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Fehér, Andrea, e Miroslav Raicov. "Implementation of Common Agricultural Policy provisions on direct payments". Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 5, n. 1-2 (1 gennaio 2016): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2016.1-2.92-103.
Abstract (sommario):
The concept of "common policy" faithfully reflects one of the defining features of the Common Agricultural Policy. Currently, CAP is built around two pillars: Pillar I- Agriculture and Pillar II- Rural Development. The main way to support agriculture is represented by direct payments. The Regulation (EU) 1307/2013 establishing rules for direct payments to farmers during the programming period 2014-2020 provides uniform payment schemes applicable in all Member States. Some of these schemes are compulsory (such as basic payment scheme or single payment area; payment scheme for farmers using agricultural practices beneficial for the climate and environment), others are optional, leaving it to countries if they want to apply these schemes or not. The proposals for payment schemes applicable in Romania during the period 2015-2020 are: Single Area Payment Scheme (SAPS); Payments for Agricultural Practices Beneficial for the Climate and the Environment; Redistributive Payment; Payments for Young Farmers; Transitional National Aids and Simplified Scheme for Small Farmers.
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Boomsma, Trine Krogh, e Kristin Linnerud. "Market and policy risk under different renewable electricity support schemes". Energy 89 (settembre 2015): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.05.114.
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Marfo-Yiadom, E. Marfo-Yiadom, e B. Obeng Acquah Obeng Acquah. "Business support schemes in Ghana: An assessment". Pentvars Business Journal 5 (31 marzo 2009): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.62868/pbj.v5i1.63.
Abstract (sommario):
Business support schemes are necessary for the growth of private enterprises. Ghana has had a number of initiatives under various regimes from independence to date, aimed at ensuring vibrant business support schemes but the country is far from reaching the goal. This is because there is lack a of clear policy direction as well as weak collaboration among the few public and private business support organisations. This paper highlights two prominent institutions, the National Board for Small Scale Industries and Empretec Ghana Foundation and establishes that the institutions need financial support and more qualified personnel to carry out their mandate. There is also the need to consolidate the fragmented support services especially in the private sector to avoid duplication.
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Kurbatova, T., e T. Skibina Skibina. "Renewable energy in the European Union: support policy and outcomes". Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 31, n. 1 (28 febbraio 2019): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2019.1.23.
Abstract (sommario):
The article deals with the study of support schemes for renewable energy promotion in the European Union member states. The main strategic documents that declare short-term and long-term goals to increase the share of green energy in final energy consumption of the European Union are considered. The primary motivational mechanisms aimed at encouraging the production of energy from renewable energy sources, namely feed-in tariff models, feed-in premium model, and tradable green certificate scheme are analyzed. In addition, a number of secondary motivational tools such as tender systems, net metering, tax and customs privileges which are used in combination with the primary mechanisms for more effective promotion of renewable energy are described. The results of the influence of policy in renewable energy field on increasing the share of green energy in the total energy mixes of European Union member states are presented.
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Sayogo, Djoko S., Weijia Ran, Giri Kumar Tayi, Joanne S. Luciano, Luis F. Luna-Reyes, Nicolau Depaula, Holly Jarman et al. "Ontological Modeling of Certification and Inspection Process to Support Smart Disclosure of Product Information". International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age 3, n. 2 (aprile 2016): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpada.2016040106.
Abstract (sommario):
The increasing number of certification schemes diminishes the utility of certifications as private regulation and creates several policy challenges. The undergoing efforts to help consumers verify the accuracy of information created by private regulation mechanisms such as certification are currently confronted with the complexities of certification and labeling systems and the difficulties in linking data points across various certification schemes. This paper presents the development of certification and inspection ontology to support smart disclosure of product information. This study proposes that the resulting ontology enables information integration and standardization thus supporting knowledge discovery and sharing by synthesizing information across disparate data sources that is valuable for informing data-driven policy formulation. The ontology also supports standardization of an agreed set of terms and semantics for currently fragmented certification and inspection schemes to support comparability across different certification schemes. The accuracy and consistency of the proposed ontology are verified by using current reasoning tools to run queries based on a set of predefined competency questions.
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Guyomard, H. "Impacts of alternative agricultural income support schemes on multiple policy goals". European Review of Agriculture Economics 31, n. 2 (1 giugno 2004): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/31.2.125.
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Taylor, Adrian H., Rod S. Taylor, Wendy M. Ingram, Nana Anokye, Sarah Dean, Kate Jolly, Nanette Mutrie et al. "Adding web-based behavioural support to exercise referral schemes for inactive adults with chronic health conditions: the e-coachER RCT". Health Technology Assessment 24, n. 63 (novembre 2020): 1–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta24630.
Abstract (sommario):
Background There is modest evidence that exercise referral schemes increase physical activity in inactive individuals with chronic health conditions. There is a need to identify additional ways to improve the effects of exercise referral schemes on long-term physical activity. Objectives To determine if adding the e-coachER intervention to exercise referral schemes is more clinically effective and cost-effective in increasing physical activity after 1 year than usual exercise referral schemes. Design A pragmatic, multicentre, two-arm randomised controlled trial, with a mixed-methods process evaluation and health economic analysis. Participants were allocated in a 1 : 1 ratio to either exercise referral schemes plus e-coachER (intervention) or exercise referral schemes alone (control). Setting Patients were referred to exercise referral schemes in Plymouth, Birmingham and Glasgow. Participants There were 450 participants aged 16–74 years, with a body mass index of 30–40 kg/m2, with hypertension, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, lower limb osteoarthritis or a current/recent history of treatment for depression, who were also inactive, contactable via e-mail and internet users. Intervention e-coachER was designed to augment exercise referral schemes. Participants received a pedometer and fridge magnet with physical activity recording sheets, and a user guide to access the web-based support in the form of seven ‘steps to health’. e-coachER aimed to build the use of behavioural skills (e.g. self-monitoring) while strengthening favourable beliefs in the importance of physical activity, competence, autonomy in physical activity choices and relatedness. All participants were referred to a standard exercise referral scheme. Primary outcome measure Minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity in ≥ 10-minute bouts measured by an accelerometer over 1 week at 12 months, worn ≥ 16 hours per day for ≥ 4 days including ≥ 1 weekend day. Secondary outcomes Other accelerometer-derived physical activity measures, self-reported physical activity, exercise referral scheme attendance and EuroQol-5 Dimensions, five-level version, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores were collected at 4 and 12 months post randomisation. Results Participants had a mean body mass index of 32.6 (standard deviation) 4.4 kg/m2, were referred primarily for weight loss and were mostly confident self-rated information technology users. Primary outcome analysis involving those with usable data showed a weak indicative effect in favour of the intervention group (n = 108) compared with the control group (n = 124); 11.8 weekly minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity (95% confidence interval –2.1 to 26.0 minutes; p = 0.10). Sixty-four per cent of intervention participants logged on at least once; they gave generally positive feedback on the web-based support. The intervention had no effect on other physical activity outcomes, exercise referral scheme attendance (78% in the control group vs. 75% in the intervention group) or EuroQol-5 Dimensions, five-level version, or Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores, but did enhance a number of process outcomes (i.e. confidence, importance and competence) compared with the control group at 4 months, but not at 12 months. At 12 months, the intervention group incurred an additional mean cost of £439 (95% confidence interval –£182 to £1060) compared with the control group, but generated more quality-adjusted life-years (mean 0.026, 95% confidence interval 0.013 to 0.040), with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of an additional £16,885 per quality-adjusted life-year. Limitations A significant proportion (46%) of participants were not included in the primary analysis because of study withdrawal and insufficient device wear-time, so the results must be interpreted with caution. The regression model fit for the primary outcome was poor because of the considerable proportion of participants [142/243 (58%)] who recorded no instances of ≥ 10-minute bouts of moderate and vigorous physical activity at 12 months post randomisation. Future work The design and rigorous evaluation of cost-effective and scalable ways to increase exercise referral scheme uptake and maintenance of moderate and vigorous physical activity are needed among patients with chronic conditions. Conclusions Adding e-coachER to usual exercise referral schemes had only a weak indicative effect on long-term rigorously defined, objectively assessed moderate and vigorous physical activity. The provision of the e-coachER support package led to an additional cost and has a 63% probability of being cost-effective based on the UK threshold of £30,000 per quality-adjusted life-year. The intervention did improve some process outcomes as specified in our logic model. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN15644451. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 63. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Waters, G. F. "UK policy for the conservation and rural economy of the hills and uplands". BSAP Occasional Publication 18 (gennaio 1994): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00001452.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractThere has been a long history, nearly 50 years, of support by the government for farming in the upland areas and the modern schemes continue the essential features of support that have been developed over the years. However the justification for the support has changed with time, from maximizing production to more social issues. It is now being recognized that the hill farmer's efforts have helped create and maintain one of our most attractive national assets and it is this environmental benefit which increasingly provides much of the justification for continued public support for hill farming. So the government's policies are important in two respects: the vital rôle of economic support and the encouragement of farmers to manage their land with greater concern for the environment.On the economic front, one of the most important ways that support is provided to upland farming is through HLCAs. Also vitally important are the EC sheepmeat regime and the changes made to that regime and the EC beef regime in the recent CAP reform settlement.The government's encouragement of farmers to manage their land with greater concern for the environment is increasing in importance and there are a number of ways in which this encouragement is delivered. The government has built on the success of Environmentally Sensitive Areas. As well as ESAs, there are other schemes available to farmers such as the Farm and Conservation Grant Scheme. In addition, an opportunity to develop a coherent framework for the delivery of a number of environmental schemes has presented itself as a result of the CAP reform. However, Government support should not be thought of as the only source of extra income for hill farmers. The farmer and the farmer's family should use every opportunity open to them to maximize their income.
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Weisstanner, David. "COVID-19 and welfare state support: the case of universal basic income". Policy and Society 41, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2022): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puab015.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has revived discussions about universal basic income (UBI) as a potential crisis response. Yet despite favorable circumstances, little actual policy change in this area was observed. This article seeks to explain this absence of policy change and to reflect on the prospects for introducing UBI schemes after the pandemic in European democracies. I argue that public opinion on UBI provides few electoral incentives to push for social policy change. Using prepandemic data from 21 European democracies and pandemic data from the UK, I show that political support for UBI has been divided between different groups who advocate conflicting policy goals and who hold divergent views about existing welfare state arrangements. While support for UBI might have increased during the pandemic, the underlying political dividing lines are likely to have remained intact. Due to these enduring divisions and the stable support for existing social policy arrangements over an untested policy, the prospects for introducing UBI schemes in the post-pandemic world remain uncertain.
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Mamta, Brij B. Gupta e Syed Taqi Ali. "Dynamic Policy Attribute Based Encryption and its Application in Generic Construction of Multi-Keyword Search". International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications 11, n. 4 (ottobre 2019): 16–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijesma.2019100102.
Abstract (sommario):
Attribute based encryption (ABE) is an encryption technique which provides a good solution to the security issues in the cloud environment. Through ABE, a data owner can achieve the fine-grained sharing of data encrypted under attributes or an access policy which they possess. The relation among these attributes is represented by the access policy which is expressed as an access tree. In this article, the authors first present an ABE scheme which supports frequent changes in the access tree and hence, it is named a dynamic policy ABE. Also, the proposed scheme generates secret keys of constant size which can save bandwidth. The proposed scheme is based on key-policy design and supports monotonic access structure that consists of AND, OR and Threshold gates. Inspired by the proposed dynamic policy ABE scheme the authors then present a multi-keyword search scheme which inherits all the features of the proposed ABE scheme. Therefore, it provides a constant size trapdoor and support for fast search. The construction of a multi-keyword search scheme is generic in nature and any ABE scheme can be converted to the multi-keyword search scheme using the transformation method given in the paper. Finally, the proposed schemes are proven to be secure under Decisional Bilinear Diffie-Hellman (DBDH) assumption.
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WHELAN, JACKIE, e JOHN FRY. "THE LACK OF SEA TO SUPPORT AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES IN IRELAND'S RURAL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION SCHEME". Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 13, n. 01 (marzo 2011): 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333211003808.
Abstract (sommario):
Proposals specifically aimed at environmental benefits or enhancements are often exempt from environmental assessment, despite evidence that they can be counter-productive. This is true of agri-environmental schemes where local farm-scale actions are expected to generate large-area cumulative effects on water quality, biodiversity or landscape. Evidence suggests benefits of schemes have often been assumed rather than planned for, necessitating ex-post assessment to justify continuance. This paper argues the need for the Irish Rural Environmental Protection Scheme (REPS) to be assessed using SEA. REPS promoted a range of small-scale improvements in a bottom-up approach intended to reflect several high-level policy objectives primarily concerning environmental protection. The paper is based on analysis of "landscape protection" under the REPS from inception in 1994 until its phasing out period in 2015 when all participants will have completed their plans. The paper investigates how linking SEA to REPS had potential for harmonising with other policy objectives and therefore avoiding administrative duplication. Comparison with the Water Framework Directive suggests opportunities to connect different environmental procedures.
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Ling, Jie, Junwei Chen, Jiahui Chen e Wensheng Gan. "Multiauthority Attribute-Based Encryption with Traceable and Dynamic Policy Updating". Security and Communication Networks 2021 (26 febbraio 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6661450.
Abstract (sommario):
Ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) is an encryption mechanism that can provide fine-grained access control and adequate cloud storage security for Internet of Things (IoTs). In this field, the original CP-ABE scheme usually has only a single trusted authority, which will become a bottleneck in IoTs. In addition, different users may illegally share their private keys to obtain improper benefits. Besides, the data owners also require the flexibility to change their access policy. In this paper, we construct a multiauthority CP-ABE scheme on prime order groups over a large attribute universe. Our scheme can support white-box traceability along with policy updates to solve the abovementioned three problems and, thus, can fix the potential requirements of IoTs. More precisely, the proposed scheme supports multiple authority, white box traceability, large attribute domains, access policy updates, and high expressiveness. We prove that our designed scheme is static secure and traceable secure based on the state-of-the-art security models. Moreover, by theoretical comparison, our scheme has better performance than other schemes. Finally, extensive experimental comparisons show that our proposed algorithm can be better than the baseline algorithms.
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Smith, Anne MJ, Laura Galloway, Laura Jackman, Mike Danson e Geoff Whittam. "Poverty, social exclusion and enterprise policy: A study of UK policies’ effectiveness over 40 years". International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 20, n. 2 (8 aprile 2019): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465750318809803.
Abstract (sommario):
This article is concerned with enterprise policy and its effectiveness when applied to those experiencing social exclusion through unemployment and poverty. In particular, the article focuses on the introduction of the New Enterprise Allowance Scheme designed to support the transition from unemployment to enterprise, and it explores the extent to which knowledge about previous similar schemes has been used to inform this. Findings suggest that lessons learned from previous schemes have had little impact on decisions made in recent years. Scholarly evidence of and knowledge about the relationships between social exclusion, poverty and enterprise are not referenced and this suggests that policy understanding of the connection between social exclusion, unemployment and enterprise has developed little in the time period studied.
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Wright, Colley, Knudsen e Kendall. "Housing for People with an Acquired Brain or Spinal Injury: Mapping the Australian Funding Landscape". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n. 16 (7 agosto 2019): 2822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162822.
Abstract (sommario):
This research aimed to synthesize housing supports funded by 20 major insurance-based schemes for Australians with an acquired brain injury (ABI) or spinal cord injury (SCI). Publicly available grey literature (i.e., primary information from respective scheme websites) was systematically reviewed and compared. There were notable differences between the different scheme types (disability vs. workers compensation schemes) and across different States. Collectively, scheme funding was more likely to be focused on housing infrastructure and service delivery, than on tenancy support. Australians who are least likely to benefit from the current funding context are those whose home cannot be reasonably modified, are wanting to build or purchase a new home, do not have suitable, alternative short- or long-term housing options if their current home is not feasible, require support to maintain occupancy of their home or financial assistance to move into a new home, may benefit from case management services, family supports, and assistance animals, and/or cannot afford their rent or home loan repayments. Several interactions, inconsistencies, contradictions, and gaps that warrant further attention were also revealed. This review has highlighted the need for policy makers to provide transparent information about housing entitlements for individuals with ABI or SCI, and their families. A unified, evidence-based framework to guide the funding of housing and housing support services may increase the consistency of interventions available to people with ABI or SCI and, therefore, improve outcomes.
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Boasson, Elin Lerum. "Constitutionalization and Entrepreneurship: Explaining Increased EU Steering of Renewables Support Schemes". Politics and Governance 7, n. 1 (28 marzo 2019): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i1.1851.
Abstract (sommario):
This article sheds light on two under-researched issue areas: the energy policy-shaping role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and how constitutionalization of EU state aid law gives the European Commission (Commission) increased leverage over EU policy development. EU state aid governance is embedded in the Treaty of the Functioning of the EU’s prohibition of state aid. The CJEU and the Commissions’ Directorate-General for Competition (DG Comp) have played important roles in the emergence of stronger EU steering of renewable energy support schemes after 2014. For many years, powerful member states, most notably Germany, stopped the adoption of EU rules requiring more market streamlining and European harmonization of renewables support. This primarily played out in regular EU decision-making (co-decision) related to adoption and revision of the Renewable Energy Directive. A radical shift occurred in 2014 when the Commission introduced new guidelines on state aid for environmental protection and energy, giving the Commission increased authority over development of renewables support schemes across Europe. These guidelines called for renewables investments to become more exposed to energy market pricing and introduced auctioning as the main allocation mechanism. Support schemes for renewable energy were included for the first time in the EU state aid guidelines for environmental protection in 2001. Back then, member states had ample leeway to design support schemes as they pleased. The 2014 version of the guidelines includes far more detailed requirements. While the first CJEU ruling on renewables state aid hindered the Commission to intervene, new CJEU rulings after 2008 enabled the Commission to draft more restrictive guidelines. This article concludes that constitutionalization, combined with the policy entrepreneurship of Commission officials, explains the shift in EU steering in 2014. This indicates that constitutionalization and Commission entrepreneurship should be assessed in conjunction. Constitutionalization may be particularly important in the state aid area due to the superior competence of the Commission.
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Claessens, Elke, e Dimitri Mortelmans. "Challenges for child support schemes: Accounting for shared care and complex families". Journal of European Social Policy 28, n. 3 (15 febbraio 2018): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717753592.
Abstract (sommario):
The increasing prevalence of shared care and complex families is challenging traditional approaches to child support determination based on the ‘classic’ two-parent, sole custody, post-divorce family. This article provides a comparative analysis of how these challenges are being addressed in the child support schemes of eight different countries and evaluates these approaches in the light of family policies on gender equality in family care. We find great diversity in the incorporation of shared care and complex families, which is not clearly connected to existing ideal typical policy models on gendered family care. However, child support schemes, at least partially, seem to translate into assumptions concerning gender roles and general policy aims concerning gender equality. In order to better understand how countries accommodate the challenges arising from the modern post-separation family, gender equality seems a vital consideration to take into account.
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Kröger, James. "Nationally Exclusive Support Schemes for RES Electricity Production and the Free Movement of Goods". Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 10, n. 4 (2013): 378–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01004006.
Abstract (sommario):
Directive 2009/28/EC requires Member States to adopt support schemes for the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES) while explicitly allowing them to exclude RES electricity produced in a different Member State from their scope of application. In its notorious PreussenElektra-judgment, the ECJ held that this geographical limitation could be justified on environmental protection grounds. The pending Essent Belgium case now provides an opportunity to reconsider the conformity of nationally exclusive support schemes with the rules governing the free movement of goods. In his opinion, Advocate General Bot deems nationally exclusive support schemes to be no longer compatible with the internal market for electricity. This paper, in contrast, argues that nationally exclusive support schemes remain necessary in order to guarantee their effectiveness and cost-efficiency in the absence of a harmonised approach to RES support policies at EU level. Furthermore, it regards their national design as being in line with the principles of EU environmental and energy policy.
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Micklewright, John. "The Strange Case of British Earnings-Related Unemployment Benefit". Journal of Social Policy 18, n. 4 (ottobre 1989): 527–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400001847.
Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACTThe abolition in 1982 of the Earnings-Related Supplement (ERS) to unemployment benefit, which had been introduced in 1966, left the UK with no element of income support for the unemployed linked to previous earnings. The ERS scheme represents an important case study of economic and social policy but it has been little researched hitherto. The paper examines the history of ERS, showing how the original legislation and subsequent development produced a benefit that bore little relation to schemes in other countries. Unpublished administrative data on the receipt of ERS are used to help document the scheme's failings, and the paper closes by placing ERS within the context of the development of unemployment insurance in Britain.
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Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana, Silvia Rezessy e Alexios Antypas. "Renewable Electricity Support Schemes in Central Europe: A Case of Incomplete Policy Transfer". Energy & Environment 15, n. 4 (luglio 2004): 699–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305042259783.
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Ravensbergen, Léa, e Tim Schwanen. "Community Transport’s Dual Role as a Transport and a Social Scheme: Implications for Policy". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, n. 4 (30 marzo 2024): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21040422.
Abstract (sommario):
Community transport comprises diverse local, not-for-profit, and primarily volunteer-run transport schemes that operate across the United Kingdom. These schemes support the travel needs of thousands of people, most of whom are older, live in rural areas, and have few other transport options. Further, this transport sector is unique in that most schemes are designed, created, and run by older people themselves. And yet, community transport has thus far received relatively little attention in both policy and research. Using semi-structured interviews with community transport providers in Oxfordshire, this paper proposes community transport as a practice guided by phronesis and argues that it has been made to hold a dual role as both a transport and a social scheme. The transport it provides is unique in being made low-cost, flexible, and functionally accessible. It has also been made into a social scheme as it helps those with few other options, provides benefits that extend beyond the transport realm, and fosters community. Though this dual role means that community transport has many cross-sectoral benefits, this type of service provision is found to be overlooked in both national and local policy, which has enabled the constitutive role of phronesis in community transport. Given this, there are challenges ahead for the sector in both ensuring its sustainability and maintaining its ability to respond closely to users’ needs.
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Ropenus, Stephanie, e Stine Grenaa Jensen. "Support schemes and vertical integration—Who skims the cream?" Energy Policy 37, n. 3 (marzo 2009): 1104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.006.
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Acharya, Debaki, Tilottam Poudel, Sumikshya Khadka, Shristi Tamrakar e Shreya Tamrakar. "Impact of Social Protection Mechanism for Child Protection". Journal of Social Protection 2, n. 01 (31 dicembre 2021): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsp.v2i01.43776.
Abstract (sommario):
Social protection schemes are designed to address the vulnerability of all the citizens through policy and programmes. As one of the integral agenda of the Government of Nepal, social protection programmes have covered a wide range of citizens through various schemes including cash, in-kind, and food transfers among others. Children, as the most vulnerable citizens needing support for growth, empowerment and sustenance, are the core recipients of the social protection programmes. Analysis of the current contribution of social protection programmes in child protection through the review of policy, programmes and budget allocated by the federal as well as provincial governments shows lack of compliance between the annual policy, programme and budget to shield children under social protection schemes. In addition, all the policy provisions haven’t been exclusively supported by budgetary provisions. Though significant benefits and social security allowances have been placed for children covering education, health, protection, nutrition, and development, this study shows further need of investment on children focused programmes. Similarly, it reveals that though Dalits, girls, conflict-affected, martyr’s children, children with disabilities and other most marginalised and disadvantaged are covered by the social protection programmes, a large part of the sexual and gender minority children have been excluded from these supports due to lack of awareness and accessibility to such schemes.
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Barrientos, Armando. "Inequalities in income security in later age in Latin America". Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 45 (1 settembre 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2021.85.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper examines inequalities in income security in later age. Three dimensions of inequality are considered: (i) inequalities in access to income support across countries and types of schemes; (ii) inequalities in the level of support within countries; and (iii) trends in gender inequality. Scheme stratification reinforces inequalities across socioeconomic groups and gender. More egalitarian, and sustainable, outcomes in later age income security in Latin America require policy reforms aimed at the incorporation of excluded groups and the withdrawal of public subsidies supporting privileged retirees.
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Dotsey, Senyo. "COVID-19 and Microcredit: Dissecting an NGO’s Training, Financial Support, and Women Empowerment Programmes". Social Sciences 11, n. 9 (5 settembre 2022): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11090402.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper reports the findings from a microcredit (financial inclusion) scheme that has been operated by a non-governmental organization since 2012 in a local community in Ghana, and sustained through the COVID-19 pandemic. It first examines microfinance, women’s empowerment and third-sector organizational dynamics. It then provides an overview of microfinance in Ghana within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by dissecting the organization’s microcredit, training and women’s empowerment programmes. The following part documents the findings, with brief concluding thoughts and policy implications appearing in the last section. It is argued here that financial schemes, particularly those operated by third-sector organizations, can play a significant role in helping women in particular to deal with the secondary effects of COVID-19 by providing improved non-financial services and easy access to microfinance at low, sustainable interest rates. These findings have implications for policy formulation and sustainable development.
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Kozlova, Mariia, Kaisa Huhta e Alena Lohrmann. "The interface between support schemes for renewable energy and security of supply: Reviewing capacity mechanisms and support schemes for renewable energy in Europe". Energy Policy 181 (ottobre 2023): 113707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113707.
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Petr, Blizkovsky, Grega Libor e Verter Nahanga. "Towards a common agricultural policy in Africa?" Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 7 (17 luglio 2018): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/310/2016-agricecon.
Abstract (sommario):
The paper analyses the structure and level of international cooperation among African states in the area of agriculture and rural development. It focuses on the AU and its eight Regional Economic Communities. The international cooperation schemes between the World Bank, EU, FAO and African countries in agricultural policy are reviewed. The paper concludes that, despite numerous cross-border initiatives, governance of agricultural policies in the pan-African context remains fragmented. Policy-making and cooperation schemes need to be stepped up to address continent-wide challenges in the sector. There is an urgent need for the AU and the EU to intensify their cooperation in agricultural policies and development. The AU in collaboration with its regional bodies should establish a common agricultural policy for the continent. Such initiatives need to be Africa-driven and adapted to African needs. The EU should only provide technical know-how and institutional support if welcomed by African partners. Collective action towards rural areas via greater coordination of African agricultural policies and actions would help to develop the missing institutional framework needed for agricultural development in the continent. Fostering economic growth through agricultural development and reforms may also lead to a reduction of migration as witnessed by the EU in the sixties.
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Churchill, Harriet, e Robin Sen. "Introduction: Intensive Family Support Services: Politics, Policy and Practice Across Contexts". Social Policy and Society 15, n. 2 (10 marzo 2016): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746416000026.
Abstract (sommario):
The last twenty years have seen major international developments in welfare state support and services for children, parents and families. Increases in provision occurred within established areas such as welfare benefits, family allowances, child welfare services and maternity leave entitlements; and new ‘forms and modalities of provision’ were introduced (Daly et al., 2015: 10), in particular parental and paternity leave entitlements; welfare-to-work programmes and active labour market policies; conditional cash support schemes; in-work subsidies for low income families; childcare and early education services; earlier intervention and prevention programmes; parenting and family support services; and inter-departmental, inter-professional and inter-agency models of service provision (OECD, 2009, 2011).
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Yan, Xixi, Hao Ni, Yuan Liu e Dezhi Han. "Privacy-preserving multi-authority attribute-based encryption with dynamic policy updating in PHR". Computer Science and Information Systems 16, n. 3 (2019): 831–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis180830029y.
Abstract (sommario):
As a new kind of patient-centred health-records model, the personal health record (PHR) system can support the patient in sharing his/her health information online. Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE), as a new public key cryptosystem that guarantees fine-grained access control of outsourced encrypted data, has been used to design the PHR system. Considering that privacy preservation and policy updating are the key problems in PHR, a privacy-preserving multiauthority attribute-based encryption scheme with dynamic policy updating in PHR was proposed. In the scheme, each of the patient?s attributes is divided into two parts: attribute name and attribute value. The values of the user?s attributes will be hidden to prevent them from being revealed to any third parties. In addition, the Linear Secret-Sharing Scheme (LSSS) access structure and policy-updating algorithms are designed to support all types of policy updating (based on ?and?, ?or?, and ?not? operations). Finally, the scheme is demonstrated to be secure against chosen-plaintext attack under the standard model. Compared to the existing related schemes, the sizes of the user?s secret key and ciphertext are reduced, and the lower computing cost makes it more effective in the PHR system.
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JORDAN, JOHN DAVID. "Welfare Grunters and Workfare Monsters? An Empirical Review of the Operation of Two UK ‘Work Programme’ Centres". Journal of Social Policy 47, n. 3 (9 ottobre 2017): 583–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279417000629.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractWorkfare increases requirements on welfare claimants: a major shift in UK social welfare policy post-1980s. Political, academic and cultural debates surround the ethical basis, and practical operations, of workfare schemes. Moreover, the UK government has claimed that workfare provides value for money in an age of austerity, ‘help and support’ for the long-term unemployed, and ‘incentives’ for increased claimant job-seeking. This article presents results gathered from sociological research into the UK's ‘Work Programme’ workfare scheme in order to contextualise these debates and contribute to wider academic and social policy workfare analyses. It finds a complex picture: a largely pointless scheme, resented by many participants, but providing a basic social service for some others.
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Arndt, Christoph. "Public policy-making and risk profiles: Scandinavian centre-right governments after the turn of the millennium". European Political Science Review 9, n. 4 (18 aprile 2016): 495–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773916000072.
Abstract (sommario):
Recent theoretical advances in the welfare state literature have outlined the differences between labour market- and life course-related schemes as centre-right parties have difficulties in enacting retrenchment on life course-related schemes because these concern every voter. In contrast, the textbook risk profile of centre-right parties’ electorates allows them to cutback on labour market-related schemes as these parties get negligible support from workers and low-income voters. Conducting a comparative case study of recent Danish and Swedish centre-right governments, this article analyses the stylized assumptions on the party level by comparing two similar centre-right governments, which differed in their voter coalitions’ risk profile. I first argue that centre-right governments are generally constrained by the popular entrenchment of the universal welfare state when it comes to life course-related welfare schemes. Second, I argue that the leeway on labour market-related schemes is contingent on the actual risk profile of the centre-right’s electorate, and thereby move beyond the stylized assumptions from recent literature. In this respect, the Danish centre-right did, in contrast to its Swedish counterpart, gain power with an unusual high support among working-class voters which constrained its latitude on labour market-related schemes. I find that the Danish centre-right governments after 2001 acted with bound hands thanks to its high working-class backing, and refrained from outright cutbacks on both labour market- and life course-related schemes until 2010 except for labour market outsiders. In contrast, the Swedish centre-right had a much lower working-class backing and therefore engaged in some outright cutbacks of labour market-related schemes such as unemployment benefits directly after taking office 2006. The centre-right’s actual voter coalition’s risk profile is thus an important determinant for its public policies and its leeway for policy-seeking.
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Ropenus, Stephanie, Henrik Klinge Jacobsen e Sascha Thorsten Schröder. "Network regulation and support schemes – How policy interactions affect the integration of distributed generation". Renewable Energy 36, n. 7 (luglio 2011): 1949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.12.015.
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del Río, Pablo. "On evaluating success in complex policy mixes: the case of renewable energy support schemes". Policy Sciences 47, n. 3 (19 ottobre 2013): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11077-013-9189-7.
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Hakovirta, Mia, Laura Cuesta, Mari Haapanen e Daniel R. Meyer. "Child Support Policy across High-Income Countries: Similar Problems, Different Approaches". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 702, n. 1 (luglio 2022): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027162221119959.
Abstract (sommario):
We provide an overview of child support policy in high-income countries, highlighting differences in institutional arrangements, the amount of child support due, and the amount of child support received. We show that the United States expects high levels of child support from nonresident parents when compared to other countries, that noncompliance is a problem across countries, and that most European countries deal with nonpayment of child support by providing guarantees of public support for children and resident parents. The guarantee schemes vary in terms of eligibility and generosity. Throughout, we find that child support policy approaches differ across countries. A key policy implication from this review is that the United States may be expecting too much child support from nonresident parents and that it could consider guaranteeing a modest amount of public support to single-parent households.
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Anagnostopoulos, Filippos. "Pay-for-performance schemes: An innovative policy-driven approach for building renovations". Open Access Government 38, n. 1 (11 aprile 2023): 410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-038-10440.
Abstract (sommario):
Pay-for-performance schemes: An innovative policy-driven approach for building renovations The SENSEI project is offering 10 recommendations to policymakers that support a performance-based market for energy efficiency in buildings. The European Union (EU) is taking significant steps towards decarbonizing its building sector and EU leaders who agreed to a more ambitious 2030 climate target are working to update key directives and regulations to achieve this goal. Despite these efforts, the EU is facing several long-standing barriers in retrofitting buildings to be more energy efficient. To overcome these barriers, the EU and national public funds need to be more effectively communicated and targeted towards end-users. This can be achieved through blending various sources of financing, proportionate support based on achieved results, strengthened technical assistance, and promoting synergies with market-based mechanisms.
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Mansfield, Cole, Jack Hodgkiss, Soufiene Djahel e Avishek Nag. "An Efficient Detour Computation Scheme for Electric Vehicles to Support Smart Cities’ Electrification". Electronics 11, n. 5 (4 marzo 2022): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11050803.
Abstract (sommario):
Achieving carbon-neutral transportation is the ultimate goal of the ongoing joint efforts of governments, policy-makers, and the transportation research community. Electrification of smart cities is a very important step towards the above objective; therefore, accelerating the adoption and widening the use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) are required. However, to achieve the full potential of EVs, ground-breaking detour computation and charging station selection schemes are needed. To this end, this paper developed a new scheme that finds the most suitable detour/route for an EV whenever an unexpected event occurs on the road. This scheme is based on A* and uses an original, Simple-Additive-Weighting (SAW)-based, charging station selection method. The performance evaluation carried out using the open-source traffic simulation platform SUMO under a grid map, as well as a real road network map highlighted that our scheme ensured more than 99% of EVs will reach their destination within a reasonable time even if a battery recharge is needed. This is a significant improvement compared to the baseline scheme that uses the A* only.
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BROUWER, ROY, ABONESH TESFAYE e PIETER PAUW. "Meta-analysis of institutional-economic factors explaining the environmental performance of payments for watershed services". Environmental Conservation 38, n. 4 (3 novembre 2011): 380–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000543.
Abstract (sommario):
SUMMARYPayments for ecosystem services (PES) are a relatively new economic policy instrument, and the factors that drive and explain their environmental performance are poorly understood. Here a meta-analysis of causal relationships between the institutional design and environmental performance of 47 payments for watershed services (PWS) schemes worldwide showed a significant effect on environmental achievement of the terms and conditions of scheme participation, including the selection of service providers, community participation, the existence and monitoring of quantifiable objectives, and the number of intermediaries between service providers and buyers. Direct payments by downstream hydropower companies to upstream land owners for reduced sediment loads were identified as a successful PWS example. No other significant explanatory factors, such as specific type of watershed service, age or scale of implementation of the PWS scheme were detected. The results are highly dependent on the reliability of the input variables, in particular the measurement of the environmental performance variable. Despite efforts to find quantitative information on the environmental performance of existing PWS schemes, such empirical evidence is lacking in many of the schemes studied. International monitoring guidelines are needed to facilitate comparisons, identify success factors and support the future design of cost-effective PWS schemes.
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Musiał, Wiesław, e Kamila Musial. "INSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS OF STRENGHTENING THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN THE NEW COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXV, n. 4 (30 ottobre 2023): 324–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9611.
Abstract (sommario):
In the Strategic Plan for the CAP 2023-2027, the goal of special importance is the strengthening ecosystem services. Eco-schemes are a new type of direct support intended for farmers taking additional actions to protect the environment and climate. The study undertakes an institutional and environmental assessment of the proposal to withdraw from implementing some of the assumptions included in the eco-schemes. As a result, the criteria for their availability turned out to be inadequate for smallholder farms. Farmers implementing eco-schemes are exposed to additional expenditures or reduced incomes due to the extensification of production. However, they may receive applicable financial compensation on the annual basis. The current, rather complicated system authorizing payments for 2023, meant that relatively not many farmers made such efforts. At the same time, this results in receiving approximately 50% of support from the direct payments comparing to the previous year. In this paper there has been suggested the need for modification of the eco-schemes with the special emphasis on smallholder farms. It was based on two pillars: technological and environmental, with a proposal of requirements that may be relatively easy to meet in practice.
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STADELMANN-STEFFEN, ISABELLE, e CLAU DERMONT. "Citizens’ Opinions About Basic Income Proposals Compared – A Conjoint Analysis of Finland and Switzerland". Journal of Social Policy 49, n. 2 (24 giugno 2019): 383–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000412.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractThe basic income (BI) scheme is a fundamental reform of the welfare state that has recently gained widespread attention. Proposals for different variants of BI schemes have emerged to account for varying political and societal goals. This study investigates what citizens think about the idea of a BI, and to what extent citizens’ perceptions depend on the exact design of such a scheme and the context in which this policy is embedded. Empirically, we rely on conjoint experiments conducted in Finland and Switzerland – the two countries in which the introduction of a BI scheme has recently been discussed most intensely. We find that the level of public support for BI is higher in Finland than it is in Switzerland. Moreover, despite the contrasting designs of the BI proposals in the two countries, both Finnish and Swiss citizens tend to favor more generous schemes restricting non-nationals’ access to the provision.
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Napper, Lawrence. "Disabled Operators: Training Disabled Ex-servicemen as Projectionists during the Great War". Journal of British Cinema and Television 15, n. 1 (gennaio 2018): 94–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2018.0404.
Abstract (sommario):
This article offers an account of the various schemes for the training of disabled ex-servicemen as projectionists during the First World War. It places those schemes within the context of wider activities of the film industry in support of the war through the rubric of ‘practical patriotism’ arguing that, like those other schemes, the training was designed to enhance the public image of the industry as much as it was designed to help disabled veterans themselves. Using evidence from local and national newspapers as well as trade papers and records on film itself, the article describes the design of the schemes and their spread throughout the country. Cinema was also adopted as a central tool in the Ministry of Pension's strategy for publicising a variety of veterans' rehabilitation schemes and the disabled operators' schemes offer a particularly self-reflexive example of how this policy developed. The question of what kinds of disabled veterans benefited from the scheme is addressed, and the popular understanding they were directed primarily at veterans with facial disfigurements is refuted. The growing dissatisfaction with the schemes expressed by veteran's organisations through 1917–18 is noted. The sudden abandonment of the scheme at the end of the war in the face of political questions surrounding the re-employment of returning veterans in their pre-war roles is discussed. Parallels with the fate of female projectionists (projectionettes), and the implications for the post-war unionisation of projectionists are also considered.
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Kloeckner, Jane. "The power of eco-labels: Communicating climate change using carbon footprint labels consistent with international trade regimes under the WTO". Climate Law 3, n. 3-4 (2012): 209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/cl-120064.
Abstract (sommario):
Information is power. At the intersection of culture, science, mass communication, and law, this paper argues that information provided by a transparent and internationally harmonized eco-label scheme serves to enhance understanding of public policy choices for mitigating climate change.Aproduct carbon footprint (PCF) label communicates climate change information to citizen consumers and can indirectly reduce GHG emissions. PCF labels are effective response measures that countries are taking to address global warming and are not obstacles to international trade. The international community should embrace domestic PCF labeling schemes, whether voluntary or mandatory. The PCF label and associated standards, which countries may use as domestic trade measures in response to the challenges of climate change, should be consistent with the rules and regimes of WTO agreements to ensure that these schemes support fair and free international trade. At some time in the future, the UNFCCC parties may reach agreement on a domestic response, including trade measures, to reduce GHG emissions, and PCF labeling schemes may be adapted as needed to assist developing countries’ participation. The WTO should support environmental trade measures that fight global warming, such as a domestic PCF label and associated standards.
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Asmin, Ferdinal, Dudung Darusman, Iin Ichwandi e Didik Suharjito. "Mainstreaming community-based forest management in West Sumatra: Social forestry arguments, support, and implementation". Forest and Society 3, n. 1 (24 aprile 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v3i1.4047.
Abstract (sommario):
Although social forestry in Indonesia is envisioned as a policy for recognizing local practices to forest management, research is still limited. This research describes conditions of social forestry policy in West Sumatra Province as a form of mainstreaming community-based forest management. This paper provides the context of social forestry arguments, its support, and subsequent implementation. The research approach is qualitative, using a case study method. Data collection was conducted through unstructured interviews, field observations, and document studies. The analysis used categorization and coding, historical analysis, document analysis, and descriptive policy analysis. The findings revealed that the arguments for social forestry schemes were based on the persistence of state forest conflicts, forest degradation and deforestation threats, as well as human resource limitations of forestry officers. The Provincial government then initiated stakeholder support, mainly from non-governmental organizations. Social forestry implementation at the site in West Sumatra thus focused on providing development assistance programs after granting management rights to local people, as well as initiating similar schemes in other villages. Our discussions considered challenges that should be addressed, including the approach to granting management rights to secure a management area, the process of developing participatory institutions, synchronizing provincial government policies to overcome forest degradation and deforestation, and initiating activities for strengthening community solidarity and agency.
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Gatzert, Nadine, e Thomas Kosub. "Determinants of policy risks of renewable energy investments". International Journal of Energy Sector Management 11, n. 1 (3 aprile 2017): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-11-2015-0001.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose Policy or regulatory risks represent one of the major barriers for renewable energy investments, especially against the background of several retrospective reductions of support schemes in Europe. This paper aims to contribute to the literature by offering a categorization of major risk drivers and determinants of policy risk associated with renewable energy projects in developed countries. Design/methodology/approach Based on a narrative (traditional) review of the academic literature and supported by industry studies regarding cases of support scheme cuts in Europe (from the end of 2010 until the end of 2013), the paper derives determinants of policy risks of renewable energy investments. Findings As a main result, the paper offers a concise categorization of major risk drivers of policy and regulatory risks associated with renewable energy investments in developed countries along with potential indicators. Practical implications The derived categorization of major risk drivers and the set of indicators are of high relevance for risk management and risk assessment of renewable energy investments, where understanding the underlying risk drivers is vital. The findings can thus be applied when establishing a sound risk management for renewable energy investments. Originality/value The paper helps (potential) investors, policymakers and regulators to assess policy risks associated with renewable energy investments.
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Birkeland, Janis. "Challenging policy barriers in sustainable urban design". Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 40, n. 40 (1 giugno 2018): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2018-0013.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractIn built environment design, codes set minimum health and safety requirements, policies set aspirational targets, and incentives such as green building rating schemes set design standards. These approaches have failed to provide universal well-being and environmental justice (i.e. intra-generational equity), or increases in the natural life-support system that exceed depletion rates (i.e. inter- generational equity). Governments that do not ensure all citizens can obtain basic needs, life quality and resource security fail to meet their basic responsibilities. Two recent documents, one representing sustainable urban policy and principles, the other representing urban biodiversity standards, are examined against the Positive Development Test (whether the development increases the public estate, ecological base and future public options). The discussion suggests that contemporary policies and incentive schemes, as presently conceived, cannot provide the basic physical preconditions for sustainability, let alone address socio-economic inequities. An alternative design-based approach is presented to address the issues the paper identified.
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Mabunda, Sikhumbuzo A., Andrea Durbach, Wezile W. Chitha, Oduetse Moaletsane, Blake Angell e Rohina Joshi. "How Were Return-of-Service Schemes Developed and Implemented in Botswana, Eswatini and Lesotho?" Healthcare 11, n. 10 (22 maggio 2023): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11101512.
Abstract (sommario):
Botswana, Eswatini and Lesotho are three Southern African countries that make use of return-of-service (RoS) schemes to increase human resources for health in their countries. These initiatives bind beneficiaries to a pre-defined period of service upon the completion of their studies based on the length of funding support received. We aimed to review the history of these policies to understand the conceptualisation, intent and implementation of these schemes. We used a multi-methods research design which consisted of a literature review, a policy review and semi-structured interviews with policymakers and implementors. All three governments have a combination of grant-loan schemes and full bursaries or scholarships. The policies have all been operating for over 20 years, with Eswatini’s pre-service policy being the oldest since it was introduced in 1977, followed by Lesotho’s 1978 policy and Botswana’s 1995 pre-service policy. These policies have never been reviewed or updated. RoS schemes in these countries were introduced to address critical skills shortages, to improve employability prospects for citizens, to have competent public sector employees by global standards and to aid the career progress of government employees. Ministries of Health are passive role players. However, these schemes can only be efficient if there is clear cooperation and coordination between all stakeholders.
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Walters, Keith. "Climate Change and Sustainable Crop Production: Farming is Changing". Outlooks on Pest Management 35, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2024): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v35_feb_01.
Abstract (sommario):
The current public focus on development and adoption of more sustainable approaches to crop production in many parts of Europe will require widespread and significant changes to the way we farm. These changes are made even more complicated as they have to be implemented against the background of climate change, which threatens to impose further challenges such as changing ranges of pest species, variable and extreme weather conditions, the potential for growing new crops and a range of other issues that will require ongoing adaptability. Government policy and legislation, such as the UK Sustainable Farming Initiative (SCI) and the Environmental Land Management Schemes (ELMS), responds to the debate surrounding the future of farming by aiming to promote the adoption of more sustainable farming methods. Extensive work has been conducted in the UK to define what the new schemes encompass/require, and to seek farmer opinions and experience on the quality of the support and guidelines offered to adopters of the scheme, alongside financial support for implementing the work required. Maintaining the momentum of change needed to achieve the objectives encompassed by the new legislation will, however, require both a good understanding of how these schemes operate and close interaction between farmers, agronomists, industrial and academic R&D providers, and regulators, to support on-farm implementation.
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Dirwai, T. L., A. Senzanje e M. Mudhara. "Water governance impacts on water adequacy in smallholder irrigation schemes in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa". Water Policy 21, n. 1 (23 novembre 2018): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.149.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractWater adequacy is central to maximised agricultural production in irrigation schemes. Smallholder Irrigation Schemes (SISs) are designed to distribute water efficiently, adequately and equitably. Water governance, defined as the institutions, processes, procedures, rules and regulations involved in water management, plays an important role in water allocation and subsequently water adequacy. The intersectoral institutions involved in water governance in SISs, i.e., government, Water User Associations (WUAs), Irrigation Management Committees (IMCs) and traditional authorities, interact to formulate and design policies for running SISs. However, multilevel interaction amongst the active stakeholders at multiple levels shapes policy and underlies SIS performance. This research aimed to investigate the impacts water governance had on adequacy of water in irrigation schemes and was premised on the hypothesis that governance had no effect on water adequacy. Water adequacy describes water supply relative to demand. Adequacy indicates whether the water delivery system supplies the required amount to a section in the irrigation scheme over a period of time (daily, monthly or seasonally). Two irrigation schemes, the Mooi-River Irrigation Scheme (MRIS) and Tugela Ferry Irrigation Scheme (TFIS) were used as case studies. A descriptive analysis showed that 86% of the farmers in the TFIS had adequate water, whereas 24% had water adequacy in the MRIS. A Binary Logit model was employed to investigate the factors that influence water adequacy among irrigators. The regression model identified eight statistically significant factors that influenced water adequacy: the irrigation scheme, location of plot within the scheme, training in water management, training in irrigation, SIS irrigators' knowledge about the government's aims, availability of water licences, payment of water fees and satisfaction with the irrigation schedule. The study concluded that governance factors had influence on water adequacy in the selected SISs. The implication is that stakeholders should make irrigators aware of government Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) policy and strategies. The study recommends that the SISs introduce rules, procedures and protocols to support irrigators to enhance scheme governance and lead to the realisation of government policies.
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Ahn, Seunghyeok, Yoonmie Soh, Hojae Ryu, Hyoeun Lee, Eunyoung Hwangbo e Sun-Jin Yun. "An Analysis of Policy Initiatives and Benefit Sharing Schemes to Support Floating Solar Power Plants". New & Renewable Energy 17, n. 4 (25 dicembre 2021): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7849/ksnre.2021.0023.
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Tangerås, Thomas P. "Renewable Electricity Policy and Market Integration". Energy Journal 37, n. 2 (aprile 2016): 44–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5547/01956574.37.2.ttan.
Abstract (sommario):
I analyze renewable electricity policy in a multinational electricity market with transmission investment. If national policy makers choose support schemes to maximize domestic welfare, a trade policy motive arises operating independently of any direct benefit of renewable electricity. The model predicts electricity importing (exporting) countries to choose policies which reduce (increase) electricity prices. A narrow pursuit of domestic objectives distorts transmission investment, and thereby market integration, below the efficient level. Distortions cannot be corrected by imposing national renewable targets alone. Instead, subsidies to transmission investment and a harmonization of and reduction in the number of policy instruments can improve welfare.
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Fish, Robert, Susanne Seymour e Charles Watkins. "Conserving English Landscapes: Land Managers and Agri-Environmental Policy". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 35, n. 1 (gennaio 2003): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3531.
Abstract (sommario):
There is increasing public policy interest in the management of rural landscapes for conservation, both in terms of natural and cultural heritage. Agri-environmental policies are an important part of an emerging vision for a sustainable countryside, with increasing support for the existing Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) and Countryside Stewardship (CS) schemes. This paper provides insight into the nature of land-manager attitudes towards the conservation of rural landscapes and how these relate to differing modes and levels of engagement with these two schemes. It is based on the results of a recently completed project exploring the attitudes and practices of 100 land managers towards features of landscape and historic interest. Agri-environmental research has often sought to ‘typologise’ attitudes and practices around discrete land-manager types; an approach that may downgrade commonalities between land managers, the potential interplay of elements defining these types, and the possibility that land-manager identities may not be uniform. In this paper, in contrast, we emphasise the significance of these three analytical issues surrounding land-manager attitudes and practices. We explore land managers' interest and investment in conservation and go on to explain how these concerns were often closely related to the wildlife, historic and aesthetic goals of the schemes. The analysis then considers in detail how a concern for conservation often came to interplay with economic concerns to produce different attitudes and practices. We term these ‘styles of participation and nonparticipation’ to emphasise that such modes of uptake are not necessarily associated with specific land-manager types. Land managers developed these attitudes and practices with respect to different parts of their farms, types of landscape feature, and scheme in question. We conclude by emphasising the importance of contextualised analyses of land-manager values, knowledges, and practices for exploring the nature and possibilities of a ‘sustainable countryside', and the role of agri-environmental policy within this policy vision of rural areas.
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Pilvere, Irina, Aleksejs Nipers e Aija Pilvere. "Evaluation of the European Green Deal Policy in the Context of Agricultural Support Payments in Latvia". Agriculture 12, n. 12 (27 novembre 2022): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122028.
Abstract (sommario):
The European Green Deal policy will significantly affect the resilience and development of agriculture, which will be determined by the 2021–2027 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reforms, entering into force in 2023. Therefore, the European Commission determines that at least 25% of the direct payments should be earmarked for eco-schemes, while 35% of the funding for rural development should be allocated to climate and environmental support measures. Support payments constitute a significant part of farmers’ income and guide their decision-making for production development. Therefore, the goal of the research was set by analysing the existing CAP support payment system in 2019 to determine the possible impact of the reform envisaged for 2023 on farms of various specialisations and sizes in Latvia. The analysis revealed that in Latvia in 2019, 83% of the total number of farms received support, the amount of the support was EUR 5616 per year per farm on average, and within the Single Area Payment Scheme (SAPS), the support was higher by 24%. Among the funding recipient farms, the support accounted for 28% of the farms’ income, calculated per 1 hectare. The detailed calculations carried out indicate that the possible base support payments as a result of the CAP 2023 reform are expected to be higher specifically in cattle breeding and dairy farming, which may contribute to even greater greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the future and thus reduce the likelihood of achieving the goals of the European Green Deal policy.