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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Predators"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 21 febbraio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Predators"

Hillesland, Kristina L., Gregory J. Velicer e Richard E. Lenski. "Experimental evolution of a microbial predator's ability to find prey". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, n. 1656 (ottobre 2008): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1098.

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Foraging theory seeks to explain how the distribution and abundance of prey influence the evolution of predatory behaviour, including the allocation of effort to searching for prey and handling them after they are found. While experiments have shown that many predators alter their behaviour phenotypically within individual lifetimes, few have examined the actual evolution of predatory behaviour in light of this theory. Here, we test the effects of prey density on the evolution of a predator's searching and handling behaviours using a bacterial predator, Myxococcus xanthus . Sixteen predator populations evolved for almost a year on agar surfaces containing patches of Escherichia coli prey at low or high density. Improvements in searching rate were significantly greater in those predators that evolved at low prey density. Handling performance also improved in some predator populations, but prey density did not significantly affect the magnitude of these gains. As the predators evolved greater foraging proficiency, their capacity diminished to produce fruiting bodies that enable them to survive prolonged periods of starvation. More generally, these results demonstrate that predators evolve behaviours that reflect at least some of the opportunities and limitations imposed by the distribution and abundance of their prey.

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Daniell, Tara L., Mark N. Hutchinson, Phil Ainsley e Michael G. Gardner. "Recognition of reptile predator scent is innate in an endangered lizard species". Australian Journal of Zoology 68, n. 2 (2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo20064.

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Chemical cues can alert prey to the presence of predators before the predator is within visual proximity. Recognition of a predator’s scent is therefore an important component of predator awareness. We presented predator and control scents to wild, wild-born captive, and predator-naive captive-born pygmy bluetongue lizards to determine (1) whether lizards respond to reptile chemical cues differently from controls, (2) whether captive lizards respond more strongly to a known predator than to other predatory reptiles, (3) whether captive-born lizards recognise predators innately, whether captive-born lizards have reduced predator recognition compared with wild lizards and whether time spent in captivity reduces responses to predators, and (4) whether the avoidance response to predator detection differs between naive and experienced lizards. There was no significant difference in the number of tongue flicks to predator scent among wild, wild-born and captive-born lizards, suggesting that predator detection is innate in the pygmy bluetongue lizard and time in captivity did not reduce predator recognition. The number of tongue flicks directed towards brown snake scent was significantly higher than that to the novel and water controls for all lizard origins. Lizards of all origins continued to bask in the presence of predator scents, suggesting that chemical cues alone may be insufficient to instigate an avoidance response and other cues may be required.

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Mogali, Santosh M., Srinivas K. Saidapur e Bhagyashri A. Shanbhag. "Behavioral responses of tadpoles of Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Anura: Bufonidae) to cues of starved and fed dragonfly larvae". Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 19, n. 1 (29 giugno 2020): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v19i1p93-98.

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Behavioral responses of tadpoles of Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Anura: Bufonidae) to cues of starved and fed dragonfly larvae. Tadpoles of Duttaphrynus melanostictus use chemoreception to detect kairomonal cues and excretory metabolites from predatory anuran tadpoles (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) that consume them. We describe here the behavioral responses of tadpoles of D. melanostictus to predatory dragonfly larvae (Pantala flavescens). The predator’s kairomones (water conditioned by the starved predator) or its diet-derived metabolites released in excreta of predator after consumption of conspecific prey tadpoles were used to simulate predation risk. The tadpoles of D. melanostictus had no behavioral response to predator kairomones. However, the larvae reduced swimming movements and overall time spent in swimming, and had a higher burst speed/swimming velocity in response to water borne cues released from the excreta of predators fed conspecific prey. Thus, just the presence of dragonfly larvae does not elicit defense behaviors in tadpoles of D. melanostictus, but when predation risk is recognized as real (i.e., when tadpoles are exposed to excretory metabolites of predators fed conspecific tadpoles), defense behaviors are activated.

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Ferrari, Maud C. O., Adega Gonzalo, François Messier e Douglas P. Chivers. "Generalization of learned predator recognition: an experimental test and framework for future studies". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, n. 1620 (22 maggio 2007): 1853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0297.

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While some prey species possess an innate recognition of their predators, others require learning to recognize their predators. The specific characteristics of the predators that prey learn and whether prey can generalize this learning to similar predatory threats have been virtually ignored. Here, we investigated whether fathead minnows that learned to chemically recognize a specific predator species as a threat has the ability to generalize their recognition to closely related predators. We found that minnows trained to recognize the odour of a lake trout as a threat (the reference predator) generalized their responses to brook trout (same genus as lake trout) and rainbow trout (same family), but did not generalize to a distantly related predatory pike or non-predatory suckers. We also found that the intensity of antipredator responses to the other species was correlated with the phylogenetic distance to the reference predator; minnows responded with a higher intensity response to brook trout than rainbow trout. This is the first study showing that prey have the ability to exhibit generalization of predator odour recognition. We discuss these results and provide a theoretical framework for future studies of generalization of predator recognition.

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MacDonald, F. H., G. P. Walker, N. J. Larsen e A. R. Wallace. "Naturally occurring predators of Bactericera cockerelli in potatoes". New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (1 agosto 2010): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6583.

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In recent intensive sampling of insecticidefree potatoes at Pukekohe several insect predators and spiders have been found in association with the new pest Bactericera cockerelli tomatopotato psyllid (TPP) Micromus tasmaniae (brown lacewing) Melanostoma fasciatum (small hover fly) Coccinella undecimpunctata (11spotted ladybird) and sheet web spiders (Linyphiidae) were collected from potatoes at Pukekohe Research Station and reared in the laboratory to assess their potential as predators against TPP nymphs Individual predators were presented every 24 h to a maximum of 10 TPP nymphs of different instars ranging from 2nd to 4th instar depending on the size of the predator All predator species fed on TPP nymphs and all predatory life stages were capable of consuming more than five nymphs per day Ongoing studies with these species show that all predatory life stages of all predatory species feed on all life stages of TPP Together with separate data on predator incidence these results suggest that naturally occurring predators are likely to be important biological control agents of TPP particularly early in the season when TPP infestations are low

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Mendes, Jairo A., Debora B. Lima, Eduardo P. Sousa Neto, Manoel G. C. Gondim Jr e Jose Wagner S. Melo. "Functional response of Amblyseius largoensis to Raoiella indica eggs is mediated by previous feeding experience". Systematic and Applied Acarology 23, n. 10 (5 ottobre 2018): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.23.10.3.

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The mechanisms involved in the acceptance and choice of prey by predatory mites are still poorly understood. The present study was designed to determine whether previous feeding experience of Amblyseius largoensis (Muma) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) eggs could influence the predator’s functional response and related parameters. The consumption of R. indica eggs by experienced and naïve female A. largoensis was evaluated under increasing densities of eggs. Regardless of the predators’ previous experience, a gradual increase in the number of eggs consumed and a tendency to stabilize at higher densities were observed. Proportionally, egg consumption decreased with increasing egg densities, indicating a type II functional response for both experienced and naïve predators. Experienced and naïve predators also had the same attack rate. However, naïve predators had a handling time almost 50% longer than experienced predators and showed lower variation in egg consumption and lower peak egg consumption. The results of the present study demonstrate that previous feeding experience may alter parameters of the functional response of A. largoensis to R. indica eggs but not the type of response. Possibly, longer associations between native populations of A. largoensis and R. indica results in more aggressive predator populations.

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Mirza, Reehan S., e Douglas P. Chivers. "Predator diet cues and the assessment of predation risk by juvenile brook charr: do diet cues enhance survival?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2003): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-225.

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Recent studies have shown that predator diet cues provide important information that prey animals can use to assess predation risk. Predator-naïve prey animals may even learn to recognize unknown predators when they detect conspecific cues in the predator's diet. We examined the importance of predator diet cues in the responses of juvenile brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) to chemical cues of predators. In our first experiment, we showed that charr respond to chemical cues of adult yellow perch (Perca flavescens) that were fed a diet of either brook charr or rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), but not to perch fed a diet of brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans). Responses to diet cues from perch fed both charr and trout may indicate that charr are responding to evolutionarily conserved salmonid alarm cues in the predator's diet. In a second experiment, we exposed charr to chemical cues from predatory northern pike (Esox lucius) that were fed charr, trout, or stickleback. Live-predation trials revealed that charr exposed to diet cues from pike fed salmonids exhibited higher survival than charr exposed to diet cues from pike fed a non-salmonid. These results are the first to document a survival benefit for prey exhibiting behavioural responses to predator diet cues.

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Brown, Joel S., Keren Embar, Eric Hancock e Burt P. Kotler. "Predators risk injury too: the evolution of derring-do in a predator–prey foraging game". Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 62, n. 3-4 (18 maggio 2016): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2016.1207298.

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Derring-do is how aggressive a predator is in stalking and capturing prey. We model predator–prey interactions in which prey adjust vigilance behavior to mitigate risk of predation and predators their derring-do to manage risk of injury from capturing prey. High derring-do increases a predator's likelihood of capturing prey, but at higher risk of injury to itself. For fixed predator derring-do, prey increase vigilance in response to predator abundance, predator lethality, and predator encounter probability with prey and decrease vigilance with their own feeding rate; there is a humped-shaped relationship between prey vigilance and effectiveness of vigilance. For fixed prey vigilance, predators increase derring-do with the abundance of prey and predator lethality and decrease it with benefit of vigilance to prey and level of prey vigilance. When both prey and predator are behaviorally flexible, a predator–prey foraging game ensues whose solution represents an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). At the ESS, prey provide themselves with a public good as their vigilance causes predators to decrease derring-do. Conversely, predators have negative indirect effects on themselves as their derring-do causes prey to be more vigilant. These behavioral feedbacks create negative intra-specific interaction coefficients. Increasing the population size of prey (or predators) now has a direct negative effect on the prey (or predators). Both effects help stabilize predator–prey dynamics. Besides highlighting a common way by which predators may experience a food-safety tradeoff via dangerous prey, the model suggests why natural selection favors even small defensive measures by prey and hulky predators.

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Brooker, Rohan M., e Danielle L. Dixson. "Comparable cross-taxa risk perception by means of chemical cues in marine and freshwater crustaceans". Marine and Freshwater Research 68, n. 4 (2017): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16062.

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Rapid identification of predation risk and modification of subsequent behaviour is essential for prey survival. In low-visibility aquatic environments, chemical cues emitted by hetero- and conspecific organisms may be an important information source if they identify risk or alternatively, indicate safety or resource availability. This study tested whether ecologically similar shrimp from disparate habitats have a comparable ability to identify predators from a range of taxa based on chemical cues. Shrimp from both temperate marine (Palaemon affinis) and tropical freshwater habitats (Caridina typus) exhibited similar behavioural responses, avoiding chemical cues from predatory heterospecifics, showing no response to non-predatory heterospecific cues, and preferring conspecific cues. These chemical cues also affected habitat selection, with structurally complex microhabitats favoured in the presence of predator cues but avoided in the presence of conspecific cues. The ability to differentiate predators from non-predators irrespective of taxa suggests identification might be due to the predator’s diet. An ability to alter behaviour based on vision-independent perception of ambient risk is likely to reduce capture risk while allowing individuals to maximise time spent on essential processes such as foraging.

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Cooper, Scott D., Daniel W. Smith e James R. Bence. "Prey Selection by Freshwater Predators with Different Foraging Strategies". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, n. 11 (1 novembre 1985): 1720–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-216.

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We observed several freshwater predators, including the odonate larvae Pachydiplax longipennis and Anax junius, the hemipterans Notonecta unifasciata and Buenoa scimitra, the dytiscid larva Acilius semisulcatus, and juvenile Gambusia affinis, feeding on a variety of microcrustacean prey and determined the frequency of the component parts of predator–prey interactions (encounter, attack, capture, ingestion). Encounter rates were the most important determinant of predator selectivity when predators were presented with a variety of microcrustacean prey. When only copepod species were used as prey, however, both encounter rates and capture success were important in determining predator diets. We used our data to test hypotheses concerning relationships between predator foraging mode and patterns of prey selection: mobile predators exhibited stronger selection for sedentary prey than did sit-and-wait predators; our own and literature data also indicated that macroinvertebrate sit-and-wait predators are better able to capture, and have higher selectivity for evasive prey than do mobile predators. A predator's attack acceleration, however, may be a better predictor of its selectivity for evasive versus nonevasive prey than its mean swimming speed.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Predators"

Garza, Mark Isaac. "Predator induced defenses in prey with diverse predators". Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3309.

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Phenotypic plasticity is an environmentally based change in phenotype and can be adaptive. Often, the change in an organism's phenotype is induced by the presence of a predator and serves as a defense against that predator. Defensive phenotypes are induced in freshwater physid snails in response to both crayfish and molluscivorous fish. Alternative morphologies are produced depending on which of these two predators snails are raised with, thus protecting them from each of these predators' unique mode of predation. Snails and other mollusks have been shown to produce thicker, differently shaped shells when found with predators relative to those found without predators. This production of thicker, differently shaped shells offers better protection against predators because of increased predator resistance. The first study in this thesis explores costs and limits to plasticity using the snailfish- crayfish system. I exposed juvenile physid snails (using a family structure) to either early or late shifts in predation regimes to assess whether developmental flexibility is equally possible early and late in development. Physid snails were observed to produce alternative defensive morphologies when raised in the presence of each of the two predators. All families responded similarly to the environment in which they were raised. Morphology was found to be heritable, but plasticity itself was not heritable. Morphology was found to become less flexible as snails progressed along their respective developmental pathways. In the second study, I raised physid snails with and without shell-crushing sunfish and examined the differences in shell thickness, shell mass, shell size and shell microstructural properties between the two treatment groups. Shells of snails raised with predators were found to be larger, thicker and more massive than those raised without predators, but differences in microstructure were found to be insignificant. I conclude that the observed shell thickening is accomplished by the snails' depositing more of the same material into their shells and not by producing a more complex shell composition.

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Lourenço, Rui Nascimento Fazenda. "Predatory interactions among vertebrate top predators superpredation and intraguild predation by large raptors". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14789.

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Nesta tese estudaram-se as interacções predatórias entre vertebrados predadores de topo (predação intraguilda e superpredação), utilizando quatro aves de rapina de grande porte como modelos de superpredadores: Bufo-real, Açor, Águia-real, e Águia de Bonelli. A superpredação em aves de rapina é um fenómeno abrangente, que pode variar entre espécies, e mais frequente em paisagens mais humanizadas. Os meso-predadores não são recursos energeticamente relevantes para as aves de rapina, e o seu consumo está associado à diversificação da dieta resultante da diminuição das presas habituais. A eliminação de competidores e potenciais predadores são outros factores que podem aumentar a frequência da superpredação. O aumento da percentagem de meso-predadores na dieta está associado a menor sucesso reprodutor e maiores níveis de acumulação de mercúrio nas aves de rapina. O risco de predação pode levar um meso-predador (Coruja-do-mato) a diminuir a sua actividade vocal de modo a estar menos exposto ao predador intraguilda; ABSTRACT: This thesis analyses predatory interactions among vertebrate top predadores (intraguild predation and superpredation), using four large raptors as superpredator models: eagle owl, goshawk, golden eagle and Bonelli's eagle. Superpredation in raptors is a widespread phenomenon, that can vary between species, and that is more frequent in human-altered landscapes. Mesopredators are not energetically relevant resources for raptors, and their consumption is related to diet diversification as a result of the decline of staple prey. Competitor and predator removal are additional factors that can cause an increase in superpredation rates. The increase of mesopredators in the diet of raptors is associated to lower breeding success and higher levels of mercury contamination. Predation risk can drive a mesopredator (tawny owl) to reduce its vocal activity in order to be less exposed to its intraguild predator.

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Vankeuren, Jody L. "Parasites Predators and Symbionts". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1619475426952694.

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Howe, Jeff. ""Predators" a short story collection". Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/32025.

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Thesis (M.F.A.)--Boston University. Please note: creative writing theses are permanently embargoed in OpenBU. No public access is forecasted for these. To request private access, please click on the locked Download file link and fill out the appropriate web form.
2031-01-02

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Sitvarin, Michael Ian. "Behavioral and ecological consequences of multiple intraguild predators and connections between predators, prey, and ecosystem function". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1408538928.

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Lannsjö, Fredrik, Lionel Nurweze e Kristina Sörensen. "Modeling the Dynamics of Cooperative Predators". Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103624.

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The focus of this thesis is the modeling of cooperative predators hunting ocks of animals. The modeling is based on biological studies of the behavior of speci c predators and their preys, lions and zebras for this case. General rules are established in order to model the overall hunting and escape strategies, with a focus on the former. The dynamics of the predator during the hunt are modeled using the unicycle model applied locally, i.e., applied to each agent. The cooperation is taken into account by considering the system as a multi-agent system. Subsequently, a computer simulation based on the mathematical models is constructed and numerous simulations performed. The results from the simulations are then compared to biological studies in order to assess the validity of the model. Keywords: Multi-agent, unicycle model, mathematical modeling, cooperative predator dynamics, bio-mimicry
Huvudsyftet med den har uppsatsen ar att modellera samarbetande rovdjur i jakten efter bytesdjur. Modellen baseras pa biologiska studier av sarskilda rovdjur och deras bytesdjur, mer speci kt, lejon och zebror. Baserat pa dessa fakta skapas generella regler for att kunna beskriva beteenden vid jakt och ykt, med fokus pa det forstnamnda. Systemet behandlas som ett multi-agent system darfor och generaliseras sedan systemet ar ett multi-agent system och dynamiken hos det enskilda rovdjuret beskrivs med hjalp av en unicycle model som appliceras lokalt. Vidare gors en datorsimulering baserad pa denna matematiska model. Resultaten fran simuleringarna jamfors sedan med biologiska studier, for att utvardera modellens giltighet. Nyckelord: Multi-agent, unicycle model, matematisk modellering, bio-mimicry

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Jones, Esther Lane. "Spatial ecology of marine top predators". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12278.

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Species distribution maps can provide important information to focus conservation efforts and enable spatial management of human activities. Two sympatric marine predators, grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), have overlapping ranges but contrasting population dynamics around the UK; whilst grey seals have generally increased, harbour seals have shown significant regional declines. A robust analytical methodology was developed to produce maps of grey and harbour seal usage estimates with corresponding uncertainty, and scales of spatial partitioning between the species were found. Throughout their range, both grey and harbour seals spend the majority of their time within 50 km of the coast. The scalability of the analytical approach was enhanced and environmental information to enable spatial predictions was included. The resultant maps have been applied to inform consent and licensing of marine renewable developments of wind farms and tidal turbines. For harbour seals around Orkney, northern Scotland, distance from haul out, proportion of sand in seabed sediment, and annual mean power were important predictors of space-use. Utilising seal usage maps, a framework was produced to allow shipping noise, an important marine anthropogenic stressor, to be explicitly incorporated into spatial planning. Potentially sensitive areas were identified through quantifying risk of exposure of shipping traffic to marine species. Individual noise exposure was predicted with associated uncertainty in an area with varying rates of co-occurrence. Across the UK, spatial overlap was highest within 50 km of the coast, close to seal haul outs. Areas identified with high risk of exposure included 11 Special Areas of Conservation (from a possible 25). Risk to harbour seal populations was highest, affecting half of all SACs associated with the species. For 20 of 28 animals in the acoustic exposure study, 95% CI for M-weighted cumulative Sound Exposure Levels had upper bounds above levels known to induce Temporary Threshold Shift. Predictions of broadband received sound pressure levels were underestimated on average by 0.7 dB re 1μPa (± 3.3). An analytical methodology was derived to allow ecological maps to be quantitatively compared. The Structural Similarity (SSIM) index was enhanced to incorporate uncertainty from underlying spatial models, and a software algorithm was developed to correct for internal edge effects so that loss of spatial information from the map comparison was limited. The application of the approach was demonstrated using a case study of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus, Linneaus 1758) in the Mediterranean Sea to identify areas where local-scale differences in space-use between groups and singleton whales occurred. SSIM is applicable to a broad range of spatial ecological data, providing a novel tool for map comparison.

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Wilson, Rory Paul. "Breeding Jackass Penguins as pelagic predators". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17653.

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Bibliography: pages 187-191.
The foraging of breeding Jackass Penguins Spheniscus demersus was studied in and around southwestern Cape Province, Saldanha Bay (33⁰ S, 18⁰ E), South Africa. Penguins are difficult to observe at sea. Hence, I devised a number of new techniques for studying the foraging behaviour of Jackass Penguins at sea. I built electronic and autoradiographic remote-sensing devices to measure swimming speed, distance travelled and time spent at each depth by foraging Jackass Penguins. Penguin swimming speed was reduced in proportion to the cross-sectional area of the devices, and results derived from birds wearing the devices had to be interpreted accordingly. Penguins do not regurgitate their stomach contents when handled, so I constructed a wet-offloading stomach pump which extracted 100% of the stomach contents. Using this pump, I determined that the rate of digestion of fish and squid by Jackass Penguins differed. Care is needed in diet interpretations where both fish and squid are major food items.

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Ddumba, Hassan. "Repulsive-attractive models for the impact of two predators on prey species varying in anti-predator response". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010995.

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This study considers the dynamical interaction of two predatory carnivores (Lions (Panthera leo) and Spotted Hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta)) and three of their common prey (Buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) and Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros)). The dependence on spatial structure of species’ interaction stimulated the author to formulate reaction-diffusion models to explain the dynamics of predator-prey relationships in ecology. These models were used to predict and explain the effect of threshold populations, predator additional food and prey refuge on the general species’ dynamics. Vital parameters that model additional food to predators, prey refuge and population thresholds were given due attention in the analyses. The stability of a predator-prey model for an ecosystem faced with a prey out-flux which is analogous to and modelled as an Allee effect was investigated. The results highlight the bounds for the conversion efficiency of prey biomass to predator biomass (fertility gain) for which stability of the three species ecosystem model can be attained. Global stability analysis results showed that the prey (warthog) population density should exceed the sum of its carrying capacity and threshold value minus its equilibrium value i.e., W >(Kw + $) −W . This result shows that the warthog’s equilibrium population density is bounded above by population thresholds, i.e., W < (Kw+$). Besides showing the occurrence under parameter space of the so-called paradox of enrichment, early indicators of chaos can also be deduced. In addition, numerical results revealed stable oscillatory behaviour and stable spirals of the species as predator fertility rate, mortality rate and prey threshold were varied. The stabilising effect of prey refuge due to variations in predator fertility and proportion of prey in the refuge was studied. Formulation and analysis of a robust mathematical model for two predators having an overlapping dietary niche were also done. The Beddington-DeAngelis functional and numerical responses which are relevant in addressing the Principle of Competitive Exclusion as species interact were incorporated in the model. The stabilizing effect of additional food in relation to the relative diffusivity D, and wave number k, was investigated. Stability, dissipativity, permanence, persistence and periodicity of the model were studied using the routine and limit cycle perturbation methods. The periodic solutions (b 1 and b 3), which influence the dispersal rate (') of the interacting species, have been shown to be controlled by the wave number. For stability, and in order to overcome predator natural mortality, the nutritional value of predator additional food has been shown to be of high quality that can enhance predator fertility gain. The threshold relationships between various ecosystem parameters and the carrying capacity of the game park for the prey species were also deduced to ensure ecosystem persistence. Besides revealing irregular periodic travelling wave behaviour due to predator interference, numerical results also show oscillatory temporal dynamics resulting from additional food supplements combined with high predation rates.

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Cox, Martin James. "Acoustic and ecological investigations into predator-prey interactions between Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and seal and bird predators". Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/579.

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Libri sul tema "Predators"

ill, Bosson Jo-Ellen C., a cura di. Predators. New York: Scholastic Inc., 2003.

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National Association for Special Educational Needs (Great Britain). Predators. Wellingborough: Rising Stars, 2007.

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Sauter, Eric. Predators. London: Sphere Books, 1988.

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Predators. Scottsdale, AZ: Poisoned Pen Press, 2009.

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Graziunas, Daina. Predators. New York, NY: Warner Books, 1996.

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Predators. New York: Windmill Books, 2012.

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author, Reynolds Toby, a cura di. Predators. London: Franklin Watts, 2013.

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Predators. Scottsdale, AZ: Poisoned Pen Press, 2009.

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Susan, Lumpkin, a cura di. Predators. Dorking: Templar, 2008.

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Mandelsberg, Rose G. Predators. New York: Pinnacle Books, 1994.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Predators"

Betancourt, Kian, e Brittany Mabie. "Predators". In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_316-1.

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Heller, Joseph. "Predators". In Sea Snails, 149–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15452-7_8.

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Betancourt, Kian, e Brittany Mabie. "Predators". In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 6103–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_316.

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Krafsur, E. S., R. D. Moon, R. Albajes, O. Alomar, Elisabetta Chiappini, John Huber, John L. Capinera et al. "Facultative Predators". In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1400–1405. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3742.

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Huntingford, Felicity, Susan Coyle e William Hunter. "Avoiding Predators". In Aquaculture and Behavior, 220–47. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444354614.ch8.

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Ubell, Robert. "Online Predators". In Staying Online, 131–37. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003036326-15.

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Levesque, Roger J. R. "Sexually Violent Predators". In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 2711. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_604.

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Schöller, Matthias, e Paul W. Flinn. "Parasitoids and Predators". In Alternatives to Pesticides in Stored-Product IPM, 229–71. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4353-4_9.

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Varley, M. J., M. J. W. Copland, S. D. Wratten e M. H. Bowie. "Parasites and Predators". In Video Techniques in Animal Ecology and Behaviour, 33–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0699-3_3.

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Hölldobler, Bert, e Edward O. Wilson. "The Specialized Predators". In The Ants, 557–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10306-7_15.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Predators"

Radenkovic, Milena, Aleksandra Miloškovic, Nataša Kojadinovic, Simona Đuretanovic, Tijana Velickovic, Marijana Nikolic, Marija Jakovljevic e Vladica Simic. "ISHRANA GRABLJIVIH VRSTA RIBA I NJIHOV UTICAJ NA ODRŽANJE STABILNOSTI AKUMULACIJE BOVAN". In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.345r.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the diet of adult predatory fish (pikeperch, perch, pike, and catfish) that inhabit the Bovan reservoir and determine their impact on the ecological stability of the reservoir. The results showed that predators most often used planktivorous fish species in their diet, including bleak, roach, and perch. These species are dominant prey to predators, and at the same time important links in food chains. By feeding on planktivorous fish, predatory fish can contribute to the reduction of the eutrophication of the reservoir and keep this ecosystem stable.

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Ates, Abdullah, e YangQuan Chen. "Fractional Order Filter Discretization With Marine Predators Algorithm". In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-67611.

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Abstract In this study, discrete time models of continuous time fractional order filters are obtained by using the Marine Predators Algorithm (MPA). Marine Predators optimization algorithm is a population-based heuristic method. This method is inspired by the hunting behavior of marine predators. The algorithm works on three basic phases. These phases occur according to the difference or equality of the velocity of the prey and the predator. As it is known, uniform distribution is generally used in stochastic based optimization algorithms. However, in the MPA method, Brownian and Levy distributions are also used as well as uniform distribution. First, continuous time frequency responses of fractional order filters are generated. Then, fourth order discrete time filters are designed that can give similar responses with generated continues time filter frequency responses. Ten parameters were optimized for the design of fourth order discrete time filters numerator and denominator. The Marine Predators method’s results are compared with the results of the Fractional order Darwinian Particle Swarm Optimization (FODPSO) algorithm, from which discrete time filters are obtained for two fractional order continuous time filter models. In this way, it has been shown comparatively that the Marine Predators Algorithm can be used in real engineering problems and can do filter discretization better.

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Toyoizumi, Hiroshi, e Atsuhi Kara. "Predators". In the 2002 workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/844102.844105.

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Lopez, Angeles. "Finding Evidence Of The Sexual Predators Behavior". In LatinX in AI at Neural Information Processing Systems Conference 2019. Journal of LatinX in AI Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52591/lxai201912081.

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Sexual predator identification is a critical problem given that the majority of cases of sexually assaulted children have agreed voluntarily to meet with their abuser [10]. Traditionally, a term that is used to describe malicious actions with a potential aim of sexual exploitation or emotional connection with a child is referred to as “Child Grooming” or “Grooming Attack” [6]. This attack is defined by [4] as “a communication process by which a perpetrator applies affinity seeking strategies, while simultaneously engaging in sexual desensitization and information acquisition about targeted victims in order to develop relationships that result in need fulfillment” (e.g. physical sexual molestation). Clearly, the detection of a malicious predatory behavior against a child could reduce the number of abused children.

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Layton, Astrid, Bert Bras e Marc Weissburg. "Designing Sustainable Manufacturing Networks: The Role of Exclusive Species in Achieving Ecosystem-Type Cycling". In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-68334.

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Ecology is proving to be an innovative source for design principles. Studies have examined how ecological principles can enhance sustainability in industrial networks. Ecologically-inspired manufacturing networks tend to focus on supporting symbiotic relationship formation, creating a cyclical flow structure that has been shown to result in efficiency and resource consumption improvements. Despite successes, bio-inspired manufacturing networks still fail to accurately mimic ecosystem cycling. The roles of exclusive actors and specialized predators in achieving the high cycling characteristic of ecosystems is investigated here. Exclusive actors participate in the network as either only a consumer (predator) or only a producer (prey). Specialized predators consume only one producer inside the system boundary. The populations of these special actors in manufacturing networks versus ecological food webs speaks to the potential influence these roles have on the cycling the network achieves. The trends shown here suggest less exclusivity is necessary for achieving ecologically-strong network cycling.

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Shoemaker, Adam, e Alexander Leonessa. "Bio-Inspired Nonholonomic Tracking Control". In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-3932.

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The behavior of nature’s predators is considered for designing a high speed tracking controller for nonholonomic vehicles, whose dynamics are represented using a unicycle model. To ensure that the vehicle behavior closely resembles that of a predator, saturation constraints are added and accounted for using Lyapunov stability criterion. Following verification and comparison of the saturation constraints, the proposed algorithm is implemented on a testing platform. Based on the results presented, we believe the algorithm shows significant promise in high speed control and obstacle avoidance.

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Lúcio, Yan Lieven Souza, Luiza Scapinello Aquino e Leandro dos Santos Coelho. "Marine Predators Algorithm Approaches on a Multivariable Fractional PID Controller Tuning". In Congresso Brasileiro de Inteligência Computacional. SBIC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21528/cbic2021-39.

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In this paper, a performance comparison between the Marine Predators Algorithm (MPA), a metaheuristic paradigm, and two other designed variants for the tuning of a fractional proportional-integrative-derivative (PID) controller in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) application is presented. The practical system plant corresponds to a ball mill pulverizing system, whose structure presents two inputs and two outputs. To encounter the optimal response on the MIMO control of this system a MPA approach applied to PID tuning is suitable, as it presents both the capability to diversify the search space (exploration) and to improve the quality of current solutions (exploitation) in search space. The MPA is a metaheuristic inspired by the extensive hunting strategy of ocean predators called Lévy and Brownian movements, it focuses on an optimal confront rate procedure in natural interaction between predator and prey in the marine ecosystem. The original MPA itself presents a satisfactory performance, in terms of statistical metrics. Nevertheless, it can be improved through the modification and addition of distinct techniques. In order to achieve those modifications, three variants are implemented exploring different procedures namely the oppositional-based learning and application of quantum mechanics. The optimal parameter values for the PID controller are analyzed by minimizing the integral time squared error (ITSE) index of the system’s response. The simulations are performed using the SIMULINK/MATLAB computational environment. Statistical measures including best, mean, median and standard deviation of the system response error for the tuned controllers are evaluated and compared over fifty runs. The obtained results suggest that the use of the mentioned proposals has an advantage in enhancing the tuning efficiency of the MPA in this application.

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Alrwais, Sumayah, Kan Yuan, Eihal Alowaisheq, Xiaojing Liao, Alina Oprea, XiaoFeng Wang e Zhou Li. "Catching predators at watering holes". In ACSAC '16: 2016 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2991079.2991112.

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Kumar, Sandeep A., Kunal Chand, Lata I. Paea, Imanuel Thakur e Maria Vatikani. "Herding Predators Using Swarm Intelligence". In 2021 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csde53843.2021.9718476.

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Tian, Qingyao. "Analysis of the impact of environment on predators based on the predator-prey model". In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GREEN ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (GESD 2019). AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5116505.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Predators"

Grossman, Herschel. Producers and Predators. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, giugno 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6499.

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Heinz, Kevin, Itamar Glazer, Moshe Coll, Amanda Chau e Andrew Chow. Use of multiple biological control agents for control of western flower thrips. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613875.bard.

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The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a serious widespread pest of vegetable and ornamental crops worldwide. Chemical control for Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on floriculture or vegetable crops can be difficult because this pest has developed resistance to many insecticides and also tends to hide within flowers, buds, and apical meristems. Predatory bugs, predatory mites, and entomopathogenic nematodes are commercially available in both the US and Israel for control of WFT. Predatory bugs, such as Orius species, can suppress high WFT densities but have limited ability to attack thrips within confined plant parts. Predatory mites can reach more confined habitats than predatory bugs, but kill primarily first-instar larvae of thrips. Entomopathogenic nematodes can directly kill or sterilize most thrips stages, but have limited mobility and are vulnerable to desiccation in certain parts of the crop canopy. However, simultaneous use of two or more agents may provide both effective and cost efficient control of WFT through complimentary predation and/or parasitism. The general goal of our project was to evaluate whether suppression of WFT could be enhanced by inundative or inoculative releases of Orius predators with either predatory mites or entomopathogenic nematodes. Whether pest suppression is best when single or multiple biological control agents are used, is an issue of importance to the practice of biological control. For our investigations in Texas, we used Orius insidiosus(Say), the predatory mite, Amblyseius degeneransBerlese, and the predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii(Athias-Henriot). In Israel, the research focused on Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema felpiae. Our specific objectives were to: (1) quantify the spatial distribution and population growth of WFT and WFT natural enemies on greenhouse roses (Texas) and peppers (Israel), (2) assess interspecific interactions among WFT natural enemies, (3) measure WFT population suppression resulting from single or multiple species releases. Revisions to our project after the first year were: (1) use of A. swirskiiin place of A. degeneransfor the majority of our predatory mite and Orius studies, (2) use of S. felpiaein place of Thripinema nicklewoodi for all of the nematode and Orius studies. We utilized laboratory experiments, greenhouse studies, field trials and mathematical modeling to achieve our objectives. In greenhouse trials, we found that concurrent releases of A.degeneranswith O. insidiosusdid not improve control of F. occidentalis on cut roses over releases of only O. insidiosus. Suppression of WFT by augmentative releases A. swirskiialone was superior to augmentative releases of O. insidiosusalone and similar to concurrent releases of both predator species on cut roses. In laboratory studies, we discovered that O. insidiosusis a generalist predator that ‘switches’ to the most abundant prey and will kill significant numbers of A. swirskiior A. degeneransif WFTbecome relatively less abundant. Our findings indicate that intraguild interactions between Orius and Amblyseius species could hinder suppression of thrips populations and combinations of these natural enemies may not enhance biological control on certain crops. Intraguild interactions between S. felpiaeand O. laevigatus were found to be more complex than those between O. insidiosusand predatory mites. In laboratory studies, we found that S. felpiaecould infect and kill either adult or immature O. laevigatus. Although adult O. laevigatus tended to avoid areas infested by S. felpiaein Petri dish arenas, they did not show preference between healthy WFT and WFT infected with S. felpiaein choice tests. In field cage trials, suppression of WFT on sweet-pepper was similar in treatments with only O. laevigatus or both O. laevigatus and S. felpiae. Distribution and numbers of O. laevigatus on pepper plants also did not differ between cages with or without S. felpiae. Low survivorship of S. felpiaeafter foliar applications to sweet-pepper may explain, in part, the absence of effects in the field trials. Finally, we were interested in how differential predation on different developmental stages of WFT (Orius feeding on WFT nymphs inhabiting foliage and flowers, nematodes that attack prepupae and pupae in the soil) affects community dynamics. To better understand these interactions, we constructed a model based on Lotka-Volterra predator-prey theory and our simulations showed that differential predation, where predators tend to concentrate on one WFT stage contribute to system stability and permanence while predators that tend to mix different WFT stages reduce system stability and permanence.

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Lundgren, Jonathan, Moshe Coll e James Harwood. Biological control of cereal aphids in wheat: Implications of alternative foods and intraguild predation. United States Department of Agriculture, ottobre 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699858.bard.

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The overall objective of this proposal is to understand how realistic strategies for incorporating alternative foods into wheat fields affect the intraguild (IG) interactions of omnivorous and carnivorous predators and their efficacy as biological control agents. Cereal aphids are a primary pest of wheat throughout much of the world. Naturally occurring predator communities consume large quantities of cereal aphids in wheat, and are partitioned into aphid specialists and omnivores. Within wheat fields, the relative abilities of omnivorous and carnivorous predators to reduce cereal aphids depend heavily on the availability, distribution and type of alternative foods (alternative prey, sugar, and pollen), and on the intensity and direction of IG predation events within this community. A series of eight synergistic experiments, carefully crafted to accomplish objectives while accounting for regional production practices, will be conducted to explore how cover crops (US, where large fields preclude effective use of field margins) and field margins (IS, where cover crops are not feasible) as sources of alternative foods affect the IG interactions of predators and their efficacy as biological control agents. These objectives are: 1. Determine the mechanisms whereby the availability of alternative prey and plant-provided resources affect pest suppression by omnivorous and carnivorous generalist predators; 2. Characterize the intensity of IGP within generalist predator communities of wheat systems and assess the impact of these interactions on cereal aphid predation; and 3. Evaluate how spatial patterns in the availability of non-prey resources and IGP affect predation on cereal aphids by generalist predator communities. To accomplish these goals, novel tools, including molecular and biochemical gut content analysis and geospatial analysis, will be coupled with traditional techniques used to monitor and manipulate insect populations and predator efficacy. Our approach will manipulate key alternative foods and IG prey to determine how these individual interactions contribute to the ability of predators to suppress cereal aphids within systems where cover crop and field margin management strategies are evaluated in production scale plots. Using these strategies, the proposed project will not only provide cost-effective and realistic solutions for pest management issues faced by IS and US producers, but also will provide a better understanding of how spatial dispersion, IG predation, and the availability of alternative foods contribute to biological control by omnivores and carnivores within agroecosystems. By reducing the reliance of wheat producers on insecticides, this proposal will address the BARD priorities of increasing the efficiency of agricultural production and protecting plants against biotic sources of stress in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner.

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Marty Condon, Marty Condon. How can prey kill predators? Experiment, agosto 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/3173.

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Nurtjahyo, Lidwina Inge. How universities are beating sexual predators. A cura di Ria Ernunsari e Chris Bartlett. Monash University, novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/5ab6-f148.

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Ingegno, B. L., e G. J. Messelink. Omnivorous predators for biological pest control in greenhouse crops. BioGreenhouse, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/373599.

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Andrew Flick, Andrew Flick. Understanding the Impact of Predators on Pathogens of Crop Pests. Experiment, luglio 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/0812.

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Deming, David, Claudia Goldin e Lawrence Katz. The For-Profit Postsecondary School Sector: Nimble Critters or Agile Predators? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, dicembre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17710.

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Galford, Jimmy R., e Jimmy R. Galford. Role of Predators on an Artificially Planted Red Oak Borer Population. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rn-331.

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