fraction and a lignin containing precipitate was achieved. The influence of water content, pretreatment time and biomass type on the enzymatic saccharification yield and the extent of hemicellulose solubilisation, hydrolysis and dehydration were examined.

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Patterson, Candace L. "Pretreatment Role Expectations, Alliance, and Outcome". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1276547700.

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Sierra, Ramirez Rocio. "Long-term lime pretreatment of poplar wood". Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3316.

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Lignocellulosic biomass (e.g., poplar wood) provides a unique and sustainable resource for environmentally safe organic fuels and chemicals. The core of this study is the pretreatment step involved in bioconversion processes. Pretreatment is required to realize high yields vital to commercial success. The focus of the pretreatment step is to methodically change key features of the biomass to favor enzymatic hydrolysis. This work assesses the compositional changes due to oxidative and non-oxidative longterm lime pretreatment of poplar wood (up to 4 weeks of pretreatment) at mild temperatures (25ºC to 65ºC), and their effect on the enzymatic yield of glucan and xylan. The most important pretreatment yield of lignin was 54 g lignin remaining/100 g lignin in raw biomass, and was accomplished for 4-week lime pretreatment at 65ºC in oxidative conditions. The corresponding pretreatment yields of glucan and xylan were 85.9 g glucan recovered/100 g glucan in raw biomass and 80.2 g xylan recovered/100 g xylan in raw biomass respectively. For poplar wood oxidatively pretreated with lime for 4 weeks at 65ºC and enzymatically hydrolyzed with an enzyme loading of 15 FPU/g glucan in raw biomass during a 3-day period, the best overall yields of glucan and xylan, were 80.7 g glucan hydrolyzed/100 g glucan in raw biomass and 66.9 g xylan hydrolyzed/100 g xylan in raw biomass respectively. The corresponding hydrolysis yields were 94.0 g glucan hydrolyzed/100 g glucan in treated biomass and 83.5 g xylan hydrolyzed/100 g xylan in treated biomass respectively. Because there is a previous study of long-term lime pretreatment of corn stover (Kim, 2004), the data obtained in this work show the effect of using woody lignocellulose as substrate. From the comparison, resulted that in the case of poplar wood oxidatively pretreated at 65ºC for 4 weeks, less lignin was removed and more carbohydrates were solubilized, however the hydrolysis yield of glucan was almost equal and the hydrolysis yield of xylan was higher than the reported by Kim for corn stover oxidatively pretreated at 55ºC for 4 weeks. The overall yield of glucan resulted lower in the case of poplar wood because of the lower pretreatment yield of glucan. Thus, it is important to complete the mass balances including an analysis on the pretreatment liquor to determine if the solubilized glucan was degraded.

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Corredor, Deisy Y. "Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass". Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/693.

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Mohr, David Larry. "Pretreatment and pyrolysis of polyorganosilazane preceramic binders". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8626.

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Libri sul tema "Pretreatment"

Rowley, Lisa H. Selenium pretreatment study. Denver, Colo: Applied Sciences Branch, Research and Laboratory Services Division, Denver Office, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1991.

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Pizzi, Nicholas G. Pretreatment field guide. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 2007.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water e Water Environment Federation, a cura di. The Pretreatment training course. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1997.

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Herkommer, M. Pretreatment of aluminium alloys. Manchester: UMIST, 1993.

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Water Environment Federation. Task Force on Pretreatment of Industrial Wastes., Water Environment Federation. Facilities Development Subcommittee. e Water Environment Federation. Industrial Wastes Committee., a cura di. Pretreatment of industrial wastes. Alexandria, Va: Water Environment Federation, 1994.

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Anderson, Richard. Sample pretreatment and separation. A cura di Chapman N. B. 1916- e ACOL (Project). Chichester [West Sussex]: Published on behalf of ACOL, Thames Polytechnic, London, by Wiley, 1987.

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Pretreatment for enhanced anaerobic technology. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Scrivener, 2012.

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J, MacDonald D., a cura di. Pretreatment of bauxite with hydrogen. Washington, D.C. (2401 E St., N.W., MS #9800, Washington 20241-0001): U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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J, MacDonald D., a cura di. Pretreatment of bauxite with hydrogen. Washington, DC: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.

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Fang, Zhen, a cura di. Pretreatment Techniques for Biofuels and Biorefineries. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32735-3.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Pretreatment"

Aquaprox. "Pretreatment". In Treatment of Cooling Water, 29–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01985-2_5.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Pretreatment". In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 587. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9427.

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Lacasse, Katia, e Werner Baumann. "Pretreatment". In Textile Chemicals, 84–155. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18898-5_4.

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Ludwig, Heinz. "Pretreatment". In Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination Volume 2, 19–236. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81927-9_2.

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Voutchkov, Nikolay. "Pretreatment". In A Multidisciplinary Introduction to Desalination, 201–35. New York: River Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003336914-9.

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Saville, Bradley A. "Pretreatment Options". In Plant Biomass Conversion, 199–226. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470959138.ch9.

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Ward, A. S. "Pretreatment Processes". In Mathematical Models and Design Methods in Solid-Liquid Separation, 170–206. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5091-7_8.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Chemical Pretreatment". In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 137. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2250.

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Nahler, Gerhard. "pretreatment phase". In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 146. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_1115.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Pretreatment Primer". In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 587. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9428.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Pretreatment"

Yang, Yang, Timothy Deines, Meng Zhang, Ke Zhang e Donghai Wang. "Supercritical CO2 Pretreatment of Cellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production: Effects of Biomass Particle Size". In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6656.

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Biofuel derived from cellulosic biomass is a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based fuel. Pretreatment is an essential step in biofuel production because it accounts for more than 20% of the inputs. Furthermore, particle size reduction as a preprocessing step prior to pretreatment exerts a substantial impact on all following processes. Many studies have investigated the effects of biomass particle size on sugar yield after conventional pretreatments of biomass such as alkaline and dilute acid pretreatments. The similar trends have shown that smaller biomass particle size results in higher sugar yield. Supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) pretreatment has been applied at 1450 psi, 120 °C for 30 mins in this study as a pretreatment method for biofuel production from cellulosic biomass. As a recyclable green-chemistry method, SC-CO2 pretreatment offers many advantages such as no toxic chemicals added and low-cost input. The objective of this study is to understand the effects of particle size on sugar yield after SC-CO2 pretreatment. Three particle size: 1 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm were used for size reduction of corn stover. Ethanol and water were used as co-solvents to enhance SC-CO2 pretreatment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed and it is found that, after SC-CO2 pretreatment, the sugar yields differ significantly between 1 mm and 2 mm, 1 mm and 4 mm. In contrast, there is no significant difference between 2 mm and 4 mm after SC-CO2 pretreatment. 1 mm particle produced the highest sugar yield of 0.115 g glucose per 1 g of dry biomass which is 16.62% and 10.39% higher than the 4 mm and 2 mm corn stover biomass produced.

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Yang, Yang, Mingman Sun, Timothy Deines, Meng Zhang, Jun Li e Donghai Wang. "Effects of Particle Size on Biomass Pretreatment for Biofuel Production". In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-2916.

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Abstract Biofuel production needs to be more efficient than its current status to increase its competitiveness. The multistep biofuel production is consisted of processes on biomass preprocessing and bioconversion stages. As a crucial parameter, biomass particle size has significant effects on both stages. It is essential to have an insightful understanding of the effects of particle size on sugar yield. Although numerous studies have been performed to meet this objective, there is no commonly accepted guideline on how to select particle size. One possible reason for this gap is the effects of particle size vary when different biomass pretreatment methods are employed. In this study, an assessment on the relationship between particle size and sugar yield was performed for four pretreatment methods. Three particle sizes (1, 4, and 8 mm) of corn stover and switchgrass biomass were used in supercritical CO2, dilute acid (H2SO4), dilute alkaline (Na2CO3), and metal oxide (MgO) pretreatments. Biomass compositional analyses were conducted before and after each pretreatment. Pretreatment solid recovery and sugar recovery rates were calculated. Enzymatic hydrolysis sugar yield and efficiency were used to evaluate the performance of hydrolysis and total sugar yield was used to interpret how much sugar a unit dry weight of biomass (before pretreatment) can yield through pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis combined. It was found that particle size was a weak indicator of enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. There was little value in reducing particle size below 8 mm in order to overcome the resistance imposed by biomass structure on cellulose and xylan hydrolysis.

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Simpson, Mark, e Michel Sudour. "Advances in Aluminum Pretreatment". In SAE 2004 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-1669.

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BICHOT, Aurélie, Jean Philippe DELGENES, Marilena RADOIU e Diana GARCIA BERNET. "MICROWAVE PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS TO RELEASE MAXIMUM PHENOLIC ACIDS". In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9629.

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The objectives fixed by world’s governments concerning energy transition have aroused interest on lignocellulosic biomass utilization for bioenergy and green chemistry applications. However, due to their resistant structure, deconstructive pretreatments are necessary to render possible biological conversions of these lignocellulosic residues. Microwave (MW) treatment has been reported as efficient in many biotechnology fields; biomass pretreatment for biorefinery purposes is another possible application. This work presents the effects of MW pretreatment on underexploited natural agri-food biomass of economic interest: wheat bran, miscanthus stalks and corn stalks. Various parameters were studied including solvent, power density, treatment duration, pressure. Effects were evaluated by a complete biomass characterization before and after treatment, with main focus on phenolic acids release. In the tested conditions and when compared to the high NaOH consumption reference extraction method for phenolic acids, the atmospheric pressure (open vessel) microwave treatment did not allow attaining high acid yields (Fig.1). The most important parameters for improving treatment efficiency were power density and solvent. In order to increase yields, microwave treatments under pressure were carried out to reach higher temperatures while taking care as to not exceed the acid denaturation temperature (150°C) and to avoid the formation of inhibitors. Phenolic acids yields and biomass composition are currently being processed and will be discussed.

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Herlacher, Martin F. "Automated Pretreatment of Electroplating Waste". In Annual Aerospace/Airline Plating and Metal Finishing Forum and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/880864.

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Sullivan, Gary M. "Pretreatment of SMC for Painting". In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/920803.

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Lihong Liu, Zhanni Li, Hanbing Cao e Benli Liu. "Abrasive jet surface pretreatment equipment". In Environment (ICMREE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmree.2011.5930682.

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Easton, Jeff. "Understanding and Operating Pretreatment Systems". In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/pid-25617.

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Abstract As demand for high and ultra pure water increases, enhanced performance from pretreatment systems become more and more necessary. When operated at full potential, pretreatment systems can greatly improve downstream unit processes, however many pretreatment systems become a mysterious “black box” that are often neglected. Proper training and understanding of the intricacies of pretreatment variables and constraints is a valuable resource for any system operator. This paper discusses the application of true solids contact clarification and multi-media filtration in lime softening and turbidity reduction applications. Basic mechanical and process features as well as testing, instrumentation and control parameters will be covered. Terminology and analysis techniques for optimization will be introduced. The objective of this paper is to give the plant operator the understanding necessary to optimize the effluent quality and operability of the solids contact clarifier and multi-media filter pretreatment system.

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Salhi, K., E. M. Jaara e M. Talibi Alaoui. "Pretreatment Approaches for Texture Image Segmentation". In 2016 13th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization (CGiV). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cgiv.2016.50.

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Wei-zhuo, Wang. "Study on Pretreatment of Coking Wastewater". In AASRI International Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (IEA 2015). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iea-15.2015.129.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Pretreatment"

Adom, Felix K., Jennifer B. Dunn e Jeongwoo Han. GREET Pretreatment Module. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1172036.

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Barker, S. A., C. K. Thornhill e L. K. Jr Holton. Pretreatment Technology Plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10176465.

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HAMILTON, D. W. HANFORD MEDIUM & LOW CURIE WASTE PRETREATMENT PROJECT PRETREATMENT PROCESS PLAN. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/875999.

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Ross, D. S. Hydrothermal pretreatment of coal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6013254.

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Loo, Bock, e D. S. Ross. Hydrothermal pretreatment of coal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6501742.

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Graff, R. A., e V. Balogh-Nair. Steam pretreatment for coal liquefaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5013716.

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van Walsum, G. Peter, Kemantha Jayawardhana, Damon Yourchisin, Robert McWilliams e Vanessa Castleberry. Carbonic Acid Pretreatment of Biomass. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maggio 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/882226.

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Graff, R. A., e V. Balogh-Nair. Steam pretreatment for coal liquefaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5146965.

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Silvernail, Nathan J., Jeffery L. Stalker e Thor Lingenfelter. Environmentally Friendly Zirconium Oxide Pretreatment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, maggio 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada600415.

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Robinson, S. M., e F. J. Homan. Cost comparison for REDC pretreatment project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), giugno 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/631167.

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