Tesi sul tema "Points de contrôle immunitaires"
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Grasselly, Chloé. "Établissement et caractérisation de modèles précliniques de résistance aux inhibiteurs de points de contrôles immunitaires". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1256/document.
Testo completoBecause of the limited efficacy and the toxicity of conventional therapies to fight cancer, researchers focused on the new trategies. These efforts lead to the emergence of immunotherapies, whose msot recent actors are the monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoint (ICP). Among those ICP inhibitors, we found antibodies targeting the surface protein « Programmed Cell Death 1 », called anti- PD1, and those targeting its ligand, « Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 », called anti- PDL-1. Those antibodies shown a great efficacy in a wide diveristy of cancers, and are currently used for clinical practice in the case of melanoma, lung cancer, bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma. However, those treatments don’t benefit to all tumor bearing patients, with a mean of 60% of innate resistance, and 25% of acquired resistance following a primary response, variable according to tumor type. Phenomena involved in resistance are currently poorly described. In this context, the aim of my project was to establish in vivo preclinical models of acquired resistance to anti-PD1 and anti-PDL-1. To do that, we used syngeneic renal cancer (RENCA), bladder cancer (MB49 and MBT-2), and colorectal cancer (MC38), and immunocompetent mice, that we have made resistant by serial reimplantations of tumors pieces and serial treatments, inducing a selection pressure until we obtained a resistant phenotype. The efficiency of PD1/PDL-1 axis blocking is strongly linked to the microenvironment composition, as a result we realized an immunophenotyping protocol. We observed anti-tumor cells as T cells, Natural Killer cells, and M1 macrophages, but also cells harboring immunosuppressive functions, as M2 macrophages, MDSC, and Treg. Moreover, some studies have identified an upregulation of alternatives ICP in the context of acquired resistance to anti-PD1, so we also observed the expression of LAG3, TIM3 and TIGIT besides PD1 and PDL-1 expression. We shown that resistance is strongly dependant to the tumor model, even if we identified a decrease of anti-tumor M1 macrophages is models resistant to anti-PD1, and an increase of Treg in models resistant to anti-PDL-1, suggesting a common mechanism of resistance specific to respectively anti PD1 and anti-PDL-1. Following Zaretsky and al. identification of genes involved in interferon pathway in the case of acquired resistance to anti-PD1 in melanoma, we decided to study the molecular profile of resistant tumors. We identified 5 common genes differently modulated between anti-PD1 and anti-PDL-1 resistant models, including SERPINF1 and FCNA which seems to be promising as targets to validate. Lastly, in parallel to establishment and characterization of preclinical models of acquired resistance, we tested new therapeutical approches of anti-PD1 and anti- PDL-1 potentiation in combination with reference chemotherapies. We shown a synergy in wild-type colorectal and bladder cancers (MC38 and MB49), no effect of the combination in metastatic breast cancer 4T1, and an inhibition of anti-PDL 1 effect in bladder cancer MBT-2. Immunphenotyping of tumors allowed us to observe here also high differences between tumor models, both at baseline and after treatments initiation. To conclude, even if our results need a validation with patients samples, we demonstrated that different cellular and molecular modifications could be involved in resistance to anti-PD1 and anti-PDL-1, and that resistance could be bypass with chemotherapy combination, according to tumor type
Melique, Suzanne. "Analyse des capacités modulatrices de la protéine THEMIS sur la signalisation et les fonctions biologiques du checkpoint immunitaire BTLA". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES079.
Testo completoImmune checkpoints are receptors that negatively regulate T lymphocyte responses triggered by antigen receptors (TCR) via co-stimulatory receptors. Therapies based on the use of monoclonal antibodies targeting these receptors have significantly improved the efficacy of cancer therapies. The immune checkpoint BTLA regulates T lymphocyte activation and maintenance of peripheral CD8+ T lymphocytes by inhibiting signaling emanating from the TCR through the SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-1. BTLA is expressed on T lymphocytes during development in the thymus at the positive selection stage, but its biological functions in this context are unknown. THEMIS is a signaling protein essential for T lymphocyte development and maintenance of CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral tissues. Deletion of the gene encoding THEMIS is associated with a defect in positive selection of thymocytes and lymphopenia. THEMIS promotes positive selection and maintenance of CD8+ T lymphocytes by inhibiting the catalytic activity of SHP-1. We hypothesized that THEMIS may promote positive selection and maintenance of CD8+ T lymphocytes by repressing the inhibitory functions of BTLA. We have shown that deletion of the gene encoding THEMIS in mouse models increases BTLA's ability to inhibit activation and differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. THEMIS is recruited to BTLA and represses SHP-1 phosphatase activity by increasing oxidation of its catalytic cysteine. Deficiency in THEMIS, however, has no effect on the inhibitory functions of the immune checkpoint PD-1, which primarily depends on the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. We show that deletion of the gene encoding BTLA restores positive selection in THEMIS-deficient mice, indicating that THEMIS promotes positive selection by blocking BTLA's inhibitory signaling. THEMIS also promotes maintenance of peripheral CD8+ T lymphocytes by reducing BTLA's ability to inhibit survival signals triggered by IL-2 and IL-15 receptors. These results suggest that inhibitory signals triggered by immune checkpoints depend on interactions with their ligands but are also constrained by intracellular proteins that modulate the threshold at which these receptors are able to inhibit T lymphocytes. These findings have implications for understanding the therapeutic mechanisms involved in cancer treatment and the mechanisms underlying the emergence of autoimmune diseases
Balança, Camille-Charlotte. "Contribution des réponses immunitaires adaptatives spécifiques des antigènes tumoraux à l'efficacité clinique de l'immunothérapie par inhibition de l'axe PD-1/PD-L1". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30007.
Testo completoExhausted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are characterized by immune checkpoint (IC) expression, for instance PD-1. One of the major immunotherapy approaches, based on IC inhibition, has proved efficient in the control of tumor progression in many cancers. Despite this progress, only a proportion of patients experience clinical benefit. To improve responses to IC inhibitors, understanding mechanisms involved in TIL exhaustion and investigating which T cells are able to respond to immunotherapy are required. We investigated both CD8 and CD4 T-cell exhaustion and its relation to tumor antigen (Ag) specificity and to responsiveness to IC inhibition in cancer patients. We demonstrated that CD8 T-cell exhaustion at the tumor site was only attained by tumor Ag-specific cells that were characterized by the sequential acquisition of ICs and by CD28 loss. Their circulating counterparts expressed less ICs and at lower levels and were CD28+. Specific CD8 TILs were dysfunctional, nonetheless, they maintained high cytotoxic potential and expressed tissue residency markers. We showed that PD-1 inhibition has a dual effect on specific CD8 T cells. It rescued their effector functions at the tumor site and enhanced their proliferation in the periphery. Importantly, the quantity of exhausted and specific TILs was predictive of response to therapy and of survival in patients treated with PD-1-targeting immunotherapy. Assessment of CD4 TIL exhaustion underscored similarities with the CD8 exhaustion program, in particular their specificity for tumor Ag and sequential acquisition of ICs although ICs characterizing terminally exhausted CD4 TILs were different than those found in CD8 TILs. Importantly, PD-1 blockade on CD4 TILs restored their helper functions, leading to dendritic cell maturation and, consequently, increased tumor-specific CD8 T-cell proliferation. Our data imply that under anti-PD-1/PD-L1, effector functions of terminally exhausted CD8 TILs is rescued and the tumor site is replenished by memory CD8 T cells which proliferate following direct blockade of PD-1 and through reinvigoration of the helper activity of tumor Ag-specific CD4 T cells. Our results position tumor Ag-specific T cells as major players of responsiveness to PD-1-blocking immunotherapy and identify predictive biomarkers of response to immunotherapy
Delage, Laure. "Des déficiences génétiques comme modèles naturels pour l'étude de la régulation des checkpoints immunitaires et la caractérisation des réponses auto-immunes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UNIP5190.
Testo completoRecessive NBEAL2 mutations have been reported in patients with Gray Platelet Syndrome (GPS). This syndrome is characterized by a macro-thrombocytopenia, with platelets lacking alpha-granules, leading to bleeding disorders, often associated with splenomegaly. Thus, NBEAL2 plays a crucial role in the trafficking of alpha-granules in platelets. Moreover, our lab has also described NBEAL2 deficiencies in patients presenting clinical features of the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, suggesting a role of NBEAL2 in immune homeostasis and tolerance. A broader international cohort of GPS patients has been described, revealing immune system abnormalities (autoimmune diseases, autoantibodies, lymphopenia). If the role of NBEAL2 in the traffic of granules is often investigated, the exact mechanism leading to the development of autoimmune manifestations in GPS patients remains unknown. NBEAL2 belongs to a protein family involved in vesicular trafficking, all of which possess a conserved BEACH domain. Within this BEACH-domain containing proteins family, one of the closest members to NBEAL2 is LRBA. LRBA is involved in the recycling of CTLA-4, an inhibitory immune checkpoint. CTLA-4 plays a crucial role in the regulation of immune responses and tolerance. Recessive mutations of LRBA lead to similar clinical features as partial CTLA-4 deficiency: autoimmunity, lymphocytic infiltrations, and progressive B lymphopenia. Physiologically, LRBA prevents the lysosomal degradation of CTLA-4 and allows its recycling to the membrane. By analogy with LRBA, we investigated the importance of NBEAL2 in immune checkpoints intracellular trafficking and we brought new insights on its role in lymphocytes. Thus, NBEAL2 is a scaffold protein, binding LRBA, and involved in CTLA-4 trafficking as well as in vesicular trafficking in general. This work brings new knowledge to the regulation of CTLA-4 in activated T lymphocytes, a list of new partners for NBEAL2 protein and a new model of vesicular trafficking in which NBEAL2 is involved. Finally, a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to autoimmunity in patients with gray platelets syndrome could lead to better diagnosis and treatment management
Arakelian, Tsolère. "Impact of Targeting the Autophagy Related Gene Beclin 1 on the Immune Landscape of Melanoma". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS193.
Testo completoImmune Checkpoint Blockades (ICBs)-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment for melanoma patients; however only a small subset of patients reaps a long term benefit. One of the major challenges to enhance the efficacy and extend the benefit of ICBs to non-responder patients is to design innovative approaches allowing the switch of “immune desert cold tumors” to “immune infiltrated hot tumors" which are eligible for ICB-based therapies. Here, we investigated the impact of targeting the early autophagy gene Beclin1 on the immune landscape of B16-F10 melanoma tumors. We found that targeting Beclin1 (Becn1-) significantly inhibited B16-F10 tumor growth and increased the infiltration of CD45+ leukocytes into the tumor bed. Immune phenotyping revealed an increased infiltration of active Natural Killer (NK) cells, inflammatory and resident type 1 macrophages, dendritic cells, and active CD8+ T lymphocytes. The inhibition of Becn1- tumor growth was no longer observed by depleting host CD8+ T cells, thus highlighting their major role in the control of Becn1- B16-F10 tumor development. We showed that Beclin1-dependent regulation of the immune landscape was associated with profound modulation of the cytokine/chemokine network in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Importantly, we revealed that Becn1- tumors displayed an inflammatory cytokine signature (comprised, but not restricted to, CCL5, CXCL10 and IFNg) that could be responsible for the switch from cold non T-inflamed to hot T-inflamed tumors. Mechanistically, we reported that the overexpression of IFNg in Becn1- TME was responsible for the induction of Programed Death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells through the activation of JAK/STATs pathway. Overall, this study highlights Beclin1 as a valuable target, able to drive immune effectors cells into the melanoma tumors by inducing an inflammatory signature. This study provides the proof of concept for combining drugs inhibiting early autophagy process along with ICBs as a cutting-edge approach to improve their efficacy
Soussan, Sarah. "B lymphocytes and autoantibodies in immune-related adverse events following immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS022.pdf.
Testo completoImmune checkpoints inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of previously incurable malignancies. Unfortunately, the use of ICI also induces a bystander breakdown of peripheral tolerance leading to immune related Adverse Events (irAEs) in 30-90% of treated patients, drastically reducing quality of life and requiring therapy dose reduction or discontinuation. As ICI directly target T cells, they have been considered the main culprit for irAEs. Nevertheless, T cells cannot fully explain adverse events, and the role of B cells and their associated mechanisms have not been characterized. We therefore studied the involvement of peripheral B-cell compartment in irAEs, using both phenotypic and functional approaches, in two cohorts of solid cancer patients treated with anti-PD-1 and/or anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies. Deep phenotyping of B-cell subsets throughout the treatment and at the onset of irAEs has been performed by multi-parametric spectral flow cytometry. Subsequently, to analyze the functions of B-cell subsets, notably their ability to produce antibodies, we set-up a B-cell culture system allowing in vitro differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting cells. This gave us the opportunity to analyze the antibody production by circulating B cells and their association with irAEs occurence. The screening of circulating B cells phenotype and function was conducted alongside the evaluation of the serum and plasma reactivity of cancer patients by complementary approaches (ELISA, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence assays). We found that, before treatment, patients that develop ICI-induced irAEs exhibit a significantly lower expression on B cell subsets of the FcγRIIB, CD85j and LAIR-1 inhibitory receptors in melanoma patients and higher expression of the CD95 and CXCR5, respectively activating and lymphoid organs re-circulatory markers in lung cancer patients. In addition, increased in baseline abundance of hyper-activated IgD- memory B cell subset or plasmablasts precursor were observed in patients that will undergo irAEs. Moreover, a part of irAEs patients exhibit baseline or ICI-induce circulating autoantibodies which could be directed against the related tissue of irAEs occurrence. Indeed, patients experiencing cardiac/muscular irAEs demonstrated autoantibodies directed against cardiac tissues and well-defined cardiac/muscle antigens. Finally, IgG derived from cardiac/muscular irAEs patients bound to human cardiomyocytes and perturbed the calcium kinetic and the contractibility of cardiac spheroids. These findings highlight a predisposition of irAEs incidence in patients with baseline highly activated and differentiated circulating B cells associated with autoantibody production. Overall, these results support the potential role of the humoral adaptative immunity in the mechanisms of ICI-induced irAEs
Hollande, Clémence. "Rôle de dipeptidyl peptidase-4 dans la régulation du trafic leucocytaire au cours du carcinome hépatocellulaire". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066446/document.
Testo completoDipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4 or CD26)–mediated post-translational modification of chemokines has been shown to negatively regulate lymphocyte trafficking, and its inhibition enhances T cell migration and tumor immunity by preserving functional CXCL10. In extending these initial findings to humans and pre-clinical hepatocellular carcinoma models, we discovered a new mechanism whereby DPP4 inhibition improves anti-tumor responses by eosinophil recruitment. Specifically, administration of DPP4 inhibitors (DPP4i) resulted in higher concentrations of CCL11 (or eotaxin) and increased CCR3-mediated eosinophil migration into mouse tumors. Enhanced tumor control was observed upon treatment with DPP4i, an effect strikingly preserved in Rag2–/– mice, and abrogated only upon depletion of eosinophils or inhibition of their degranulation. We further demonstrated that tumor expression of IL-33 was necessary and sufficient for eosinophil-mediated anti-tumor responses, and that this mechanism contributed to checkpoint inhibitor efficacy. These findings provide new insight into IL-33- and eosinophil-mediated tumor control, revealed when endogenous mechanisms of DPP4 immune regulation are inhibited
Dupaty, Léa. "Evaluation in vivo de protéines immunorégulatrices dérivées de CTLA-4 et de PD-L1 pour leur capacité à inhiber les réponses immunitaires dans le contexte de la thérapie génique musculaire par AAV". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR133/document.
Testo completoGene therapy consist into introducing genetic material into cells to treat genetic disorders. Most gene therapies use viral vectors to carry the gene within target cells. In case of monogenic disorders, adeno-associated viruses (AAV) has become a vector of choice because of its lack of pathogenicity, its large tropism and its capacity to transduce quiescent cells. The use of AAV is approved in Europe to treat a rare lysosomal storage disease and has recently been approved by the FDA to treat a genetic cause of blindness. However, most clinical trials face immune responses directed against AAV components which may be highly immunogenic. This deleterious immunogenicity often lead to the trial failure. In addition, transgenic protein can also be immunogenic, aimaing to the destruction of transduced cells and ultimatly to gene therapy failure. In clinic, immunosuppressive drug remain the only option to counteract unwanted immune responses. These drugs possess infectious and tumorigenic side effects, therefore strategies aiming to rather capable to induce tolerance toward the transgenic protein are being developped and needed. The objectif of this work was to implement a new strategy aiming to study the immunoregulatory and tolerogenic effect of fusion proteins derived from CTLA-4 and PD-L1. We used a murin model recapitulating the immunes responses induced by an AAV coding for an immunogenic model protein, ovalbumin (Ova) presented in previous studies by our group and others. Then, we synthesized AAV coding for our newly designed immunoregulatory protein and injected them into mice along with AAV-Ova. This strategy of vectorized immunoregulation (VIR) allowed to evaluate the intrinsic capacity of each individual proteins to modulate immune responses against Ova directly in vivo. Eventually, this work allow to 1) assess the benefits and limits of the VIR strategy, 2) the deletrious long-term effects of CTLA-4/Fc on central and peripheral Tregs in mice, 3) to demonstrate the interest of new molecules specifically derived from PD-L1/Fc over the immune tolerance through the long-term persistance of Ova transgene
Dal, Cin Julian. "Analyse tissulaire des myopathies inflammatoires idiopathiques et induites par immune-checkpoint-inhibitor : apport des nouvelles approches transcriptomiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS151.pdf.
Testo completoMyositis are a heterogeneous group of autoimmune pathologies characterized by muscle damage in patients. Myositis are separated into 5 subgroups: dermatomyositis (DM), anti-synthetase syndromes (ASyS), inclusion body myositis (IBM), autoimmune necrotizing myopathies (IMNM) and immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced myositis. The pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical phenotype and prognosis of each subgroup are different. Among myositis, this work focused on IMNM and ICI-induced myositis, which have the poorest prognosis. High-resolution, spatial and single-cell transcriptomic studies have made it possible to study the muscle tissue of patients with these myositis. In ICI-induced myositis, these studies have confirmed the cytotoxicity of CD8 T cells and their central role, mainly of a population of resident memory T cells identified in the muscle, as well as macrophages. We propose a pathogenic model based on the reaction of resident memory T cells to ICI treatments. In IMNM, subgroups of macrophages have been identified composed respectively of pro-inflammatory macrophages, anti-inflammatory macrophages, and macrophages close to fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAP). We propose that necrosis can stimulate macrophages and induce their recruitment, which would allow the proliferation of FAPs at the origin of exacerbated fibrosis in patients. Understanding mechanisms among others makes it possible to consider new therapeutic targets and improve patient prognosis
L'Orphelin, Jean-Matthieu. "Ρarticularité cliniques et impacts thérapeutiques des effets indésirables immunο-induits chez les patients atteints d'un mélanοme de stade ΙV". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC406.
Testo completoBackground. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are the undisputed first-line treatment for stage IV melanoma, and are associated with adverse events, often immuno-related. Immune-related events are increasingly taken into account in therapeutic decisions, and there is a desire to individualize the management of patients with metastatic melanoma. A more detailed characterization of these events would enable better prediction of their occurrence and impact. Our knowledge of immuno-related events comes mainly from randomized phase III clinical trials, through the collection of safety data for the duration of the study. This does not allow us to identify late-onset safety signals, occurring long after the clinical trial, or rare safety signals not always reported in the publication. . Materials and methods. A safety meta-analysis conducted on randomized clinical trials from ClinicalTrials.gov aims to identify rare safety signals allowing greater comprehensiveness. We determined the type and incidence of rare events (represented by cardiovascular events) associated with exposure to immune checkpoint inhibitors in stage IV melanoma. Post-marketing studies have been carried out on three databases: RIC-Mel and Vigibase®, set up beforehand, and Melskintox, specifically set up to record cutaneous immune-related effects. These “real-life” studies make it possible to investigate the type, incidence and impact of dermatological immune-related events at risk of under-reporting, and to characterize all late-onset immune-related events late after the introduction of the immune checkpoint inhibitor, since follow-up from randomized clinical trials is too short to be informative. Finally, we discussed the safety of reintroducing an immune checkpoint inhibitor after an immuno-related event. Results. The meta-analysis enables us to identify some immuno-related events not initially identified in randomized clinical trials because they are rare and not systematically investigated, such as cardiovascular events. However, they can be serious as myocarditis and pericarditis. Some, such as dyslipidemia, suggest a long delay in onset, made possible by the extended overall survival of melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. In real-life cohort studies, other severe late-onset events may occur long after from the initiation of treatment (after two years), affecting all organs. Patients with SSM melanoma appear to have a higher risk of late-onset adverse events. Certain frequent and rare serious immune-related events are imperfectly investigated, and the diversity of clinical presentations is poorly understood. The prognosis seems to differ depending on whether the cutaneous immuno-related effect is a benign inflammatory dermatosis, a pigmentary disorder, drug-related rash or bullous dermatosis. Finally, pharmacovigilance data on reintroduction vary according to the initial immune-related event, suggesting a higher recurrence rate for nephritis and cutaneous immuno-related events. Discussion and perspectivesThe occurrence of an immune-related event must be known and recognized with regard to its therapeutic impact, and be the subject of appropriate monitoring modalities. A more detailed knowledge of safety data and a better characterization of immune-related events will enable us to tailor our treatment pathways and proposals
Xie, Wei. "Transcription Inhibitor Lurbinectedin and Oncolytic Peptide LTX-401 trigger Immunogenic Cell Death and Synergize With Immune Checkpoint Blockade Lurbinectedin Synergizes With Immune Checkpoint Blockade To Generate Anticancer Immunity Tumor Lysis With LTX-401 Creates Anticancer Immunity Autophagy Induction by Thiostrepton Improves the Efficacy of Immunogenic Chemotherapy Oncolysis With DTT-205 and DTT-304 Generates Immunological Memory in Cured Animals". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL072.
Testo completoCancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, despite the existence of standard treatment, innovative therapeutic strategies and drugs are still in urgent demand. The combination of immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducing drugs and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) seems to be a promising modality. In this thesis, we demonstrated Lurbinectedin, a transcription inhibitor newly approved for relapsed lung cancer treatment, triggers hallmarks of ICD in four different human and murine cell lines in vitro. Vaccinated with Lurbinectedin-treated fibrosarcoma cell protects immunocompetent mice from rechallenge with syngeneic tumours. Lurbinectedin restrains transplanted fibrosarcoma growth in an immune dependent manner. Both transplanted MCA205 cancer and hormone/carcinogen induced breast cancer were sensitized by Lurbinectedin to PD-1 and CTLA-4 double ICBs. Of note, long-term immunological memory was generated in cured mice. Further, we evaluated the anticancer capacity of LTX-401, an oncolytic peptide designed for local immunotherapy. Sequential intratumoral injections of LTX-401 dramatically retards subcutaneous MCA205 and TC-1 tumour growth in immunocompetent host, yet shows limited therapeutic effect of anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4 ICBs. Moreover, sequential LTX-401 treatment with double ICBs exhibits systemic antitumor immunity to both treated and abscopal tumour. In conclusion, lurbinectedin and LTX-401 induce cancer cell immunogenic cell death and enhance the anticancer effects of immune chekcpoint blockade. These results lay the experimental foundation of combination regiments and may facilitate the clinical trial design
Tannous, Désirée. "The combination of Gadolinium-based nanoparticles, radiotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors : a novel therapeutic opportunity for cancer treatment". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASL082.
Testo completoScientific discoveries linked to radiotherapy are in continuous progress and almost 60% of cancer diagnosed patients are treated with radiotherapy. However, radiation therapy still faces many limitations due to radioresistance and the side effects inflected on healthy tissues. To overcome these factors, a particular interest has been aroused on the role that nanomedicine could play in the improvement of immune-mediated anti-tumor response. In this context, we decided to assess the ability of the combination of Gadolinium nanoparticles (AGuIX) with ionizing radiation (IR) to stimulate an anti-tumor immunological response and to increase the effectiveness of radiotherapy combined to immune checkpoint blockers.AGuIX are very small nanoparticles composed of a polysiloxane matrix and gadolinium chelates. Thanks to the magnetic properties of gadolinium, these nanoparticles play the role of a contrast agent, in addition to its radiosensitizing properties, thus allowing a better targeting and an enhanced therapeutic index.Our work reveals the ability of the AGuIX+IR combination to induce genomic instability and to stimulate immunomodulatory cell signaling pathways in treated human and murine cancer cells. In parallel, we demonstrate the anti-tumor activity of this combination by assessing tumor growth and overall survival using a preclinical model of immunocompetent mice bearing tumors. Our results strongly demonstrate a synergistic effect of AGuIX + IR combination on tumor growth and overall survival by stimulating the immune system. Finally, we reveal the capacity of AGuIX + IR combination to overcome immune checkpoint blockers resistance.In conclusion, our work shows that the combination of AGuIX+IR stimulates immunomodulatory signaling pathways, induces a strong synergistic anti-tumor response and helps overcoming resistance to immunotherapies
Lachaud, Sophie. "Régulation de l'expression de PD-L1 dans le mélanome : identification de cibles thérapeutiques au moyen d’un crible génétique pour traiter le mélanome cutané TIE1 Regulates PD-L1 Expression in Melanoma". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL065.
Testo completoCutaneous melanoma arises from melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells of the skin. is responsible for approximately 75% of deaths due to skin cancers. This tumor account for approximately 1% of cutaneous melanoma, but is responsible for 75% of deaths due to skin cancer. Its aggressiveness is coming from its highly metastatic potential and once it is disseminated, chances of survival decrease drastically. Treatment by surgery is efficient when it is diagnosed early. Though, until recently, for metastatic or unresectable melanoma, treatments were quite limited.The arrival of immunotherapies to treat advanced melanoma arouse a lot of hope. These monoclonal antibodies boost the immune system in order to kill cancer cells. The most recent and efficient are the ones targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 or its ligand (PD-1/PD-L1). The main role of PD-1 immune checkpoint is to limit the activation of engaged peripheral T cells. Indeed, the activation of T cells by the interaction of its TCR with MHC/peptide complexes leads to IFNγ; secretion. This cytokine will induce the expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 at the plasma membrane of surrounding cells. The engagement of PD-1 with its main ligand PD-L1 leads to the inhibition of CD8+ T lymphocytes. This feedback loop attenuates T-cell responses and limits the extent of immune-mediated tissue damage that can happen with an excessive immune response. Some cancer, including melanoma which is highly immunogenic, escape the immune system by taking advantage of this mechanism to overexpress PD-L1 and inhibit effector functions and proliferation of CD8+ T lymphocytes. Immunotherapies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 with monoclonal antibodies were then deployed to disrupt the interaction between the two partners and restore, at least partially, T-cell activity against cancer cells and drive to tumor regression. Most of the time, basal PD-L1 expression in melanoma is low and is strongly increased by IFNγ, produced by immune cells like CD8+ T lymphocytes. Thus, preventing IFNγ-induced PD-L1 expression would restore the effector functions of LT CD8+ and avoid tumor progression as anti-PD-1/PD-L1.This aim of my thesis project was to make use of a genetic screen to identify positive regulators of the expression of PD-L1 at the plasma membrane of melanoma with a genetic screen by focusing on druggable genes. This screen was based on a shRNA library targeting genes coding for a protein for which an inhibitor already exists or harboring a structure or an activity that could lead to drug development. The bioinformatic analysis led to the identification of new regulators that positively regulate PD-L1 at the plasma membrane of melanoma that could serve as therapeutic targets for melanoma treatment
De, Vries-Brilland Manon. "Caractérisation du microenvironnement immunitaire des carcinomes papillaires du rein". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ANGE0017.
Testo completoArticle 1: Checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma : papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (pRCC) is the most common non-clear cell RCC (nccRCC) and a distinct entity, although heterogenous, associated with poor outcomes. The treatment landscape of metastatic pRCC (mpRCC) relied so far on targeted therapies, mimicking previous developments in metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. However, antiangiogenics as well as mTOR inhibitors retain only limited activity in mpRCC. As development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is now underway in patients with mpRCC, we aimed at discussing early activity data and potential for future therapeutic strategies in monotherapy or combination. Expression of immune checkpoints such as PD-L1 and infiltrative immune cells in pRCC could provide insights into their potential immunogenicity, although this is currently poorly described. Based on retrospective and prospective data, efficacy of ICI as single agent remains limited. Combinations with tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, notably with anti-MET inhibitors, harbor promising response rates and may enter the standard of care in untreated patients. Collaborative work is needed to refine the molecular and immune landscape of pRCC, and pursue efforts to set up predictive biomarker-driven clinical trials in these rare tumors. Article 2 : Comprehensive analyses of immune tumor microenvironment in papillary renal cell carcinoma. Background : papillary Renal CellCarcinoma (pRCC) is the most common non-clear cell RCC (nccRCC), and associated with poor outcomes in the metastatic setting. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively evaluate the immune tumor microenvironment (TME) ,largely unknown, of patients with metastatic pRCC and identify potential therapeutic targets. Methods : we performed quantitative gene expression analysis of TME using MCP-counter methodology, on 2 independent cohorts of localized pRCC (n=271 and n=98). We then characterized the TME, using immunohistochemistry (n=38) and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) (n=30) on metastatic pRCC from the prospective AXIPAP trial cohort. Results: unsupervised clustering identified 2 "TME subtypes", in each of the cohorts : the “immune-enriched” and the “immune-low”.Within AXIPAP trial cohort, the “immune-enriched” cluster was significantly associated with a worse prognosis according to the median overall survival to 8 months (95%CI, 6-29) versus 37 months (95%CI, 20-NA,p=0.001).The 2 immune signatures, Teff and JAVELIN Renal 101 Immuno signature, predictive of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) in ccRCC, were significantly higher in the “immune-enriched” group (adjusted p<0.05). Finally, 5 differentially overexpressed genes were identified, corresponding mainly to B lymphocyte populations. Conclusion : for the first time, using RNA-seqand IHC, we have highlighted a specific immune TME subtype of metastatic pRCC, significantly more infiltrated with T and Bimmune population. This “immune-enriched” group appears to have a worse prognosis and could have a potential predictive value for response to immunotherapy, justifying the confirmation of these results in a cohort of metastatic pRCC treated with CPI and incombination with targeted therapies
Ogor, Thomas. "Ciblage cellulaire spécifique de l'interféron α pour le contrôle des défenses immunitaires antitumorales". Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONT001.
Testo completoIt is widely accepted that a cancer develops when cancer cells escape from the control of the immune system and that harnessing the immune defences in order to reactivate endogenous anti-tumor T cells could be a therapeutic option for full and durable responses.Type I interferon is known for its potent antitumor activity in experimental mouse tumors. Furthermore, it has been shown to be a key cytokine necessary for the efficacy of many anticancer agents targeting not only cancer cells (ionising radiations, cytostatic chemicals, mAbs…) but also the immune system (vaccination, CAR-T cells…). However, its use is no longer considered by the clinician owing to the side effects experienced by the patients. To address this concern, a highly promising technology allowing the design of cell-specific targeted interferon molecules has been developed and the objective of our present work is to generate and pre-clinically evaluate lead compounds. For this, a number of research frontiers must be tackled, these include to answer to the fundamental questions 'where' and 'when' interferon must act in order to exert its antitumor activity either alone or in combination with the above-mentioned therapeutic strategies.The question 'when' is important because it is highly suspected that the relative timing of interferon action and TCR stimulation determines whether the effect of interferon is immunostimulant or immunosuppressive. The question 'where' is evident since it determines the choice of the targeting moiety of the engineered interferons. We know that the action of interferon on dendritic cells is necessary for its antitumor activity but is it sufficient? Is an action on T cells also mandatory? Is an interferon action on tumor cells or stroma cells necessary for attracting effector immune cells?
Coquerelle, Caroline. "Contrôle des réponses immunitaires de type Th1 par les lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels et induits". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210397.
Testo completoDes résultats obtenus au sein de notre laboratoire ont mis en évidence l’importance des cellules T régulatrices dans le contrôle des réponses de type Th1 induites à l’aide de cellules dendritiques matures chargées avec des antigènes étrangers. Nous avons, dès lors, étudié le rôle du récepteur CTLA-4 exprimé constitutivement à la surface des cellules T régulatrices dans le contrôle des réponses immunitaires induites à l’aide de cellules dendritiques matures et dans un modèle d’inflammation intestinale. L’injection d’anticorps anti-CTLA-4 induit in vitro et in vivo une inhibition de la production d’IFNγ et protège les souris de la colite pro-Th1 induite par l’instillation de TNBS. Cette protection corrèle étroitement avec l’induction de lymphocytes T régulateurs exprimant fortement la molécule ICOS et sécrétant de l’interleukine 10. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent que l’interleukine 10 et l’indoléamine 2, 3 dioxygénase seraient impliquées dans la fonction régulatrice des lymphocytes T ICOShigh.
Nous avons également analysé les mécanismes impliqués dans le contrôle des réponses de type Th1 par les lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels. Nos résultats suggèrent une régulation différente des réponses Th1 en présence et en absence de cette population régulatrice. En effet, les réponses Th1 sont dépendantes de l’interleukine 12 en présence de lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels, alors qu’en leur absence, la molécule CD70 est requise.
En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent que les lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels et induits contrôlent les réponses immunes de type Th1. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence des stratégies distinctes par lesquelles ces deux populations régulatrices contrôlent la réponse immune. Ces résultats complètent la compréhension des mécanismes de régulation du système immunitaire et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives d’approche immunothérapeutique.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Berthelot, Florence. "Facteurs génétiques et immunitaires du poulet dans le contrôle du portage intestinal de Salmonella Enteritidis". Tours, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOUR3812.
Testo completoDréan, Raphaelle. "Développement de nano-anticorps antagonistes du point de contrôle immunitaire ILT4 pour une application en immunothérapie antitumorale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS446.
Testo completoILT4 (Immunoglobulin-Like Transcript 4) is an immune checkpoint receptor mainly expressed by myeloid immune cells. In cancer context, ILT4 participates in tumor development by maintaining a protumoral immuno-microenvironment and directly promoting tumor cell proliferation. ILT4 interaction with the non-classical MCH class I molecule HLA-G induces an immunosuppressive microenvironment by promoting tolerogenic myeloid cells. Moreover, the ectopic expression of ILT4 has been reported in several solid tumors. The activation of ILT4 by Angiopoietin-like-2 (ANGPTL2) promotes non-small cell lung tumor cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis. Targeting this new immune checkpoint with blocking antibodies is therefore a promising cancer immunotherapy approach. In light of several drawbacks of classical IgG blocking antibodies in solid cancer, we investigated the potential of VHH-based inhibitors. This small monoclonal antibody format, derived from camelid homodimeric antibodies, combine the binding capacities of antibodies to the properties of small molecules. After immunization of an alpaca and phage-display screening, we selected a VHH with high affinity and specificity to ILT4 that inhibits the interaction of the receptor with both ligands. We validated the VHH’s biological antagonist activity on tumor cells and monocyte-derived pro-tumoral M2 like macrophages in vitro. These results support the potential of this new VHH-based antibody targeting ILT4 in cancer immunotherapy
Bendavid-Anquetil, Céline. "Rôle des anticorps monoclonaux au cours des myopathies auto-immunes : de l’étude des auto-anticorps spécifiques des myopathies nécrosantes auto-immunes à la description physiopathologique des myosites induites par l’immunothérapie anti-tumorale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS257.
Testo completoMyositis is a rare autoimmune disease that may occur spontaneously, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, or be induced by treatments such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Among myositis, this work focused on the study of two entities: immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), and ICI-induced myositis. Inflammatory myopathies are separated into homogeneous subgroups in terms of clinical, biological, and histological phenotype thanks to the identification of myositis-specific autoantibodies. Each of these entities is associated with antibodies that play a role in the occurrence of the disease by different mechanisms. In IMNM, anti-SRP (signal recognition particle) autoantibodies appear to play a direct pathogenic role via activation of the classical complement pathway. Thirteen anti-SRP autoantibodies from patient samples were produced, including five autoantibodies specifically recognizing SRP by two different techniques. These human anti-SRP autoantibodies will be used to develop models of IMNM and to understand their mechanisms of action as well as to define their antigenic targets. Regarding ICI-induced myositis, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies directed against inhibitory co-stimulatory molecules induce a break of immune tolerance within the muscle tissue. The description of a series of patients from pharmacovigilance database allowed us to characterize a specific clinical phenotype associated with a poor prognosis, particularly in the case of associated myocarditis. The study of the systemic immune response and of the muscle transcriptomic profile has highlighted a central role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and macrophages in the pathophysiology of the disease.Eventually, the description of pathophysiological mechanisms is mandatory to identify new therapeutic targets and then improve myositis treatment strategy
Paoletti, Audrey. "Étude des étapes précoces de l’infection par le VIH-1 : identification d’un nouveau point de contrôle immunitaire immunitaire impliquant le récepteur P2Y2 et la protéine NLRP3". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS240.
Testo completoIn 3 decades infection with the virus of the human immunodeficiency of type 1 (HIV-1) caused over than 34 million deaths and the surge of new multiresistant virus strains require the development of novel antiretroviral strategies.Our laboratories revealed a new signaling pathway involving in the early step of HIV-1 infection, involving a hemichannel (Pannexin-1), a common danger signal (extracellular ATP) and a purinergic receptor (P2Y2). These three cellular events are also players in the immune response; we decided to continue the study of proteins involved in the innate immune response during the early stages of infection by HIV -1.Here we demonstrated during this work a new interaction between the purinergic receptor P2Y2 and protein of the inflammasome NLRP3. We demonstrate that P2Y2-stimulated migration of macrophages is inhibited by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conversely, NLRP3-dependent macrophage polarization, interleukin-1 β secretion and pyroptosis are under the control of P2Y2-induced autophagy.Finally, the results suggest that the interaction between NLRP3 and P2Y2 is a new immunological checkpoint that regulates macrophage functions. Following this work, we analyzed the role of this immunological control during infection by HIV -1 and have demonstrated that activation of the inflammasome NLRP3 prevents the activation of the purinergic signaling channel involving ATP, pannexin -1 and the P2Y2 receptor, and which allows the entry of HIV -1 in its target cells. Our research and bring to light the capacity of the NLRP3 inflammasome to represent a new inducible restriction factor of HIV-1.All of this research work highlights the existence in macrophages of a new immune system checkpoint involving NLRP3 protein and P2Y2 receptor and can be modulated in order to develop new therapeutic approaches to fight against the emergence of viruses resistant to conventional retroviral treatments
Liu, Peng. "Mort cellulaire immunogène induite par le crizotinib dans le cancer poumon non à petites cellules". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS148.
Testo completoAccumulating evidence suggests that certain conventional chemotherapies, radiotherapies, as well as targeted therapies mediate their long-term therapeutic success by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), which stimulate the release or exposure of danger-associated molecular patterns from or on cancer cells, causing their recognition by the immune system, thus reinstating immunosurveillance. An unbiased screen identified crizotinib as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is potent in provoking hallmarks of ICD. In subsequent low-throughput validation experiments, crizotinib promoted Calreticulin exposure, ATP secretion, HMGB1 release, as well as ER stress in both human and murine cancer cells, especially if it is combined with normally non-ICD inducing chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin. ICD induced by the combination of chemotherapy and crizotinib was also observed in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells lacking activating mutations of the crizotinib targets ALK and ROS1, suggesting an off-target-mediated mode of action. Comparative studies indicated that exclusively the clinically used (R) isoform of crizotinib was efficient in inducing cell death and stimulating ICD hallmarks whereas the (S) enantiomer lacked those characteristics. When combined with cisplatin, crizotinib-killed fibrosarcoma MCA205 cells as well as lung cancer TC-1 cells efficiently vaccinated syngeneic immunocompetent mice against a re-challenge with live cancer cells of the same types. Crizotinib improved the efficacy of chemotherapy with non-ICD inducers (such as cisplatin and mitomycin C) on three distinct (transplantable, carcinogen- or oncogene induced) orthotopic NSCLC models, none of which relied on the activation of ALK or ROS1. Of note these anticancer effects were completely lost if any of the ICD signals was blocked. These anticancer efficacies in different models were linked to an increased T lymphocyte infiltration as a sign of an immune response and were lost if such tumors grew on immunodeficient (nu/nu) mice that are athymic and hence lack thymus-dependent T lymphocytes, or on immunocompetent mice with a neutralization of interferon-. The combination of cisplatin and crizotinib led to an increase in the expression of CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 in tumors, coupled to a strong sensitization of NSCLC to immunotherapy with antibodies blocking CTLA-4 and PD-1. Hence, a combination of crizotinib, conventional chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade may be active against NSCLC, and these data might facilitate the design of clinical trials to evaluated novel combination regiments for the treatment of NSCLC
Kachkache, Moustapha. "Facteurs de contrôle des processus immunitaires impliqués dans l'ovoimplantation : synthèse locale de 1,25-dihydroxyvitamine D3 dans l'utérus". Paris 12, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA120015.
Testo completoNguyen, Hai Son. "Contrôle optique de l'émission résonnante de boites quantiques semiconductrices". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066542.
Testo completoAressy, Bernadette. "Expression de la phosphatase CDC25B et points de contrôle du cycle cellulaire". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/518/.
Testo completoCell cycle checkpoints are responsible for monitoring the quality of a cell division cycle, and in particular to ensure the preservation of our genetic heritage. Thus, if our DNA is damaged, cells activate signaling pathways in order to block cell cycle progression. At the transition between the G2 and M phases, the activation of this signaling pathway leads to the inhibition of CDC25 phosphatases whose direct consequence is the ruling of the cycle progression and activation of either the repair process or the apoptotic death. Regarded as an oncogene, CDC25B is overexpressed in many cancers and abnormal increase of its expression is associated with aggressive tumor phenotype and poor prognosis. However, the causes and consequences of CDC25B overexpression in cancer remain unclear. Here, we report that in p53-/- colon carcinoma cells, a moderate increase in the CDC25B level is sufficient to sensitize cells to genotoxic agents and ionizing radiations. High levels of CDC25B impair the DNA damage checkpoint and increase in spontaneous mutagenesis, a phenomenon that might potentialize oncogenic process. Our work strongly suggests that the expression level of CDC25B might be a potential key parameter of the cellular response to cancer therapy. Study of the causes of CDC25B overexpression in cancers lead us to deubiquitinating enzymes (DUB). Although we did not manage to detect any DUB that modulate CDC25B stability in response to genotoxic stress, we identify DUB that influence G2/M transition. .
Boivin, Mathieu. "Contrôle de la morphologie dans les cellules solaires hybrides polymère-points quantiques colloïdaux". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27761/27761.pdf.
Testo completoLamri, Gwénaëlle. "Contrôle optique de la photoluminescence de nanosources hybrides". Thesis, Troyes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TROY0030.
Testo completoSmart materials can significantly alter their mechanical, thermal or electromagnetic, in response to external stimuli. They have enabled progress in many areas, including drug delivery, self-healing materials for coating applications, or display technologies. Among them, photochromic molecules have been used to modulate the light emitted by quantum dots. Moreover, it is well-known that plasmonic nanomaterials are able to enhance the emission of quantum dots. After a study of the photochromic molecules properties and of each couple of entities (quantum dots – photochromic molecules, metallic nanoparticles – photochromic molecules and metallic nanoparticles – quantum dots), we combine the three entities and demonstrate an optical control of the resonant coupling between metallic and semi-conductor nanoparticles. We experimentally show that the photoluminescence effects of the coupled system can be tuned from enhancement to quenching using a photochromic optical switch and theoretical calculations confirm our experimental findings
Khalfallah, Riadh. "Utilisation de l'émission acoustique pour le diagnostic des points de soudure". Compiègne, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997COMP1010.
Testo completoBoeglin, Emmanuelle. "Contrôle de la prolifération et de la différenciation des lymphocytes B murins par des signaux de l'immunité innée et de l'immunité adaptative". Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6260.
Testo completoTerminal differentiation of B cells requires two signals: a signal deriving from the recognition of the antigen by the specific B cell receptor (BCR) and a signal provided by the interaction between the CD40 molecule expressed on B cells and its ligand CD40L expressed by activated T cells. Nevertheless, it has been recently shown that a third signal deriving from the pathogen recognition by Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) could be important and even necessary for the development of a humoral immune response. Thus the role of TLRs, but also of two NLR (NOD-Like Receptor), alone or combined with a signal of adaptive immunity (CD40L + BCR) on the activation and differentiation of B cells have been investigated. We have demonstrated that all TLR agonists, with the exception of TLR3 and 9, induce proliferation, activation and differentiation of B cells. Moreover, the addition of a signal from adaptive immunity to TLR agonists can increase B cell activation and proliferation (TLR3, 4, 9), differentiation of these cells into antibody secreting cells (TLR1/2, 2/6, 4, 7), and the development of memory B cells. Furthermore, we showed that the Nod1 ligand does not induce B cell differentiation but its association with a CD40 signal can enhance it. Thus, we have shown that pathogens alone or combined with signals of adaptive immunity can trigger and control the B cell response. These different stimuli can induce the development of either plasma cells or memory B cells, this could be an important asset for the development of new vaccines
Anglade, Agnès. "Méthode dynamique de recherche de points de contrôle pour le recalage de deux images". Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112361.
Testo completoLaurent, Jennifer. "Exploration des points de contrôle du cycle cellulaire dans un modèle 3D, le sphéroïde". Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2706/.
Testo completoDeciphering cell cycle control mechanism is essential to understand the involvement of its deregulation in tumor development and to identify new therapeutic targets. However, many studies have been performed on monolayer-cell based models that do not allow considering cell interaction, heterogeneity and tumor microenvironment that are essential parameters of tumor growth and resistance to treatments. Multi Cellular Tumor Spheroid (MCTS) 3D model mimics the organization of a non-vascularized tumor micro-region and is considered as an invaluable model to study cancer cell biology and to evaluate new antiproliferative drugs. In that context, the objective of this project is to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of cell cycle regulation and checkpoints activation in 3D by using original spheroids models. We used a model of tumor pancreatic Capan-2 cells spheroid. In a first part, we characterized the proliferation gradient during the growth of spheroids by using EdU incorporation and KI-67. By using an original genetically modified spheroid model expressing the fluorescent Fucci cell cycle reporters, we quantitatively correlate the rate of proliferation and the distribution of cells in the cell cycle phases depending on their position inside spheroids. In a second part, we evaluated the use of these models to explore the response to the activation cell cycle checkpoints following exposure to various types of stress like growth factor deprivation, pharmacological treatments or exposition to DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation. Our data demonstrate the interest of using such genetically modified spheroids to study at the cellular level the response to checkpoint activation in a regionalized heterogeneous tumor cell population taking into account cell-microenvironment interactions. This study paves the way for the investigation of the molecular aspects of checkpoint response in 3D models and the dynamic studies of the 3D response to novel antiproliferative agents
Grandal, Rejo Beatriz. "Beyond Breast Cancer : The Interplay of Immunity, Comedications, and Comorbidities in Treatment Response and Outcomes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASL063.
Testo completoCancer caused almost 10 million deaths in 2020 and is predicted to affect nearly 24.5 million people by 2035 due to lifestyle changes, aging, and environmental factors. Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer diagnosis and the first cause of oncology mortality among females. The incidence of BC escalates with increasing âge, paralleling the rising prevalence of co-existing conditions (comorbidities) and chronic médication prescriptions (comedications), reported in roughly half of ail cancer patients. Administering chemotherapy prior to surgery (NAC) allows clinicians to evaluate in vivo tumor chemosensitivity. The objective of this thesis is to perform a comprehensive analysis to investigate the intricate relationships among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), checkpoints, genetic déterminants, breast cancer subtypes, comedications, comorbidities, treatment response, and oncological outcomes in patients with breast cancer. This objective will be achieved via an intégrative examination of datasets from real-world evidence (RWE) and a post-hoc analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The opening section of this thesis provides a comprehensive review of the neoadjuvant treatment paradigm in breast cancer, focusing on the interconnectedness of tumor biology, TILs,chemosensitivity, and survival. This research offers valuable insights into the intricate network that governs treatment outcomes. The subséquent segment seeks to study the rôle of comedications in cancer treatment by examining the associations between comedication use, comorbidities, immune infiltration, and treatment response. This chapter aims to identify unsuspected interactions that may improve patient outcomes by discovering novel therapeutic applications for existing drugs (drug repurposing). Moreover, we undertake an in-depth examination of the effects of regularly prescribed concomitant médications on BC survival using data from the French National Health Data System (SNDS). We endeavor to delineate a detailed map of potential interactions between concomitant médications and survival in the context of the entire French population. In conclusion, BC epitomizes a complex network of tumor and microenvironment interactions, with numerous influencing factors yet to be fully elucidated. Neoadjuvant settings and vast database intégration can identify novel therapeutic targets and drug-drug interactions, which are vital for advancing cost-effective, safe précision medicine
Hacein-Bey-Abina, Salima. "Obtention d'un anticorps monoclonal dirigé contre la chaine g du récepteur à l'IL2 : tentative et mise au point". Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P192.
Testo completoMasson, Florent. "Régulations immunitaires et cellulaires impliquées dans le maintien et le contrôle des bactéries endosymbiotiques du charançon des céréales du genre Sitophilus spp". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0116/document.
Testo completoMany insect species living on nutritionally unbalanced media depend on intracellular mutualistic bacteria, called obligatory endosymbionts, for their development and reproduction. Endosymbionts are housed in specialized host cells called bacteriocytes, that group together to form the bacteriome organ. Although such associations have been widely investigated on a physiological and evolutionary point of view, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the tolerance and the control of endosymbionts by the host. This work aims at deciphering the molecular and immune specificities of the bacteriome using the model system Sitophilus oryzae, the cereal weevil, and its obligate endosymbiont Sodalis pierantonius. The weevil bacteriome expresses a modulated immune response: transcriptomic studies showed that immune effector genes were lowly expressed despite the massive bacterial presence, with the exception of colA, a gene encoding for Coleoptericin A, an antimicrobial peptide. Coleoptericin A interacts with endosymbionts and participates in their intracellular seclusion. In a first chapter, I used RNA interference to demonstrate that colA gene expression may be controlled by an original system involving the genes relish and tollip. This “internal” regulation for endosymbiont control seems to maintain bacteriome homeostasis. In a second chapter, in order to understand how the bacteriome responds to an infection by exogenous bacteria, I followed up by RT-qPCR the expression of immune effector genes in the bacteriome after injection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. This highlighted an “external” immune response, inducible upon infections, which may enable endosymbiont protection against exogenous intruders. In a third and last chapter, I focused on the regulation changes that accompany the switch from the larval stage to the imaginal stage, the latter being characterized by a very dynamic symbiosis. Endosymbiont load drastically increases during the first days of imaginal life, then rapidly decreases until complete elimination of the bacteria by autophagic recycling. RNAseq analysis allowed the identification of signaling pathways linked to this dynamic. A complementary RT-qPCR approach also showed that bacteriome immunity was laid low during the whole recycling process. This work shows that several strategies have been selected during host-symbiont coevolution to ensure the maintenance of the endosymbionts and the adjustment of their population depending on the insects physiological needs: immunity allows the intracellular seclusion in the bacteriocytes, and cell processes including autophagy and apoptosis are associated to metabolic pathways to control the endosymbiotic dynamics and secure the cost and benefit trade-off of symbiosis
Mamadou, Diarra. "Extraction et fusion de points d'intérêt et textures spectraux pour l'identification, le contrôle et la sécurité". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK031/document.
Testo completoBiometrics is an emerging technology that proposes new methods of control, identification and security. Biometric systems are often subject to risks. Face recognition is popular and several existing approaches use images in the visible spectrum. These traditional systems operating in the visible spectrum suffer from several limitations due to changes in lighting, poses and facial expressions. The methodology presented in this thesis is based on multispectral facial recognition using infrared and visible imaging, to improve the performance of facial recognition and to overcome the deficiencies of the visible spectrum. The multispectral images used in this study are obtained by fusion of visible and infrared images. The different recognition techniques are based on features extraction such as texture and points of interest by the following techniques: a hybrid feature extraction, a binary feature extraction, a similarity measure taking into account the extracted characteristics
Archambeau, Grégory. "Etude de la dynamique autour des points de Lagrange". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00422422.
Testo completoMorant, Jérôme de. "Contrôle en temps minimal des réacteurs chimiques discontinus". Rouen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ROUES024.
Testo completoNaserian, Sina. "La voie TNF/TNFR2 : une nouvelle immunothérapie ciblant les points de contrôle dans l’allogreffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0089.
Testo completoRegulatory Tcells (Treg) are key target cells to modulate in both ways the allogeneic immune response. Indeed, it was initially demonstrated in experimental mouse models of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) that Tregs depletion could intensify the disorder whereas cell therapy using Tregs allowed to efficiently prevent experimental aGVHD. These pre-clinical models led to the development of clinical trials of Treg-based cell therapy with already very promising results in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). However, the procedures of ex-vivo Tregs depletion as well as Tregs production remain difficult to develop at clinical grade thus limiting their dissemination. It is therefore critical to have a better understanding of factors involved in-vivo in these Treg-dependent effects in alloHSCT to develop alternative therapeutic approaches.Previous studies showed that in the absence of effector Tcells, suppressive effect of Tregs was significantly altered. Since TNFα is a central cytokine abundantly produced by Tcells during aGVHD, we tested whether in the context of alloHSCT the Tregs effect also depends on TNFα signaling. To test this hypothesis, we used three different experimental approaches to prevent TNF/TNFR2 interaction in our model of experimental aGVHD. We revealed for the first time a complete TNFα dependency for Tregs in terms of suppressive capacity in-vivo. We also showed that the sole inhibition of TNFα production by donor Tcells was sufficient to completely abolish the Tregs suppressive effect. We believe that our results pave the way for a novel immune checkpoint therapy to modulate alloreactivity after alloHSCT. Indeed, TNFα inhibition could potentiate the GVL effect of donor lymphocyte by blocking Treg effect. On the other hand, the alloreactivity could be strongly reduced to control GVHD by using TNFR2 agonist molecules in order to expand Tregs ex-vivo
Dujol, Romain. "Contribution à l'étude du contrôle optimal des transferts orbitaux mono-entrée". Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00124029.
Testo completoCavelier, Cindy. "Etude du point de contrôle des dommages à l'ADN". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/889/.
Testo completoAcute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a clonal hematopoietic disorder characterized by the accumulation of malignant hematopoietic progenitor cells with an impaired myeloid differentiation program. The molecular basis of AML is thought to be associated with the acquisition of at least two types of critical cooperating mutations occurring at the hematopoietic stem or committed progenitors level. Class I mutations, affecting tyrosine kinases receptors and key components of cellular signalling pathways, confer growth and proliferative advantages. They are associated with class II mutations, affecting transcription factors thus leading to impaired normal differentiation program. In this study, we were first interested in CHK1, a protein kinase involved in preserving genome integrity by playing a critical role at the intra-S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoint activated in DNA damage response. We have shown that activation of CHK1 was sustained in immature cell lines, leading to a more stringent G2/M checkpoint in response to DNA damage, thus impairing illegitimate entry into mitosis in presence of unrepaired DNA damage and participating in their resistance to genotoxic agents. In a second study, we have demonstrated an abnormal activation of the CHK1 kinase in a large panel of AML patient samples, associated with the presence of constitutive DNA damage in absence of genotoxic stress. Moreover, the level of CHK1 activation is significantly correlated with unfavourable cytogenetic samples, particularly with complex karyotype phenotype. CHK1 inhibition by the pharmacological inhibitor UCN-01 or by RNA interference was found to decrease the clonogenic capacity of the AML progenitors, and to induce a chemosensitisation to ara-C. In contrast, growth of normal hematopoietic progenitors, which do not display constitutive DNA damage, was not impaired by such treatment. Overall, all these results underline the dual role of CHK1 kinase in AML pathology in the chemoresistance of immature leukemic cells and in the establishment of the genomic instability observed in complex karyotype AML. These findings could have major pharmacologic consequences, because they open a therapeutic window for new compounds targeting the cell cycle checkpoint machinery in AML and more particularly in the worst prognostic group with complex karyotype
Anna, François. "Développement d'une immunothérapie anti-tumorale basée sur un récepteur antigénique chimérique (CAR) ciblant le point de contrôle immunitaire HLA-G : implications pour les tumeurs et leur microenvironnement". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=4021&f=26655.
Testo completoOver the last decade, anti-tumor immunotherapies have been a breakthrough in the oncology field following the clinical successes obtained with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPs) or chimeric antigenic receptors (CAR) based therapies. However, they are less effective against solid tumors, especially because of the lack of tumor specific antigen and of a tumor microenvironment capable of inhibiting the immune response favoring the tumor expansion. The HLA-G molecule is an immunosuppressive protein originally exclusively demonstrated to be involved in maternal-fetal tolerance but whose function has been hijacked by tumors to inhibit and escape from immune responses. HLA-G is now identified as an exquisite tumor associated antigen and its inhibition is crucial to restore the anti-tumor immune responses. Yet, no immunotherapy directed against HLA-G has been developed to date.The lack of effective treatment against or targeting HLA-G is related to the inefficiency to induce antibodies against this complex protein since HLA-G could be expressed through several isoforms that are immunosuppressives. In the first part of this study, thanks to an original immunization method based on the use of lentiviral vectors, we demonstrate the possibility to generate antibodies which are capable to recognize the HLA-G interaction domain with its receptors and are expected to inhibit the ICP function of HLA-G. The second part describes a CAR-T cell immunotherapy targeting HLA-G for its TAA properties. We first focused on the regulation and on the expression of the CAR chain at the transcriptional level. This approach was meant to limit the side effects caused by CAR therapies such as continuous activation of the CAR-T cells or elimination of healthy cells expressing the targeted antigen. We then generated two new 3rd generation CARs demonstrated to specifically recognize major HLA-G isoforms expressed by tumor cells and to eradicate HLA-G expressing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Several optimizations were carried out on the CAR chain structure to increase CAR-T cells cytotoxic function and to control their persistence through the insertion of the iC9 suicide gene. Given the results presented here, we provide the first vitro and vivo proofs of concept that a CAR therapy directly targeting HLA-G, and more generally an ICP is strikingly efficient.Finally, we discussed the potential for both anti-HLA-G blocking monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T cells immunotherapies against solid tumors and its implication against the tumor microenvironment and possible combinations with other immunotherapies
Liu, Chunhui. "Comptage des points rationnels dans les variétés arithmétiques". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC295/document.
Testo completoCounting rational points is a classical problem in Diophantine geometry. We are interested inupper bounds for the number of rational points of bounded height of an arithmetic hypersurface with bounded degree in a projective space. For this propose, we construct a family of auxiliary hypersurfaces which contain all these rational points of bounded height but don’t contain the generic point of this hypersurface. Several tools of Arakelov geometry and Diophantine geometry are developed or adapted in this work in order to apply the determinant method by the approach of Arakelov geometry, especially a uniform explicit upper bound and a uniform explicit lower bound of the arithmetic Hilbert-Samuel function of a hypersurface. For a reduced pure dimensional projective scheme over a ring of algebraic integers, we give an upper bound of the number of places over which the fiber is not reduced any longer. This upper bound is useful for the construction of these auxilary hypersurfaces mentioned above. In addition, the geometry over a finite field plays an important role in this problem. One of the key ingredients in this work is an e_ective upper bound for a counting function of multiplicities of rational points in a reduced projective hypersurface defined over a finite field, which gives a description of the complexity of its singular locus. For this problem of counting multiplicities, the major tool is intersection theory on a projective space
Cooper, James. "Contrôle de la Formation de vacuoles dans les cristaux d'hexogène (RDX)". Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR005.
Testo completoBy using antisolvent addition, it was possible to obtain symmetrical, ordered and periodic inclusions within RDX crystals. Antisolvent-induced inclusions were found off-centre in RDX, suggesting a growth-linked process to their genesis. The sizes of these inclusions were modified by changing the antisolvent addition method. These size modifications were most likely down to changes in solvent/antisolvent hydrodynamics influencing nucleation rates and subsequent growth rates. By changing the solvent and/or antisolvent, it was possible to modify the inclusion pattern within RDX crystals. This was linked to a change in crystal habitus. Inclusions were found parallel to only certain faces in every solvent/antisolvent combination. These faces were not always the largest, nor were they the fastest-growing. Results suggest that whilst large crystal faces do indeed ease the process of inclusion formation, sufficiently high growth rates of these faces are also required. The formation of inclusions may therefore be the product of solute-supply deficits to the centre of larger faces, amplified by increased solute demand required for high growth rates of these same faces. This perfect combination of adequate face sizes and growth speeds only seems to occur once during the growth process of RDX when an antisolvent is added as an initiator of crystallisation. Eight batches of RDX containing various numbers and sizes of inclusions were produced using antisolvent addition. Gap-testing was employed in order to establish a relationship between increasing inclusion sizes/numbers and increased sensitivities. Low-pressure and sustained shocks were used to determine RDX batch sensitivities. This regime has been previously demonstrated to highlight the importance of intragranular defects such as inclusions on energetic material sensitivities. Whilst the compositions of fluid inclusions in these batches remain unclear, they do not seem to have a profound influence on shock sensitivities. However, it has been demonstrated that doping RDX inclusions with an Infra-Red sensitive solid is possible. This doping has the potential to add extra hot spots within RDX inclusions upon remote activation although this remains untested. The control of inclusion sizes and numbers may not only be useful in the field of energetic materials but also for the pharmaceutical industry. Whilst fluid inclusions may be seen as a nuisance by many, they may also prove to be very useful in the encapsulation of desired compounds
Khaksari, Haddad Hadi. "Alignement de nuages de points pour la comparaison des infrastructures en génie civil et pour le contrôle de la qualité en métrologie". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40349.
Testo completoPlaçais, Léo. "Modulation de l’expression des molécules point de contrôle inhibitrices par la voie des interférons / JAK-STAT dans l’infection chronique par le VIH-1". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASQ023.
Testo completoPeople living with HIV-1 (PLH) experience an increased risk of comorbidities, associated with signs of chronic inflammation and immune system dysfunction. Immune cells from PLH show signs of activation and exhaustion, with increased expression of checkpoint inhibitor molecules (CPI, PD-1/PD-L1). An increased type 1 interferon (IFN-1) signaling is paramount of the untreated HIV-infection and only partially reduced upon antiretroviral therapy. We therefore aimed to investigate the role of IFN-1 on the expression of CPI in immunes cells from PLH under antiretroviral therapy. We report an increased IFN-1 signaling in PLH primary cells, correlated with the expression of pd-l1. In vitro exposure to IFN-1 induced PD-L1 and HLA-DR expression on myeloid cells, at a higher extent in PLH cells than uninfected individuals (UIs). IFN-1 potentiated T cell activation and increased their expression of activation markers and of PD-L1, again at a higher extent in PLH than UIs. Importantly, IFN-1 potentialisation of CD4 T cell activation required CD14+ monocytes, and a transfer of IFN-1-exposed CD14+ monocytes increased T cell activation. CD14+ cells from PLH expressed a distinct pattern of inflammation-related genes than UIs, and IFN-1 induced differential gene expression between PLH and UIs. IFN-1 mediated effets on monocytes, dendritic cells and T lymphocytes were abrogated in the presence of a JAK-1/2 inhibitor or a TYK-2 inhibitor. Overall, our results identify heightened IFN-1 responses in monocytes from PLH as a driver of T cell activation and PD-L1 expression, and pave the way for JAK-inhibition strategies to reduce immune activation and inflammation in PLH
Hora, Diego Neves da. "Predicting home Wi-Fi QoE from passive measurements on commodity access points". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066599.
Testo completoPoor Wi-Fi quality can disrupt home users' internet experience, or the Quality of Experience (QoE). Detecting when Wi-Fi degrades QoE is valuable for residential Internet Service Providers (ISPs) as home users often hold the ISP responsible whenever QoE degrades. Yet, ISPs have little visibility within the home to assist users. This thesis designs and evaluates techniques to passively monitor Wi-Fi quality on commodity access points (APs) and predict when Wi-Fi quality degrades internet application QoE. Our first contribution is the design and evaluation of a method that estimates Wi-Fi link capacity. We extend previous models, suited for 802.11a/b/g networks, to work on 802.11n networks using passive measurements. Our second contribution is the design and evaluation of predictors of the effect of Wi-Fi quality on QoE of four popular applications: web browsing, YouTube, audio and video real time communication. Our third contribution is the design of a method to identify poor QoE events. We use K-means clustering to identify instances where the QoE predictors estimate that all studied applications perform poorly. Then, we classify poor QoE events as short, intermittent, and consistent poor QoE events. Finally, our fourth contribution is to apply our predictors to Wi-Fi metrics collected over one week from 832 APs of customers of a large residential ISP. Our results show that QoE is good on the vast majority of samples of the deployment, still we find 9% of poor QoE samples. Worse, approximately 10% of stations have more than 25% poor QoE samples. In some cases, we estimate that Wi-Fi quality causes poor QoE for many hours, though in most cases poor QoE events are short
Tran, Trung Thien. "Extraction robuste de primitives géométriques 3D dans un nuage de points et alignement basé sur les primitives". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26744.
Testo completoIn this research project, we address reverse engineering and quality control problems that play significant roles in industrial manufacturing. Reverse engineering attempts to rebuild a 3D model from the scanned data captured from a object, which is the problem similar to 3D surface reconstruction. Quality control is a process in which the quality of all factors involved in production is monitored and revised. In fact, the above systems currently require significant intervention from experienced users, and are thus still far from being fully automated. Therefore, many challenges still need to be addressed to achieve the desired performance for automated production. The first proposition of this thesis is to extract 3D geometric primitives from point clouds for reverse engineering and surface reconstruction. A complete framework to extract multiple types of primitives from 3D data is proposed. In particular, a novel validation method is also proposed to assess the quality of the extracted primitives. At the end, all primitives present in the point cloud are extracted with their associated data points and descriptive parameters. These results could be used in various applications such as scene and building reconstruction, constructive solid geometry, etc. The second proposition of the thesis is to align two 3D datasets using the extracted geometric primitives, which is introduced as a novel and robust descriptor. The idea of using primitives for alignment is addressed several challenges faced by existing registration methods. This alignment problem is an essential step in 3D modeling, registration and model retrieval. Finally, an automatic method to extract sharp features from 3D data of man-made objects is also proposed. By integrating the extracted sharp features into the alignment framework, it is possible implement automatic assignment of primitive correspondences using attribute relational graph matching. Each primitive is considered as a node of the graph and an attribute relational graph is created to provide a structural and relational description between primitives. We have experimented all the proposed algorithms on different synthetic and real scanned datasets. Our algorithms not only are successful in completing their tasks with good results but also outperform other methods. We believe that the contribution of them could be useful in many applications.
Bah, Nourdine. "Contrôle du déclenchement de l'apoptose pendant l'arrêt mitotique par l'homologue de Bcl-2, Bcl-xL". Nantes, 2013. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=d6222d04-bb86-43e6-810b-21a673a07295.
Testo completoAntimitotic agents such as microtubule inhibitors (paclitaxel) are widely used in cancer therapy while new agents blocking mitosis onset are currently in development. All these agents impose a prolonged mitotic arrest in cancer cells that relies on sustained activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint and may lead to subsequent cell death by incompletely understood molecular events. We have investigated the role played by anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members in the fate of mitotically arrested mammary tumor cells treated with paclitaxel, or depleted in Cdc20, the activator of the anaphase promoting complex. Under these conditions, a weak and delayed mitotic cell death occurs that is caspase- and Bax/Bak-independent. Moreover, BH3 profiling assays indicate that viable cells during mitotic arrest are primed to die by apoptosis and that Bcl-xL is required to maintain mitochondrial integrity. Consistently, Bcl-xL depletion, or treatment with its inhibitor ABT-737 (but not with the specific Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-199), during mitotic arrest converts cell response to antimitotics to efficient caspase and Bax-dependent apoptosis. Apoptotic priming under conditions of mitotic arrest relies, at least in part, on the phosphorylation on serine 62 of Bcl- xL, which modulates its interaction with Bax and its sensitivity to ABT-737. The phospho-mimetic S62D-Bcl-xL mutant is indeed less efficient than the corresponding phospho-deficient S62A-Bcl-xL mutant in sequestrating Bax and in protecting cancer cells from mitotic cell death or yeast cells from Bax-induced growth inhibition. Our results provide a rationale for combining Bcl-xL targeting to antimitotic agents to improve clinical efficacy of antimitotic strategy in cancer therapy
Chiker, Sara. "Rôle de la protéine Cdk5 en réponse aux dommages de l’ADN : implications dans les points de contrôle S et G2/M". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T001/document.
Testo completoCyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a determinant of sensitivity to PARP inhibitors and ionizing radiation (IR) and is required for the intra-S DNA damage checkpoint. It is not however directly implicated in strand break repair suggesting a role in the earlier steps of checkpoint activation. We report here that Cdk5-Depleted (Cdk5-KD) HeLa cells show higher sensitivity to IR when irradiated in S-Phase, and to chronic hydroxyurea (HU) exposure, 5-Fluorouracil and 6-Thioguanine. Cdk5-KD cells show altered basal S-Phase dynamics caused by a slower replication velocity and fewer active origins per megabase of DNA, however they show a faster recovery from an HU block. This was accompanied by impaired RPA-32 priming serine 29 and serine 33 phosphorylations and SMC1-Serine 966 phosphorylation as well as lower levels of DNA damage assessed by the alkaline Comet assay, gamma-H2AX signal intensity, RPA and Rad51 foci and RPA-32 serine 4 and serine 8 phosphorylation and levels of sister chromatid exchanges. In vitro kinase assays coupled with mass spectrometry showed that Cdk5 can phosphorylate RPA-32 on serines 23, 29, and 33. In addition lower Cdk5 levels were associated with longer metastasis free survival in breast cancer patients and lower cell survival in Cdk5 depleted breast tumor cells after treatment with IR and a PARP inhibitor. Taken together, these results show that Cdk5 is necessary for basal replication and replication stress checkpoint activation and opens up interesting clinical opportunities to enhance tumor cell killing in certain populations of breast cancer patients through agents that generate replication stress
Normand, Guillaume. "Rôle du suppresseur de tumeur p14 arf dans les points de contrôle du cycle cellulaire et l'apoptose dans le cancer humain". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA11TO59.
Testo completoEsparza, Wilmer. "Points de déclenchement myofascial : les effets de la compression ischémique manuelle sur le seuil de la douleur et le contrôle du mouvement du membre supérieur". Thesis, Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE2057/document.
Testo completoMyofascial Trigger Points (MTrPs) are source of regional pain and neuromuscular dysfunctions. They are associated to hyperalgesia, psychological disturbances and functional restrictions. Despite myofascial pain has been extensively studied, researches about its influence have only analyzed uniarticular motions. The mains goals of this research were to study the upper limb myofascial pain and to verify whether the application of manual therapy, influencing this pain, could contribute to the motor performance recovery of multiarticular motion. Four studies were carried out in order to analyze: 1) motor performance of an elliptic motion in the horizontal plane, 2) motor performance of an elliptic motion in the frontal plane including an analysis of a tapping task, 3) non-paretic upper limb pain of the stroke patients, 4) myofascial pain incidence at the medical staff in a hospital. The results showed that the presence of TrPs produces myofascial pain. This pain: 1) does not influence significantly the horizontal elliptical motions motor performance, 2) deteriorates the frontal elliptical motions motor performance and the execution of the tapping task, 3) modifies the non-paretic upper limb motor function of the stroke patients, and 4) 8,43 % of medical staff suffers from bilateral myofascial pain, leading to absence at workplace in 14,28% of the cases. The application of local ischemic compression technique allows high recovery of the upper limb motor function. Motor reprogramming therapies could contribute to recover the motor function completely