Tesi: "Positioning"

1

Arfwedson, Pontus, e Joel Berglund. "Inomhuspositioneringssystem : Utvecklande av server-funktionalitet, klient-kommunikation och en grafikmotor". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-256093.

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Abstract (sommario):

The projects goal was to make an already existing indoor positioning system useful forthe average smartphone user. This was achieved by creating an Android applicationwhich, along with a running server, continuously presents the user with all the currentneeded information. It uses the graphics engine andEngine to create the graphical userinterface. The application was created in the development environments Eclipse andAndroid Studio.

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2

Nors, Niclas, e Tom Rehnström. "SMS-baserat alarm med positionering : GPS based alarm with positioning". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12496.

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The study investigates how to design a low-cost, versatile event messaging system using SMS. A typical use case is a fire alarm or intrusion detector when equipped with appropriate sensors. With a GPS receiver connected, the actual position is included in the message, allowing for use as theft alarm in e.g. a car or in mobile home.

Studien undersöker hur man kan konstruera ett billigt, mångsidigt meddelandesystem som använder SMS. Ett exempel på användningsområde är brandlarm eller inbrottslarm med motsvarande sensorer anslutna. Även positionen kan förmedlas med en GPS ansluten, och då finns även möjligheten att använda enheten som stöldlarm för till exempel bil eller husvagn.

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3

Köhl, Jesper. "Positioning Algorithm and Positioning Server for aPositioning System". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-142347.

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Real-time asset tracking can be used to increase personnel safety, security and workflow in different types of facility’s or assembly lines. There is many ways this can be done but one way is by using an Ultra Wide-band sensor network. This thesis describes a specific part of such a system. The task was to construct and evaluate the server software that will handle incoming data from the sensor network, but also how it uses the data to calculate the position of the tracked asset. The goal was to create an efficient and flexible server application that can handle multiple assets that uses an accurate positioning algorithm. The result showed with the best recorded configuration that towards the middle of the test area the accuracy measured was nine centimeters. With the maximum amount of positions that the test server could handle was 6000 positions per second. The conclusions about this thesis are that the positioning application is promising because of its accuracy, its dynamic ability’s and its performance.
Positioneringsalgoritm och positioneringsserver till ett positioneringssystem Möjligheten att spåra tillgångar kan användas för att öka personalens säkerhet, minska stöldrisker och förbättra arbetsflödet. Ett sätt att göra detta på är genom att använda sig av ett sensornätverk som i sin tur kommunicerar med Ultra Wide-band. Den här rapporten beskriver en del av ett sådant system. Uppgiften var att konstruera och utvärdera en servermjukvara som kan hantera data från ett sådant sensornätverk men som också kan beräkna positionen av de spårade tillgångarna. Målet var att applikationen skulle vara flexibel, kunna spåra många tillgångar samtidigt och bestämma dess position med hög noggrannhet. Resultatet visade att mot mitten av testområdet var noggrannheten nio centimeter. Samt att testservern kunde hantera 6000 positioner per sekund. Slutsatsen var att positioneringsapplikationen är lovande tack vare dess positionsnoggrannhet, dynamiska konfigurationsmöjlighet och prestanda.

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4

Bredstedt, Daniel, e Aleksander Ivanovksi. "Positioning - Ultrawideband". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-199353.

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5

Rasch, Kevin, e Dennis Lipponen. "Inomhuspositionering med tre olika tekniker – Bluetooth Low Energy, Wi-Fi och GPS : En jämförelsestudie av positioneringsverktyg vid inomhuspositionering". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Informatik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-27999.

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Abstract (sommario):

Olika navigeringstekniker är något som människan använder sig av dagligen. Det är och har varit en viktig del genom tiderna, i början handlade det om att kunna navigera till havs med hjälp av stjärnorna och idag har många människor i världen någon form av smarttelefon som kan användas som navigeringsverktyg. Inomhuspositionering är något som har blivit ett hett ämne den senaste tiden och eftersom GPS fungerar sämre inomhus har nya tekniker utvecklats för att navigera och positionera sig inomhus. De tekniker som ligger i framkant nu är bland annat Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) och Wi-Fi där man med hjälp av triangulering kan positionera ut en användare inomhus. Frågan återstår då, vilket positioneringsverktyg är då lämpligt för inomhuspositionering. Detta examensarbete har utförts med en kombination av strategier. Som börjar med en jämförelsestudie av tre olika positioneringstekniker, BLE Wi-Fi och GPS, för att ta fram en lämplig positioneringsteknik för utvärdering i form av ett experiment där flera faktorer, främst precisionen, testas. I denna studie användes BLE beacons som positioneringsverktyg dels för att den var lätt att implementera men även för att den skulle uppnå hög precision. För att testa BLE beacon utvecklades en lätt applikationsprototyp som hade som huvudsyfte att kunna positionera ut en användare i ett koordinatsystem med hjälp av XYvärden. Genom att triangulering användes för att kunna positionera ut en användare uppnådde studien en medelmarginal på ungefär 76 centimeter när fem stycken beacons användes i ett område på 4 x 3 meter, vilket vi ansåg som godkänt för att kunna dra slutsatsen att BLE beacon är ett lämpligt verktyg när det kommer till en inomhuspositionering. Slutsatsen blev även att det skiljer sig avsevärt mycket i precision om man använder sig av för få eller helt enkelt dåligt placerade beacons.
Different navigation techniques are something that people uses on a daily basis. It has been and still is an important part in the history of mankind, initially navigation was about being able to navigate at sea using the stars, and today many people around the world have some kind of smartphone that can be used as a navigation tool. Indoor positioning is something that has become a hot topic in the last decade and since GPS has bad precision indoors new technologies has been developed to navigate and position objects indoors. Some leading technologies now includes Bluetooth Low Energy beacons and Wi-Fi, where you can position a user indoors using triangulation-techniques. The question still remains, which technique is viable for indoor positioning. This study has been conducted as a combination of two strategies, starting with a comparison study of three different positioning techniques, BLE, Wi-Fi and GPS, to come to a conclusion which positioning technique is suitable for indoor positioning. After the conclusion we evaluated the technique in the form of an experiment in which several factors, mainly the precision, are tested. In this study, BLE beacon were used as the positioning tool because it was easy to implement but also to able to achieve high precision in the right environment. To test the beacons, a light application prototype was developed that had the main purpose of positioning a user in a coordinate system using XY values. By using triangulation to position the user. The study achieved a mean margin of approximately 76 centimeters when five beacons were used in a 4 x 3 meter area. The conclusion was BLE beacons is a suitable tool when it comes to indoor positioning and that there is a lot of difference in precision when using too few or poorly placed beacons.

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6

Bassili, Niclas, e Erik Blomqvist. "L.O.S.T Positioning : Line Of Sight Technologies Positioning ofRoboRally Robots". Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230248.

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RoboRally is a board game where the goal is to drive a smallrobot from a start position to a goal across a dynamic boardwith different types of obstacles. The robots in this gamearen’t real robots, they are small plastic figures which aremoved by hand during the game. Our vision is to researcha solution for implementing the game with real robots. Inorder to do this, precise positioning is key. The purposeof this project was therefore to create a local positioningsystem that allows a robot to find its position in a definedspace and change it on a user command with good precision.The built positioning system is based on the time offlight technique using infrared light and ultrasound. Thesystem uses two transmitters and one receiver to calculatetwo planar distances which can be converted to a coordinatewithin the board.To assess the system performance in a RoboRally applicationa small robot was built and multiple tests conducted.The first result was that a one-dimensional distancecalculation using the time of flight technique achieveda mean error of 3,2 mm for distances shorter than 1 m. Thenext result was that the positioning system achieved a 90x 70 cm rectangle field of view with an accuracy between1 and 6 cm within this area. The last result was that therobot was able to move a specified distance with a precisionof ± 1 mm and then verify its position successfully at a rateof 97 %.The final conclusion of the project is that the positioningsystem is accurate enough for a RoboRally applicationbut needs improvements on its field of view.
RoboRally är ett brädspel som går ut på att köra en robot från en startpunkt till ett mål över en dynamisk spelplan med olika typer av hinder. Robotarna i detta spel är inte riktiga robotar, det är små figurer av plast som flyttas för hand under spelets gång. Vårt mål är att undersöka en lösning för att implementera spelet med riktiga robotar. För att lyckas med detta så är det viktigt med noggrann positionering. Syftet med detta projekt var att skapa ett positioneringssystem som gör att en robot kan hitta sin egen position inom en yta och ändra den på kommando med god precision. Positioneringssystemet som tagits fram är baserat på time of flight teknik med hjälp av infrarött ljus och ultraljud. Systemet använder två sändare och en mottagare för att räkna ut två avstånd som sedan kan omvandlas till en koordinat på spelplanen. För att bedömma systemets prestanda i RoboRally sammanhang så har en liten robot byggts och flera tester utförts. Det första resultatet är att en endimensionell avståndsberäkning med time of flight tekniken kunde uppnå ett medelfel på 3,2 mm för avstånd kortare än 1 m. Nästa resultat var att positionssystemet uppnådde ett 90 x 70 cm rektangulärt synfält med en noggrannhet mellan 1 och 6 cm inom detta område. Det sista resultatet var att roboten kan förflytta sig en bestämd sträcka med en noggrannhet på ± 1 mm och sedan verifiera sin position korrekt 97 % avförsöken. Projektets slutsats är att positionssystemet har tillräckligtbra noggrannhet för att kunna användas för RoboRally men att det behöver förbättrat synfält.

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7

Frei, Erwin. "Rapid differential positioning with the global positioning system (GPS) /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1991. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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8

BASSILI, NICLAS, e ERIK BLOMQVIST. "L.O.S.T Positioning : Line Of Sight Technologies Positioning of RoboRally Robots". Thesis, KTH, Mekatronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233118.

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Abstract (sommario):

RoboRally is a board game where the goal is to drive a small robot from a start position to a goal across a dynamic board with different types of obstacles. The robots in this game aren’t real robots, they are small plastic figures which are moved by hand during the game. Our vision is to research a solution for implementing the game with real robots. In order to do this, precise positioning is key. The purpose of this project was therefore to create a local positioning system that allows a robot to find its position in a defined space and change it on a user command with good precision. The built positioning system is based on the time of flight technique using infrared light and ultrasound. The system uses two transmitters and one receiver to calculate two planar distances which can be converted to a coordinate within the board. To assess the system performance in a RoboRally application a small robot was built and multiple tests conducted. The first result was that a one-dimensional distance calculation using the time of flight technique achieved a mean error of 3,2 mm for distances shorter than 1 m. The next result was that the positioning system achieved a 90 x 70 cm rectangle field of view with an accuracy between 1 and 6 cm within this area. The last result was that the robot was able to move a specified distance with a precision of ± 1 mm and then verify its position successfully at a rate of 97 %. The final conclusion of the project is that the positioning system is accurate enough for a RoboRally application but needs improvements on its field of view.
RoboRally är ett brädspel som går ut på att köra en robot från en startpunkt till ett mål över en dynamisk spelplan med olika typer av hinder. Robotarna i detta spel är inte riktiga robotar, det är små figurer av plast som flyttas för hand under spelets gång. Vårt mål är att undersöka en lösning för att implementera spelet med riktiga robotar. För att lyckas med detta så är det viktigt med noggrann positionering. Syftet med detta projekt var att skapa ett positioneringssystem som gör att en robot kan hitta sin egen position inom en yta och ändra den på kommando med god precision. Positioneringssystemet som tagits fram är baserat på time of flight teknik med hjälp av infrarött ljus och ultraljud. Systemet använder två sändare och en mottagare för att räkna ut två avstånd som sedan kan omvandlas till en koordinat på spelplanen. För att bedömma systemets prestanda i RoboRally sammanhang så har en liten robot byggts och flera tester utförts. Det första resultatet är att en endimensionell av-ståndsberäkning med time of flight tekniken kunde uppnå ett medelfel på 3,2 mm för avstånd kortare än 1 m. Nästa resultat var att positionssystemet uppnådde ett 90 x 70 cm rektangulärt synfält med en noggrannhet mellan 1 och 6 cm inom detta område. Det sista resultatet var att roboten kan förflytta sig en bestämd sträcka med en noggrannhet p°a ± 1 mm och sedan verifiera sin position korrekt 97 % av försöken. Projektets slutsats är att positionssystemet har tillräckligt bra noggrannhet för att kunna användas för RoboRally men att det behöver förbättrat synfält.

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9

Hall, Matthew. "Global positioning logger". Click here to view, 2010. http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cpesp/4/.

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Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (B.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2010.
Project advisor: Chris Lupo. Title from PDF title page; viewed on Apr. 19, 2010. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on microfiche.

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10

Morris, Lance A. "Local Positioning System". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1523236.

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In Local Positioning System I explored urban areas on foot and displayed the results of my explorations in the Dutzi gallery. My primary impetus for this project was to gain a more complete understanding of my surroundings. In a Global Positioning System (GPS)-driven re-imagining of British artist Richard Long's walks, I tracked my wanderings using a smartphone and filtered the resulting data and imagery through mechanical methods of production such as laser cutting and screen-printing. I then incorporated this imagery into a much larger installation piece that led viewers through a scale model of my exploration, via a detailed path on the wall and illuminated light boxes on the floor to guide their path.

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11

Etienne, Stéphane. "Positioning articulated figures". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1998. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2549/.

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Many animation systems rely on key-frames or poses to produce animated sequences of figures we interpret as articulated, e.g. the skeleton of a character. The production of poses is a difficult problem which can be solved by using techniques such as forward and inverse kinematics. However, animators often find these techniques difficult to work with. The work, presented in this thesis, proposes an innovative technique which approaches this problem from a totally different direction from conventional techniques, and is based on Interactive Genetic Algorithms (IGAs). IGAs are evolutionary tools based on the theory of evolution which was first described by Darwin in 1859. They are derived from Genetic Algorithms (GAs) themselves based on the theory of evolution. IGAs have been successfully used to produce abstract pictures, sculptures and abstract animation sequences. Conventional techniques assist the animator in producing poses. On the contrary, when working with IGAs, users assist the computer in its search for a good solution. Unfortunately, this concept is too weak to allow for an efficient exploration of the space of poses as the user requires more control over the evolutionary process. So, a new concept was introduced to let the user specify directly what is of interest, that is a limb or a set of limbs. This information is efficiently used by the computer to greatly enhance the search. Users build a pose by selecting limbs which are of interest. That pose is provided to the computer as a seed to produce a new generation of poses. The degree of similarity is specified directly by the user. Typically, it is small at the beginning and increases as the process reaches convergences. The power of this new technique is demonstrated by two evaluations, one which uses a set of non expert users and another one which uses myself as the sole but expert user. The first evaluation highlighted the high cognitive requirement of the new technique whereas the second evaluation showed that given sufficient training, the new technique becomes much faster than the other two conventional techniques.

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12

Fortanely, Eugenio Robert. "TaleBlazer : indoor positioning". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106124.

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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, February 2016.
Cataloged PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 63-66).
TaleBlazer is a platform that allows for the design and play of iOS and Android location-based augmented reality games. Until recently, TaleBlazer games could only be played outdoors. Indoor positioning is an active area of research. This thesis will explore and evaluate a variety of more sophisticated alternatives to an existing, simple indoor positioning scheme for TaleBlazer. None of the explored indoor positioning techniques were satisfactory as a replacement scheme. In lieu of completely replacing the existing scheme, a number of improvements were made to TaleBlazer's indoor positioning.
by Eugenio Robert Fortanely.
M. Eng.

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13

Venugopalan, Vishwanath 1981. "Human intelligible positioning". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/18008.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-117).
We use street addresses to refer to locations in a city. Street addresses are easy to remember and communicate because they follow a symbolic addressing scheme, containing human intelligible symbols. However, street addresses can often be ambiguous or confusing and don't provide complete coverage of outdoor spaces. Latitude and longitude coordinates, a metric addressing scheme, are unambiguous and accommodate locations that may not have street addresses. However, latitude and longitude coordinates are unusable on a daily basis because they must be specified to many digits to be useful at human-level scales. This thesis describes the design and implementation of a new hybrid addressing scheme, Human Intelligible Positioning (HIP), which uses a metric addressing scheme as its substrate. Addresses in this metric addressing scheme are mapped to two-dimensional offsets within named coordinate systems. HIP addresses combine the easy memorability and communicability of street addresses with the precision and universal outdoor coverage of latitude and longitude coordinates.
by Vishwanath Venugopalan.
M.Eng.

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14

Початко, Тетяна Володимирівна, Татьяна Владимировна Початко, Tetiana Volodymyrivna Pochatko e A. Gusakov. "Global positioning system". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/17134.

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15

Streletskiy, Y. S. "Global positioning system". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/40496.

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Space exploration has a great meaning for mankind. There are many space technologies that have been explored for space, but then transformed for human everyday use. One of such technologies is GPS navigation.

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16

Yang, Yichen. "High Accuracy Positioning". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286697.

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The thrive of big data, cloud computing, and 5G communication lays a solid foundation for smart transportation and autonomous driving. But in these areas, accurate positioning is also indispensable. Current high accuracy positioning services are mainly based on Network RTK. The PPP technology reaches the same level of final accuracy as RTK but requires less data transmission and computational power. This project focuses on PPP technology and explores its potential as a substitution of the current Network RTK. This thesis consists of three parts: theory, solution, and result. The theory part introduces basic mathematics and an overview of the GPS system. Then it analyses GNSS measurement errors and introduces augmentation technologies. The solution part introduces the measurement model and mainstream error correction methods. After that, it focuses on the ionospheric model and IC-PPP method. Based on that, we create the ’sTEC’ interface and enable the ’External TEC’ correction method. The result part presents a comparison between the PPP technology and different correction methods.
Utvecklingen av big data, molntjänster och 5G kommunikation ger en god grund för smarta transporter och självkörande fordon. För dessa tjänster är dock noggrann positionering oumbärligt. Nuvarande positioneringstjänster för hög noggrannhet är framför allt baserade på Network RTK. PPP-teknologi kan nå samma slutliga noggrannhet som RTK, men kräver mindre dataöverföring och beräkningskapacitet. Detta projekt fokuserar på PPP-teknologi och undersöker dess potential att ersätta nuvarande Network RTK. Avhandlingen består av tre delar — teori, lösningar och resultat. Teoridelen introducerar de matematiska grunderna och ger en översikt av GPS-systemet. Därefter analyseras källorna till mätfel i GNSS och olika tilläggsmetoder för att hantera dessa. Lösningsdelen introducerar mätmodellen och vanligt förekommande felkorrigeringsmetoder. Därefter, läggs tyngdpunkten på en jonosfärmodell och IC-PPPmetoden. Baserat på det, skapar vi ett sTEC-gränssnitt för att möjliggöra korrektionsmetoden External TEC. Resultatdelen innehåller en jämförelse mellan PPP-teknologi och olika korrektionsmetoder.

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17

Kotíková, Vanda. "Positioning značky Carla". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17014.

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This diploma thesis called "Brand positioning Carla" is focused on the analysis of the position of the brand Carla on the Czech market. My recommendations are based on this analysis. The theoretical part describes current marketing and marketing trends, the components of the marketing mix and SWOT analysis. The second chapter describes the brand's development, history, trends and brand elements. The third part of the theoretical part is focused on marketing promotional and communication activities. Last chapter describes brand positioning. The practical part of my thesis is mainly based on internal information which was provided directly by the Carla company, also other techniques as interviews with company management and a questionnaire were used. The first part is focused on company presentation and history of the Carla company. Then I evaluated its market position and analyzed strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the so-called SWOT analysis. Also an analysis of competition and description of the company's distribution channels is included. The next chapter describes the segments which are products targeted. In conclusion, I described the promotional activities of Carla and suggested promotional activities for the company's new product.

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18

Čubíková, Aneta. "Positioning vybraného výrobku". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262369.

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In my diploma thesis "Positioning of selected product" I focused on analysis of the positioning of the product CEWE photobook from Fotolab on the Czech market in the context of its competition. The theoretical part explains the concept of marketing, marketing mix 7P, SWOT analysis, positioning, brand and quantitative and qualitative research. The practical part presents the company Fotolab and its three main competitors in the market. In this part, all companies are compared on an extended marketing mix 7P. The Fotolab company is evaluated in the context of a SWOT analysis. The practical part is based on questionnaires and individual interviews, from which the recommendations will come for the company in the conclusion.

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19

Beauregard, Stéphane. "Infrastructureless pedestrian positioning". kostenfrei, 2009. http://d-nb.info/996728007/34.

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20

Cohenour, John C. "Global Positioning System Clock and Orbit Statistics and Precise Point Positioning". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1249043829.

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21

Do, Ju-Yong. "Road to seamless positioning : hybrid positioning system combining GPS and television signals /". May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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22

Xia, Ziqi, e Alvandian Sohrab Mani. "3D Visualized Indoor Positioning System". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244001.

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Abstract (sommario):

Three-dimensional visualization refers to the process by which graphical content is created using the Three-dimensional software. While working with Threedimensional visualization, different indoor positioning techniques can be used to detect and track the movement of objects. Combining these two technologies provide the ability to monitor a room and its objects in real time. Positioning is the process of recording the movement of objects or people. Positioning techniques can be used in many different areas such as emergent situations and tracking objects with potential risks as an aid. It is not self-evident how well this kind of a system would work in the given contexts. To address this, the method has consisted of a literature study focused on existing theories of positioning and different factors that affect the positioning outcome and a case study on positioning systems in a number of existing indoor positioning systems. The purpose of this project is to present and evaluate a prototype where an indoor positioning system will be combined with a specific platform which works with simple types of hardware signals to generate three-dimensional models. The goal is to present a system that will have the ability to be used without any infrastructure or external hardware. Different indoor positioning systems will be analyzed as well as their use in various scenarios. This thesis evaluates various technical choices, and provides an overview of some of the existing wireless indoor positioning solutions and the theory and methods used, before describing the case study, including the development process, problems faced, the result, and the experimental testing results. In conclusion, the thesis presents a prototype which is validated to fulfill the basic expectation of a three-dimensional visualized indoor positioning system.
Tredimensionell visualisering refererar till processen genom vilken grafisk innehåll skapas med hjälp av tredimensionell programvara. Under arbetet med tredimensionell visualisering kan olika inomhus positioneringstekniker användas för att upptäcka och spåra rörelser av object. Kombinationen av dessa två tekniker ger möjlighet att övervaka ett rum och dess föremål i realtid. Positionering är processen att spela in rörelser av objekt eller personer. Positionering kan användas i många olika områden såsom nödsituationer och spårning av föremål eller brandmän i enbyggnad som brinner eller detektering av polishundar som är utbildade för att hitta sprängämnen i en byggnad. Det är inte självklart hur bra ett sådant system skulle fungera i de givna sammanhangen. För att ta itu med detta, har metoden bestått av en litteraturstudie inriktat på befintliga teorier om positionering, olika faktorer som påverkar positionerings resultatet samt en fallstudie om positioneringssystem i ett antal befintliga inomhus positioneringssystem. Syftet med detta projekt är att presentera och utvärdera en prototyp där ett inomhuspositioneringssystem kombineras med en specifik plattform som arbetar med enkla typer av hårdvaru signaler för att generera tredimensionella modeller. Målet är att presentera ett system som kommer kunna användas utan någon infrastruktur eller extern hårdvara. Olika inomhus positioneringssystem kommer att analyserar såväl som deras användning i olika scenarier. Denna avhandling utvärderar olika tekniska val och ger en översikt över några av de befintliga trådlösa inomhuspositioneringlösningarna och ger teorin och metoderna, innan fallstudien beskrivs, inklusive: utvecklingsprocessen, problem, resultat och experimentella testresultat. Sammanfattningsvis presenterar avhandlingen en prototyp som valideras för att uppfylla de grundläggande förväntningarna för ett tredimensionellt visualiserat inomhus positioneringssystem.

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Hasselgren, Andreas, e Sara Jansson. "Culture in International Positioning". Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1751.

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Abstract (sommario):

The concept of positioning was first highlighted by Trout and Ries in an article published in 1971 and has since then been a well-studied subject. However, little study has been made regarding the way the positioning strategy changes depending on which country the company is about to enter. The purpose of this master dissertation is thus to investigate culture’s role as a driving force in international positioning.

The theoretical framework consists of the foundations of the positioning process and international marketing literature about cross-cultural theories. These theories are put together in an analytical model where a connection between the two theories is illustrated that will be used as a foundation in gathering and analysing the empirical data.

In a qualitative approach, the empirical data was gathered through semi-structured telephone interviews with the Marketing Directors or a corresponding title of five different Swedish international companies. These findings were also complemented with secondary data such as web pages and annual reports of the companies.

The findings of the study showed that cultural differences are considered to some extent and have resulted to an entirely new positioning strategy for one of the researched companies and to changes in the strategic tools made for consolidating the position in two additional companies. In the two remaining companies, culture has not been a driving force and the companies have thus not considered this in their positioning in international markets.

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THUMMALAPALLI, STALINBABU. "Wi-Fi Indoor Positioning". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för Informationsvetenskap, Data– och Elektroteknik (IDE), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-19901.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space based satellite navigation system. It provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on the earth. Unfortunately GPS fails to give position indoors, because it requires a direct line of sight to several satellites. Indoor locating systems can thus not use GPS, because signal strengths are weakened or cancelled by building structures. So we need another technology for positioning indoors. Wireless indoor positioning systems are very popular in recent years. These systems are successfully used to asset tracking. By using ultrasound or lasers we can find accurate positioning, but this involves larger costs and energy requirements.Indoor wireless positioning based on received RF signal strength has gained more popularity for researchers in recent years. Wireless communication is a rapidly growing technology used in both home and business networking. Currently wireless networks are set up in institutes, hospitals, shopping malls, and airports and so on. Wi-Fi location determination is a technology; it utilizes existing Wi-Fi equipment such as those installed in personal computers, PDAs and mobile phones. The technology uses modulated Wi-Fi transmission signals to detect the presence of a device, which does not necessarily have to be connected to the network. The system is able to triangulate the position of the device based on the signals received from several access points. Some researchers implemented positioning algorithms to find the position indoors. In those algorithms some popular algorithms are signal strength mean value algorithm, K nearest neighbor’s algorithm, and Bayesian positioning algorithm. Before positioning, we can also measure the signal strength values in a reference point inside the building and use those values to build a database. The database contains coordinates of reference points, orientation and set of signal strength measurements linked to the access points. In positioning phase we can then measure the signal strength and compare those signals with an already built database for finding the position. This type of position finding is known as finger printing method.This paper provides an overview of the existing positioning techniques. The main aim of this thesis is to find the accurate position indoors. For finding the accurate position we are using the finger print database model. In addition to the finger print database model we are considering the walking speed of the user and the history of previous signal strength values. In this thesis we proposed a User Prediction Algorithm, using this algorithm we can find the position of object or user with less error and also we can solve the ambiguity problem to some extent.

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25

Anna, Ljungström. "Positioning of IP telephones". Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationsnät, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-53491.

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This report considers the problems with positioning of emergency telephone calls. Emergency calls to the emergency number “112” answered by the emergency service in Sweden cannot always be positioned. That is, it cannot be decided where the call is coming from. The problem with positing of emergency calls is mainly caused by emergency calls coming from Internet Protocol (IP) telephones. Since the use of IP telephones are increasing the number of emergency calls coming from IP telephones will increase. For the emergency service to provide a secure and reliable service to the public it is crucial that all emergency calls can be positioned correctly. The report explains how emergency calls are connected towards the emergency service in Sweden, from the different types of telephones that support emergency calls. For the traditional fixed land line all emergency calls can be positioned, when using a mobile telephone 90% of the emergency calls can be positioned. The IP telephones can be divided into two categories, fixed and nomadic. When a fixed IP telephone is used the emergency call can always be positioned correctly, the problem occurs when a nomadic IP telephone is used. Interviews have been held with the four largest IP telephone operators to get their views of the problem and whether they have an opinion on how to solve the problem. Practical tests have been performed to show the problem and when it occurs. To solve the problem with positioning of emergency calls coming from IP telephones an international standard must be set. New features needs to be implemented in the networks so that the calls coming from IP telephones can be positioned and utilize positioning features such as GPS. A lot of work still remains before an international standard can be set.

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Kihlberg, Johan, e Simon Tegelid. "Map Aided Indoor Positioning". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-77766.

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The popularity of wireless sensor networks is constantly increasing, both for use instatic machine to machine environments as well as dynamic environments wherethe sensor nodes are carried by humans. Higher demands are put on real-timetracking algorithms of the sensor nodes, both in terms of accuracy and speed. This thesis addresses the issue of tracking persons wearing small sensor nodeswithin a radio network. Focus lies on fusing sensor data in an efficient way withconsideration to the computationally constrained sensor nodes. Different sensorsare stochastically modelled, evaluated, and fused to form an estimate of the person’sposition. The central approach to solve the problem is to use a dead reckoning methodby detecting steps taken by the wearer combined with an Inertial MeasurementUnit to calculate the heading of the person wearing the sensor node. To decreasethe unavoidable drift which is associated with a dead reckoning algorithm, a mapis successfully fused with the dead reckoning algorithm. The information from themap can to a large extent remove drift. The developed system can successfully track a person wearing a sensor nodein an office environment across multiple floors. This is done with only minorknowledge about the initial conditions for the user. The system can recover fromdivergence situations which increases the long term reliability.
Intresset för trådlösa sensornätverk ökar konstant, såväl för statiska maskintill-maskintillämpningar som för dynamiska miljöer där sensornoderna är burnaav människor. Allt högre krav ställs på positioneringsalgoritmer för sensornätverken,där både hög precision och låg beräkningstid ofta är krav. Denna rapport behandlar problemet med att bestämma positionen av personburnasensornoder. Rapportens fokus är att effektivt kombinera sensordatamed hänsyn till sensornodernas begränsade beräkningskapacitet. Olika sensorermodelleras stokastiskt, utvärderas och kombineras för att forma en skattning avsensornodens position. Den huvudsakliga metoden för att lösa problemet är att dödräkna sensornodbärarenssteg kombinerat med kompass och tröghetssensorer för att skattastegets riktning. En karta över byggnaden används för att reducera den annarsoundvikliga drift som härrör från dödräkning. Informationen från kartan visarsig i stor utsträckning kunna reducera den här driften. Det utvecklade systemet kan följa en person genom en kontorsmiljö somsträcker sig över flera våningsplan. Detta med enbart lite information om personensinitiala position. Systemet kan även återhämta sig från situationer däralgoritmen divergerar vilket ökar systemets pålitlighet på lång sikt.

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Andersson, Pierre, e Arvid Norlander. "Indoor Positioning Using WLAN". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-23461.

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This report evaluates various methods that can be used to position a smartphone running the Android platform, without the use of any special hardware or infrastructure and in conditions where GPS is unavailable or unreliable; such as indoors. Furthermore, it covers the implementation of such a system with the use of a deterministic fingerprinting method that is reasonably device independent, a method which involves measuring a series of reference points, called fingerprints, in an area and using those to locate the user. The project was carried on behalf of Sigma, a Swedish software consulting company.
Denna rapport evaluerar olika metoder för att bestämma positionen av en smartphone som använder sig av Android-plattformen. Metoden skall inte använda sig av någon speciell hårdvara eller infrastruktur samt kunna hantera förhållanden där GPS är otillgängligt eller opålitligt, som till exempel inomhus. Den beskriver också implementation av ett sådant system som använder sig av en deterministisk fingerprinting-metod som någorlunda väl kan hantera enheter av olika modeller, en metod som innebär att man mäter upp en mängd med referenspunkter, kallade fingerprints, och använder dessa för att placera användaren. Projektet utfördes på uppdrag av Sigma, ett svenskt mjukvarukonsultbolag.

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Usher, Sarah Louise. "Nucleosome positioning in Arabidopsis". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3212/.

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The aim of this project was to test hypotheses relating to nucleosome positioning in Arabidopsis to provide a basis for better understanding of epigenetic transcriptional regulation in plants. Prior to this study, virtually no information existed regarding nucleosome positioning in plants. Eukaryote chromosomes consist of chromatin, composed of nucleosomes separated by linker DNA of variable lengths. Nucleosomes consist of 147 bp of DNA wrapped 1.7 times around a histone octamer. Whilst no consensus nucleosome positioning DNA sequence exists, sequence preferences influence positioning, and contribute to the complex epigenetic processes which act to control transcriptional activity. These details of the underlying mechanisms are known to differ between the plant and animal kingdoms. High-throughput sequencing technologies were utilised to generate large datasets of mono- and di-nucleosome sequences from wild-type Arabidopsis. These enabled genome-wide analysis and inference of plant-specific patterns of nucleosome positioning and sequence properties. Further data were generated from a methyltransferase antisense (MET1) which is depleted in methylated CG epigenetic marks. The internal distributions of dinucleotides within Arabidopsis nucleosomes were similar to those observed in non-plant eukaryotes. A unique periodicity in the distribution of linker lengths was detected in Arabidopsis wild type chromatin. In contrast, the MET1 antisense line displayed the expected periodicity, indicating systematic differences in chromatin organisation. There was a significant increase in nucleosome occupancy within exons compared with introns. However, this difference was less marked in the MET1 antisense. Specific patterns of nucleosome phasing were observed around transcription start sites. Linker lengths within rRNA gene clusters associated with nucleolar organiser regions (NORs) differed depending on chromosome of origin, suggesting differences in higher order chromatin structure between the NORs. Comparison of the nucleosome position and DNA methylation within the rRNA gene cluster revealed interesting differences between the two regions, which may reflect interactions affecting chromatin structure and transcriptional regulation.

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Westrop, Jane M. "Dynamic positioning by GPS". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278351.

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Shamsuddin, Shahril. "Positioning of wireless broadband". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10967.

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Postolny, B., e L. M. Chuchilina. "The global positioning system". Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16778.

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Akin, Faith W. "Benign Paroxysmal Positioning Vertigo". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2437.

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33

Sjöström, Josefin, e Anna Symmons. "Att förmedla en dröm : En studie om svenska fastighetsmäklarföretags positioneringsstrategier på den svenska och spanska marknaden". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-30649.

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Abstract (sommario):

Ett starkt varumärke är nyckeln till att ett tjänsteföretag ska lyckas behålla en framstående position på marknaden samt för att urskilja dem från andra aktörer. Därutöver krävs det att företaget lyckas med sin positionering, det vill säga att när kunden eller intressenten får ett behov ska den kunna koppla företagets varumärke till just det uppkomna behovet. Vid etablering på en ny marknad är det viktigt att undersöka företagets positionering och varumärkesstyrkor på hemmamarknaden för att avgöra om dessa går att nyttja även på den nya marknaden, eller om de behöver anpassas. Fastighetsmäklarföretag har sett sin chans att internationalisera sig då allt fler svenskar väljer att köpa bostad utomlands. Ett av de mest populära länderna för svenskar att köpa bostad i är Spanien, detta med anledning av klimatet, atmosfären, arbetssituationer eller familjerelationer. Forskare menar att ett företag kan ha svårigheter med att imitera samma varumärkesimage på den internationella marknaden som på hemmamarknaden, det kan beror på faktorer som exempelvis kulturella och legala skillnader. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur svenska fastighetsmäklarföretag valt att positionera sitt varumärke på hemmamarknaden respektive den spanska marknaden samt utreda om de anpassar sin positioneringsstrategi beroende på vilken marknad de riktar sig till. I teoridelen användes befintliga teorier och modeller, i den empiriska delen utgicks detifrån den kvalitativa forskningsmetoden därdatainsamlingen begränsadestill intervjuer. Detta ansågs ge störst djupet i studien samt att det var den mest lämpliga metoden för att få ut den informationen som söktes från informantföretagen. Resultatet av studien visade att samtliga informantföretag vill förmedla ett enhetligt varumärke till sina kunder på de båda marknaderna för att öka tryggheten mot dem. Dock tyder resultatet på att fastighetsmäklarföretagen väljer att anpassa sin positioneringsstrategi på hemmamarknaden jämfört med den spanska marknaden då de huvudsakligen vill förmedla en dröm.
For a company to succeed it must have a strong and recognizable brand, this is the most important tool a company can use to be successful. If a company succeeds with its positioning, the client should be able to connect the company’s brand to their needs. When starting in a new market, it is important to examine the company’s positioning and brand strengths in the home market in order to determine whether they can use similar ideas in the new market, or whether the brand positioning need to be adapted. Real estate brokerage firms have seen their opportunity to internationalize due to that more and more Swedes are choosing to buy a property abroad. Spain is one of the most popular countries for Swedes to buy properties in, because of the climate, the atmosphere, work situations and family relationships. Researchers believe that a company may have difficulties imitating the same image in the international market as the home market, it may depend on factors such as cultural and legal differences. The purpose of this study was to investigate how Swedish real estate brokerage firms have chosen to position their brand in the home market and the Spanish market, as well as investigate whether they adapt their positioning depending on the market they are operating on. Existing theories and models where used and as for the empirical part, we have chosen to use qualitative research method and to limit the data collection to interviews. We believed this provided a greater depth to our study and that it was the most feasible way to get access to the information we sought from the companies that we interviewed. We came to the conclusion that all companies that took part in our study want to convey a united brand to its customers in both markets. However, we found that theychoose to alter the way of working their positioning strategy in their home market compared to the Spanish market.

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Materna, Kathryn. "Analysis of atmospheric delays and asymmetric positioning errors in the global positioning system". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90657.

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Abstract (sommario):

Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2014.
15
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 50-51).
Abstract Errors in modeling atmospheric delays are one of the limiting factors in the accuracy of GPS position determination. In regions with uneven topography, atmospheric delay phenomena can be especially complicated. Current delay models used in analyzing GPS data from the Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) are successful in achieving millimeter-level accuracy at most locations; however, at a subset of stations, the time series for position estimates contain an unusually large number of outliers. In many cases these outliers are oriented in the same direction. The stations which exhibit asymmetric outliers occur in various places across the PBO network, but they are especially numerous in California's Mammoth Lakes region, which served as a case study for this project. The phenomenon of skewed residuals was analyzed by removing secular trends and variations with periods longer than 75 days from the signal using a median filter. The skewness of the station position residuals was subsequently calculated in the north, east and up directions. In the cases examined, typical position outliers are 5-15 mm. In extreme cases, skewed position residuals, not related to snow on antennas, can be as large as 20 mm. I examined the causes of the skewness through site-by-site comparisons with topographic data and various forms of weather data such as numerical weather models, radiosondes, and satellite images. Analysis suggests that the direction of the skewness is generally parallel to the local topographic gradient at a scale of several kilometers. Comparison with weather data suggests that outlier data points in the Mammoth Lakes region occur when lee waves are likely to form downstream of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The results imply that coupling between the atmosphere and local topography, e.g. lee waves, is responsible for the phenomenon of skewed residuals.
by Kathryn Materna.
S.B.

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Reich, William F. "Optimizing Navy wholesale inventory positioning". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA378725.

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Abstract (sommario):

Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1999.
"September 1999". Thesis advisor(s): Robert F. Dell. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61). Also Available online.

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Resch, Bernd, e Peter Romirer-Maierhofer. "Global Positioning in Harsh Environments". Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering (IDE), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-282.

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Abstract (sommario):

As global location systems offer only restricted availability, they are not suitable for a world-

wide tracking application without extensions. This thesis contains a goods-tracking solution,

which can be considered globally working in contrast to formerly developed technologies. For

the creation of an innovative approach, an evaluation of the previous efforts has to be made.

As a result of this assessment, a newly developed solution is presented in this thesis that uses

the Global Positioning System (GPS) in connection with the database correlation method

involving Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) fingerprints. The database

entries are generated automatically by measuring numerous GSM parameters such as Cell

Identity and signal strength involving handsets of several different providers and the real

reference position obtained via a high sensitivity GPS receiver.

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Lindegaard, Karl-Petter. "Acceleration Feedback in Dynamic Positioning". Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for teknisk kybernetikk, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-286.

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This dissertation contains new results on the design of dynamic positioning (DP) systems for marine surface vessels. A positioned ship is continuously exposed to environmental disturbances, and the objective of the DP system is to maintain the desired position and heading by applying adequate propeller thrust. The disturbances can be categorized into three classes. First, there are stationary forces mainly due to wind, ocean currents, and static wave drift. Secondly, there are slowly-varying forces mainly due to wave drift, a phenomenon experienced in irregular seas. Finally there are rapid, zero mean linear wave loads causing oscillatory motion with the same frequency as the incoming wave train. The main contribution of this dissertation is a method for better compensation of the second type of disturbances, slowly-varying forces, by introducing feedback from measured acceleration. It is shown theoretically and through model experiments that positioning performance can be improved without compromising on thruster usage. The specific contributions are: • Observer design: Two observers with wave filtering capabilities was developed, analyzed, and tested experimentally. Both of them incorporate position and, if available, velocity and acceleration measurements. Filtering out the rapid, zero mean motion induced by linear wave loads is particularly important whenever measured acceleration is to be used by the DP controller, because in an acceleration signal, the high frequency contributions from the linear wave loads dominate. • Controller design: A low speed tracking controller has been developed. The proposed control law can be regarded as an extension of any conventional PID-like design, and stability was guaranteed for bounded yaw rate. A method for numerically calculating this upper bound was proposed, and for most ships the resulting bound will be higher than the physical limitation. For completeness, the missing nonlinear term that, if included in the controller, would ensure global exponential stability was identified. The second contribution of this dissertation is a new method for mapping controller action into thruster forces. A low speed control allocation method for overactuated ships equipped with propellers and rudders was derived. Active use of rudders, together with propeller action, is advantageous in a DP operation, because the overall fuel consumption can be reduced. A new model ship, Cybership II, together with a low-cost position reference system was developed with the aim of testing the proposed concepts. The acceleration experiments were carried out at the recently developed Marine Cybernetics Laboratory, while the control allocation experiment was carried out at the Guidance, Navigation and Control Laboratory. The main results of this dissertation have been published or are still under review for publication in international journals and at international conferences.

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Al, Rifai Ahmad. "Indoor Positioning at Arlanda Airport". Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationssystem, CoS, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48938.

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Recent years have witnessed remarkable developements in wireless positioning systems to satisfy the need of the market for real-time services. At Arlanda airport in Stockholm, LFV - department of research and developement wanted to invest in an indoor positioning system to deliver services for customers at the correct time and correct place. In this thesis, three different technologies, WLAN, Bluetooth, and RFID and their combination are investigated for this purpose. Several approaches are considered and two searching algorithms are compared, namely Trilateration and RF fingerprinting. The proposed approaches should rely on an existing WLAN infrastructure which is already deployed at the airport. The performances of the different considered solutions in the aforementioned approaches are quantified by means of simulations. This thesis work has shown that RF fingerprinting provide more accurate results than Trilateration algorithm especially in indoor environments, and that infrastructures with a combination of WLAN and Bluetooth technologies result in lower average error if compared to infrastructures that adopt only WLAN.

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Dziak, Damian, Bartosz Jachimczyk e Tomasz Jagusiak. "Automatic Waterjet Positioning Vision System". Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-5047.

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The goals of this work are a design and implementation of a new vision system, integrated with the waterjet machine. This system combines two commercial webcams applied on an industrial dedicated platform. A main purpose of the vision system is to detect the position and rotation of a workpiece placed on the machine table. The used object recognition algorithm consists of edge detection, standard math processing functions and noise filters. The Hough transform technique is used to extract lines and their intersections of a workpiece. Metric rectification method is used, in order to obtain a top view of the workspace and to adjust an image coordinate system, accordingly to the waterjet machine coordinates. In situ calibration procedures of the booth webcams are developed and implemented. Experimental results of the proposed new vision system prototype confirm required performance and precision of the element detection.

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Vintervold, Ylva Stokke. "Camera-Based Integrated Indoor Positioning". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for teknisk kybernetikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22384.

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Abstract (sommario):

This thesis is motivated by the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for obtaining measurements of the scene in a system for estimation of ice properties. Such systems are needed to ensure safety when conducting marine operations in Arctic seas. As a possible testbed for UAV guidance and estimation algorithms, the use of the Parrot AR.Drone 2.0 quadcopter has been proposed. As a consequence, a positioning algorithm for the UAV is necessary, which is the topic of this thesis.The aim of this thesis is to implement a positioning algorithm applicable to the proposed lab setup. As a consequence, challenges such as the time aspect as well as measurement loss and receiving outlier measurements for unknown periods of time are directed. A camera-based positioning system serves as the main measurement source in this thesis. The system delivers position and orientation measurements based on marker tracking through the use of cameras placed along the ceiling in a lab setup. The measurements are subsequently used by two implemented positioning algorithms. The Camera Measurement Algorithm uses measurements from the camera system to estimate the position, orientation, linear and angular velocities of the Parrot AR.Drone 2.0, while the Integrated Camera System/INS Algorithm additionally exploits inertial measurements from the UAV to estimate its position, orientation and linear velocity as well as inertial sensor biases. The algorithms both utilize extended Kalman filters to perform state estimation, while the integrated algorithm also makes use of the sensor fusion feature of the state estimator. Both algorithms are tested online in the lab setup, and their applicabilities are, to some extent, validated. That is, no ground truths are available in the online tests, and simulations are performed to validate the accuracies of the state estimates. The algorithms have not yet been used as part of a larger motion control system, and their performances cannot be completely verified. With the goal of this thesis in mind, the Camera Measurement Algorithm obtained the best results. However, further development of the Integrated Camera System/INS Algorithm may lead to a different conclusion.

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41

Broberg, Robin, e Fredrik Gadnell. "Platform-independent indoor positioning system". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-211341.

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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the possibility and feasibility of a platform-independent positioning system capable of determining the location of mobile devices without imposing additional requirements on the hardware and software of the device other than supporting Wi-Fi. Focus is on designing a scalable system capable of positioning devices on multiple sites. The suggested solution uses commercially available Wi-Fi access points to observe the received signal strength when a device probes for nearby access points. The information gathered by the access points is forwarded to a server cluster that uses the signal strength data to determine the location of the device.

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42

Sahl, Thomas Alexander. "Advanced Positioning for Offshore Norway". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for petroleumsteknologi og anvendt geofysikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25962.

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Most of the computation involved in the planning of a new well is done by software. Software such as Landmark, Drilling Office X, etc. These softwares handle everything from the well placement to analysis of hydraulics, torque, and so forth for every drilled section of the well. The problem, however, is that they are closed systems with no insight to the procedure of the computation. And they are expensive, very expensive. This Thesis aims to build the foundation required for the position part of a drilling software. This is accomplished by explaining in detail the field of geodesy and map projections and the associated formulae, with special considerations for the area offshore Norway. Once the guidelines for transformation and conversion have been established, the formulae are implemented in MATLAB. All implemented functions are then verified, for every conceivable method of operation. After which both the limitation and accuracy of the various functions are discussed. More specifically, the iterative step required for the computation of geographic coordinates, the difference between the North Sea Formulae and the Bursa-Wolf transformation, and the accuracy of Thomas-UTM series for UTM projections. The conclusion is that the recommended guidelines have been established and implemented. The implementation was verified, and the proper handling of information is suggested. It also concludes that all functions are more than accurate enough for drilling purposes, and that there is a clear difference between using the Bursa-Wolf transformation and the North Sea Formulae. The difference is discussed in detail, and a intersecting area near the 62$^{\circ}$N is found with 4 meters or less deviation. There are multiple areas on which to continue the work carried out on this Thesis. Within the field of Geodesy, it is suggested that work is done to map the transformations used worldwide, and implement these with the appropriate selection criteria for automation. Attempting to find a joint transformation for the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea would also be recommended. This transformation should replace both the North Sea Formulae and the Bursa-Wolf transformation. Within the field of Map Projection, it is suggested that the conversion of coordinates is expanded to include the MGRS system, the UK grid system, and implementation of the Kr{\"{u}}ger-n series of 8$^{th}$ order for UTM coordinates. Lastly, it is suggested that a graphical interface is developed for both current and future models. This interface should serve as a prototype for a final drilling software.

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43

Cheung, Mei Yi S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Autonomous adaptive acoustic relay positioning". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85504.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 75-79).
We consider the problem of maximizing underwater acoustic data transmission by adaptively positioning an autonomous mobile relay so as to learn and exploit spatial variations in channel performance. The acoustic channel is the main practical method of underwater wireless communication and improving channel throughput and reliability is key to improving the capabilities of underwater vehicles. Predicting the performance of the acoustic channel in the shallow-water environment is challenging and usually requires extensive modeling of the environment. However, a mobile relay can learn about the unknown channel as it transmits. The relay must balance searching unknown sites to gain more information, which may pay off in the future, and exploiting already-visited sites for immediate reward. This is a classic exploration vs. exploitation problem that is well-described by a multi-armed bandit formulation with an elegant solution in the form of Gittins indices. For an autonomous ocean vehicle traveling between distant waypoints, however, switching costs are significant. The multi-armed bandit with switching costs has no optimal index policy, so we have developed an adaptation of the Gittins index rule with limited policy enumeration and asymptotic performance bounds. We describe extensive shallow-water field experiments conducted in the Charles River (Boston, MA) with autonomous surface vehicles and acoustic modems, and use the field data to assess performance of the MAB decision policies and comparable heuristics. We find the switching-costs-aware algorithm offers superior real-time performance in decision-making and efficient learning of the unknown field.
by Mei Yi Cheung.
S.M.

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44

Alves, Jr Daniel F. "GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM TELECOMMAND LINK". International Foundation for Telemetering, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613167.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / November 04-07, 1991 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
The Global Positioning System of satellites and pseudosatellite ground stations (GPS) is designed to provide very accurate Time, Space, and Position Information throughout the entire world. It is also being used to provide such information to unmanned vehicles operating on test ranges throughout the United States, as a replacement/ adjunct for tracking radar as well as a form of guidance. What is proposed in this paper, for which a patent has been applied, is that the existing L-Band RF link carry command information, when required, as well as TSPI information.

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45

Glans, Fredrik. "Enhanced positioning in harsh environments". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-94523.

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Today’s heavy duty vehicles are equipped with safety and comfort systems, e.g. ABS and ESP, which totally or partly take over the vehicle in certain risk situations. When these systems become more and more autonomous more robust positioning is needed. In the right conditions the GPS system provides precise and robust positioning. However, in harsh environments, e.g. dense urban areas and in dense forests, the GPS signals may be affected by multipaths, which means that the signals are reflected on their way from the satellites to the receiver. This can cause large errors in the positioning and thus can give rise to devastating effects for autonomous systems. This thesis evaluate different methods to enhance a low cost GPS in harsh environments, with focus on mitigating multipaths. Mainly there are four different methods: Regular Unscented Kalman filter, probabilistic multipath mitigation, Unscented Kalman filter with vehicle sensor input and probabilistic multipath mitigation with vehicle sensor input. The algorithms will be tested and validated on real data from both dense forest areas and dense urban areas. The results show that the positioning is enhanced, in particular when integrating the vehicle sensors, compared to a low cost GPS.

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46

Boatswain, Marvyn L. "Decoy effects in brand positioning". Thesis, Kingston University, 2015. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/35843/.

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Marketing academics and practitioners consider brand positioning to be a key element of modern marketing management, branding, and strategy, given today's increasingly competitive marketplace. By way of its position, an offering seeks to take possession of a unique place in the minds of the targeted consumers, and in so doing, differentiates itself from the competition. Extant research confirms the importance of brand positioning, demonstrating that it positively affects, among other key factors, brand equity and value; consumer loyalty; and customer willingness to search and pay premium for a brand. market share, and the overall financial performance of the firm. Throughout the literature, various positioning typologies have been developed and used in the management and application of positioning. In addition, both firm-centred and customer-centred approaches have been adopted to evaluate the effectiveness and success of positioning strategies. Although considerable amounts of research have been devoted to the management of positioning, these efforts have focussed primarily on the positioning new offerings, re-positioning existing offerings to new target markets. However, despite the accorded importance of an offering's position in the long run, the review fails to identify research devoted to strengthening the already-established position of offerings over time. Consequently, the aim of this study is to empirically examine positioning strategies to strengthen the perceptions of the positions of existing offerings, hereby offering a proactive and deliberate approach to positioning, beyond the scope of extant research on positioning strategies. The lack of suitable theory withing the positioning literature led to a search and eventual use of the decoy effect, a phenomenon explained by theories within social and consumer psychology. In addressing the research aim, the decoy effect provides a theoretically-grounded conceptual framework to underpin the research. This framework proposes that the consumers' perception of the position of an existing offering (denoted in the study as, the Focal offering), is enhanced by the introduction of a new offering that is positioned similar yet inferior to the focal, i.e. an asymmetrically-dominated decoy (denoted as a decoy-positioned offering). This framework is empirically tested within the consumer product domain of washing detergents, and with this use of a field experiment. A 2 x 2 between-subjects design is applied to test the impact of two types of decoys (frequency and range) across two types of positioning bases (feature-, and benefit-oriented positioning). Data, collected using an electronic self-completion questionnaire from a random sample (n = 1200) of adult (18 and above) UK consumers, are analysed using analysis of covariance. The results confirm that the introduction of a decoy-positioned offering enhances the position of the focal offering across the four dimensions of perceived positioning - i.e., favourabilty, differentiation, credibility, and uniqueness. Of these dimensions, the decoy is most influential in enhancing perceived differentiation and uniqueness of the focal offering on the introduction of the decoy. Comparing the two decoys, the results show that the frequency decoy exerts a stronger impact than the range decoy on positioning perceptions. In terms of positioning bases, decoys are found more effective in the context of benefit-oriented positioning as compared to feature-oriented positioning. This study advances the literature in several ways; primarily as the first theoretically-grounded effort to examine how a brand can strengthen the position of existing offerings, thus addressing the calls for a theoretical foundation to investigate the calls for a theoretical foundation to investigate the concept of positioning. The study also demonstrates the prudence of taking into account both the specific dimension of the positioning concept, and the perceived-importance of the attributes on which an offering is positioned. To practitioners, the study provided guidance as to how the firm can strengthen the position of its existing offering amidst the competitive dynamics of today's marketplace.

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47

Malmström, Magnus. "5G Positioning using Machine Learning". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-149055.

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Positioning is recognized as an important feature of fifth generation (\abbrFiveG) cellular networks due to the massive number of commercial use cases that would benefit from access to position information. Radio based positioning has always been a challenging task in urban canyons where buildings block and reflect the radio signal, causing multipath propagation and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) signal conditions. One approach to handle NLOS is to use data-driven methods such as machine learning algorithms on beam-based data, where a training data set with positioned measurements are used to train a model that transforms measurements to position estimates. The work is based on position and radio measurement data from a 5G testbed. The transmission point (TP) in the testbed has an antenna that have beams in both horizontal and vertical layers. The measurements are the beam reference signal received power (BRSRP) from the beams and the direction of departure (DOD) from the set of beams with the highest received signal strength (RSS). For modelling of the relation between measurements and positions, two non-linear models has been considered, these are neural network and random forest models. These non-linear models will be referred to as machine learning algorithms. The machine learning algorithms are able to position the user equipment (UE) in NLOS regions with a horizontal positioning error of less than 10 meters in 80 percent of the test cases. The results also show that it is essential to combine information from beams from the different vertical antenna layers to be able to perform positioning with high accuracy during NLOS conditions. Further, the tests show that the data must be separated into line-of-sight (LOS) and NLOS data before the training of the machine learning algorithms to achieve good positioning performance under both LOS and NLOS conditions. Therefore, a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) to classify data originating from LOS or NLOS conditions, has been developed. The probability of detection of the algorithms is about 90\% when the probability of false alarm is only 5%. To boost the position accuracy of from the machine learning algorithms, a Kalman filter have been developed with the output from the machine learning algorithms as input. Results show that this can improve the position accuracy in NLOS scenarios significantly.
Radiobasserad positionering av användarenheter är en viktig applikation i femte generationens (5G) radionätverk, som mycket tid och pengar läggs på för att utveckla och förbättra. Ett exempel på tillämpningsområde är positionering av nödsamtal, där ska användarenheten kunna positioneras med en noggrannhet på ett tiotal meter. Radio basserad positionering har alltid varit utmanande i stadsmiljöer där höga hus skymmer och reflekterar signalen mellan användarenheten och basstationen. En ide att positionera i dessa utmanande stadsmiljöer är att använda datadrivna modeller tränade av algoritmer baserat på positionerat testdata – så kallade maskininlärningsalgoritmer. I detta arbete har två icke-linjära modeller - neurala nätverk och random forest – bli implementerade och utvärderade för positionering av användarenheter där signalen från basstationen är skymd.% Dessa modeller refereras som maskininlärningsalgoritmer. Utvärderingen har gjorts på data insamlad av Ericsson från ett 5G-prototypnätverk lokaliserat i Kista, Stockholm. Antennen i den basstation som används har 48 lober vilka ligger i fem olika vertikala lager. Insignal och målvärdena till maskininlärningsalgoritmerna är signals styrkan för varje stråle (BRSRP), respektive givna GPS-positioner för användarenheten. Resultatet visar att med dessa maskininlärningsalgoritmer positioneras användarenheten med en osäkerhet mindre än tio meter i 80 procent av försöksfallen. För att kunna uppnå dessa resultat är viktigt att kunna detektera om signalen mellan användarenheten och basstationen är skymd eller ej. För att göra det har ett statistiskt test blivit implementerat. Detektionssannolikhet för testet är över 90 procent, samtidigt som sannolikhet att få falskt alarm endast är ett fåtal procent.\newline \newline%För att minska osäkerheten i positioneringen har undersökningar gjorts där utsignalen från maskininlärningsalgoritmerna filtreras med ett Kalman-filter. Resultat från dessa undersökningar visar att Kalman-filtret kan förbättra presitionen för positioneringen märkvärt.

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48

Nosek, Jakub. "Testování metody Precise Point Positioning". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414313.

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This diploma thesis deals with the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) method in various variants. The thesis describes the theoretical foundations of the PPP method and the most important systematic errors that affect accuracy. The accuracy of the PPP method was evaluated using data from the permanent GNSS station CADM, which is part of the AdMaS research center. Data of the period 2018 – 2019 were processed. The results of combinations of different GNSS and the results of different observation periods were compared. Finally, the accuracy was verified at 299 IGS GNSS stations.

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49

Lundin, Karl. "Relative Localization using Satellite positioning". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-282879.

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In this thesis, the basis for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) ispresented and a comparison between the expected precision of the relative po-sition between two receivers is presented based on observations made by twostationary receivers. The positioning is compared between the solution fromtwo algorithms. The first relative estimate is based on making individual po-sition estimates for the receivers and calculating the di
I detta dokument presenteras grunderna för Satellitnavigation (GNSS) och enjämförelse mellan den förväntade precisionen hos den relativa positionen mel-lan två GNSS-mottagare baserat på mätningar från två stationära mottagare.Positioneringen jämförs för lösning som erhålls som di

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50

Fung, Hong Chee. "Image processing & robot positioning". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1183490009.

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