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Jingying, Rao. "The Shanghai Postal Workers' Union". Chinese Studies in History 27, n. 1-2 (ottobre 1993): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/csh0009-4633270102148.
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Биргер, Евгений, e Evgeniy Birger. "On creating an advanced postal address space". Services in Russia and abroad 8, n. 4 (26 giugno 2014): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4861.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The primary function of a postal system is to create and to service a national postal area which, according to the Treaty of Bern, is integrated into the Universal Postal Union. The term refers to a total of postal addresses serviced by the national universal postal service. However, until recently, the concept of “address”, particularly “postal address”, has not been legitimized within Russian regulatory and legal framework despite its importance for all the sphere of activity, especially for relationship at law.
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HOWLAND, DOUGLAS. "An alternative mode of international order: The international administrative union in the nineteenth century". Review of International Studies 41, n. 1 (14 maggio 2014): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210514000114.
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AbstractA novel form of international order was developed in the nineteenth century by international administrative unions such as the International Telegraph Union and the Universal Postal Union. This administrative internationalism posed a striking alternative to the international society of great powers, sovereignty, and forms of imperial domination, for the members of administrative unions included not only sovereign states but also semi-sovereigns, vassals, and colonies. Members were equal and bound identically to the union treaty and its international administrative law. This article examines the structure of unions and their politics of membership in the nineteenth century, and engages theories of global governance to argue that early administrative unions present a mode of international order different from theories of both global networks and the international system of neorealism.
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White, Jerry P., e Russell Janzen. "The Industrial Relations Implications of Privatization: The Case of Canada Post". Articles 55, n. 1 (12 aprile 2005): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/051290ar.
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In February 1997, Canada Post privatized its ad-mail services and in the process terminated 10,000 Canadian Union of Postal Workers. These events became a part of the central driving force which derailed contract negotiations and led to the November 1997 postal strike. The purpose of this article is to expose the process and consequences of this major event in the industrial relations of Canada Post; to examine the role and positions of the three major institutions involved — the government, the corporation (Canada Post) and the Canadian Union of Postal Workers (CUPW), and to explore the implications of privatization with regards to industrial relations in Canada Post. The article also documents the fate of the 10,000 workers through a survey of their status six months after the privatization.
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Lewandowski, Maciej, Pawel Mlodkowski e Marek Wróbel. "DIGITAL PLATFORMS FOR POSTAL SERVICES IN EU AND JAPAN". European Integration Studies, n. 13 (29 ottobre 2019): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.0.13.22897.
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This paper offers a biased review of digital platforms introduced recently and operated by national posts in several European Union countries. Authors chose the most interesting cases, including those deemed as most successful, those that failed, and the most modern ones. The paper compares diverse European experience with modern solutions introduced by the Japan Post. Methods used for delivering the study included direct interviews with Japan Post officials and systematic review of official documents and announcements by national post operators in European countries covered bin the paper. European Union Member States, and their national postal operators seem to be well ahead of Japan in the way modern technology is utilized in the process of providing traditional (and new) postal services. Paper makes an attempt to show how representative national postal operators benefit from advanced Information and Telecommunication technology and by replacing the manner in which postal services are rendered. There are numerous successful cases of digital platform implementation, like those from Denmark, France, Czech Republic, and Poland, among others. One will find interesting insight into reasons for failed case from Italy among conclusions, at the end of the paper. Environmental issues are also addressed, along with e-government issues. It happens that European Union postal operators optimize their operations with modern technology in the form of digital platforms in a much wider scope than the Japan Post. Japanese organizations deal with extremely challenging geographic conditions. This, in turn, should motivate much more advanced optimization by the means of solutions enabled by digital platforms.
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V, Kovorotnyi, e Levchenko O. "PROBLEMS OF HUMAN RESOURCES OF THE ENTERPRISES OF THE TRANSPORT COMPLEX OF UKRAINE". National Transport University Bulletin 49, n. 2 (2021): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-2-49-084-094.
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The object of research – staffing, labor market trends and employment in enterprises by type of activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities». The purpose of the work – 1) to investigate 93 the indicators of wages and labor movement in domestic enterprises by type of economic activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities»; 2) compare labor market indicators with those of the European Union. The research method is monographic and statistical. The article is devoted to the study of trends in the staffing of domestic enterprises by type of economic activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities», including by sectors: land transport, water transport, air transport, warehousing and ancillary activities in the field of transport, sweating and courier activities. An international comparison of wage indicators in these sectors of economic activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities». The results of the study show that the main trends in the labor market by type of economic activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities» are unequal pay in the sectors of economic activity; high staff turnover; growing demand for skilled workers; uncompetitive level of wages compared to the countries of the European Union; the possibility of free movement of labor to EU countries. This situation complicates the work of domestic enterprises and negatively affects their efficiency. Further areas of research are to study the dependence of the efficiency of enterprises of the activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities» on the general economic and social factors that have formed in Ukraine; development of proposals for the formation of state personnel policy in the field of transport. KEY WORDS: PERSONNEL, HUMAN RESOURCES, TRANSPORT, STATE POLICY, EMPLOYMENT, WAGES, LABOR MARKET, PERSONNEL TURNOVER, TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES
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Metelkin, Evgeny N., e Tatiana E. Sokhor. "National museums of communication and postal service in postal miniature of Germany, France and Russia". Issues of Museology 14, n. 2 (2024): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu27.2023.201.
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In the second half of the 19th century, almost simultaneously with the establishment of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) in 1874, postal museums began to open across Europe. The first postal museums opened in the UPU founding countries — Germany and Russia. The objectives and concepts of these museums were presented differently to their organizers. In Germany they tried to cover the history of the world mail, in Russia — the development of telegraph, as the most modern means of communication, and France — demonstrated a desire to become the capital of typology. The creation of postal museums, which were seen not only as cultural phenomena but also as a national strategic element, also involved national governments (or their departments). The Second World War changed not only philatelic themes, but also influenced changes in display activities. Today there are postal museums in virtually every country in the world, but not every philatelic production reflects the stages of their creation and development. Images of world postal museums, their creators and exhibits in the Timbrology media space emphasize that postage stamps, in addition to their main purpose — payment for postal messages, perform supplementary functions — advertising and educational.
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Šarac, Dragana, Miloš Kopić, Katarina Mostarac, Momčilo Kujačić e Bojan Jovanović. "Application of Set Covering Location Problem for Organizing the Public Postal Network". PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 28, n. 4 (31 agosto 2016): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v28i4.1962.
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Most countries of the European Union ensure certain obligations (criteria) which universal service providers must meet to ensure the realization of the universal service. These criteria vary from country to country, giving their own choice of an optimal model for the density of the postal network. Such postal network of the operator providing universal postal service must be organized so that post offices are accessible at the optimal distance from the user. This paper presents two different approaches. The first one is based on the population criteria determined in the previous study. The second one is new, a general method created to determine the minimum number of postal unit applications of Set Covering Location Problem. The authors apply both methods on real data collected from the Serbian municipalities and finally, compare the obtained results.
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Poljak, Gabriela, Tatjana Bilac, Milica Nikolic, Ruzica Ignjatovic e Svetlana Nikolicic. "Analysis of the Development of Postal Services in European Countries, with a Special Focus on Serbia and Slovakia". Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 31, n. 52 (1 giugno 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2023-0001.
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Abstract The aim of the work is to indicate the direction of development of postal services by means of various analyses. According to the trend of recent years, the number of letters in domestic and international traffic keeps decreasing, while the number of parcels keeps increasing. The Universal Postal Union and the postal organizations of individual countries must respond to this trend. Of course, the Covid-19 pandemic, the complex geopolitical situation in Eastern Europe and the current energy crisis have had a significant impact on postal services. The analysis includes the EU member states, Schengen countries and Balkan countries. Indicators like average area covered by a permanent office and average number of inhabitants served by a permanent are analyzed. The comparative analysis of postal services in Serbia and Slovakia includes the number of letter, parcel and express services, revenues from these services and data on the coverage of the postal network in these countries. With the help of the analysis performed in this paper, a good example can be found and a way for further development in the functioning of the postal market and the provision of postal services. For example: new parcel services must be introduced, delivery times must be shortened, and the sending and receiving of parcels must be facilitated.
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Mokgohloa, Kgabo, Mukondeleli Grace Kanakana-Katumba, Rendani Wilson Maladzhi e Sbusiso Xaba. "Postal Digital Transformation Dynamics—A System Dynamics Approach". Systems 11, n. 10 (10 ottobre 2023): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11100508.
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The key motivation of the study was to explore and enlarge our understanding of the factors that inhibit and drive the performance of the postal sector in a dynamic setting in the context of Southern Africa. This study was prompted by the unsatisfactory performance of the postal sector in Southern Africa as measured by the Integrated Index on Postal Development (2IPD), an index used by the Universal Postal Union to measure the performance of posts across the globe on dimensions of reliability, resilience, reach, and relevance. Postal operators across the world are faced with inescapable business model disruptions steered by the digital era, and Southern Africa is not an exception. System dynamics was adopted as a modelling approach to simulate the interaction of the stocks (digital culture, operations capability, adoption, and financial performance). The system dynamics approach revealed that the postal sector can be described as a complex phenomenon due to intricate interdependent variables that interact in a dynamic setting. The complex nature of the postal sector is further amplified by multiple feedback systems of non-linear relations. The results of the study point to the complex interaction of these variables that inhibit and drive the digital transformation and competitiveness of the postal sector. It is by grasping these complexities that decision-makers and policymakers can exploit the insights revealed by this research to direct the postal sector toward a sustainable future.
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SUZUKI, Kuninori. "Privatization and Liberalization of Postal Systems in the European Union". EU Studies in Japan 2004, n. 24 (2004): 168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5135/eusj1997.2004.168.
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Drab-Kurowska, Anna, e Agnieszka Budziewicz-Guźlecka. "The Digital Post Ecosystem—Example of Poland in the Context of Research". Sustainability 13, n. 5 (26 febbraio 2021): 2550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052550.
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Rapid technological changes have forced postal operators to adapt their services to the needs of the information society, exploit new business opportunities, and pay more attention to emerging and rapidly growing direct and indirect competition. The main goal of the article is to provide an answer to the question Do we have to digitalize postal services? The objectives of the article are as follows: defining of the postal ecosystem concept; defining of postal e-services; developing an action proposal approach for the operator designated to create a digital ecosystem of the postal service. Therefore, it is necessary to survey postal operators regarding the digitalization of the economy and postal e-services. The survey should focus on individual customers, businesses and telecommunications market experts. The survey covered postal e-services supplied by the designated operator in Poland. Its assessment has been based on variables which have major impact on the perception of postal e-services. These variables include: scope of e-services, regulatory framework (security), competitiveness, telecommunications infrastructure, advancement of e-services, innovation level, and digital awareness and digital skills in the society. In order to meet these objectives, the article refers to the essence of the ecosystem as a solution to the research problem. Additionally, studies on postal e-services have been presented, which enable to develop an action proposal to strengthen the position of the postal operator in the postal ecosystem. The article is based on studies that use various research methods, such as critical analysis of scientific literature, synthesis and generalization, Delphi method, versatile benchmarking and graphic visualization. Additionally, findings of studies on e-services have been presented to cover the European Union, as well as solicit opinions of individual and business clients and telecommunications market experts in Poland. This enables to develop an action proposal designed to strengthen the position of the postal operator in the postal ecosystem. The study has delivered an answer to the research question. Thus, the authors can confirm that it is necessary to digitalize postal services.
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Lowe, Graham S., e Herbert C. Northcott. "Stressful Working Conditions and Union Dissatisfaction". Articles 50, n. 2 (12 aprile 2005): 420–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/051018ar.
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This paper examines the relationship between stressful working conditions, social support at work, employee distress, and union members' (dis)satisfaction with their union. It might be assumed that under stressful working conditions, unionized workers would turn to their union to seek better working conditions and would have a positive orientation toward their union. However, it is also possible that stressful working conditions and distressed, alienated employees will become dissatisfied not only with their job but also with their union. The data for this study corne from a survey of unionized postal workers employed by Canada Post Corporation in Edmonton in 1983.
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AKTAŞ KURUÇAY, KEVSER. "THE ART OF POSTAL AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION (MAIL ART)". TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL OF DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION 12, n. 3 (1 luglio 2022): 764–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7456/11203100/014.
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In recent years, increasingly popular postal art movement in our country has managed to attract attention with its adventure, nostalgia and philosophy. Postal art is an artwork that offers excerpts from life. It often carries the traces of the postal organization; with all the damage and stains it receives on the route before been reached to the recipient’s hands. Sometimes even with the handwriting additions of officers who will never be recognized. Postal art as an art movement which can be sent to desired recipient and location demonstrate a resistance against whom supporting the idea of that art is only for certain groups. Moreover, it publicizes the art by actually letting regular people who does not have artistic identities produce art. In order to fully comprehend the art of mail, evaluating only the artistic dimension of the work is insufficient. Moreover, before considering postal art as an art movement it is necessary to consider it as a way of communication. In communication with the art of mail, the basic elements of the communication process should be examined. Because some of the standards and rules that arise in the communication channel restrict and guide the freedom of this art movement. During the circulation of this art movement, local and international postal rules are applied in Turkey, which is a member of the Universal Postal Union organization. What are the communication processes of postal art in our country? In this research, answer to that question was sought and the communicative processes of the postal art were interpreted according to the local literature due to topicality. The study is restricted by the experience (problems and examples) of Öğr. Gör. Kevser AKTAŞ KURUÇAY who is lecturing for many years in postal services program. This study reveals the importance of postal art and the requirements of PTT for the art of mail.
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Langford, Tom. "Effects of Strike Participation on the Political Consciousness of Canadian Postal Workers". Articles 51, n. 3 (12 aprile 2005): 563–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/051117ar.
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Marxists have long argued that major strikes produce an explosion of workers' class consciousness. This article discusses some weaknesses of the explosion-of-consciousness thesis, and tests research hypotheses using data from a case study of the 1987 strike by the Hamilton local of the Canadian Union of Postal Workers. A major finding is that an increase in a postal worker's negative attitudes toward out-groups did not necessarily go hand in hand with an increase in that striker's positive identifications with in-groups such as fellow workers, the local union and the labour movement. This supports treating the in-group and out-group dimensions of class consciousness as distinct. A second finding supports the hypothesis that an explosion of in-group consciousness due to inter-group conflict is more likely to occur among workers who are already identified with the in-group.
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Belman, Dale, John S. Heywood e Paula B. Voos. "Public Sector Earnings Comparability". Relations industrielles 57, n. 4 (9 settembre 2003): 687–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/006906ar.
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Summary Using the postal service as an example, this article highlights the critical role played by a series of “implicit” judgments when estimating the government earnings differential. Regression estimates demonstrate that alternative treatments of location, gender, industry, occupation and union status result in estimates ranging from a double digit advantage for postal workers to no advantage at all. We argue that the standard of comparability, comparing similar workers doing similar work, requires that judgments about samples and controls be made explicit as they largely determine the resulting estimates.
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Creighton, Breen, Catrina Denvir, Richard Johnstone, Shae McCrystal e Alice Orchiston. "Pre-Strike Ballots and Collective Bargaining: The Impact of Quorum and Ballot Mode Requirements on Access to Lawful Industrial Action". Industrial Law Journal 48, n. 3 (12 settembre 2018): 343–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwy022.
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Abstract In 2016, the UK Parliament passed the Trade Union Act 2016 (TU Act 2016), which introduced new quorum and approval requirements for pre-strike ballots. In Australia, mandatory pre-strike ballots, including a quorum requirement, were first introduced in 2006. This article explains the key features of the Australian pre-strike ballot system and reports on quantitative and qualitative empirical research findings on the operation of the ballots process to analyse the majority and quorum requirements, mode of ballot (postal, attendance or electronic) and choice of ballot agent. Quorum is the biggest obstacle to Australian unions authorising strike action under the pre-strike ballot rules, and postal ballots fail to reach quorum at significantly higher rates than do attendance ballots. By introducing quorums and retaining the requirement that all pre-strike ballots must be conducted by post, the TU Act 2016 endorsed the two factors under the Australian regime most likely to impede the authorisation of strike action in a pre-strike ballot.
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Fruscione, Alessandro. "Focus EU: Import Control System 2 at the Starting Gate". Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 7/8 (1 luglio 2021): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021043.
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On 15 March 2021, a new import control system for the European Union was launched, called Import Control System 2 (or ICS2): it will guarantee a more efficient and effective import control activity and facilitate communications between economic operators and customs administrations of Member States. However, a gradual adaptation of the information systems will be necessary and, further, different procedures, especially for postal operators and express carriers, who are the first to deal with the new system, will be needed. There are three versions of the new system, the first just entered into effect and the others to be implemented by 2024: Release 1 requires postal operators and express carriers to submit a subset of their Entry Summary Declaration data, for goods transported by air only; Release 2 will require all air carriers, for all goods transported by air, to integrate the subset of data with the other information required for the complete Entry Summary Declaration; Release 3 requires specific functions to submit the complete Entry Summary Declaration for all goods carried by means of transport other than air, and therefore will concern maritime, rail and road operators as well as certain importers and recipients of the goods in the European Union. Declaration, Control, Summary, Transport, Goods, Carriers, Air, Postal, Import
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Tillotson, Shirley, e Julie White. "Mail and Female: Women and the Canadian Union of Postal Workers". Labour / Le Travail 31 (1993): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143696.
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Nelsen, Randle W., e Julie White. "Mail and Female: Women and the Canadian Union of Postal Workers". Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 17, n. 3 (1992): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3341337.
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Batko, Alicja. "Legal and Administrative Time Limits in the Context of the Latest Amendments of the Act of 14 June 1960 – Administrative Procedure Code". Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego 3 (5 settembre 2021): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2020.3.11-29.
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On 3 July 2019 a rule that a deadline is deemed to have been met if, before its expiry, a letter was posted at a Polish post office facility of the designated operator in the meaning of the Postal Law Act or at a postal facility of the operator providing the universal postal services in another Member State of the European Union, the Swiss Confederation or a Member State of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) – a party to the European Economic Area Agreement, was introduced into the Polish administrative procedure. Prior to the date of the aforementioned amendment coming into force, it was necessary to post a letter at a Polish post office facility of the designated operator in the meaning of the Postal Law Act in order to be able to state that the deadline was met. The interim provisions introducing the above-mentioned changes stipulated that the regulation in the wording before the amendment applies to the factual circumstances that took place before the date of its coming into force. However, by virtue of the judgement of the Constitutional Tribunal of 30 October 2019 also the above-mentioned regulation expired to the extent in which it functioned under the interim provisions. The amendment of the administrative proceedings provisions and the aforementioned ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal made it possible to adjust the administrative procedure in this respect to the constitutional requirements as well as the provisions of the law of the European Union, and ensured the consistency of this regulation with analogous regulations in other proceedings in the Polish legal system.
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Hochfelder, David. "A Comparison of the Postal Telegraph Movement in Great Britain and the United States, 1866–1900". Enterprise & Society 1, n. 4 (dicembre 2000): 739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/1.4.739.
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This article places the British and American postal telegraph movements in the broader context of a transatlantic reform tradition. More specifically, British nationalization in 1870 gave American reformers both a rallying point and a rationale for postalizing the telegraphs. The legacies of both movements were mixed. In Britain, the postal telegraph provided inexpensive and accessible service, but it soon ran a large deficit and retarded the development of the telephone industry. In the United States, reformers failed to nationalize the telegraph or to secure a place in historical memory, but they succeeded in pressuring Western Union to provide better service, and they provided the impetus for the municipal ownership movement of the Progressive Era.
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Mirkin, Vladimir. "Postal and Electrical Communications as a Subject of Scientific and Technical Partnership between the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc Countries in the 1960s – 1980s." Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki 44, n. 1 (2023): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020596060021330-5.
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The article examines the aspects of the interstate scientific and technical cooperation between the “socialist commonwealth” countries in the field of postal and electrical communications in the post-war period. The basic platform for this partnership was the Organization for Socialist Countries Cooperation in the Field of Electric and Postal Communications (OSS) and the most significant, large-scale projects in the field of telegraph, telephone, postal and radio communications were implemented under its auspices. Later on, the CMEA Commission for Cooperation in the Field of Electrical and Postal Communications and, in part, the International Space Communications Organization “Intersputnik” joined in the OSS’ efforts. The communication infrastructures of the socialist commonwealth countries differed in their development stages, varying in size, scale and structure, their equipment and technologies complexes, and staffing and management policies. The effective use of the telecommunication system’s international segments was a common strategic task for the socialist bloc countries and, where possible, accommodated their national interests. It is emphasized that the rapid development of technologies, prompted by the scientific and technological revolution in telecommunications, brought to the fore the issues of efficient management and operation of the international segments of the socialist states’ national communication systems: the development of unified instructions, specifications, and methodological approaches; unified automation and billing of the international network, etc. At the same time, despite its importance as an infrastructural element of the economy, the communication system had not been placed on the list of priority areas of the interstate socio-economic cooperation.
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HOWLAND, D. "Japan and the Universal Postal Union: An Alternative Internationalism in the 19th Century". Social Science Japan Journal 17, n. 1 (18 novembre 2013): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyt026.
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Kilfoyle, Eksa, e Alan J. Richardson. "Governance and control in networks: a case study of the Universal Postal Union". Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 28, n. 4 (18 maggio 2015): 551–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2014-1687.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to adopt “whole network” perspective and analyzes the governance and control mechanisms in the Universal Postal Union (UPU), one of the oldest and largest inter-governmental networks, through the lens of institutional entrepreneurship theory. The purpose is to introduce a typology of network governance forms to the accounting literature and to analyze the governance and management control mechanisms within the UPU, a “participatory federation” (Provan, 1983) type of network that has managed the challenges of collective collaboration since 1875. Design/methodology/approach – The study benefits from unlimited access to all archival materials of the UPU such as minutes of Congress and committee meetings since 1875 as well as secondary documents and market studies related to the postal sector. The data reported in this study are derived from the archives of the UPU in Berne, Switzerland and interviews conducted with senior officials. Findings – Drawing on the work of Provan (1983) and Provan and Kenis (2008) the authors identify five “ideal type” network governance forms based on such variables as differences in the relative power of network participants and whether these networks have arisen spontaneously or due to external coercion, the authors classify the UPU as a “participatory federation.” Within the theoretical boundaries of this typology the authors identify the multi level governance structures and the use of management control mechanisms by each level of governance. The authors introduce a distinction between the “network constitutional organization” that focusses on the socialization of network members and strategy-level orchestration of the overall network and the “network administrative organization” (NAO) that mobilizes management accounting and control mechanisms to monitor, encourage and facilitate member collaboration. The authors propose that control within a participatory federation is enacted through collective entrepreneurship by governance bodies using management accounting and control mechanisms as institutional carriers. Research limitations/implications – The paper is focussed on the current state of the UPU’s network structure and processes and did not explore the dynamics around the emergence of the different network governance and control mechanisms. An exploration of the collective construction by network participants of the need for these mechanisms would provide insights into how they emerge and might lead to a better understanding of the role of NAOs in networks. Practical implications – The paper highlights the challenges faced by collaborative networks and identifies enabling characteristics of a participatory federation’s governance bodies. The empirical observations within the context of the UPU contribute to the theoretical understanding of the desirable characteristics of participatory federations that might be applicable to similar public and private collaborative networks Originality/value – This study expands the knowledge of management accounting and control systems in networks. It bridges a gap in the accounting literature by adopting a “whole network” perspective and by differentiating types of network governance structures that use management accounting and control systems. This contributes to the understanding of accounting and control across the full range of organizational forms.
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Zakharova, Larissa. "Access to Communication Tools in Stalin’s Soviet Union". Annales (English ed.) 68, n. 02 (giugno 2013): 357–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000261.
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This article examines the status and the place of such means of interpersonal communication as mail, the telegraph, and the telephone in Soviet society under Stalin. Access to tools of communication created a certain hierarchy in the Soviet Union: the telephone was only accessible in large cities, whereas postal services remained limited across the countryside. As it was being implemented, the Soviet project of a communicating society proved to be full of disparities, ultimately centered on the city-dwelling elite. While the radial scheme of communications networks favored contact between the capital and the provinces, the geographical proximity of the regions did not facilitate communications between their inhabitants. The construction of long-distance networks of sociability was affected by the territorial dimensions of the country, varying access to tools of communication, weak technological development, and bureaucratic malfunctioning.
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Laborie, Léonard. "Global commerce in small boxes: parcel post, 1878–1913". Journal of Global History 10, n. 2 (19 giugno 2015): 235–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022815000054.
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AbstractEven if the high-tech and ‘revolutionary’ electric telegraph has become a favourite topic for communication historians dealing with global history, it cannot alone epitomize the first modern age of globalization. The postal network, and parcel post in particular, was also a key agent of globalization. In 1880, several Universal Postal Union member states signed a convention for the exchange of parcel post, opening a new channel in the world of commerce. By the end of the nineteenth century, millions of packets poured into post offices and railway stations, crossed countries, and created all sorts of transnational connections, from family to business to humanitarian relations. Behind the ordinary, seemingly low-tech small boxes lay a sophisticated service that emerged from transnational dynamics, challenged both national and international commercial circuits, and produced more complex control of economic borders.
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Frobeen, Anna L., Christoph Kowalski, Verena Weiß e Holger Pfaff. "Investigating Respondents and Nonrespondents of a Postal Breast Cancer Questionnaire Survey Regarding Differences in Age, Medical Conditions, and Therapy". Breast Care 11, n. 2 (2016): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000446015.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Collecting patient-reported data via postal questionnaires is a common and frequently used technique. Selection bias may occur through lost data from nonrespondents. This study investigated differences in characteristics between respondents and nonrespondents of a postal breast cancer survey. Patients and Methods: The investigation was based on a cross-sectional postal questionnaire survey for the mandatory annual routine (re-)certification of accredited breast centers in North Rhine-Westphalia in 2010. Out of 4,444 patients meeting the inclusion criteria who gave their consent to participate, 3,856 respondents sent back a questionnaire and 588 nonrespondents did not. Using logistic regression, differences between respondents and nonrespondents regarding information gathered through hospital staff concerning age, affected breast, UICC (Union for International Cancer Control) staging and grading, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classification, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and type of surgery were assessed. Results: Very young and very old patients sent back their questionnaire significantly less frequently, as did patients who showed a later cancer stage and poorer general health and those who underwent mastectomy. Conclusion: Differences exist between respondents and nonrespondents with regard to age, disease, and therapy characteristics that need to be considered for the interpretation and generalizability of survey results due to selection bias.
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Andrzejewski, Anna Vemer. "Building NALCREST (1964): A Union Retirement Suburb for Postal Carriers in Polk County, Florida". Arris 32, n. 1 (2021): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arr.2021.0008.
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Owens, David, Teresa Rees e Nina Parry-Langdon. "‘All Those in Favour’: Computerised Trade Union Membership Lists as Sampling Frames for Postal Surveys". Sociological Review 41, n. 1 (febbraio 1993): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1993.tb02957.x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The computerisation of membership lists offers considerable scope for postal surveys of trade unionists. However, faith in the new technology can give rise to the illusion of increased accuracy. Yet, the computerised data bases, while undoubtedly quicker and easier to use, may be no more accurate than their manual predecessors and samples drawn from them can result in misleading response rates. Therefore, with reference to a specific case study of a major trade union, we argue that researchers should seek to establish empirically the probable error in their lists with a view to constructing realistic ‘benchmarks’. Then, these substantial new resources can provide a solid basis for worthwhile research.
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Andrey, Zaytsev, Konikov Evgeniy, Busheneva Yulia e Doleva Zarema. "Influence of the level of development of the digital environment on the trend of gross domestic product in the countries of the European Union". E3S Web of Conferences 211 (2020): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021104006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The paper characterizes the specifics of the impact of digitalization processes on such an indicator as GDP per capita: case study of the European Union countries. The literature dedicated to the matters of the relationship between digitalization and economic growth is reviewed. Based on the statistical data, a regression model is built to determine the dependencies between the GDP of European Union member countries and the economic digitalization indicators. An equation formed in the research can be used to demonstrate the dependence between GDP per capita and the accessibility of information and communications technology and its usage by organizations, households, and private persons in the territory of the European Union. According to the result obtained, the following possible options were formulated for the development of the European Union economies concerning digitalization: stimulating the introduction of information and communications technology in enterprises (including tax incentives for the firms involved in entrepreneurial digital development, as well as growing investments in the existing assets), households (increasing trust of the population in digital products; increasing human capital, which is highly demanded by the digital economy; prospects of the electronic postal trade system); focus on the export of high-tech products.
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Yiallourou, Kyriaki. "Case Law Note: CJEU: Developments on VAT Exemptions in 2019". Intertax 48, Issue 6/7 (1 giugno 2020): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2020060.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article presents a comprehensive overview of the recent case-law developments on value-added tax (hereinafter VAT) exemptions delivered by the Court of Justice in the European Union (hereinafter CJEU). During 2019, the CJEU was asked in a series of eight cases to interpret the exemptions established under Articles 132 and 135 of the VAT Directive. Three cases examine the VAT exemption on financial services whilst two cases address the immovable property exemption. The remaining cases inspect the VAT exemptions for the supply of medical care services, postal services, and the provision of services by autonomous groups of people to their members. This article summarizes the eight judgments rendered by the CJEU and analyses their potential impact on the European Union VAT framework. VAT, VAT exemptions, CJEU, financial services, immovable property, merit exemptions, case-law.
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Sylwestrzak, Marek, e Anna Stolarczyk. "Impact of selected factors on the cross-border price of postal parcels in the European Union". European Journal of Service Management 26 (2018): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/ejsm.2018.26-30.
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Drab-Kurowska, Anna, e Michał Kuściński. "Regulation of access to postal infrastructure in Poland on the example of selected European Union countries". European Journal of Service Management 27 (2018): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/ejsm.2018.27/1-09.
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COMANDINI, Vincenzo VISCO. "THE POSTAL SERVICE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION PUBLIC MONOPOLY OR COMPETITIVE MARKET?: A transaction cost approach". Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 66, n. 1 (marzo 1995): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.1995.tb00876.x.
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Heidenreich, L. "Saintly Protest: Women Religious, Religious Women, and the Early United Farm Worker Movement". U.S. Catholic Historian 42, n. 2 (marzo 2024): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cht.2024.a926025.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract: While the image of César Chávez graces the face of U.S. postal stamps, less recognized are the women of the United Farm Worker Movement. Yet Catholic women, from the better-known Dolores Huerta to regional organizers like Lupe Anguiano, were critical to the union’s early victories. This article begins the work of excavating the lives and labor of the women religious and religious women of the union, with an emphasis on the activism of Catholic Latinas. When structural changes within the Catholic Church of the mid-to-late twentieth century prompted women to reexamine their faith, they responded by supporting movements, such as the grape strike of 1965–1970, on picket lines, with fasts, and for some, with full-time labor. “Saintly Protest” turns to the grape strike and explores how Catholic women, including women religious, came to support the union, and the dynamic relationship between la cotidiana , their activism, and their faith.
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Cetin, Volkan Recai, e Isil Irmak. "The Effects of Liberalization Policies on Price and Quality of Services in the European Union Postal Market". Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 15, n. 4 (dicembre 2014): 334–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/178359171401500402.
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Vehkasalo, Ville. "Effectiveness of EU Regional Policy: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Finland". REGION 5, n. 3 (2 luglio 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18335/region.v5i3.195.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
European Union regional policy is implemented through structural funds, such as the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), which support investment in peripheral regions of the EU. We studied the effects of EU regional policy on key economic variables using a rare natural experiment setting. In 2007, parts of regions that were previously covered by the ERDF programme for Western Finland were reallocated to the ERDF programme for Northern Finland, with higher support intensity per capita. This area reallocation was caused by the newly adopted EU legislation regulating the classification of regional statistical areas. With a detailed postal code area dataset and a difference-in-differences estimator, we discovered desirable regional policy effects on unemployment and the number of jobs.
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Solina, Kristijan, e Borna Abramović. "Effects of Railway Market Liberalisation: European Union Perspective". Sustainability 14, n. 8 (13 aprile 2022): 4657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084657.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Network activities are an essential part of the economy. They represent services of general economic interest and include electronic communication, electricity, postal and railway services. At the end of the 1980s, the European Commission brought forward legislative proposals to open the monopolistic service markets of general economic interest. In that way, states would prepare the legislation to liberalise services, and state-owned monopolistic enterprises would adapt to the new conditions in the market. State-owned railway companies were megalomanic, exerting a triple role of managing the railway infrastructure and service facilities and providing railway transport services. In the early 1990s, the European Union (EU) adopted new legislation that would open the railway freight transport market. This initiated a new era of the railway. Separation of the functions within state own monopolistic companies into infrastructure management and railway undertakings quickly became a reality, paving the way for new railway freight operators. EU directives are implemented differently throughout the EU, which leads to various solutions. We have analysed various scientific and professional sources to understand better different correlations between the traffic parameters of the railway freight transport market. The key parameters were: (1) number of new undertakings, (2) ton-kilometres, (3) infrastructure charges and (4) quantity of transported goods. This paper researches the current state of the railway freight transport market and aims to define the shortcomings in the analyses of the impact of railway liberalisation on freight transport. Our research pointed out the need for seeing a broader picture of state interventions and infrastructure manager independence in the context of preventing market marginalisation. In addition, we have concluded that a number of the new undertakings is not a crucial parameter for understanding the railway freight transport market.
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Harris, Bob. "The Post Office and the Making of North Britain, c. 1750–c. 1840". Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 43, n. 1 (maggio 2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2023.0360.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
While the importance of closer, wider communications to Scotland and Scots adaptation to life within the Union, and the development of Britishness, has been commonly acknowledged, the role of the Post Office within these processes has never been systematically examined. This article charts the increasingly rapid development of postal services within Scotland and linking Scotland to London and the rest of England and Wales from the mid eighteenth century. It demonstrates the sheer extent and scope of growth of postal services in Scotland, and explores their use by different sections of Scottish society, by the mid nineteenth century. While commerce and manufacturing, as well as banking, together with the landed classes, account for the main sources of growth in use of the post, they were far from the sole beneficiaries of expanding, more efficient services. Scotland participated fully in the democratization of letter writing which was a feature of the Georgian period. The article then reflects on the consequences of these developments for the enfolding of Scotland within Britain and the rise of the latter as a salient framework within which people lived their lives. It underlines, in this context, the contemporary importance of letter writing and transmission of printed information to sustaining and forging connections and relationships between people and businesses, and overcoming frictions of distance within Britain.
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Takale, Ms Pooja, e Mrs Megha M. Bhoagwar. "Review Paper- “A STUDY ON THE FACTORS AFFECTING CUSTOMER PREFERENCE OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICES WITH GP PARSIK BANK”". INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, n. 01 (8 gennaio 2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27985.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
E-Banking and a decent budgeting application at your fingertips makes budgeting and handling your account even easier. When making payments or calculating your monthly savings and expenditures, you can keep track of real-time expenses. Online banking allows consumers to access general information and accounts of bank products and services through PC or other intelligent systems, which has a significant impact on the growth of more convenient payment mechanisms and user-friendly banking services in the banking industry. When every day is a race against time in our hectic lives, we look for ways to save time as much as we can. E-Banking is one of the technology advancements that help consumers to perform their financial transactions on a secured platform from a retail or automated bank, credit union, or any financial institution. E-Banking, also known as electronic banking, is the digital distribution of new banking services and products to customers directly through electronic, interactive contact networks. There are various types of banks such as commercial banks (which are engaged solely in banking activities), investment banks (for capital market activities), cooperative banks (non-profit banks), postal savings banks (associated with postal systems) and private banks (managing the assets of high-net-worth people). Keywords – CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, DIGITAL BANKING, CUSTOMER FEEDBACK, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CUSTOMER SUPPORT
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Shulman, Peter A. "Ben Franklin's ghost: world peace, American slavery, and the global politics of information before the Universal Postal Union". Journal of Global History 10, n. 2 (19 giugno 2015): 212–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022815000042.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractAttributing revolutionary potential to new international communications technology, notably the internet, is not new. On a global scale, similar ideas emerged in the mid nineteenth century in relation to government-subsidized mail steamers. These visions remained utopian, then as now, although some nations went further than others in attempting to implement ‘world peace’ and ‘social improvement’ through communications. Before widespread electrical transmissions, Americans created the blueprint for such utopian visions through mail steamers. Americans had long considered their postal system socially transformative; the development of mail steamers turned that social vision outwards to the globe. This article examines two movements of the 1850s that sought change through global communications: using mail steamers to resettle American free blacks in Africa and reducing international postage rates to such a low rate that increased communications would prevent war. These two nearly simultaneous histories suggest that the evolving concept of the nation-state deserves further investigation as an element at the conjuncture of global communications and social reform.
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Kovačević, Tatjana, Milena Ninović, Milica Miličić e Pavle Pitka. "Electric vehicles application - environmental justification". Put i saobraćaj 70, n. 1 (4 marzo 2024): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31075/pis.70.01.06.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The transport sector is the second largest source of greenhouse gas pollution in terms of total carbon dioxide emissions in the European Union. Reducing emissions in transport is more expensive than in other sectors because transport is still heavily reliant on fossil fuels. For years, electric vehicles have played a prominent role in the transport sector in terms of solving the f harmful gas emissions problem. They have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by offering an alternative to conventional vehicles based on internal combustion engines. Although they have zero CO2 emissions in the tailpipe, electric vehicles require the consumption of electricity to produce them as well as to power the battery, which contributes to the creation of CO2 emissions. The paper compares the use of a delivery vehicle with an internal combustion engine and an electric vehicle in the field of road transportation of the postal sector from the aspect of environmental sustainability. The electric vehicle use showed a lower generation of CO2 by 114.2 g/km, taking into account the average emission of carbon dioxide for electric vehicles according to the data of the European Union.
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Bieling, Hans-Jürgen, e Christina Deckwirth. "Privatising public infrastructure within the EU: the interaction between supranational institutions, transnational forces and national governments". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 14, n. 2 (1 gennaio 2008): 237–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890801400206.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Building on research on ten European Union Member States, this article assesses the role of the EU as a driver of privatisation processes in five infrastructure sectors - telecommunications, postal services, railway transport, and energy and water services. Despite national path dependencies - such as economic structures, legal traditions and social forces - the EU is becoming increasingly influential in implementing a specific European regulatory model and thus is generating an emerging European infrastructure market. In spite of their success as global players, the new infrastructure transnational corporations have failed to deliver properly functioning services and to provide decent working conditions. Although political will on the European level to continue the liberalisation process stands firm, conflicts between national governments and the European Commission as well as an increasing Europeanisation of local and national social protests could undermine this consensus.
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Bernat, Tomasz. "A Maintenance of a Dominant Market Position – on the Example of the Polish Post Office". Equilibrium 9, n. 4 (31 dicembre 2014): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2014.022.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The system changes of the Polish economy, which began in the 80s of the 20th century and were continued after the accession to the European Union in 2004, have caused significant transformations, not only in the economy and ownership relations, but also in single markets. What is more, some of the European Commission’s guidelines have introduced the market regulations which were dominated by natural monopolies. These changes were to cause the competitiveness on the market and to improve its functioning in an efficiency allocative sense in order to make the consumers’ situation better. However, it is often a kind of struggle without any visible effects in short or long term. One of such examples is the Polish Post Office as the national operator in the market of postal services. The scientific objective of this study is to answer the question whether the changes in the law regulating the postal market cause real changes in the market structure, resulting in a reduction in allocative inefficiency? The working hypothesis referring to such research problem is formulated as follows: large business entities operating in the monopolistic market structure until now use all of the tools – including changes in the law, to maintain their position. It causes an increase in allocative inefficiency of companies and market. The object of the research is Poczta Polska SA. The primary research method will be based on the analysis of the legal rules, the analysis of the activities and entities’ decisions and the comparative analysis. The active research is supported by the literature recognition.
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CHUBATYI, Yurii. "Certain aspects of the functioning of the national commission for state regulation of electronic communications, radio frequency spectrum and postal services". Economics. Finances. Law 4/2024, n. - (30 aprile 2024): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2024.4.2.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The paper examines the administrative and legal basis of the functioning of the National Commission, which carries out state regulation in the spheres of electronic communications, radio frequency spectrum and postal communications in Ukraine. The main tasks, functions and powers of the National Commission are summarized, the main purpose of its creation and functioning is indicated - it is the regulation of the communication industries, the electromagnetic spectrum and the postal industry in Ukraine. It was determined that the National Commission aims to ensure equal conditions for all participants of these markets. The regulatory framework regulating the Commission's activities, including regulatory acts, was analyzed. Problems related to the procedure for appointing the chairman and members of the commission, which may affect their independence and effectiveness of regulation by the regulatory and legal framework, are highlighted. Important aspects of providing anti-crisis management and protection of electronic communication infrastructure in the conditions of military conflict are outlined and highlighted. In the work of the National Commission, inconsistencies and contradictions in the legislative framework regulating the Commission's activities were identified and the need to improve the administrative and legal framework was emphasized to ensure the effective functioning of the body in the context of modern challenges and integration with the European Union, also military risks should be taken into account, which should be reflected in the normative legal acts regulating the activity of the commission, in particular, the use of the radio frequency spectrum should take into account not only the economic component, competitiveness and impartiality, but also the responsibility for the security of the state.
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Lehmann, Klaus-Dieter. "National Libraries in Eastern Europe – A Period of Transition". Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 6, n. 2 (agosto 1994): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574909400600203.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The present economic situation is a poor starting point for the national libraries of Eastern Europe in their efforts to cope with the future. Political censorship is replaced with economic censorship: insufficient budgets, inadequate space for books and readers, gaps in distribution systems, and increasing transport and postal rates. But libraries are an essential element in the intellectual infrastracture and cultural dialogue; and national libraries in Eastern Europe see cooperation with similar libraries in the West as a major way of achieving development. Several countries have agreed to exchange specialists, training and education programmes already exist, and lack of acquisition funds has been somewhat mitigated by book donation programmes; but more needs to be done. The European Union is an appropriate mechanism for developing an East-West programme to improve the infrastructure through the implementation of technological policy. East-West dialogue can best be structured through the Council of Europe, which has recently expanded its membership to include Eastern and Central Europe.
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Sierszchulski, Jarosław. "Ocena działalności Wielkopolskiego Oddziału Agencji Restrukturyzacji i Modernizacji Rolnictwa w ramach Działania 3 programu operacyjnego SAPARD dla Polski". Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, n. 50 (15 novembre 2003): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2003.50.49.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of the paper was the attempt of evaluation of activity of Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture based on Structural Pre-accession Measure for Agriculture and Rural Development. The problem was worked out on the basis of data received from original sources like a postal or electronic poll as well as derivative sources like acts or reports of Agency. The poll was carried out in April 2003. The research included 226 communes of Wielkopolska Province. Only 62 communes replied. As a result of the research some information was obtained: estimation of technical infrastructure, needs and planned investments in this area, access to information about support programs, communes' activity in taking advantage of European Union finances, communes' cooperation with the Agency. As a result of the research there were shown the directions of activities which are essential for increasing in absorption of European finances by the communes. There was prepared the project of rationalizations increasing possibilities of using European Fund in analyzed sector.
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Hébert, Harry L., Abirami Veluchamy, Georgios Baskozos, Francesca Fardo, Dimitri M. L. Van Ryckeghem, Mathilde M. V. Pascal, Claire Jones et al. "Cohort profile: DOLORisk Dundee: a longitudinal study of chronic neuropathic pain". BMJ Open 11, n. 5 (maggio 2021): e042887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042887.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
PurposeNeuropathic pain is a common disorder of the somatosensory system that affects 7%–10% of the general population. The disorder places a large social and economic burden on patients as well as healthcare services. However, not everyone with a relevant underlying aetiology develops corresponding pain. DOLORisk Dundee, a European Union-funded cohort, part of the multicentre DOLORisk consortium, was set up to increase current understanding of this variation in onset. In particular, the cohort will allow exploration of psychosocial, clinical and genetic predictors of neuropathic pain onset.ParticipantsDOLORisk Dundee has been constructed by rephenotyping two pre-existing Scottish population cohorts for neuropathic pain using a standardised ‘core’ study protocol: Genetics of Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland (GoDARTS) (n=5236) consisting of predominantly type 2 diabetics from the Tayside region, and Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS; n=20 221). Rephenotyping was conducted in two phases: a baseline postal survey and a combined postal and online follow-up survey. DOLORisk Dundee consists of 9155 participants (GoDARTS=1915; GS:SFHS=7240) who responded to the baseline survey, of which 6338 (69.2%; GoDARTS=1046; GS:SFHS=5292) also responded to the follow-up survey (18 months later).Findings to dateAt baseline, the proportion of those with chronic neuropathic pain (Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions questionnaire score ≥3, duration ≥3 months) was 30.5% in GoDARTS and 14.2% in Generation Scotland. Electronic record linkage enables large scale genetic association studies to be conducted and risk models have been constructed for neuropathic pain.Future plansThe cohort is being maintained by an access committee, through which collaborations are encouraged. Details of how to do this will be available on the study website (http://dolorisk.eu/). Further follow-up surveys of the cohort are planned and funding applications are being prepared to this effect. This will be conducted in harmony with similar pain rephenotyping of UK Biobank.
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Zhanbozova, A. B., I. D. Turgel e T. A. Azatbek. "Composite Index for Evaluating the B2C E-Commerce Development in the EAEU Countries". Economy of Region 17, n. 4 (2021): 1332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-4-20.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A comparative assessment of business-to-company (B2C) e-commerce development in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries is difficult to conduct due to the incommensurability of their economies and the lack of homogeneous data. To solve this problem, a composite index combining various sub-indices and indicators was created. The presented article discusses the creation of tools for assessing the B2C e-commerce development in the EAEU countries. The initial research data was gathered from reports of the International Telecommunication Union, UNESCO, the Universal Postal Union, the World Bank, as well as from official data of national statistical agencies and central (national) banks of the EAEU countries. The composite index was constructed by normalising the values of the indicators (method of normative ideals) for their comparison. Further, data values underwent a linear transformation to a 0 — 100 scale in order to ensure their proportionality. Weighting coefficients of the indicators were determined by the method of expert evaluations. Based on the developed index, countries may be ranked by the overall index, as well as by structural factors of B2C e-commerce readiness and use intensity. The use of the e-commerce development potential was analysed based on the values of individual sub-indices. In addition, the proposed toolkit can be applied to monitor changes in the EAEU indices over time, provided that the normalised values of the indicators are maintained. Policy makers can use the research results for improving the conditions for the e-commerce development in the EAEU member-states, as well as for creating a common space of e-commerce that contributes to the strengthening of economic integration. Moreover, the article contains methodological recommendations that can be utilised to create similar assessment tools for other regional economic blocs. The limitations of the study are related to the need to consider the regional specificity of the analysed countries or regions.