Bibliografie tematiche / Population and ecological genetics

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Population and ecological genetics"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 14 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Population and ecological genetics"

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Day, K. P., J. C. Koella, S. Nee, S. Gupta e A. F. Read. "Population genetics and dynamics ofPlasmodium falciparum: an ecological view". Parasitology 104, S1 (giugno 1992): S35—S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075235.

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SUMMARYMolecular characterization of thePlasmodium falciparumgenome has led to identification of polymorphic loci and the mechanisms generating genetic diversity in this parasite. This information has resulted in the development of molecular methods to type parasite diversity in the field. Consequently, we are now in a position to describe the population genetics and dynamics ofP. falciparum. The limited number of field studies that have been conducted to date have revealed an extraordinary degree of genetic diversity in natural parasite populations. Heterozygous recombination which occurs during meiosis appears to be one mechanism for generating genetic diversity. The rate at which such recombination occurs in natural parasite populations defines the genetic structure of the parasite population and can influence the ability of the parasite to respond to selection pressure. The high frequency of single genotype infections and the female-biased gametocyte sex ratios found in hyperendemic malaria areas suggest that self-fertilization occurs frequently. Population- wide surveys of allele frequencies in endemic areas have, however, shown no evidence of linkage disequilibrium and are consistent with a panmictic population structure. We argue that these studies have only sampled symptomatic infections, within which rare or recombinant genotypes may be disproportionately represented. They also take no account of the spatial structure ofP. falciparumpopulations. Systematic investigations of the amount of heterozygosity in small areas as part of population-wide surveys are required to define the genetic structure ofP. falciparumpopulations. Population dynamic studies which consider genetic heterogeneity ofP. falciparumhave shown fluctuations of different serotypes in space and time. The host immune response appears to play an important role in generating these dynamics. Integrated field and laboratory studies, which consider the interaction between population genetics and dynamics, will be necessary to describe the population biology ofP. falciparum.
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Majewski, Jacek, e Frederick M. Cohan. "Adapt Globally, Act Locally: The Effect of Selective Sweeps on Bacterial Sequence Diversity". Genetics 152, n. 4 (1 agosto 1999): 1459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.4.1459.

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Abstract Previous studies have shown that genetic exchange in bacteria is too rare to prevent neutral sequence divergence between ecological populations. That is, despite genetic exchange, each population should diverge into its own DNA sequence-similarity cluster. In those studies, each selective sweep was limited to acting within a single ecological population. Here we postulate the existence of globally adaptive mutations, which may confer a selective advantage to all ecological populations constituting a metapopulation. Such adaptations cause global selective sweeps, which purge the divergence both within and between populations. We found that the effect of recurrent global selective sweeps on neutral sequence divergence is highly dependent on the mechanism of genetic exchange. Global selective sweeps can prevent populations from reaching high levels of neutral sequence divergence, but they cannot cause two populations to become identical in neutral sequence characters. The model supports the earlier conclusion that each ecological population of bacteria should form its own distinct DNA sequence-similarity cluster.
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Bochkov, Nikolai P. "Human ecological genetics". Ecological genetics 1, n. 1 (15 gennaio 2003): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen1016-21.

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A resumptive review of the three types of effects of new environmental factors on human heredity is presented: 1) alteration of hereditary elements (induced mutagenesis); 2) pathological manifestations of gene expression on the specific environmental factors (ecogenetic diseases, pharmacogenetics, toxicogenomics, nutrigenomics); 3) alteration of the population gene pool as a result of disturbance of genetic balance between mutation process and selection. The following thesis is proving: in spite of severity and seriousness of current problems of ecological human genetics, the decision can be made on the basis of fundamental sciences advances and technological progress.
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Gustafsson, L. "Avian genetics: A population and ecological approach". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3, n. 9 (settembre 1988): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(88)90168-1.

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Cooper, Vaughn S., e Richard E. Lenski. "The population genetics of ecological specialization in evolving Escherichia coli populations". Nature 407, n. 6805 (ottobre 2000): 736–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35037572.

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MUFWENE, S. S. "FROM GENETIC CREOLISTICS TO HISTORICAL DIALECTOLOGY: ECOLOGICAL AND POPULATION GENETICS PERSPECTIVES". American Speech 75, n. 3 (1 settembre 2000): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00031283-75-3-262.

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Sherwin, WB, e ND Murray. "Population and Conservation Genetics of Marsupials". Australian Journal of Zoology 37, n. 3 (1989): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890161.

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This article summarises current knowledge of marsupial population genetics, and discusses its relevance to the conservation of marsupial species. It has been suggested that there is much lower genetic variation within marsupial populations than in eutherian mammals. This trend is not evident in the electrophoretic data summarised here. However, genetic differentiation between populations, subspecies, and species of marsupials appears to be slightly lower than comparable values for eutherians. Genetic estimates of migration between populations are scarce at present, but show values that are comparable with eutherians. Some studies of marsupial population genetics have used non-electrophoretic characteristics, or have addressed the possibility of selection on the characters analysed. Although few, these studies indicate the suitability of marsupials for such investigations. Recent debate over the theories and applications of conservation genetics has made it clear that more research is required on individual species. Given the record of extinction of marsupials in the last 200 years, it is important to test the applicability of these theories to individual marsupial species. Several examples are discussed emphasising the need for ecological studies that estimate the effective number of reproducing individuals per generation. This figure, called the effective size, is the corner- stone of conservation genetics theory, being an important determinant of both the rate of loss of variation between individuals, and the rate of inbreeding. The effective size of the mainland population of the eastern barred bandicoot, Perameles gunnii, appears to be only about one-tenth of its census number. This result is comparable with estimates made in other vertebrates, and demonstrates that many marsupial species which appear to have an adequate census size on ecological grounds may face genetic problems resulting from small effective size.
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Marinkovic, Dragoslav, e Vladimir Kekic. "Capacities for population-genetic variation and ecological adaptations". Genetika 39, n. 2 (2007): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0702093m.

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In contemporary science of population genetics it is equally complex and important to visualize how adaptive limits of individual variation are determined, as well as to describe the amount and sort of this variation. Almost all century the scientists devoted their efforts to explain the principles and structure of biological variation (genetic, developmental, environmental, interactive, etc.), basing its maintenance within existing limits mostly on equilibria proclaimed by Hardy-Weinberg rules. Among numerous model-organisms that have been used to prove these rules and demonstrate new variants within mentioned concepts, Drosophila melanogaster is a kind of queen that is used in thousands of experiments for almost exactly 100 years (CARPENTER 1905), with which numerous discoveries and principles were determined that later turned out to be applicable to all other organisms. It is both, in nature and in laboratory, that Drosophilids were used to demonstrate the basic principles of population-genetic variation that was later applied to other species of animals. In ecological-genetic variation their richness in different environments could be used as an exact indicator of the status of a determined habitat, and its population-genetic structure may definitely point out to a possibility that specific resources of the environment start to be in danger to deteriorate, or to disappear in the near future. This paper shows clear-cut differences among environmental habitats, when populations of Drosophilidae are quantitatively observed in different wild, semi-domestic and domestic environments, demonstrating a highly expressed mutual dependence of these two parameters. A crucial approach is how to estimate the causes that determine the limits of biological, i.e. of individual and population-genetic variation. The realized, i.e. adaptive variation, is much lesser than a total possible variation of a polygenic trait, and in this study, using a moderately complex gene-enzyme system, is estimated to be smaller than 0.2%. For an allozymic system based on 9 loci at three D. melanogaster chromosomes, the estimate is that chromosomal types are reduced, on the average, to ca. 3% during meiotic divisions, and that available gene-enzyme combinations are reduced further 15 times in gamete selection. So finalized metabolic or adaptive developmental programs are emphasized to be the basic targets of Darwinian selection, rather than chromosomes or individual genes, that are involved in these programs.
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Easteal, Simon. "THE ECOLOGICAL GENETICS OF INTRODUCED POPULATIONS OF THE GIANT TOAD BUFO MARINUS. II. EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE". Genetics 110, n. 1 (1 maggio 1985): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/110.1.107.

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ABSTRACT The allele frequencies are described at ten polymorphic enzyme loci (of a total of 22 loci sampled) in 15 populations of the neotropical giant toad, Bufo marinus, introduced to Hawaii and Australia in the 1930s. The history of establishment of the ten populations is described and used as a framework for the analysis of allele frequency variances. The variances are used to determine the effective sizes of the populations. The estimates obtained (390 and 346) are reasonably precise, homogeneous between localities and much smaller than estimates of neighborhood size obtained previously using ecological methods. This discrepancy is discussed, and it is concluded that the estimates obtained here using genetic methods are the more reliable.
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Adams, Clare I. M., Michael Knapp, Neil J. Gemmell, Gert-Jan Jeunen, Michael Bunce, Miles D. Lamare e Helen R. Taylor. "Beyond Biodiversity: Can Environmental DNA (eDNA) Cut It as a Population Genetics Tool?" Genes 10, n. 3 (1 marzo 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10030192.

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Population genetic data underpin many studies of behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary processes in wild populations and contribute to effective conservation management. However, collecting genetic samples can be challenging when working with endangered, invasive, or cryptic species. Environmental DNA (eDNA) offers a way to sample genetic material non-invasively without requiring visual observation. While eDNA has been trialed extensively as a biodiversity and biosecurity monitoring tool with a strong taxonomic focus, it has yet to be fully explored as a means for obtaining population genetic information. Here, we review current research that employs eDNA approaches for the study of populations. We outline challenges facing eDNA-based population genetic methodologies, and suggest avenues of research for future developments. We advocate that with further optimizations, this emergent field holds great potential as part of the population genetics toolkit.
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Tesi sul tema "Population and ecological genetics"

1

Andres, Adriana N. "The ecological genetics of Poa trivialis L". Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280476.

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Battocletti, Amy. "The Population and Ecological Genetic Effects of Habitat Fragmentation". Thesis, Georgetown University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10273271.

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Maintaining intraspecific variation is important for populations’ long-term success and is increasingly being recognized as an important conservation goal. Populations in anthropogenically fragmented habitats may lose variation rapidly via genetic drift, particularly in small fragments with a high ratio of edge to interior habitat. We studied the population and ecological genetic effects of habitat fragmentation on both a foundation plant, Spartina patens, and a dependent herbivore, Tumidagena minuta, using a naturally fragmented, salt marsh model system. We employed microsatellite marker analyses to estimate various measures of genetic variation, including allelic richness and heterozygosity, and to estimate the strength of genetic drift using estimates of effective population size (Ne). To achieve this, we developed a new program to estimate Ne and developed new markers for S. patens from genome sequence data. We found lower S. patens genetic variation and lower T. minuta Ne near the S. alterniflora edges, indicating that T. minuta experience stronger genetic drift near edges. These findings reinforce the importance of habitat patch shape in influencing populations.

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Baker, Kathleen. "The ecological genetics of Armeria maritima (Miller) Willd". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260967.

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Jacobs, Arne. "The population genomic origins of ecological specialisation in salmonid fishes". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30678/.

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Understanding the origin of biodiversity is a central question in evolutionary biology. Ecological specialisation, including the repeated rapid and parallel evolution of ecological specialists (‘ecotypes’), is a major source of biodiversity. The parallel evolution of ecotypes in salmonid fishes, such as Arctic charr, brown trout and European whitefish, has resulted in extensive diversity in northern postglacial freshwater ecosystems. Despite their ecological diversity and importance for northern ecosystems, the knowledge on the genetic basis of ecological specialisation, the evolutionary history of adaptive divergence, and the factors shaping the underlying genetic architecture are still not well understood in salmonids. Over the last decade many studies have investigated the genetic basis of ecologically relevant phenotypic traits in a wide range of salmonid species using genetic mapping approaches. However, knowledge on the conservation of the genetic basis for particular traits, or suits of traits, across species is limited, mainly due to a lack of genomic resources. Similarly, little is known about the genomic architecture of phenotypic diversity within species, such as the organisation of species-specific quantitative trait loci across the genome and the frequency of potential pleiotropy or genetic linkage. To understand how conserved the genomic basis for particular traits is across species and how quantitative trait loci (QTL) are organised within the genome, we analysed the genetic basis for a wide range of phenotypic traits (N=18) in six salmonid species using a dataset comprising of 943 QTL markers. We developed a novel analytical approach to analyse the colocalisation and synteny of QTL within and across species using a hetero-specific reference genome, in this case the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) genome. We found that QTL were not randomly distributed across the genome and that gene-density determined the distribution of QTL across chromosomes. By comparing QTL across species, we further identified genomic regions that were enriched for QTL for morphological and physiological traits (synteny blocks) in a range of species. Within three of the species, we also detected the significant colocalisation of QTL for different traits. Overall, the detection of synteny blocks and colocalised traits suggests a small but detectable role of pleiotropy and genetic linkage in trait evolution in salmonids and a conserved genetic basis for some traits across species. However, the observed patterns of conserved genetic basis and colocalisation were relatively weak, as QTL were mostly not conserved across species or colocalised within species. In general, the repeated evolution of similar ecotypes across populations and species implies a certain predictability of evolution. However, it is not well understood how phenotypic evolution overcomes the contingencies of heterogeneous genomic backgrounds of natural populations. To investigate the repeatability and predictability of parallel evolution, we used eco-morphological, genome-wide SNP and transcriptome data within and across lakes and evolutionary lineages of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). We found significant parallelism across replicated ecological specialists in foraging-associated traits. This phenotypic parallelism evolved despite population-specific variation in demographic histories, varying genomic response to selection and the non-parallel genetic basis of ecotype divergence. However, the regulatory molecular basis of ecological specialisation, inferred from gene expression and biological pathways, was highly parallel across ecotypes, bridging non-parallel genomic patterns and parallel eco-morphology. These findings suggest that parallel phenotypic evolution is possible despite non-parallel evolutionary routes when the functional molecular basis of ecological specialisation compensates for non-parallel genomic basis and histories. Evolutionary and genomic contingencies, such as demographic histories and genomic features can strongly influence the genomic architecture of adaptive divergence and reproductive isolation. To investigate how genomic features and demographic history influence the genetic architecture of adaptation and reproductive isolation, we reconstructed the demographic history and analysed the genetic architecture of divergence in brown trout (Salmo trutta) from the Maree Catchment in Scotland. Brown trout display reproductively isolated and divergent life histories and ecological specialisation, including a large piscivorous life-history form (ferox trout) and a smaller benthivorous life-history form. We found that ferox trout and benthivorous brown trout most likely diverged under a secondary contact of at least two distinct postglacial lineages and identified 33 genomic islands across the genome differentiating life-history forms. We demonstrated that some of these genomic islands formed under selection, and contained genes and biological pathways related to growth, development and immune response. Overall, we found strong genomic signals of divergence that were partially driven by selection on divergent phenotypes, and not only caused by genetic drift or through underlying genomic features, such as reduced recombination. The identification of the underlying evolutionary history and genetic architecture highlights the strength of genomic studies using species pairs for understanding the driving factors of adaptive divergence and reproductive isolation. Despite extensive knowledge on the genomic mechanisms underlying adaptive divergence over longer time scales and under the influence of phases of geographic isolation, less is known about the mechanisms underlying rapid ecological and phenotypic divergence. Rapid evolution plays an important role in the adaptation of species to human-induced environmental changes. However, it has been shown that in some cases human-driven environmental changes can lead to rapid loss of species and functional diversity, e.g. through species collapse and hybridization. Even though theoretical models predict that species can rapidly re-diverge under the right conditions following a species collapse and hybridization, the underlying mechanisms of rapid re-divergence remain to be elucidated. Empirical evidence for re-divergence following a species collapse is also lacking. We found evidence for the rapid evolution of ecologically-relevant phenotypic diversity in a European whitefish subspecies from Lake Constance, the gangfisch (Coregonus lavaretus macrophthalmus) after the recovery of pristine ecosystem conditions, following human-driven eutrophication, and speciation reversal. We found that a key functional trait, gill raker number, rapidly diversified within less than 10 generations following ecosystem recovery, allowing the use of vacant trophic niches. Variation in gill raker number is controlled by a sparse genetic architecture, as predicted by theory, and we further found evidence suggesting that introgression potentially provided the underlying adaptive variants. Several biological pathways that are known to be involved to ecological specialisation in fishes, such as metabolism, immune response and neural development, were identified based on coexpressed gene modules and genes under selection associated with gill raker number. Overall, our results demonstrate that functional diversity can rapidly re-emerge, given the right combination of genetic architecture, genetic diversity, and selection. In summary, this thesis demonstrates the evolutionary and genomic routes underlying phenotypic evolution and ecological specialisation in salmonid fishes. Comparing across different study systems, we find that secondary contact and historical gene flow played an important role in the evolution of salmonid species. Despite strong variation in the genomic basis of phenotypic traits across species and the genomic patterns of divergence across populations within species, we find some molecular parallelism across populations and species. Parallel ecotypes most likely evolved through parallel regulatory evolution and involvement of similar functional biological pathways. Furthermore, we find biological pathways that are repeatedly involved in adaptive divergence in different species.
Overall, our results indicate that despite the flexibility of rapid and parallel phenotypic evolution on the genomic level, it is relatively conserved on the level of regulatory mechanisms and functional biological pathways.
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Harkins, Gordon W. "Studies on the population genetics of Euphausiids: a comparison of patterns in plagic taxa displaying different distributions and life-histories". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6509_1184928511.

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The systematic and population genetic relationships were characterised for three ecologically related euphausiid species: Euphausia lucens, E. recurva and E. vallentini. These species have different geographical distributions and life histories. All three species have a circumpolar distribution in the Southern Hemisphere while E. recurva is also distributed in the North Pacific. DNA sequence variation was determined for three regions of mitochondrial DNA and a single nuclear gene. It was conclusively demonstrated that both E. lucens and E. vallentini represent valid taxonomic species with fixed differences observed in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genes and that the low divergences previously reported for these species with 16SrRNA and CO1 resulted from a species misidentification. It was also shown that previous attempts to date the divergence between Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic euphausiid species based on 16SrRNA distances suffer from a large overestimation due to a calculation error.

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Star, Bastiaan, e n/a. "Space matters : modeling selection in spatially heterogeneous environments". University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080507.151534.

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Selection in spatially heterogeneous environments is a convenient explanation for the high levels of genetic variation observed in natural populations. Indeed, theoretical studies predict that spatial heterogeneity leads to higher levels of variation in a variety of selection models. These models, however, have assumed quite restrictive parameters (e.g., two alleles, fixed gene flow and specific selection schemes). Therefore, the effect on spatial heterogeneity is still poorly understood for a wider range of parameters (e.g., multiple alleles, different levels of gene flow and more general selection schemes). We have relaxed some of the assumptions that have limited the previous models and studied the effect of spatial heterogeneity using simple single-locus viability selection models. First, we investigate the rarity of the parts of fitness space maintaining variation for multiple alleles and different levels of gene flow by randomly sampling that space using a "fitness space" approach. The volume of fitness space maintaining variation is always larger in a spatial model compared to a single-population model regardless of gene flow. Moreover, this volume is relatively larger for higher numbers of alleles, indicating that spatial heterogeneity is more efficient maintaining higher levels of variation. Second, we investigate the ease with which a more natural process of recurrent mutation and selection evolves to the particular area of fitness space maintaining variation using a "construction" approach. Depending on the amount of gene flow, the construction approach leads to both higher and lower levels of variation compared to a single-population model. Thus, spatial heterogeneity can both constrain and promote the ease with which a natural process of mutation and selection evolves to maintain variation. Also, the construction approach results in variation being maintained in a more stable subset of the volume of fitness space than the volume that resulted from the fitness space approach. Third, we investigate the effect of higher and lower levels of spatial environmental heterogeneity using the construction approach. The different levels of heterogeneity and gene flow interact to influence the amount of variation that is eventually maintained and this interaction effect is especially strong for intermediate levels of gene flow. More heterogeneous environments can maintain higher levels of variation, but selection in these environments also results in a higher level of migration load, lowering the final amount of adaptation that is achieved by the simulated evolutionary process. Finally, we investigate effect of genetic drift and finite populations using the construction approach. Interestingly, two different effects emerge for smaller and larger populations; in smaller populations genetic drift lowers the amount of variation as expected, whereas, more surprisingly, genetic drift increases the amount of variation in larger populations. Overall, spatial heterogeneity has profound effects on the outcome of selection, resulting in elevated levels of genetic variation for a wide variety of parameters.
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Husby, Arild. "Ecological genetics of populations experiencing changing environmental conditions". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5672.

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A major goal in evolutionary biology is to understand how ecological factors shape the phenotypic and genetic variation that we observe in natural populations and in this thesis I examine how rapid changes in temperature have influenced phenotypic and genetic variation in morphological and life history traits in long-term studies of great tits. In Chapter 1 I review what is known about the effects of environmental change on natural populations, and outline the quantitative genetic framework that is available to study genetic variation in natural populations. Much focus on the effects of climate change has concerned species’ phenology, far less attention has been given to other traits. In Chapter 2 I examine the effects changing environmental conditions have had on the proportion of females that produce second broods. Temperature operates mainly through indirect effects (such as food abundance) but may also have more direct effects. In Chapter 3 I show that over a 36 year period body size have declined in line with predictions from Bergmann’s rule and I explore the genetic basis of this decline and the environmental factors involved. Although we can learn much from population level responses, there is a great deal of additional information to be gained by studying between-individual responses. In Chapter 4 I therefore compare the multivariate pattern of between-individual variation in phenotypic plasticity and its genetic basis for laying date and clutch size, in two great tit populations. Environmental changes may also directly affect the expression of genetic variance as well as the strength of selection acting on a trait, and in Chapter 5 I show that, for laying date, the environment induces a positive covariance between strength of selection and the expression of additive genetic variance, something that may enhance the rate of adaptation. Finally, in Chapter 6 I discuss and summarise the wider implications of the findings from this thesis.
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Heliyanto, Bambang. "The ecological genetic consequences of local endemism and natural population fragmentation in Banksia ilicifolia (Proteaceae)". University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0123.

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[Truncated abstract] The species-rich Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SAFR) is a global biodiversity hotspot. Characterised by a Mediterranean-type climate and nutrient deficient landscape, this region is endowed with 7380 native vascular plant species/sub species, of which 49% are endemic and 2500 are of conservation concern. Despite the global significance of this region, there is still only a poor understanding of the factors influencing high diversity and endemism, and especially the population genetic consequences of narrow endemism and naturally fragmented species distribution. Holly leaved banksia (Banksia ilicifolia R. Br.), although widespread through Southwest Western Australia (SWWA), has a naturally fragmented distribution, with generally small populations restricted to swales and wetland fringes with depth to groundwater less than 10 m. As such, it provides an excellent model to better understand the ecological genetic consequences of local endemism, population size and natural population fragmentation . . . Products of wide outcrossing (over 30 km) showed a heterosis effect over local outcrossing, indicating increased ecological amplitude of offspring following interpopulation mating. These results suggest that the breeding and mating biology of B. ilicifolia counters the negative genetic erosion effects of narrow ecological amplitude and small population size. Recent habitat fragmentation, and reductions in population size and increased isolation, is impacting on these processes, but further research is required to assess the ultimate consequences of these genetic effects for population viability.
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Cortés-Palomec, Aurea C. "Ecological factors, mixed breeding system, and population genetic structure in a subtropical and a temperate violet species". Connect to this title online Connect to resource online, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1125612956.

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Barlow, Emily J. "Ecological and genetic perspectives on dispersal in European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis)". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=182248.

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Dispersal is a fundamental ecological and evolutionary process that can create demographic and genetic linkage between neighbouring and distant locations, influencing the dynamics, structure and ultimately the persistence of populations. To understand observed population dynamics and structure and to predict future change, accurate and comprehensive data are required describing the pattern and magnitude of dispersal and gene flow across all relevant spatial scales. However, this is a major empirical challenge. In this thesis, I aimed to obtain comprehensive empirical data quantifying natal dispersal patterns and population genetic structure across multiple spatial scales using the European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) as a model species. I used a combination of field observations of shags individually ringed on the Isle of May, Scotland and molecular genetic techniques to accomplish these aims. By locating adult shags that had been ringed as chicks on the Isle of May at their breeding locations across eastern Scotland, I demonstrated divergent dispersal distributions at small versus large spatial scales. Using both mitochondrial DNA markers and a newly developed set of microsatellite markers, I quantified population genetic structure across a pan-European scale. This was weak across both molecular markers suggesting a role for occasional effective long-distance dispersal. However, a suite of evolutionary forces besides gene flow can create observed population genetic structure. Therefore, I quantified population genetic structure across populations in eastern Scotland, and quantitatively linked this indirect estimate of gene flow with my direct field observations of dispersal. Dispersal parameters derived explicitly from field observations and the spatial organisation of populations were shown to strongly influence observed population genetic structure. Overall, these data demonstrate the need to utilise both field observations and genetic methods to comprehensively estimate the extent and effectiveness of dispersal and highlight the importance of accurately quantifying long-distance dispersal in particular for predicting future change.
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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Population and ecological genetics"

1

Lokki, Juhani. Evoluutio ja populaatiot. Helsinki: Söderström, 1986.

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Landscape genetics: Concepts, methods, applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015.

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3

Rosemary, Hails, Beringer John e Godfray, H. C. J., 1958-, a cura di. Genes in the environment: The 15th Special Symposium of the British Ecological Society held at St. Catherine's College, Oxford, 17-19 September, 2001. Malden, MA: Published for the British Ecological Society by Blackwell Science, 2003.

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Symposium, British Ecology Society. Genes in ecology: The 33rd Symposium of the British Ecological Society, University of East Anglia, 1991. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992.

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5

Cook, Laurence Martin. Genetic and ecological diversity: The sport of nature. London: Chapman & Hall, 1991.

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6

IUFRO Working Party "Ecological and Population Genetics". Meeting. Population genetics in forestry: Proceedings of the meeting of the IUFRO Working Party "Ecological and Population Genetics" held in Göttingen, August 21-24, 1984. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

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7

The niche in competition and evolution. Chichester: Wiley, 1987.

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Hoelzel, A. Rus. Molecular genetic ecology. Oxford, OX: IRL Press at Oxford University Press, 1991.

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1933-, Parsons P. A., a cura di. Evolutionary genetics and environmental stress. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

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Hoffmann, Ary A. Evolutionary genetics and environmental stress. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

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Più fonti

Capitoli di libri sul tema "Population and ecological genetics"

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Templeton, A. R., e J. S. Johnston. "The Measured Genotype Approach to Ecological Genetics". In Population Genetics and Evolution, 138–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73069-6_15.

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Richards, Christopher M., Donald A. Falk e Arlee M. Montalvo. "Population and Ecological Genetics in Restoration Ecology". In Foundations of Restoration Ecology, 123–52. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-698-1_5.

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Tonsor, Stephen J., e Susan Kalisz. "Population-Level Techniques for Measuring Microevolutionary Change in Response to Air Pollution". In Ecological Genetics and Air Pollution, 289–311. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3060-1_17.

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McCauley, David E. "Effects of population dynamics on genetics in mosaic landscapes". In Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes, 178–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0717-4_8.

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Barrett, Spencer C. H., e Elizabeth J. Bush. "Population Processes in Plants and the Evolution of Resistance to Gaseous Air Pollutants". In Ecological Genetics and Air Pollution, 137–65. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3060-1_8.

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Scholz, Florian. "Population-Level Processes and Their Relevance to the Evolution in Plants Under Gaseous Air Pollutants". In Ecological Genetics and Air Pollution, 167–75. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3060-1_9.

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Murphy, Michael, e John A. Sved. "The Effects of Natural and Artificial Selection on Dysgenic Potential of a Wild Population of Drosophila melanogaster". In Ecological and Evolutionary Genetics of Drosophila, 87–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8768-8_7.

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Shaw, A. Jonathan. "Ecological Genetics of Plant Populations in Polluted Environment". In Ecological Genetics and Air Pollution, 313–20. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3060-1_18.

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Eveleth, Phyllis B. "Population Differences in Growth". In Methodology Ecological, Genetic, and Nutritional Effects on Growth, 221–39. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7198-8_11.

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Parsons, David J., e Louis F. Pitelka. "Plant Ecological Genetics and Air Pollution Stress: A Commentary on Implications for Natural Populations". In Ecological Genetics and Air Pollution, 337–43. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3060-1_20.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Population and ecological genetics"

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Ostroverkhova, N. V. "DARK FOREST BEE APIS MELLIFERA MELLIFERA L. IN SIBERIA: CURRENT STATE AND WAYS OF POPULATION CONSERVATION". In V International Scientific Conference CONCEPTUAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF INVERTEBRATE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND BIOLOGICAL EDUCATION. Tomsk State University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-931-0-2020-56.

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Abstract (sommario):
Screening studies of the honey bee in Siberia made it possible to identify the dark forest bee Apis mellifera mellifera populations in the Tomsk region, Krasnoyarsk and Altai territories, and the Altai Republic. A comparative analysis of the genetic diversity of the dark forest bee populations of Siberia, the Urals and Europe, carried out according to the data of the molecular genetic study of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, suggests the existence of the Siberian ecotype of the Middle Russian breed. The studied bee colonies are characterized by a high adaptive potential (high degree of "acclimatization") and good economically significant indicators. To preserve the gene pool of the Middle Russian breed of Siberian populations, monitoring studies, ecological and genetic analysis of bee colonies as well as selection and breeding work in the Tomsk bee farm are carried out.
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Xu, Li, Guifang Zhao, Yiling Wang, Linjing Zhang, Ming Yue, Fengxue Gu e Xiaoling Pan. "Genetic structure in population of Reaumuria soongorica in the desert of Fukang, Xinjiang and its relationship with ecological factors". In Third International Asia-Pacific Environmental Remote Sensing Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Ocean, Environment, and Space, a cura di Xiaoling Pan, Wei Gao, Michael H. Glantz e Yoshiaki Honda. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.466683.

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Kusuma, Mutiara Tirta Prabandari Lintang. "Understanding the Contextual Idiosyncrasies of Stunting Prevention Program at District and Village Levels in Indonesia Using the Ecological Approach". In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.34.

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Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Background: Despite rapid economic growth, stunting affects one third of the child­ren under five population in Indonesia. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) realizing the problem, established the National Strategy to Accelerate Stunting Prevention as a national priority program for 2017 to 2021. The GoI plans to maximize the use of resources, policies, and programs that encompasses nutrition-specific and sensitive interventions directed to the first 100 days of life. This study aimed to explore the extent of program planning, budgeting, and implementation related to stunting prevention at district and village level as well as to understand the challenges presented to converge intervention. Subjects and Method: A case study with ecological approach was conducted in 10 villages from five districts in Indonesia. The study method included focus group discussions with 70 district officials and 100 village representatives, interviews with 12 key informants from district planning agency, document analysis, and reflective journaling. The data were reported descriptively. Results: Most head districts, officials from relevant departments and village leaders committed to stunting prevention following the vice president decree of stunting as a national priority. As a result, programs and budget were in place and local initiatives to prevent stunting were on the rise. Despite the commitment, many expressed ambivalences and disregarded the issue as a mere short stature (genetic variation). Thus, problems related to efficiency, coverage, and sustainability persists as maintaining motivation among staffs were difficult. In some settings, the situation was exacerbated by factors such as high financial dependency, misconception, and poor gender relation. Conclusion: The policy and programs to control stunting among children in Indonesia are in place. However, challenges occur due to the complexity in governance system as well as lack of political will. Better communication and cooperation are essential for well implemented policies. Keywords: stunting, ecological approach, case study, nutrition intervention, nutrition policy Correspondence: Mutiara Tirta Prabandari Lintang Kusuma. Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. Jl. Farmako, Sekip Utara Yogyakarta 55281. Email: mutiara.tirta@gmail.com. Mobile: +62­8­139880­320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.34
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Higgs, Paul G. "Linking population genetics to phylogenetics". In Stochastic Models in Biological Sciences. Warsaw: Institute of Mathematics Polish Academy of Sciences, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/bc80-0-8.

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Rabani, Yuval, Yuri Rabinovich e Alistair Sinclair. "A computational view of population genetics". In the twenty-seventh annual ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/225058.225088.

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Matyukov, V. S. "TO GENOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGICAL GENETICS REINDEER (RANGIFER TARANDUS)". In TOPICAL ISSUES OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT. Komi Republican Academy of Public Service and Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/93206-022-17.

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Mitrofanova, Antonina, e Bud Mishra. "Population genetics of human copy number variations". In the 2008 ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1363686.1363990.

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Moritz, Robin. "The population genetics of acaricide resistance inVarroa destructor". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.111432.

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Sepulveda, Victor, Roberto Solar, Alonso Inostrosa-Psijas, Veronica Gil-Costa e Mauricio Marin. "Towards rapid population genetics forward-in-time simulations". In 2017 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2017.8247993.

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Trout Fryxell, Rebecca. "Population genetics and microbial communities of field-collectedAmblyomma maculatum". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.114635.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Population and ecological genetics"

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Velsko, S. Bacterial Population Genetics in a Forensic Context. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), novembre 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/972405.

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Bogoliubov, A. G., e C. Loehle. A theoretical analysis of population genetics of plants on restored habitats. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/505323.

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Bogoliubov, A. G., e C. Loehle. A theoretical analysis of population genetics of plants on restored habitats. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febbraio 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/26698.

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Kohrn, Brendan. An Efficient Pipeline for Assaying Whole-Genome Plastid Variation for Population Genetics and Phylogeography. Portland State University Library, gennaio 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5891.

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Brannon, Ernest L. Columbia River White Sturgeon Genetics and Early Life History: Population Segregation and Juvenile Feeding Behavior, 1987 Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), giugno 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6783328.

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Foster, Susan. Studies of ecological factors that affect the population and distribution of the western gray squirrel in northcentral Oregon. Portland State University Library, gennaio 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2380.

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