Tesi sul tema "Pratiques de sélection paysanne"
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Gadea, Elise. "Le pluralisme juridique à l'épreuve des pratiques communautaires en Bolivie. Politiques d’administration de la "justice indigène originaire paysanne"". Thesis, Paris 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA030005.
Testo completoOver the last few decades in Latin America the struggles of indigenous peoples for the acceptance and recognition of their own cultures have turned to political and legal demands. The role of political allies of these peoples in the emergence of these claims has been decisive.The example of Bolivia is an exemplary case of the struggles of native peoples because of the proportion of the national population belonging to ethnic groups and the rise to power of Evo MORALES. The Political Constitution of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, approved in 2009, values collective and cultural rights and promotes the recognition of indigenous traditions and knowledge, particularly in the application of justice. Nevertheless, the constitutional precepts promulgated in 2009 relating to native indigenous peasant justice are contradicted by the Jurisdictional "Deslinde" Law, promulgated barely a year later. As we will see this has led to an ambivalent and nebulous implementation of the plural justice system.In the absence of debate and negotiation on the new standards of plural justice, we will see how lynchings played a central role in the homogenizing construction of a new institution, operated by the native authorities of indigenous communities, according to their ancestral norms and customs.Ethnological observation in several rural Andean communities has enabled us to qualify this conception as well as to analyze the numerous petitions of indigenous people to the Plurinational Constitutional Court and state judges. The increase in conflicts, but also the impasse that ensues when these legal claims develop, creates a difficult situation for {indigenous and union] community authorities between, on the one hand, community members who destabilize their role as arbitrator and on the other, the state justice that exercises increasing pressure over them
Bertin, Gérard. "Utilisation des enzymes polysaccharolytiques dans les milieux d'ensilage : moyen de sélection et résultats pratiques". Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30009.
Testo completoLakis, Ghayas. "Dynamique évolutive de la durée du cycle de mil : effet des flux de gènes et des pratiques paysannes". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112166.
Testo completoDomestication of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in the Sahel of Africa has produced a wide range of diversity in cycle duration of landraces. This diversity allows Sahelian farmers to outface the precipitation fluctuation and to ensure regularity in grain production. Due to ecological and social recent changes, modifications of farmer’s practices could be a factor promoting gene flow between the early and late flowering varieties by increasing the opportunity of neighboring and flowering overlap between them. Such a situation raises questions about the past and current evolutionary dynamics of phenological diversity in this crop.In the first part of my thesis I tried to evaluate the possibility of gene flow between pearl millet varieties in South-West Niger, through a comparative approach among contrasting situations pertaining to the spatial distribution of early and late landraces. Therefore I conducted: 1) a field study where we observed flowering periods, for two types of varieties (early type (Haïni Kiré): 75 to 95 days and late type (Somno): 105 to 125 days of cycle length) in several pearl millet fields, and in two villages 2) a molecular study that allows the assessment of the level of genetic differentiation between late and early flowering populations sampled from four villages (including the two where the field study was conducted) of the same region (Dallol Bosso), using microsatellite markers. I was able to demonstrate the occurrence of pollen flow between the two types of landraces and I also showed evidence of genetic introgression between early and semi-late landraces. Potential mechanisms that would allow for the maintenance of the phenological differentiation between these two varieties and despite the gene flow are discussed.In the second part of this work I used a candidate gene and a population genetics approach, to try to identify genes that may have contributed to the cycle length diversity in pearl millet. I focused on three flowering candidate genes, PgHd3a, PgDwarf8 and PgPHYC which have been shown to be involved in the cycle length genetic diversity in several species, in order to estimate the differentiation between wild and domestic pearl millets and between early and late landraces, on the basis of theses candidate genes. I also tried to track for the fingerprint of eventual past selective events within these candidate genes. To be able to distinguish the effects of selection from the effect of demographic events that occurred during the domestication process, I used 8 neutral STS loci and an Approximate Bayesian Computation approach.My results strongly suggest that PgHd3a and PgDwarf8 were likely targeted by selection during domestication. However, a potential role of any of the three candidate genes in the phenological differentiation between early and late landraces was not supported by our data. The Bayesian approach confirmed the idea, suggested by many authors, that the gene flow from the wild to the domestic genetic pool has contributed significantly to the genetic diversity of the domestic pearl millet
Roullaud, Élise. "La Confédération paysanne à l’épreuve de la Politique agricole commune (1987-2007) : Transformations des pratiques de représentation et du travail militant". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20077.
Testo completoFocusing on the Confédération paysanne, this research studies the changes in forms and modes of farmers’ interests representation under the effect of European integration. Drawing upon an extensive, multi-method fieldwork (archives, interviews, observations and questionnaire), the thesis intertwines a study of the Europeanization process, sociology of interest groups in the European Union and sociology of farmers’ unions as well as social movements. Not only emphasizing on organizational and configurational logics but also on social dispositions, this work reports two dimensions. The first throws light on the reconfiguration of farmers’ unions actions by analyzing the field of European farmers’ representation and the way unionists integrate the European political space. The second stresses on how the Common Agricultural Policy influences and affects both the internal and external balance of power, the union’s guidelines production and the repertoire of collective actions. Thereby, this study accurately reveals that the Europeanization dynamics rest on the socialization and politicization processes
Mougin, Sylvie. "Le Champ sémantique de la parole à travers les parlers ruraux de la Lorraine romane : contribution éthnolinguistique à l'étude des pratiques langagières dans une société paysanne française". Nancy 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN21005.
Testo completoIf characters of traditional literature in french peasant societies are now well-known, the use of speech, however, have not yet been explod, thus, exploring this wide field of research, we have based our methodology on the works of the ethnography of communication (hymes) and those of g, galame-griaule, the major representative of ethnolinguistics in france. This study has to be considered as an essay and the analysis provided here are to be completed, developed and eventually reappraised in further papers. Three directions have been followed here : 1. The ethnographic reconstitution of the use of speech which were existing in the peasant society of lorraine (france) at the end of the nineteenth century, on the basis of field-work information, 2. The synthesis of the information existing on speech use in this specific kind of societies, through the works of ethnologists, sociologists, historians and ethnographers. 3. The semantic analysis of the words pertaining to the lexical field of speech in the rural dialects of this region of france
Mauroy, Hervé. "La mutualité face à la sélection adverse : les pratiques des mutuelles ouvertes sur le terrain du complément maladie individuel en mutation". Lille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL12009.
Testo completoThe most important problems facing open mutual insurances in the individual complementary health schemes sector are, firstly, the phenomenon of adverse selection and then, that of moral hazard. Since the mid-eighties, open mutual insurances have been making fast, sweeping changes in the field of individual complementary health schemes, essentially with a view to curbing sustained adverse selection efficiently. Despite the large scale of the operation, open mutual insurances nevertheless refuse to turn into a different kind of company. It's a sort of wager : in a highly competitive contexte, maintaining features of solidarity is seen by then as a way of enhancing the value of the symbolic capital amassed by the mutual insu- rance movement
Gagnon, Mélanie. "Les pratiques de recrutement des entreprises de la région de Québec : critères de sélection de la main-d'oeuvre et jugement sur les compétences". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24540/24540.pdf.
Testo completoTaris, Nicolas. "Conséquences génétiques de la production intensive de larves d'huîtres en écloserie : étude des processus de dérive et de sélection liés aux pratiques d'élevage". La Rochelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LAROS155.
Testo completoAllouch, Annabelle. "L'ouverture sociale comme configuration : pratiques et processus de sélection et de socialisation des milieux populaires dans les établissements d'élite : une comparaison France-Angleterre". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IEPP0043.
Testo completoWidening participation programmes have been launched simultaneously in both France and England in the 2000s. They stem from the idea that it is necessary for elite universities, despite their traditional mission of elite education, to get involved in the field of antidiscrimination and thus develop measures to increase equality of opportunity and diversify their student body. This thesis highlights the impact of these programmes on the way to address social inequalities in the educational sector. In fact, widening participation schemes contribute to the dissemination of a new interpretation of social mobility on the basis of a compensation targeting talented pupils (Pupils identified as “with potential”) rather than sustaining the most deprived of them. It is allowed by the current withdrawal of the traditional role of the Welfare state in education (in a context of financial crisis) which increases the pressure on universities (through financial incentives), in the name of their social responsibility towards society. This work is based on an ethnographic survey led in three French and English elite institutions, including the University of Oxford, Sciences Po and ESSEC
Gagnon, Mélanie. "Les pratiques de recrutement des entreprises de la région de Québec : critères de sélection de la main-d'œuvre et du jugement sur les compétences". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19121.
Testo completoFenzi, Marianna. "« Provincialiser » la Révolution Verte : savoirs, politiques et pratiques de la conservation de la biodiversité cultivée (1943-2015)". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0143.
Testo completoThe issue of access to plant genetic resources for plant breeding is at the heart of the Green Revolution. Beginning in the 1960s, the disappearance of local varieties with the spread of new genetically homogeneous varieties evolved into a public problem on a global scale. Combining archival research and field investigations, this thesis explores the emergence of this problem, its historical trajectory, and its current forms. I analyze the heterogeneity of scientific knowledge and approaches to the conservation of genetic resources developed in international arenas. An exploration of debates and initiatives within the framework of the FAO sheds light on the issues of which knowledges are legitimated and which marginalized, and on how the nature and outlines of the problem have been negotiated. An examination of the role of genetic resources in key episodes in the Green Revolution is also central to the study. The thesis specifically analyzes the importance attributed to local maize varieties in the agricultural program that the Rockefeller Foundation implemented in Mexico beginning in 1943. While hybrid maize is generally presented as a vector of agricultural modernization, this thesis shows how experts were faced with the failure of the varietal improvement paradigm that they were supposed to export. As hybrid maize is an innovation that is only applicable on a very limited scale, farmers’ maize seeds still are the most widely used varietal option in Mexico. The study shows that it is indeed the pragmatic choices of farmers that form the basis for the de facto conservation of the country’s maize genetic resources
Liottier, Léonor. "Bois et forêts en France méditerranéenne durant la Protohistoire : une approche des pratiques et des usages. Etude anthracologique, dendroécologique et spatiale". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30089.
Testo completoIt is a multidisciplinary study in archaeology of protohistoric times and paleoenvironnement. The subject of the thesis is « Societies, wood et forests from bronze age to Roman period, by anthracology of archaeological sites of southern France : an approach of practices and wood using ». The aim of this archaeobotanical approach is on the one hand, to understand the landscape changes under anthropic and natural effects, and on the other hand the repercussions on firewood collecting practices and wood using
Tesniere, Germain. "Arrangements institutionnels à l’ère de la génomique : une approche comparative des régimes et des instruments de sélection animale dans trois pays européens". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM058/document.
Testo completoSince the early 2000s, the development of genomics, which enables extensive knowledge of the DNA of living entities, has transformed the way in which living entities are evaluated, selected (genomic selection of plants and animals) and marketed. Coupled with political and regulatory changes, this technology contributes to modify the national institutional arrangements in the targeted field of animal genetic improvement, practices of actors. The current liberalization process questions both the collective dimension of genetic progress and the property rights of the genetic resources. In a comparative perspective between France, Ireland and The Netherlands, the objective of this thesis is to analyze the plurality of institutional arrangements pertaining to the Holstein cattle breed’s genomic selection. This thesis is situated within the recent evolutions of the neo-institutional theory focused on organizational heterogeneity and materiality of institutions. Firstly, it highlights three institutional regimes that reveal different arrangements particularly between public and private organizations. Secondly, this diversity of arrangements is completed by an analysis of contractual tools between breeding companies and animal breeders through models of production strategies and exchanges related to genetic resources (both biological and informational forms). These models emphasize a variety of property forms of genetic resources between companies and breeders and also show that actors’ roles in genetic selection activities are redefined. These results provide a better understanding of the development of a liberal logic (The Netherlands) in duality with the reinforcement (Ireland) or weakening (France) of a cooperative logic for the production of improved animal genetics
Voisin, Jérémy. "Influence des pratiques de recharge des aquifères par des eaux pluviales sur les communautés microbiennes des nappes phréatiques". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1113/document.
Testo completoIn urban area, managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems raises hydrological connectivity between surface and groundwater. These infiltration practices are the cause of many disturbances in groundwaters (e.g. increase of thermal variations, decrease of dissolved oxygen or enrichment in organic matter) but associated consequences on microbial compartment remains unclear. The main aim of the thesis is to determine the effects of stormwater runoff infiltration on microbial communities of groundwater, in terms of abundance, activities and bacterial diversity. Based on environmental changes associated to MAR practices and bacterial community analyses, a fundamental question is to assess the importance of dispersal (e.g. transfers) and selection by abiotic factors (e.g. nutrients availability) on groundwater communities assemblage. This study is based on field experiments with two complementary strategies of sampling: an active one (i.e. groundwater sampling) and a passive one (incubation of artificial substrate). Communities’ description was made by next-generation sequencing (i.e. Illumina MiSeq) of rrs gene. The results showed a significant influence of MAR practices on microbial communities. Growth, activities and diversity of groundwater micro-organisms were mainly stimulated by biodegradable dissolved organic carbon enrichment associated to MAR practices. Nonetheless, this impact was reduced in systems where the vadose zone is thick (> 10 m) and acts as a physical, chemical and biological filter between the infiltration basin and the aquifer. Low similarities between bacterial communities of infiltration waters and bacterial communities of groundwaters reveal that vadose zone is effective on the retention of bacteria in studied systems. To conclude, this thesis constitutes the first major study that aimed to quantify microbial compartment response to disturbances caused by MAR practices in urban area. It also opens new perspectives on assessment tool for groundwater quality
Devilliers, Esther. "Modélisation micro-économétrique des choix de pratiques de production et des utilisations d'intrants chimiques des agriculteurs : une approche par les fonctions de production latentes". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NSARE058.
Testo completoCropping management practices is an agronomic notion grasping the interdependence between targeted yield and input use levels. Subsequently, one can legitimately assume that different cropping management practices are associated to different production functions. To better understand pesticide dependence – a key point to encourage more sustainable practices – one have to consider modelling cropping management practices specific production functions.Because of the inherent interdependence between those practices and their associeted yield and input use levels, we need to consider endogenous regime switching models.When unobserved, the sequence of cropping management practices choices is considered as a Markovian process. From this modelling framework we can derive the cropping management choices, their dynamics, their associated yield and input use levels. When observed, we consider primal production functions to see how yield responds differently to input uses based on the different cropping management practices. Thus, we can assess jointly the effect of a public policy on input use and yield levels.In a nutshell, in this PhD we are aiming at giving some tools to evaluate the differentiated effect of agri-environmental public policies on production choies and on the associated yield and input use levels
Harmange, Clément. "Survivre en agrosystème céréalier - le défi de la Perdrix grise : sélection d’habitat, compétition interspécifique et traits individuels Changes in habitat selection patterns of the grey partridge Perdix perdix in relation to agricultural landscape dynamics over the past two decades". Thesis, Angers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANGE0022.
Testo completoHabitat selection is a behavioural process in response to environmental stimuli as resource availability (food, shelter) and threats(competitors, predators). The understanding of the underlying mechanisms is crucial in ecology and allow to identify and consider factors limiting populations. The stake of this PhD thesis was to identify limiting factors (landscapes, game practices) and reponses of grey partridge (Perdix perdix) populations under mixed game management (annual releases of captive-reared birds, without shooting suspension). Habitat selection patterns have changed towards a lower avoidance of risky habitats, while habitat suitability has decreased and the proportion of captive-reared birds in the population has likely increased. Interspecific competition with red-legged partridge also affected habitat selection in grey partridge. Some individuals showed a behavioural capacity to adjust (in terms of rhythms of activity, habitat selection, space use) to the spatiotemporal structuration of risk along the diel cycle, potentially influenced by individual traits (personality, health status). Habitat suitability, predation and hunting pressures were identified as structuring factors of grey partridge populations. A game management based on releases of naïve birds and competing species, disturbances induced by shooting during the post-release period, and no preliminary assessement of habitat quality, could locally imperil the maintenance of grey partridge populations
Khawam, Rima. "L'Homme et la mort au néolithique précéramique B : l'exemple de Tell Aswad". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20133.
Testo completoTell Aswad, located 30 km East/South-East of Damascus, is a nearly 6 hectares tell not exceeding 4,5 meters height above the great lacustrian plain surrounding. The whole stratigraphy of the site dates from PPNB (8200-7500 B.C.), it's a reference site for the Central Levant because of the farmer/cattle breeder population showing connections between Southern and Northern Levant. The ancient PPNB levels, poorly understood in South Levant, give to the site an important historical status on a regional level. Thus, Tell Aswad offers us a rare documentation used for a better understanding of the PPNB period origins in the area and the cultural identities corresponding. The data are especially rich for the funeral practices. More than 119 individuals have been excavated spread on the entire occupation. Our results indicate the presence of a diachronic continuity of the funeral practices throughout the occupation due to an ancestral tradition. They reveal the use of simple burials but also specificity in the multiple burials by means of the skull withdrawal. Both models result from a selective choice imposed by the social system (hierarchical), indicating how the deceased had to be buried. The variability inside the skull treatment including the modeled skulls correspond to "ritual" and funerary practices highly culturalized. They reflect a social order and a group integrity materializing one of the major feature of the cultural identity of Neolithic PPNB society in Tell Aswad. Studying the spatial organization of the burials during the PPNB occupation of Tell Aswad reveals changes in burial sites, from burials in the house inside the family unit until the creation of specific area dedicated to funerary practices. The spatial organization of these areas becomes for our research a supplementary testimony of the social organization in the site
B, Deshaies Catherine. "Fonds culturel commun et choix de corpus : un éclairage des pratiques de sélection des enseignants du collégial par la description de leurs représentations". Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5936/1/M13207.pdf.
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